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geometric patterns, sometimes embedded with religious symbols. Quilts are usually made for family members by older women who can no longer work in the fields. The quilts are put to use as mattresses, crib covers, or covers for cold monsoon nights. The non-profit organization Siddis Women
Quilting Cooperative (SWQC) was created in 2004 in an effort to provide a source of income to the community and quilt makers. In 2011 an exhibition titled “Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) in India” was shown in the
576:(watchmen) captive and burnt several outposts. The leaders of the 'bundh' are said to have taken shelter in the Darshanigudda ranges and at times escaped into neighbouring Goa territory. There are also references to a formidable fight at Dandeli and one at a Somalinga temple. These activities continued for several months and the British eventually sentenced some of them. The Portuguese also deported more than 100 of these insurgents along with the Sawant brothers and their families to
27:
498:
124:
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Similarly, Shah et al. (2011) observed that Siddis in
Gujarat derive 66.90%-70.50% of their ancestry from Bantu forebears, while the Siddis in Karnataka possess 64.80%-74.40% such Southeast African ancestry. The remaining autosomal DNA components in the studied Siddi were mainly associated with local
592:
In India, Karnataka has the largest concentration of Siddis. According to latest estimates there are around 3,700 Siddi families in the state with a total population of 18,000. Other Siddhi populations in the sub-continent include around 10,000 in
Gujarat and 12,000 in Hyderabad. A few hundreds are
744:
with a view to empowering them constitutionally. Further, policies to provide homes for homeless Siddis, water facilities, education, employment opportunities, roads, electricity, mobile hospitals 2 acres (8,100 m) of land to each Siddi family and the right to collect forest products were also
528:
has adopted symbols from the local Hindu religion. Except for the racial characteristics of the tribe, there is little else that can set them apart from other native populations. Almost all the Siddis in present-day India are mixed indo-African There are very few pure Siddi populations in
Karnataka
724:
Like Siddhi populations across the sub-continent, Siddhis in
Karnataka also have remained isolated, and economically and socially neglected. In 1984, at the instance of the Secretary of the Rural Welfare Trust, Dandeli and few others, an "All-Karnataka Siddi Development Association" was formed to
752:
backed initiative has also increased interest in the rehabilitation of this tribe. Headed by Prof
Angenot of Brazil, it has become the academic link between the Siddis of Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh and other research scholars. It aims at involving academic research, promoting cultural
672:
study by Shah et al. (2011), the maternal ancestry of the Siddi consists of a mixture of Sub-Saharan and Indian haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighboring Indian populations. About 53% of the Siddis from
Gujarat and 24% of the Siddis from Karnataka belonged to various
510:
The Siddis of
Karnataka are known in recent years for their unique style of quilting called kawandi. Siddis go through a complicated process of quilting that makes their style distinct from surrounding groups. The process involves taking recycled fabric scraps and arranging them in stylistic
308:
ships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent. The term eventually came to be applied to other
Africans and not only to emancipated Siddis. In time, it came to be used to refer to their descendants as well. It is sometimes pronounced "Hafsi" and is considered an insult.
442:, the spirits of departed parents. It signifies a remembrance of the parents, thanking them for their care over several years and also entreating them to keep a vigil over the family in future. It is obligatory for all relatives to attend the function, thus renewing kinship relations.
285:, a ship that sailed from England to South India and Ceylon. In the letter he describes the crew of the ship as "composed of seven English quarter masters and forty three lascar seamen, six English engineers, thirty-five men (Muslim) and fifteen Sidimen or negroes for coal shifters."
584:. Gunaba Shenvi, Siddi Bastian, his brother Anna Saheb and the three Phadnis brothers were still at large and in July 1859, the British offered rewards of Rs. 1000 each for their arrest. Chintoba Phadnis and Siddi Bastian were eventually killed in an encounter at Jagabet.
437:
or ancestor worship. The dead are believed to be nearby, in the form of spirits. They are regarded as witnesses to be consulted by a family in all its concerns. On occasions like births, marriages and deaths, the ancestors are invoked. The home is organised around
716:
South Asian populations. According to the authors, gene flow between the Siddis' Bantu ancestors and local Indian populations was also largely unidirectional. They estimate this admixture episode's time of occurrence at within the past 200 years or eight generations.
453:. These obviously are not meant to coincide with the dates of the parents' deaths as the Siddis only observe the first death anniversary. Hindu Siddhis usually have elaborate functions to mark the event, but not so the Christian and Muslim Siddhis.
523:
A feature common to the Siddis of
Karnataka, as also of those of Maharashtra and Goa, is that they exhibit a remarkable level of assimilation with local culture. This, in the absence of any form of force. Even the uniquely Siddi custom of
1231:
Shah, AM; Tamang, R; Moorjani, P; Rani, DS; Govindaraj, P; Kulkarni, G; Bhattacharya, T; Mustak, MS; Bhaskar, LV; Reddy, AG; Gadhvi, D; Gai, PB; Chaubey, G; Patterson, N; Reich, D; Tyler-Smith, C; Singh, L; Thangaraj, K (2011).
489:
Almost all Siddis today subsist as agricultural and casual labourers, contractual or in some cases bonded, some also work as domestic help. The earliest Siddhi settlers who fled Goa and entered the Karnataka forests of
976:... Ethiopians were particularly favored; the term Habashi or Habshi— from the Arabic word for Ethiopian – came to be applied to other Africans as well, and referred not only to the freed but to their descendants ...
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today, most of the pure Siddi population living in Gujarat. Many of them have lost their original African names and culture however they have retained some forms of African traditions in the form of dance and music.
317:
While some Siddis were victims of the Portuguese slave trade, most were imported by the rajas in the 15th-16th centuries as military mercenaries. Others were sailors on the trade routes to the east.
1495:
912:... since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis ...
1195:
609:, although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Siddi.
549:. An account by Rev. G. Richter in 1870 also makes a note of "African bodyguards" in the service of the same king. A Siddhi called Gajaveera is noted to have joined hands with
745:
endorsed by parliament. It is hoped that proper implementation of these policies would go a long way in helping the Siddhi community enhance their social and economic status.
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328:, which retraced the lives and accomplishments of prominent Siddis from the past. Lasting until July, it included 100 reproductions of paintings and modern photographs.
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Internationally too, awareness of sub-Saharan African diaspora in the east has been limited. In 2006, however, 'The African Diaspora in Asia' (TADIA), a
708:
of Siddis in India. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with local
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festival in the first week of November. If this is not possible for some reason, it may also be performed in April–May during the other major festival -
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is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known as
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study by Shah et al. (2011) tested Siddi individuals in India for paternal lineages. The authors observed the E1b1a1 haplogroup (now called
1396:
1463:
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1419:
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494:, made the forests their home and started cultivation. In some of the villages in these areas, they form the earliest settlers.
91:
63:
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A plurality of the Siddis in Karnataka follow Hinduism. There is a significant number following Islam and Christianity. The
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Sadiq Ali, Shanti. 1996. The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
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Sadiq Ali, Shanti. 1996. The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
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sublineages associated with Bantu women. The remainder possessed Indian-specific subclades of the Eurasian haplogroups
110:
77:
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633:, respectively. Around 14% of Siddis from Karnataka and 35% of Siddis from Gujarat also belonged to the Sub-Saharan
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Hiriyaru worship may be performed twice a year by the 'Kartha'(head) of the family. It normally is held during the
417:
taluk has populations of Muslims and Christians while the Hindu populations are concentrated in the ghat areas of
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of neighbouring Maharashtra state, records show that two Siddhi brothers, Bastian and Benove, from Punsolli near
59:
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48:
281:. The term seems to have found currency following a description in a letter written by one William aboard the
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1196:"Museum of the African Diaspora Presents "Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) in India""
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1441:
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425:. Although Siddhis opt for different religions they intermarry across religions without any reservations.
791:
shares their genepool and that they wanted to gift a bottle of honey to him on his visit to India in 2010
1859:
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1152:
Drewal, Henry John (March 2013). "Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) of India".
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The first notable act of this group seems to have been their looting of a British outpost during the
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exchanges and raising funds for education and employment generation programmes for the Siddis.
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Thangaraj (2009) observed similar, mainly Bantu-linked paternal affinities amongst the Siddi.
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1081:
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682:
245:
1446:
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637:. The remaining Siddis had Indian or Near Eastern-associated clades, including haplogroups
470:
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8:
1823:
1761:
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also in Lucknow, Delhi and Calcutta. Fewer than 1,000 "Ceylon Kapris" live in Sri Lanka.
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Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
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Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
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712:-speaking North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.
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625:), which is frequent among Bantu peoples, in about 42% and 34% of Siddis from
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The one factor which binds the Siddhis, irrespective of their religion is the
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Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the
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300:), is held to be derived from the common name for the captains of the
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On 8 January 2003, the Union government brought the Siddis under the
693:, which points to recent admixture with autochthonous Indian groups.
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515:, helping these quilt makers and the community to gain recognition.
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bring Siddhis together and work for their integrated development.
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had been enlisted by Phen Sawant, a noble of the Sawantwadi court.
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773:, which is native to Africa, were probably brought by the Siddhis.
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Siddi Farmer in the fields of Yellapur District, Karnataka, India.
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Mention of Magsaysay Awardee K. V. Subbanna's work with Siddhis
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1310:"Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry"
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It has been reported that Siddis from Karnataka believe that
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population across India, of which more than a third live in
175:
as slaves by Portuguese merchants. There is a 50,000 strong
1220:"The Raja had surrounded his house with African bodyguards"
541:
during the reign of Dodda Veerarajendra (1763–1809) in the
450:
1234:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"
845:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"
1516:
1029:"ST-14 SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION BY RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY"
808:(first man of African-origin to be a legislator in India)
705:
466:
261:. One theory is that the word was a term of respect in
257:
There are various hypotheses on the origin of the name
227:. Many members of the Siddi community have migrated to
1230:
1469:
The Hindu - Music : Evening of mystical melodies
1403:, Short Takes section, Open Magazine, 30 October 2010
326:
Africans In India: From Slaves to Generals and Rulers
719:
131:girl from Yellapur taluk, Uttara Kannada District,
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
733:also made some efforts in this direction with his
572:when they confiscated government funds, took many
553:in his revolt against the British in 1829–30 near
1359:
766:, a renowned botanist, seeds of a huge tree, the
473:family. Some also speak other languages, such as
239:. Recently, they have come into the limelight by
1846:
537:There are references to Siddhi palace guards in
1447:A mention of Siddhi music in The Times of India
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988:
986:
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961:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora
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893:
557:. In the revolt of 1844 at Sawantwadi in the
183:. In Karnataka, they are concentrated around
1308:Narang, Ankita; et al. (15 July 2011).
1287:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 183.
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843:Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011).
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677:sub-clades. The latter mainly consisted of
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1119:Bhatt, Purnima Mehta (5 September 2017).
870:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
948:
532:
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341:Religion followed by Siddis in Karnataka
122:
1464:Catering to the tribals - Deccan Herald
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231:after independence and have settled in
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1393:A Bottle of Honey for Our Brother Prez
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1442:The Hindu : Fighting the formula
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324:held an artistic exhibition entitled
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288:Similarly, another term for Siddis,
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
917:
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776:A popular Kannada film of the 70s,
273:. A second theory is that the term
13:
1314:American Journal of Human Genetics
1082:"The African Native in Indiaspora"
850:American Journal of Human Genetics
780:, has a Siddi playing the role of
701:Narang et al. (2011) examined the
14:
1881:
1430:
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159:) are an ethnic group inhabiting
1437:Karnataka's Indian-African Tribe
1362:"Empowering the Siddi community"
999:"Near forgotten, Siddis to meet"
720:Social status and rehabilitation
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25:
1420:An article in the Deccan Herald
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36:needs additional citations for
1425:Empowering the Siddi community
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1021:
513:Museum of the African Diaspora
1:
1679:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu
1529:Maratha and associated groups
1410:
1121:The African Diaspora in India
806:Karnataka Legislative Council
484:
163:. Members are descended from
16:Ethnic group inhabiting India
252:
7:
1865:Muslim communities of India
1569:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins
945:, (Beacon Press: 2002), p.8
812:
596:
456:
331:
10:
1886:
1870:Social groups of Karnataka
1574:Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins
1326:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004
1281:Mishra, Rakesh K. (2009).
1250:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030
1098:10.1163/156920906779134786
863:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030
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1855:African diaspora in India
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1584:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
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1086:African and Asian Studies
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465:, the native language of
401:Distribution of religions
400:
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243:'s soundtrack 'Yere' for
171:that were brought to the
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1080:Pinto, Jeanette (2006).
824:
742:list of Scheduled Tribes
663:
612:
1457:5 February 2012 at the
1360:Beeranna Nayak Mogata.
322:New York Public Library
1579:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins
1541:Gomantak Maratha Samaj
1055:"The Siddhi Community"
894:Vijay Prashad (2002),
505:
502:
296:, the Arabic term for
265:, similar to the word
140:
1782:Mangalorean Catholics
1284:Chromosomes To Genome
1129:10.4324/9781315148380
778:Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu
533:Historical references
500:
469:which belongs to the
126:
60:"Siddis of Karnataka"
1372:on 29 September 2007
1166:10.1162/AFAR_a_00039
1009:on 29 September 2007
461:Siddis mainly speak
404:Source: 2011 Census.
269:in modern India and
45:improve this article
1824:Caste system in Goa
1762:Bombay East Indians
1746:Siddis of Karnataka
1123:. Routledge India.
1061:. Kamat's Potpourri
173:Indian subcontinent
145:Siddis of Karnataka
1626:Chitpavan Brahmins
1546:Naik Maratha Samaj
1399:2010-10-31 at the
1391:Anil Budur Lulla,
769:Adansonia digitata
675:macro-haplogroup L
559:Ratnagiri district
503:
246:MTV Sound Trippin'
153:ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು
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1860:Karnataka society
1842:
1841:
1772:Karwari Catholics
1238:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1138:978-1-315-14838-0
997:Devika Sequeira.
971:978-0-374-52797-6
907:978-0-8070-5011-8
731:Magsaysay awardee
607:Genetic genealogy
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1320:(1): 111–120.
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1223:
1212:
1187:
1144:
1137:
1111:
1092:(3): 383–397.
1072:
1046:
1020:
980:
970:
947:
934:
916:
906:
886:
857:(1): 154–161.
829:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
814:
811:
810:
809:
797:
796:Notable people
794:
793:
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774:
764:B. G. L. Swamy
758:
755:
727:K. V. Subbanna
721:
718:
698:
695:
665:
662:
614:
611:
605:of the Siddi.
598:
595:
589:
586:
534:
531:
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486:
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311:
254:
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209:Uttara Kannada
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1882:
1871:
1868:
1866:
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1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:social groups
1506:
1505:Ethnic groups
1499:
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1487:
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1480:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
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1456:
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1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1366:Deccan Herald
1363:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
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1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
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1285:
1277:
1269:
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1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(1): 154–61.
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
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1197:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
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1107:
1103:
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1060:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1008:
1004:
1003:Deccan Herald
1000:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
977:
973:
967:
964:, Macmillan,
963:
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927:
925:
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803:
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790:
786:
784:in the movie.
783:
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762:According to
761:
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754:
751:
746:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
717:
713:
711:
710:Indo-European
707:
704:
697:Autosomal DNA
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
661:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
594:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Supa Uprising
566:
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560:
556:
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544:
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530:
527:
516:
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384:
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373:
369:
360:
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348:
344:
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329:
327:
323:
320:In 2013, the
318:
310:
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280:
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268:
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218:
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198:
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182:
178:
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170:
166:
165:Bantu peoples
162:
158:
150:
146:
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134:
130:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
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83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1798:Goan Muslims
1745:
1663:Vaishya Vani
1619:Konkanasthas
1610:Bhatt Prabhu
1392:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1317:
1313:
1303:
1283:
1276:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1157:
1154:African Arts
1153:
1147:
1120:
1114:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
975:
960:
956:Ronald Segal
950:
942:
937:
911:
896:
889:
854:
848:
804:, member of
789:Barack Obama
781:
767:
747:
739:
723:
714:
700:
673:Sub-Saharan
667:
659:
619:Y-chromosome
616:
603:ethnogenesis
600:
591:
588:Demographics
573:
567:
546:
536:
525:
522:
519:Assimilation
509:
492:North Canara
488:
460:
444:
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434:
432:
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316:
293:
289:
287:
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278:
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263:North Africa
258:
256:
244:
156:
144:
142:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1200:artdaily.cc
1160:(1): 6–17.
1039:1 September
582:East Indies
1849:Categories
1411:References
782:Siddi Byra
574:chaukidars
485:Occupation
471:Indo-Aryan
447:Navarathri
387:Christians
306:Abyssinian
283:S.S. Nepal
207:taluks of
71:newspapers
1730:Komarpant
1642:Daivadnya
1635:Daivadnya
1561:Saraswats
1174:0001-9933
1106:1569-2094
1059:K.L.Kamat
703:autosomal
627:Karnataka
302:Ethiopian
298:Abyssinia
253:Etymology
221:Kalghatgi
181:Karnataka
133:Karnataka
1808:Nawayath
1695:Bhandari
1593:Karhades
1519:and the
1455:Archived
1397:Archived
1344:21737057
1268:21741027
1182:57560005
958:(2002),
881:21741027
813:See also
597:Genetics
526:Hiriyaru
457:Language
440:Hiriyaru
435:Hiriyaru
419:Yellapur
346:Religion
332:Religion
294:Al-Habsh
271:Pakistan
229:Pakistan
213:Khanapur
185:Yellapur
101:May 2016
1705:Dhangar
1672:Prabhus
1656:Vaishya
1600:Karhade
1536:Maratha
1376:19 July
1335:3135806
1259:3135801
1065:20 July
1013:19 July
872:3135801
735:Ninasam
647:R1a-M17
631:Gujarat
580:in the
563:Dandeli
543:Kannada
479:Marathi
475:Kannada
463:Konkani
415:Haliyal
392:
377:
372:Muslims
362:
351:Percent
313:History
233:Karachi
217:Belgaum
211:and in
201:Mundgod
189:Haliyal
157:Siddhis
149:Kannada
85:scholar
1742:(Mhar)
1735:Madval
1700:Chamar
1688:Others
1605:Padhye
1551:Kharvi
1523:region
1521:Konkan
1513:tribes
1342:
1332:
1291:
1266:
1256:
1205:13 May
1180:
1172:
1135:
1104:
968:
904:
879:
869:
757:Trivia
750:UNESCO
729:, the
555:Kittur
539:Kodagu
423:Ankola
357:Hindus
292:(from
290:habshi
279:Sayyid
193:Ankola
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1829:Goans
1791:Islam
1740:Mahar
1720:Gavli
1710:Gabit
1647:Shett
1178:S2CID
825:Notes
819:Siddi
771:Linn.
670:mtDNA
664:mtDNA
655:L-M20
635:B-M60
613:Y DNA
578:Timor
545:book
396:27.4%
381:30.6%
366:41.8%
275:Siddi
267:sahib
259:Siddi
237:Sindh
205:Sirsi
197:Joida
177:Siddi
167:from
161:India
137:India
129:Siddi
92:JSTOR
78:books
1725:Koli
1511:and
1378:2007
1340:PMID
1289:ISBN
1264:PMID
1207:2020
1170:ISSN
1133:ISBN
1102:ISSN
1067:2007
1041:2023
1015:2007
966:ISBN
902:ISBN
877:PMID
689:and
681:and
653:and
629:and
477:and
451:Holi
421:and
235:and
219:and
203:and
143:The
64:news
1517:Goa
1515:of
1330:PMC
1322:doi
1254:PMC
1246:doi
1162:doi
1125:doi
1094:doi
867:PMC
859:doi
706:DNA
683:L2a
506:Art
467:Goa
223:of
215:of
47:by
1851::
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