226:
53:
398:
360:
368:
29:
218:
181:. Inflammation associated with blockage of the duct is sometimes termed "obstructive sialadenitis". Because saliva is stimulated to flow more with the thought, sight or smell of food, or with chewing, pain and swelling will often get suddenly worse just before and during a meal ("peri-prandial"), and then slowly decrease after eating, this is termed
318:
Other sources suggest a retrograde theory of lithogenesis, where food debris, bacteria or foreign bodies from the mouth enter the ducts of a salivary gland and are trapped by abnormalities in the sphincter mechanism of the duct opening (the papilla), which are reported in 90% of cases. Fragments of
339:
and the second near the duct orifice. The flow of saliva from the submandibular gland is often against gravity due to variations in the location of the duct orifice. The orifice itself is smaller than that of the parotid. These factors all promote slowing and stasis of saliva in the submandibular
192:
Salivary stones may be divided according to which gland they form in. About 85% of stones occur in the submandibular gland, and 5–10% occur in the parotid gland. In about 0–5% of cases, the sublingual gland or a minor salivary gland is affected. When minor glands are rarely involved, caliculi are
104:
The usual symptoms are pain and swelling of the affected salivary gland, both of which get worse when salivary flow is stimulated, e.g. with the sight, thought, smell or taste of food, or with hunger or chewing. This is often termed "mealtime syndrome." Inflammation or infection of the gland may
515:
studies, but the prevalence of salivary stones which cause symptoms is about 0.45% in the general population. Sialolithiasis accounts for about 50% of all disease occurring in major salivary glands, and for about 66% of all obstructive salivary gland diseases. Salivary gland stones are twice as
120:
The condition is usually managed by removing the stone, and several different techniques are available. Rarely, removal of the submandibular gland may become necessary in cases of recurrent stone formation. Sialolithiasis is common, accounting for about 50% of all disease occurring in the major
334:
Stone formation occurs most commonly in the submandibular gland for several reasons. The concentration of calcium in saliva produced by the submandibular gland is twice that of the saliva produced by the parotid gland. The submandibular gland saliva is also relatively alkaline and mucous. The
372:
371:
288:
373:
307:, altered acidity (pH) of saliva caused by oropharyngeal infections, and altered solubility of crystalloids, leading to precipitation of mineral salts, are involved. Other sources state that no systemic abnormality of calcium or phosphate metabolism is responsible.
370:
314:
which is successively layered with organic and inorganic material, eventually forming a calcified mass. In about 15-20% of cases the sialolith will not be sufficiently calcified to appear radiopaque on a radiograph, and will therefore be difficult to detect.
233:
Signs and symptoms are variable and depend largely upon whether the obstruction of the duct is complete or partial, and how much resultant pressure is created within the gland. The development of infection in the gland also influences the signs and symptoms.
185:. However, calculi are not the only reasons that a salivary gland may become blocked and give rise to the meal time syndrome. Obstructive salivary gland disease, or obstructive sialadenitis, may also occur due to fibromucinous plugs, duct
193:
more likely in the minor glands of the buccal mucosa and the maxillary labial mucosa. Submandibular stones are further classified as anterior or posterior in relation to an imaginary transverse line drawn between the
827:
812:
335:
submandibular duct (Wharton's duct) is long, meaning that saliva secretions must travel further before being discharged into the mouth. The duct possesses two bends, the first at the posterior border of the
209:, where they not be visible on radiographs (although some of their effects on the gland may still be visible). They may also symptomatic or asymptomatic, according to whether they cause any problems or not.
369:
175:
from a salivary gland into the mouth, then saliva will be trapped in the gland. This may cause painful swelling and inflammation of the gland. Inflammation of a salivary gland is termed
766:
1977:
189:, foreign bodies, anatomic variations, or malformations of the duct system leading to a mechanical obstruction associated with stasis of saliva in the duct.
241:
Swelling of the gland, also usually intermittent, often suddenly appearing or increasing before mealtimes, and then slowly going down (partial obstruction).
2051:
2036:
1740:
1728:
250:
hard lump, if the stone is located near the end of the duct. If the stone is near the submandibular duct orifice, the lump may be felt under the tongue.
2233:
121:
salivary glands and causing symptoms in about 0.45% of the general population. Persons aged 30–60 and males are more likely to develop sialolithiasis.
351:
may also cause salivary stones, although in this case they are composed of uric acid crystals rather than the normal composition of salivary stones.
105:
develop as a result. Sialolithiasis may also develop because of the presence of existing chronic infection of the glands, dehydration (e.g. use of
279:
Rarely, when stones form in the minor salivary glands, there is usually only slight local swelling in the form of a small nodule and tenderness.
1280:
1094:
2238:
427:(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) occasionally, and having the patient take any food or beverage that is bitter and/or sour. Sucking on
2300:
516:
common in males as in females. The most common age range in which they occur is between 30 and 60, and they are uncommon in children.
892:
2865:
2063:
2014:
343:
Salivary calculi sometimes are associated with other salivary diseases, e.g. sialoliths occur in two thirds of cases of chronic
446:
1876:
238:
Pain, which is intermittent, and may suddenly get worse before mealtimes, and then slowly get better (partial obstruction).
2548:
2391:
1665:
1149:
2890:
2792:
1425:
679:
2767:
2704:
2699:
2581:
2009:
1989:
901:
2613:
2250:
1704:
460:
2598:
2433:
553:
475:
291:
The major salivary glands (paired on each side). 1. Parotid gland, 2. Submandibular gland, 3. Sublingual gland.
2438:
780:
381:
Diagnosis is usually made by characteristic history and physical examination. Diagnosis can be confirmed by
171:
refers to the formation of calculi within a salivary gland. If a calculus forms in the duct that drains the
2301:
1962:
1571:
1275:
1260:
1198:
1144:
1067:
885:
2490:
2453:
2183:
1464:
1376:
2500:
2448:
2255:
2188:
1957:
1457:
1452:
1403:
2505:
2223:
2127:
1598:
1062:
324:
98:
52:
2812:
2591:
2576:
2272:
2228:
2173:
2046:
2004:
1772:
1618:
842:
416:
2645:
110:
2709:
2510:
2475:
2168:
1972:
1752:
1593:
1539:
1469:
1391:
1371:
1358:
1335:
878:
225:
2855:
2822:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2422:
2349:
2305:
2201:
2196:
1982:
1812:
1807:
1782:
1628:
1559:
1386:
1295:
1213:
940:
409:
194:
1203:
777:
2664:
2566:
2178:
2056:
1918:
1877:
1677:
1479:
1413:
1340:
2762:
2663:
2401:
2386:
1952:
1885:
1491:
1223:
8:
2817:
2553:
2533:
2523:
2396:
2329:
2211:
2206:
2132:
2031:
1684:
1608:
1447:
1396:
1345:
1325:
1238:
1228:
1154:
1129:
987:
831:
143:
82:
340:
duct, making the formation of an obstruction with subsequent calcification more likely.
2860:
2807:
2782:
2714:
2518:
2443:
2334:
2282:
2243:
1940:
1856:
1787:
1496:
1320:
1300:
1253:
1139:
1084:
1047:
1037:
1022:
952:
718:
701:
612:
595:
511:
The prevalence of salivary stones in the general population is about 1.2% according to
454:
420:
836:
2558:
2147:
2112:
2086:
1945:
1841:
1699:
1623:
1330:
1270:
1233:
1208:
1057:
935:
930:
853:
723:
675:
617:
549:
488:
In some cases when stones continually reoccur the offending salivary duct is removed.
295:
There are thought to be a series of stages that lead to the formation of a calculus (
86:
41:
2528:
2163:
2153:
2117:
2026:
1777:
1716:
1650:
1640:
1588:
1486:
1381:
1218:
870:
713:
607:
435:
and promote spontaneous expulsion of stones within the size range of 2–10 mm.
336:
94:
2684:
2470:
2265:
2158:
1994:
1913:
1893:
1817:
1802:
1672:
1576:
1544:
1515:
1437:
1363:
1159:
1042:
1032:
977:
962:
847:
594:
Capaccio, P; Torretta, S; Ottavian, F; Sambataro, G; Pignataro, L (August 2007).
397:
359:
2850:
2802:
2772:
2571:
2538:
2260:
1999:
1733:
1613:
1408:
1193:
1006:
858:
741:
471:
304:
155:
that forms within an organ or duct inside the body. They are usually made from
74:
46:
821:
347:, although obstructive sialadenitis is often a consequence of sialolithiasis.
2884:
2752:
2630:
2458:
2277:
2041:
2021:
1930:
1797:
1757:
1554:
1315:
1290:
1265:
1243:
1027:
1017:
982:
328:
269:
164:
113:
and/or increased local levels of calcium, but in many instances the cause is
106:
90:
2603:
2379:
2374:
2359:
2339:
2309:
2142:
1851:
1792:
1723:
1645:
1635:
1603:
1566:
1527:
1519:
1134:
1089:
1074:
972:
967:
621:
428:
344:
320:
177:
156:
2739:
727:
593:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2694:
2689:
2620:
1694:
1655:
1474:
1350:
1310:
1178:
1099:
1079:
512:
300:
206:
202:
160:
804:
2757:
2543:
2369:
2137:
1967:
1908:
1846:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1762:
1745:
1689:
1660:
1581:
1442:
1420:
1305:
1285:
674:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 398, 407–409.
497:
432:
198:
152:
114:
311:
2625:
2608:
2344:
2122:
1925:
1549:
1432:
1052:
947:
925:
386:
247:
2635:
2586:
2354:
2107:
2088:
2068:
1889:
1767:
1711:
957:
299:). Initially, factors such as abnormalities in calcium metabolism,
256:
229:
The stone seen in the submandibular duct on the person's right side
186:
287:
2721:
2679:
2364:
2324:
2218:
2092:
1881:
1248:
702:"Advances in diagnosis and management of salivary gland diseases"
479:
439:
36:
Calculi (salivary gland stones) removed from the sublingual gland
28:
485:
A surgeon may make a small incision near the stone to remove it.
401:
Salivary gland stone and the hole left behind from the operation
2463:
1935:
1523:
1118:
816:
548:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 393–395.
217:
172:
424:
382:
496:
To prevent infection while the stone is lodged in the duct,
221:
Swelling of the submandibular gland as seen from the outside
348:
81:
forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the
914:
385:(80% of salivary gland calculi are visible on x-ray), by
262:
377:
Stone resulting in inflammation and dilation of the duct
253:
Lack of saliva coming from the duct (total obstruction).
543:
900:
794:
596:"Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases"
319:bacteria from salivary calculi were reported to be
2314:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
544:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
1177:
2882:
1514:
589:
587:
585:
259:(redness) of the floor of the mouth (infection).
2669:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
768:– Oral surgery: Self-milking the sialolith (UK)
669:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
1281:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
2239:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
886:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
562:
695:
693:
691:
672:Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
526:
310:The next stage involves the formation of a
141:meaning "process" or "morbid condition". A
893:
879:
482:the duct to remove the stone (sialectomy).
431:, such as a lemon or orange, may increase
323:species which are part of the normal oral
51:
27:
717:
611:
201:, i.e. they will show up on conventional
129:The term is derived from the Greek words
688:
628:
396:
366:
358:
286:
224:
216:
2866:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2015:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2883:
2052:As a manifestation of systemic disease
265:discharging from the duct (infection).
2839:
2738:
2662:
2420:
2299:
2085:
1875:
1513:
1176:
1116:
1004:
912:
874:
447:Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
212:
159:, and other types of calculi include
1898:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
699:
670:Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR (2008).
405:Some current treatment options are:
2549:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2421:
2392:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
742:"UOTW #70 - Ultrasound of the Week"
13:
1666:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1150:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
600:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
546:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
363:Ultrasound image of sialolithiasis
14:
2902:
790:
244:Tenderness of the involved gland.
124:
2768:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2705:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2700:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2582:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2010:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1990:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
902:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2614:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2251:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1705:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
706:The Western Journal of Medicine
506:
2599:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2434:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
771:
760:
734:
1:
2793:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2742:Soft tissues around the mouth
2439:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
781:National Institutes of Health
519:
101:may develop salivary stones.
1963:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1572:Failure of eruption of teeth
1276:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1261:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1199:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1145:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1068:Transient lingual papillitis
779:– Overview of stones by the
392:
354:
7:
2491:Salivary gland diverticulum
2454:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1465:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1377:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
10:
2907:
2501:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2449:HIV salivary gland disease
1958:Gingival cyst of the adult
1404:Oral florid papillomatosis
1117:
1005:
700:Rice, DH (February 1984).
476:oral/maxillofacial surgeon
305:reduced salivary flow rate
77:where a calcified mass or
2846:
2840:
2835:
2748:
2740:Orofacial soft tissues –
2734:
2675:
2658:
2506:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2429:
2416:
2320:
2295:
2234:Bisphosphonate-associated
2128:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2103:
2081:
1904:
1871:
1599:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1535:
1509:
1189:
1172:
1125:
1112:
1063:Median rhomboid glossitis
1013:
1000:
921:
908:
798:
282:
40:
35:
26:
21:
2891:Salivary gland pathology
2813:Orofacial granulomatosis
2592:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2577:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2511:Salivary gland neoplasms
2302:Temporomandibular joints
2273:Periapical periodontitis
2005:Linear gingival erythema
1773:Regional odontodysplasia
1619:Enamel hypocalcification
913:
151:) is a hard, stone-like
2710:Obstructive sleep apnea
2476:Salivary duct stricture
2256:Paget's disease of bone
1753:Pulp canal obliteration
1594:Dentin hypersensitivity
1540:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1392:Squamous cell carcinoma
1372:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1359:Squamous cell papilloma
1336:Melanocytic oral lesion
137:(stone), and the Greek
2856:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2823:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2496:Salivary gland fistula
2486:Salivary gland atresia
2481:Salivary gland aplasia
2335:Mandibular dislocation
2306:muscles of mastication
2184:Calcifying odontogenic
1813:Vertical root fracture
1808:Cracked tooth syndrome
1783:Shovel-shaped incisors
1678:Wisdom tooth impaction
1560:Early childhood caries
1426:Benign mucous membrane
1387:Spindle cell carcinoma
1296:Intraoral dental sinus
1214:Burning mouth syndrome
746:Ultrasound of the Week
493:Supporting treatment:
402:
378:
364:
292:
230:
222:
195:mandibular first molar
89:"). Less commonly the
2665:Stomatognathic system
2567:Acinic cell carcinoma
2189:Glandular odontogenic
1341:Molluscum contagiosum
400:
376:
362:
290:
228:
220:
197:teeth. Stones may be
2808:Oral Crohn's disease
2763:Basal cell carcinoma
2402:Condylar hyperplasia
2387:Maxillary hypoplasia
1953:Gingival enlargement
1886:periodontal ligament
1492:Verruciform xanthoma
1224:Condyloma acuminatum
445:Shock wave therapy (
442:out by a specialist.
389:, or by ultrasound.
163:(tonsil stones) and
99:minor salivary gland
2818:Perioral dermatitis
2554:Pleomorphic adenoma
2534:Monomorphic adenoma
2524:Canalicular adenoma
2397:Condylar hypoplasia
2330:Condylar resorption
2174:Lateral periodontal
2133:Mandibular fracture
2032:Periodontal abscess
1629:Turner's hypoplasia
1397:Verrucous carcinoma
1346:Morsicatio buccarum
1326:Lupus erythematosus
1239:Erythema multiforme
1155:Stomatitis nicotina
500:are sometimes used.
438:Some stones may be
327:and are present in
83:submandibular gland
2861:Facial hemiatrophy
2715:Periodic breathing
2646:Sjögren's syndrome
2519:Basal cell adenoma
2283:Torus mandibularis
2261:Periapical abscess
2244:Osteoradionecrosis
2169:Buccal bifurcation
2148:Intraosseous cysts
2037:Periodontal trauma
1941:Pyogenic granuloma
1788:Supernumerary root
1741:Pulp calcification
1729:Premature eruption
1700:Odontogenic tumors
1497:White sponge nevus
1470:Submucous fibrosis
1414:Smoker's melanosis
1301:Irritation fibroma
1140:High-arched palate
1048:Foliate papillitis
1038:Cunnilingus tongue
1023:Black hairy tongue
953:Congenital lip pit
455:Minimally invasive
421:moist heat therapy
415:For small stones,
403:
379:
365:
293:
231:
223:
213:Signs and symptoms
183:meal time syndrome
111:Sjögren's syndrome
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2831:
2830:
2730:
2729:
2654:
2653:
2559:Sebaceous adenoma
2412:
2411:
2291:
2290:
2202:Median mandibular
2197:Nasopalatine duct
2113:Alveolar osteitis
2077:
2076:
2064:Perio-endo lesion
1946:Congenital epulis
1867:
1866:
1624:Enamel hypoplasia
1505:
1504:
1480:Riga–Fede disease
1331:Melanocytic nevus
1271:Hairy leukoplakia
1234:Epulis fissuratum
1168:
1167:
1108:
1107:
1058:Geographic tongue
996:
995:
868:
867:
374:
167:(kidney stones).
60:
59:
16:Medical condition
2898:
2837:
2836:
2736:
2735:
2660:
2659:
2529:Ductal papilloma
2418:
2417:
2297:
2296:
2194:Non-odontogenic:
2179:Globulomaxillary
2118:Buccal exostosis
2083:
2082:
2027:Peri-implantitis
1873:
1872:
1589:Dentin dysplasia
1511:
1510:
1487:Verruca vulgaris
1382:Mucosal melanoma
1229:Darier's disease
1204:Behçet's disease
1174:
1173:
1130:Bednar's aphthae
1114:
1113:
1002:
1001:
988:Trumpeter's wart
910:
909:
895:
888:
881:
872:
871:
796:
795:
784:
775:
769:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
738:
732:
731:
721:
697:
686:
685:
667:
626:
625:
615:
591:
560:
559:
541:
375:
337:mylohyoid muscle
95:sublingual gland
67:salivary calculi
56:
55:
31:
19:
18:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2842:
2827:
2783:Ludwig's angina
2744:
2726:
2685:Mouth breathing
2671:
2650:
2471:Pneumoparotitis
2444:Frey's syndrome
2425:
2423:Salivary glands
2408:
2316:
2287:
2266:Phoenix abscess
2099:
2095:hard tissues –
2073:
1995:Hypercementosis
1914:Cementoblastoma
1900:
1863:
1577:Dens evaginatus
1531:
1501:
1453:Denture-related
1438:Plasmoacanthoma
1364:Keratoacanthoma
1185:
1183:Lining of mouth
1164:
1160:Torus palatinus
1121:
1104:
1085:Lingual thyroid
1043:Fissured tongue
1033:Crenated tongue
1009:
992:
978:Nasolabial cyst
963:Herpes labialis
917:
904:
899:
869:
864:
863:
807:
793:
788:
787:
776:
772:
765:
761:
751:
749:
748:. 24 April 2016
740:
739:
735:
698:
689:
682:
668:
629:
592:
563:
556:
542:
527:
522:
509:
395:
367:
357:
285:
215:
127:
71:salivary stones
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Eagle syndrome
2847:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2773:Cystic hygroma
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Sialolithiasis
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Adenocarcinoma
2569:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Myoepithelioma
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:Traumatic bone
2209:
2207:Median palatal
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
2000:Hypocementosis
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1734:Neonatal teeth
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1614:Ectopic enamel
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1409:Oral melanosis
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Bohn's nodules
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Amalgam tattoo
1190:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1010:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
922:
919:
918:
906:
905:
898:
897:
890:
883:
875:
866:
865:
862:
861:
850:
839:
824:
808:
803:
802:
800:
799:Classification
792:
791:External links
789:
786:
785:
770:
759:
733:
687:
680:
627:
561:
554:
524:
523:
521:
518:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
491:
490:
489:
486:
483:
465:
464:
463:
452:
451:
450:
443:
436:
394:
391:
356:
353:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
266:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
214:
211:
169:Sialolithiasis
126:
125:Classification
123:
107:phenothiazines
93:or rarely the
87:Wharton's duct
85:(also termed "
75:crystallopathy
63:Sialolithiasis
58:
57:
47:Dental surgery
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
22:Sialolithiasis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Actinomycosis
2751:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Sialodochitis
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:malocclusions
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Stafne defect
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:Osteonecrosis
2227:
2225:
2224:Osteomyelitis
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:Bones of jaws
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:Periodontitis
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Pericoronitis
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Granulomatous
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Eruption cyst
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Pulp necrosis
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:Dens in dente
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Discoloration
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Lichen planus
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Herpes zoster
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Fordyce spots
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Erythroplakia
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Caviar tongue
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Ankyloglossia
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
984:
983:Sun poisoning
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
877:
876:
873:
860:
856:
855:
851:
849:
845:
844:
840:
838:
834:
833:
829:
825:
823:
819:
818:
814:
810:
809:
806:
801:
797:
782:
778:
774:
767:
763:
747:
743:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
712:(2): 238–49.
711:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
683:
681:9780323049030
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
623:
619:
614:
609:
606:(4): 161–72.
605:
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
557:
551:
547:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
525:
517:
514:
499:
495:
494:
492:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
466:
462:
461:Sialendoscopy
459:
458:
456:
453:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:citrus fruits
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
399:
390:
388:
384:
361:
352:
350:
346:
341:
338:
332:
330:
329:dental plaque
326:
322:
316:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
289:
280:
274:
271:
270:lymphadenitis
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
235:
227:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
165:renal calculi
162:
158:
157:mineral salts
154:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:(saliva) and
132:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:parotid gland
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:(also termed
64:
54:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2741:
2668:
2640:
2604:Sialadenitis
2563:
2515:
2380:Scissor bite
2375:Retrognathia
2360:Overeruption
2340:Malocclusion
2313:
2193:
2152:
2143:Micrognathia
2096:
2087:Periapical,
1973:Desquamative
1897:
1878:Periodontium
1852:Acid erosion
1793:Taurodontism
1724:Open contact
1636:Enamel pearl
1604:Dilaceration
1567:Concrescence
1368:
1355:
1182:
1135:Cleft palate
1095:Microglossia
1090:Macroglossia
1075:Glossoptosis
973:Microcheilia
968:Macrocheilia
852:
841:
826:
811:
773:
762:
750:. Retrieved
745:
736:
709:
705:
671:
603:
599:
545:
510:
507:Epidemiology
410:Non-invasive
404:
380:
345:sialadenitis
342:
333:
321:Streptococci
317:
309:
297:lithogenesis
296:
294:
278:
272:(infection).
232:
191:
182:
178:sialadenitis
176:
168:
161:tonsiloliths
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
119:
103:
78:
70:
66:
62:
61:
2798:Microstomia
2788:Macrostomia
2778:Gnathophyma
2695:Catathrenia
2690:Sleep apnea
2621:Sialectasis
2164:Dentigerous
2154:Odontogenic
1983:Plasma cell
1919:Gigantiform
1695:Microdontia
1685:Macrodontia
1656:Hyperdontia
1351:Oral cancer
1311:Leukoplakia
1219:Candidiasis
1179:Oral mucosa
1100:Rhabdomyoma
1080:Hypoglossia
941:Plasma cell
513:post mortem
498:antibiotics
301:dehydration
275:Bad breath.
207:radiolucent
203:radiographs
117:(unknown).
2758:Angioedema
2564:Malignant:
2544:Oncocytoma
2370:Prognathia
2159:periapical
2138:Microgenia
2089:mandibular
2047:Aggressive
1968:Gingivitis
1909:Cementicle
1847:Abfraction
1837:Tooth wear
1830:Edentulism
1825:Tooth loss
1778:Resorption
1763:Pulp polyp
1746:Pulp stone
1690:Meth mouth
1661:Hypodontia
1651:Gemination
1582:Talon cusp
1475:Ulceration
1443:Stomatitis
1421:Pemphigoid
1369:Malignant:
1321:Linea alba
1306:Leukoedema
1286:Herpangina
1254:Giant-cell
854:DiseasesDB
555:0721690033
520:References
467:Surgical:
433:salivation
325:microbiota
199:radiopaque
153:concretion
115:idiopathic
2626:Sialocele
2609:Parotitis
2350:Open bite
2345:Crossbite
2123:Cherubism
2093:maxillary
1926:Cementoma
1857:Attrition
1673:Impaction
1641:Fluorosis
1550:Anodontia
1545:Ankylosis
1433:Pemphigus
1053:Glossitis
948:Cleft lip
926:Cheilitis
480:cannulate
417:hydration
393:Treatment
387:sialogram
355:Diagnosis
268:Cervical
79:sialolith
42:Specialty
2885:Category
2636:Sialosis
2587:Lymphoma
2459:Mucocele
2355:Overbite
2108:Agnathia
2069:Teething
1894:alveolus
1890:cementum
1842:Abrasion
1818:Occlusal
1803:Avulsion
1768:Pulpitis
1712:Odontoma
1458:Herpetic
1448:Aphthous
958:Eclabium
622:17957846
440:massaged
257:Erythema
248:Palpable
187:stenosis
147:(plural
144:calculus
2722:Snoring
2680:Bruxism
2516:Benign:
2365:Overjet
2325:Bruxism
2219:Osteoma
2057:Chronic
1882:gingiva
1356:Benign:
1249:Fibroma
936:Angular
931:Actinic
848:D015494
728:6328773
719:1021605
613:2640028
149:calculi
73:) is a
2464:Ranula
1936:Epulis
1798:Trauma
1646:Fusion
1555:Caries
1528:enamel
1524:dentin
1119:Palate
1007:Tongue
752:27 May
726:
716:
678:
620:
610:
552:
425:NSAIDs
283:Causes
173:saliva
139:-iasis
135:lithos
131:sialon
49:
2841:Other
1516:Teeth
859:29364
837:527.5
822:K11.5
383:x-ray
312:nidus
205:, or
97:or a
69:, or
2803:Noma
2308:and
2091:and
1896:) –
1520:pulp
915:Lips
843:MeSH
832:9-CM
783:(US)
754:2017
724:PMID
676:ISBN
618:PMID
550:ISBN
478:may
349:Gout
828:ICD
813:ICD
714:PMC
710:140
608:PMC
474:or
472:ENT
470:An
263:Pus
109:),
2887::
2667:–
2312:–
2304:,
1892:,
1888:,
1884:,
1526:,
1522:,
1181:–
857::
846::
835::
820::
817:10
744:.
722:.
708:.
704:.
690:^
630:^
616:.
604:27
602:.
598:.
564:^
528:^
457::
449:).
423:,
419:,
412::
331:.
303:,
2156::
1880:(
1530:)
1518:(
894:e
887:t
880:v
830:-
815:-
805:D
756:.
730:.
684:.
624:.
558:.
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