Shripad Amrit Dange

3155:

were handled by Ghosh alone, Gupta underscored. He never consulted with him /Gupta/, and even less with Nambudiripad and G. Nair/ with the latter two only about using the assistance/. All these matters were held in strictest secrecy from other leaders of the party and members of the National Council. This explains the fact that not a single report on this question has appeared in the press. Gupta said that he cannot singlehandedly take on responsibility in questions of assistance, therefore he considers it necessary to consult with Nambudiripad, whom he characterized as a person of crystalline honesty and whom Ghosh trusted. Gupta confidentially reported that A. Ghosh had not consulted on this problem with Akhmed or with Dange, who once proposed that he entrust to him alone all matters connected with the receipt of aid from abroad.

2393: 2965:– under the patronage of Jaiprakash Narayan, was able to garner 41.32% of the votes polled. Congress though lost heavily in terms of seats, still had 34.52% of popular votes. To the left parties the fact that these two parties accounted for more than three-fourths of the electorate and 449 out a total of 542 seats did suggest a possibility of a two (bourgeoisie) party political system. The result was a lot of soul searching for both the parties. Eventually both the parties would regroup and would form an alliance. 382: 2670:, a Bombay magazine published these letters which were said to be written by Dange to the British Viceroy from prison in 1924, after his conviction in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and in which he had promised to cooperate with the British government. Dange, who was the chairman of the Party got the Secretariat to denounce the letters as a forgery. But slide towards split became unstoppable. His opponents exploited this opening, and called for his removal from the leadership to facilitate investigation. 3130:, that contained details of alleged transactions between the CPI and the KGB during 1975–76, and it claimed that the money exchanged was between 4 and 800,000 (400,000 and 800,000) rupees a month. The supposed KGB papers claim that deceased CPI leaders Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao regularly received bribes and favours from the Russians in the mid-1970s and Dange even issued receipts for the money he received. This money changed hands from car windows in desolate areas near New Delhi, the book claimed. 1411: 2732:. After the short-lived coexistence between both the parties broke down in Kerala and also in West Bengal similar rupture happened, the trade union wing also split. In December 1969, eight Communist Party of India (Marxist) members walked out of an All India Trade Union Congress executive committee meeting. Later, the Marxist break-away members would organise an All India Trade Union Conference in Calcutta, on 28–31 May 1970. The Calcutta conference was the founding conference of the 346: 1856: 2977:, repudiated the support to emergency and opted for a new policy of left democratic unity. In Bhatinda congress two separate groupings emerged, one led by Dange and another led by C. Rajeswara Rao. The Rajeswara Rao's faction was victorious and the Bhatinda congress confirmed the shift towards creating alliances with leftist forces against Congress. Dange's pro-Congress line was severely tested within his own party. Similarly in their tenth party congress held at 2544:'domestic' affairs of the USSR and China. But he regards relations between India and China as non-domestic, so that Indian communists may side with the Indian government in this specific cases. Even the comrades who sided with Dange on the Sino-Indian border issue, were not ready to compromise on basic tenets of communism. Dange was severely criticised and he had own up his fault in the Party forum, through a process called 'self-criticism'. 2482:

CP, led by Ajoy Ghosh, believes that the time for violence has not come and that Moscow counsels patience.... The other half of the ICP (sic), fed up with the parliamentary experiment, argues that Kerala proved that the ruling class will never allow a people's Government to capture power democratically. This is the first time that the ICP has been so divided, and that the division has become so public.

43: 1788:

leadership in reflecting working class-militancy enabled them to establish their presence at the level of industry as a whole. To consolidate this position it was imperative that the Girni Kamgar Union as it is now called to penetrate the level of the individual mill...On 30 October 1928 the Girni Kamgar Union had a membership of 324; by the end of that they boasted 54000 members.

2659:

be cautious. However, at that stage, with secessionist organisations already at work in several states, no caution or concession could halt the drift towards a split; though attempts were still not given up for unity. Suddenly in March 1964, a trigger was provided by what was called the 'Dange letters', that exploded on the face of the Party, precipitating a split.

3229:, who said that to defend Engels, he had to deny Dange. He went on to say that Dange's work was unquestionably a caricature of Engel's work. Kosambi was especially severe when he said, 'Marxism is not a substitute for thinking, but a tool of analysis which must be used, with a certain minimum of skill and understanding, upon the proper material. 2503:, suppressed Mr. Dange's statement in Parliament that he sharply stood by the McMahon line, and also a resolution passed by Maharashtra State Committee supporting Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the border dispute. Joshi was earlier sidelined for his pro-Congress advocacy, but later rehabilitated by making him the editor of the Party journal. 1764:(AITUC) was formed at Mumbai by N.M. Joshi and others. Joshi was a philanthropist who was sympathetic to the workers'cause. At that time AITUC did not have a cohesive ideology, but it was sympathetic to the Indian National Congress. When Dange wrote about the founding session of AITUC at Mumbai, he brought out the organisation's Congress roots: 4061:

Party. The newly formed Janata Party contested the 1977 elections, and got majority to form the first non-Congress Government in India. But the Janata Party contested the election on the Bharatiya Lok Dal symbol. Therefore, on record of the Election Commission of India, the government was formed by the Bharatiya Lok Dal, and not, Janata Party.

2625:. By that time the Soviets were openly supporting India in its border dispute with China. These events were followed by formal statements of each side's ideological positions: the Chinese came out with their document in June 1963. The Soviets too came out with their own document. Thereafter the two parties stopped communicating. 3489: 2655:, New Delhi, the new outfit enjoyed the support of 14,000 of the 17,000 Communist Party members in the state. Similar moves were made in many other states by the left-wing. Release of their leaders from jails by the state governments also helped the leftists to consolidate their position among cadres. 1752:

of the Communist Party of India with its headquarters in Bombay., The British Government's extreme hostility towards communists, made them to decide not to openly function as a communist party; instead, they chose a more open and non-federated platform, under the name the Workers and Peasants Parties.

4060:

Bharatiya Lok Dal was formed at the end of 1974 through the fusion of seven parties opposed to Indira Gandhi. The leader of the BLD was Charan Singh. In 1977, the Bharatiya Lok Dal combined with the Jan Sangh and anti- Indira Gandhi breakaway Indian National Congress (Organisation) to form the Janata

3460:

The two major Indian communist parties, namely, Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) maintain different views on exactly when the Communist Party of India was founded. The date maintained as the foundation day by the CPI is 26 December 1925. But according

3154:

Gupta reported that after the death of Ghosh at the present time in the party there is an acute insufficiency of means for the preelection campaign. He expressed the fear that with the death of Ghosh the source for receiving means for the communist party from the CPSU might be closed. These questions

3026:

In the end, the two parties would be poised against each other in several local elections. Not only that, the Congress successfully outmaneuvered the new party in taking over a pro-Soviet goodwill organisation. As an alternative to the CPI-controlled Indian-Soviet Cultural Society (ISCUS), members of

2650:

Through such partisan measures Dange alienated the centrist leader, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, who resigned from the post of Secretary-General, leaving Dange to take over the post. By earlier 1963 the Left had established an underground organisation for what amounted to a breakaway West Bengal Communist

2633:

These events had their direct fall-out in the Communist Party of India. Former nationalist vs. international socialist debate had now turned into a conflict between the Right (the Russian line) and the Left (the Chinese line). Dange, who was supporting the Nehru Government, was the main leader of the

2522:

In the initial stages, Dange's nationalist line was the dominant one. To quote Manchester Guardian, "Hence not only the Party's extremists of the Joshi wing, but also the middle-of-the-road Moscow faction were at that time visibly losing ground. This favourable development was probably accelerated by

2274:

had not yet acceded his territory to India, but the violence of the communist-led rebellion, the central government sent in the army in September 1948. By November 1949, Hyderabad had been forced to accede to the Indian union, and, by October 1951, the violent phase of the Telangana movement had been

2053:

had sided with the Great Britain in the war, the Communist Party of India was legalised for the first time. Saying that the freedom struggle would impede the war against fascism, the CPI stayed away from the freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress was able to politically corner the communists,

3829:

Heavy Indian casualties occurred a peak of the Karakorum on the Aksai-chin plateau. The area was said to be a part of Ladakh by the Indian Government, but the Chinese claimed it to be a part of Sinkiang. In 1959 the Indian patrols suffered heavy losses in the hands of Chinese army in this region and

2988:

Initially, both parties differed on the concept of what left and democratic unity would mean. This came out in open in when leaders of both parties met for the first time after 1964 split in New Delhi on 13 April 1978. In spite of repudiation of emergency, the CPI was not ready to change its overall

2752:

In the late 1960s, however, the mood within the Communist Party of India turned strongly anti-Congress. In the Bombay party congress in 1968, the CPI took the decision of forging an anti-Congress front. This had resulted in collaborating with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for a short while.

2707:

In 1967, General Elections to the Parliament, Dange won from the Bombay Central South Constituency. The results had again shown a weakening CPI. They contested in 109 seats, won only 23, with about 7.5 million votes ( that is 5.11% of total votes polled. The CPI(M) contested in 59, won 19, with

2690:

convention the CPI left-wing organised party district and state conferences. Also it was decided in the Tenali convention to hold a party congress of the left-wing in Calcutta. The Calcutta Congress was held during 31 October – 7 November 1964. Simultaneously, the official Party under Dange convened

2543:

But soon after opposition against Dange erupted in the Party when Dange came up with his own definition of communist internationalism, different from standard Marxian understanding of the term. In his view internationalism is valid only for 'domestic' issues such as Hungary and Tibet, which were the

2335:

Stalin's view also was that India was not an independent country but ruled indirectly by British colonialists. He also agreed that the Communists could eventually advance only by heading an armed revolution. But this would not be of the Chinese type. He strongly advised that the armed struggle being

2286:

At the start of the 1950s, the CPI was bitterly divided over the manner in which political power in India should be captured. The militants advocated the 'Chinese path', or capture of power through violent means and the other group that included Dange was for the 'Indian path'(a moderate strategy to

2130:

Internationally also CPI found itself lost. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes. But when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its

2082:

on the invitation of the Congress Socialist Party leadership from there. His tour resulted in that many prominent Congress Socialist Party leaders from Andhra Pradesh joining the Communist Party. After he came out of the jail, up to 1939, he was working for the Party and was trying increase its hold

1955:

The Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences to the accused in January 1933. Out of the accused 27 persons were convicted with various durations of 'transportation'. While Muzaffar Ahmed was transported for life, Dange, Spratt, Ghate, Joglekar and Nimbkar were each awarded transportation

3050:

The party failed to register any presence in the country. In the 2007 assembly election in Uttar Pradesh, UCPI launched three candidates, Devi Dayal Yadav in Karki (572 votes, 0.49% of the votes in the constituency), Anand Kumar in Baberu (899 votes, 0.82%) and Vimal Krishan Srivastav in Banda (456

2865:

In 1977, Indira Gandhi went for general elections and CPI was still supporting her. The Congress lost the elections and emergency was lifted. The CPI suffered its worst ever losses in general elections. CPI(M) was able to hold on to its base in West Bengal, but, electoral support for the CPI took a

2794:

as the Chief Minister. In Kerala legislative elections held in 1970, the Communist Party of India won only 16 seats, out of a total of 133, whereas the coalition leader Indian National Congress had won 30 seats. Still, Congress accepted Achuta Menon's leadership till the next election that would be

2658:

In September 1963, A. K. Gopalan (formerly with Dange in 1959) was able to organise an impressive anti-official party rally in Calcutta. Dange still had a majority of two-to-one on the council, but the emerging alliance between the Leftists and Namboodiripad's smaller Centrist faction forced him to

2481:

Half the party wants to express its support for the Congress stand that there will be no gift (to China) of the and that India stands broadly by the McMahon line. The other half wants to go back to guerrilla tactics and give up the parliamentary experiment. The nationalist parliamentary wing of the

1977:

a Party with a centralised apparatus, came into being only after the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933. The Meerut Conspiracy Case, though launched to suppress the communist movement, provided the opportunity for Communists to propagate their ideas. It came out with its own manifesto and was

1936:

Whoever within or without British India conspires to commit any of the offenses punishable by Section 121 or to deprive the King of the sovereignty of British India or any part thereof, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Government of India or any

1782:

The early trade union movement in India was not directly inspired by communists. Dange played an important role in bringing the labour activists amongst Bombay textile workers under the communist umbrella. Girni Kamgar Mahamandal was split and the communists formed their own union, the Girni Kamgar

1768:

The AITUC was guided principally by the Congress leaders. The masses at this period were being led by Lokmanya Tilak and his group, in which Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab, Bepinchandra Pal from Bengal and others had a big place. Mahatma Gandhi had refused to sponsor the idea of founding the AITUC and

1751:

The industrial town of Kanpur, in December 1925, witnessed a conference of different communist groups, under the chairmanship of Singaravelu Chettiar. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani were among the key organisers of the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution for the formation

1734:

communists were put on trial. "But no case had attracted public gaze like the Kanpur case. Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India."

3133:

Mitrokhin Archives are not KGB papers per se, but were notes taken by Vasili Mitrokhin over 30 years. CPI questioned the authenticity of these papers. "This is utter nonsense. We have said this before and we say it again that these documents haven't been verified and no one knows if these are real

2711:

In the state legislative elections held simultaneously, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as a major party in Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala a United Front government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad was formed. The Communist Party of India was a minor coalition partner. In West Bengal,

2420:

for setting up states on the basis of language. This committee recommended a bi-lingual state called Bombay for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. The state came into being on 1 November 1956, but stirred up political unrest in both the states. In Maharashtra, under the leadership of

1946:

The main charges were that in 1921 Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmad entered into a conspiracy to establish a branch of Comintern in India and they were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist International.

1616:

The third decade of the 20th century proved to be formative years for young Dange. The period also witnessed worldwide economic crises. There were long strikes in the industrialized world, especially in Britain. In India, the working class movement gained steady momentum during this period. It was

1592:

read the work and went on to meet its young author, when he came to Mumbai. Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a flour mill owner from Mumbai who 'concerned himself for radical causes', also read this treatise and was impressed by its contents. Lotvala sponsored Dange's study of Marxism for several years,

3083:

Another attempt by various communist organisations was to hold a national communist conference in Mumbai on the occasion of Dange's birth centenary celebrations. But this had failed due to the paucity of funds. The communist organisations could not raise sufficient funds nor could find a generous

2703:

After the split, the first event that tested out the relative strengths of both groups was the Kerala Assembly Elections held in 1965. The Communist Party of India contested in 79 seats but only win 3 seats, polling about 500,000 votes with 8.30% vote share. The Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2228:

Around the time of independence the CPI was sending confusing signals—from left to centrist to right. General Secretary Joshi was advocating unity with the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. By the end of 1947, P.C. Joshi found himself in the minority. His line was

1964:

Though all the accused were not communists, the charges framed against them betrayed the British government's fear for growth of communist ideas in India. In the trial the accused were all labeled as Bolsheviks. During the trial of four and a half years, the defendants turned the courtroom into a

1831:

The communists were addressing ground level problems and as a result "N.M. Joshi, in spite of money and no persecution from the government lost the leadership (of AITUC) to the communists." The communists took over the leadership of the AITUC in December 1929, when their rivals, led by N.M.Joshi,

1690:

In 1923, they came to the conclusion that they did not have enough to prove anti-government activity as "Dange is a pure doctrinaire and nothing here seen of him indicate any real power of organisation." The Government of India soon changed its mind and the file notes that 'The evidence collected

1531:

District, Maharashtra. His father worked in Mumbai as government officer and was major landowner of the area and lived in one palace like house in Karanjgaon. Dange was sent to study in Pune. He was expelled from college for organising a movement against compulsory teaching of the Bible. While in

3079:

Seven years later, in 1998, it was decided to celebrate his birth centenary celebrations, starting from 10 October that year in a gathering of trade unionists in Mumbai. A committee was set up to undertake a project for instituting a memorial to Dange. The concept of the memorial approved in the

2997:

By 1980, the writing on the wall was clear. Poll alliance between CPI and CPI(M) was forged. CPI had parted ways with Congress in Kerala. The Dange group within the party was reduced to an insignificant minority. In 1980 a section of CPI cadre who wanted to retain the close relationship with the

2642:

At that time, the Government of India had arrested 400 prominent communist leaders of the Left wing for their alleged pro-China views. Dange, seized this opportunity, a move that would further erode his base, to reassert the right-wing control over the pro-left strongholds of West Bengal and the

2077:

In 1943, Dange for the first was elected to the Central Committee of the CPI. In October 1944 he attended the XVII Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain in London as a fraternal representative from the Communist Party of India. Between 1929 and 1935, Dange remained in jail for role in

1919:

The British government was clearly worried about the growing influence of the Communist International. Its ultimate objective, so the government perceived, was to achieve "complete paralysis and overthrow of existing Governments in every country (including India) by means of a general strike and

1787:

The linkages which were forged in this strike placed the communists firmly in control of the Girni Kamgar Mahamandal and enabled them to dominate trade union movement. They were now forced to confront problems forced by the structure of industrial relations. The initiative taken by the communist

2363:

To this Khrushchev's response was a reiteration of the official Soviet Party line, that with the abolition of the Comintern, there was no organisation for leading the Communist Parties in other countries. Khrushchev and Bulganin's visit paved way for forging of a strong relationship between the

2248:

was adopted on the premise that 'free' India was only a "semi-colony of British imperialism". Joshi, who stood collaboration with Congress was sidelined, and Ranadive became the General Secretary. Open call for taking up arms, known as 'Calcutta thesis' and was closely identified with its main

2126:

Around the time that the British decided to transfer power to the Indians, the CPI found itself in a not very happy situation. For once their disassociation with the Quit India movement made them unpopular with the people. Secondly huge support that the Congress garnered ran contrary the CPI's

3236:

by his daughter Roza and her husband, Bani Deshpande. Dange was again criticised for "his ideas on ancient India and his discovery of the ideals of communism in the primitive ages (and hence a glorification of the ancient culture) left him exposed to charges of having read Marxism in the most

2856:

CPI saw emergency as an opportunity and welcomed it 'as necessary to combat fascist movement led by Jaiprakash Narayan and the parties of right reaction. CPI leaders believed they could turn emergency into a communist revolution. Almost a decade of close cooperation with Indira Gandhi and the

2678:

The cascading events following the Dange Letters ultimately resulted in the split of the Party in October, 1964. The left challenge came into the open with a conference to prepare a party program, immediately after the Dange Letters. The showdown came on 11 April 1964 when 30 Leftists and two

3017:

Although having Dange as its leader, AICP was not able to attract any major nationwide following for two main reasons. Firstly, the Soviet Union did not give any political support to the new party. The founders of AICP were upholding the pro-Soviet CPI policy of cooperating with the National

2553:

identified B. T. Ranadive, a former general secretary(1948–50), as supporting P.C. Joshi in his pro-Chinese attitude. According to these two militants, Nehru ought to be condemned by the Party as a "reactionary", and the policy of Congress should be resolutely opposed. At this stage, the

2189:

The Communist Party during the war supported the allies, including the English and by this action weakened its influence as a lot of people could not correctly understand the position of the Party. A considerable part of the supporters of the Communist Party during the war shifted to the

1649:

in the opening years of the 20th century, went to Moscow in by the end of April 1920. The new Russian government under Lenin evinced interest in him and encouraged him to form an Indian Communist Party. Roy went on to found the émigré Communist Party of India on 17 October 1920 in

2634:

Right. After the death of Secretary-General Ajoy Ghosh in January 1962, a truce was established. Dange, who at that time was the head of the All-India Trade Union Congress, became the first chairman of the CPI and the centrist leader, Namboodiripad, became the Secretary-General.

3159:

In as much as Mitrokhin archive was based entirely on notes based on alleged primary sources, the Benediktov diaries also brought in Dange through a mere hearsay. Both these documents were used by the critics of totalitarian communism to attack the communist parties and Dange.

2491:

Sino-Indian border dispute brought into open bitter internal war within the CPI between those who described themselves as international socialists and others who advocated that national sentiments should not be completely ignored. Mr. Dange, leader of the Party in Parliament,

2297:

On 30 May 1950, the extremists with hundreds of their followers split from the Party and came out in the open. When the war of attrition between both continued unabated, the Soviet Communists intervened. The warring leaders were invited to Russia for a discussion with the

2748:

strongly spoke in favour of it. Joshi was marginalised for this, yet the question persisted and was one of the reasons for the CPI split. It was increasingly becoming clear that anti-Congress faction, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) was stronger of the two groups.

3080:

meeting was that it would house a modern education center, a large library and facilities for research on various issues concerning the working class movement. There will also be a trade union school with hostel and canteen facilities. This project did not take off.

2523:

the attitude of studied neutrality adopted in Moscow, where the Soviet press printed both the Chinese and Indian accounts of the Ladakh skirmish, without appearing to take sides. His general nationalist communist position had the backing of the Kerala, Maharashtra,

2194:

The Soviet leaders closely questioned Dange about the Congress. For years questions regarding what attitude should be taken toward the Congress would be debated inside the left parties in India. The following portion shows Dange's attitude towards the Congress and

2777:. The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising; but Indian military intervention thwarted such moves. There was confusion within the ranks of the Indian communists—while the pro-Soviet CPI had no problem in supporting the war, and the Indian prime minister, 2585:

In the meanwhile fighting began on the Himalayan border on 10 October 1962 between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Army of India. The war ended when the Chinese unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, which went into effect at midnight.

1836:

In India throughout 1928 and 1929 there was a strong wave of strikes, on the railroads, in ironworks and in the textile industry. 31 million working days lost in 1928, through industrial disputes. Trade union numbers and organisation grew rapidly during this

2848:, who had been recently defeated in the parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. 1632:

its stated objective was to fight 'by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State'.

2173:

The following free and frank exchange between Dange and Zhdanov on the day after the India's Independence day, that is, on 16 August 1947, brings out the chaotic situation in which the Communist Party of India found itself at that historical juncture:

2600:

Another issue that fueled the split in the Communist Party of India was parting of the ways between the USSR and China. Though the conflict had a long history, it came out in open in 1959, Khrushchev sought to appease the West during a period of the

1792:

Two long and bitter strikes in 1928 and 1929 involving the members of Girni Kamgar Union followed. Dange was the general secretary of the Girni Kamgar Union. For their role in the strikes he was arrested along with Muzaffar Ahmed and Shaukat Usmani.

1927:

In more than one way the Meerut Conspiracy case trial helped the Communist Party of India to consolidate its position among workers. Dange along with 32 persons were arrested on or about 20 March 1929 and were put on trial under Section 121A of the

2218:

Com. Dange: Also a bourgeois. He is an eminent advocate, has acquired a lot of money and has invested it in enterprises. Nehru also belongs to a family of eminent advocates and has invested his substantial savings in the Indian company of Tata....

2269:

to herald in the Indian revolution was one of the main pillars of Ranadive strategy. During the peak of Telangana rebellion, 3,000 villages and some 41,000 square kilometers of territory were involved in the revolt. The ruler of Hyderabad state,

1742:

and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to the Indian masses. Dange was released from prison in 1925.

2789:

During the period 1970–1977, CPI was a strong ally of the Congress party and nothing typified better than the alliance both the parties forged in Kerala. Both the parties formed a coalition government together in that state, with the CPI-leader

2691:

a Party Congress of the Communist Party of India in Bombay. The split was complete. The left group which assembled in Calcutta decided to adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. This party also adopted its own political programme.

1658:

met Dange in 1922. Dange at that time was closely associating with Lotvala to spread Marxian ideas. It was during this period that Dange grew in prominence as a Marxist; a sure way those days to invite antagonism from the British Government.

2183:

Comrade Dange opines that during the war the Congress, taking into account the anti-English sentiments of the wide masses, opposed the English and by this action acquired a semblance of a national organisation fighting for the national

2106:

Even before the takeover of the AITUC by the communists, in 1927, Dange was elected Assistant Secretary of AITUC." During the year 1943– 1944 Dange was elected for the first time as the chairman of the All India Trade Unions Congress.

1773:

Communists were also largely excluded when, again in Mumbai, in 1923, jobbers and mill clerks came together and started Girni Kamgar Mahamandal (Great Association of Mill-Workers). They participated in the long textile strike in 1924.

4504: 1723:) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." 3002:. Roza Deshpande, the daughter of Dange and her husband Bani Deshpande, played an important role in organising the founding of the new party. It is said that Dange himself was initially largely sceptical of a split in the CPI. 2041:

and his policies. But when Hitler attacked Poland, the Communist Party of India had called World War II, an 'Imperialist War'. But when he attacked the Soviet Union, the same Communist Party of India decided to call the war, a

2098:

In 1939, Dange was convicted to four months of rigorous imprisonment for organising a strike of textile workers. He was arrested on 11 March 1940 for leading a general strike of textile workers in Bombay and interned in the

2380:. These differences within the Communist Party of India, up to Palakkad congress was an internal matter of the Party; the international communist movement at that time was united. Ranadive who was earlier shunned for his 2264:

A rebellion in the Telangana region in the northern part of what was to become Andhra Pradesh, a peasant struggle against the feudal regime of the Nizam was already happening when Calcutta thesis was adopted. To use the

1691:

clearly shows that Dange has been an important figure in the conspiracy as constant reference to his name would be unavoidable in any event in the prosecution to be instituted against other members of the conspiracy at .

4299:

Former Indian counter-intelligence specialist Bahukutumbi Raman pointed out that Mitrokhin did not bring either the original documents or photocopies. Instead, he brought handwritten/typed notes of the contents of the

1682:

During this period M.N. Roy, the spokesperson of the Comintern, was seen as the most dangerous of Indian communists. During that time all the letters written by Roy from Moscow to Dange were intercepted and delivered.

4310: 2471:), when the Sino-Indian border dispute broke out—an event that would sharpen the differences within the CPI. The Calcutta Congress at the end of September 1959 brought into open the differences within the Party. As 2425:

and a joint Maharashtra council (Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti) was founded. In the second general elections the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Mumbai.

2753:

Soon differences between both parties again came out in the open. From 1970 onwards Communist Party of India started once again working with the Congress. Dange was one of the principal architects of this union.

2984:

Even after Bhatinda congress, Dange was able to retain some of his influence though the majority was moving towards unity with CPI(M). The main reason for this was CPI sharing power with the Congress in Kerala.

1951:

to deprive the King Emperor of the sovereignty of British India, and for such purpose to use the methods and carry out the programme and plan of campaign outlined and ordained by the Communist International.

3209:

was published in 1949. The book attempted to analyze stages of growth of society in ancient India. The author had painfully researched ancient scriptures and other sources to make it a definitive tome.

2114:

in London. In 1945–1947 he became the vice chairman of the All India Trade Union Congress. Also in October 1945 he became a member of the Executive Committee and chairman of the General Council of the

3150:. Dange's name figured in the first excerpt is from a 17 January 1962 entry from the journal Benediktov describing a conversation with Bhupesh Gupta, the then Secretary of the National Council of CPI. 2973:

As one of the few parties that supported emergency, the CPI was under attack from all other quarters. In spite of strong pro-Indira arguments presented by Dange, CPI in its eleventh party congress at

1495:. Dange, who remained the Chairman of the CPI till 1978, was removed in that year because the majority of party workers were against Dange's political line of supporting Indian National Congress, and 1738:

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was out of the country and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in

2720:, a provincial break-away group of the Indian National Congress. For the Communist Party of India, The Kerala experiment of coexisting with Communist Party of India(Marxist) did not work for long. 1628:

or the Communist International, or in popular parlance—its abbreviated form – Comintern, an international communist organisation founded in Moscow in March 1919. As a resolution adopted in the

3172:

that got him two important contacts of his youth: M. N. Roy and Lotwala, the rich flour-mill owner from Bombay. The latter helped him to launch the first ever socialist magazine in India,

3005:

The founders of All India Communist Party retained close communications with Dange. In May, 1981 the National Council of CPI expelled Dange. When the first conference of AICP was held in

2609:. Two other reasons were USSR's unwillingness to support Chinese nuclear program and their neutrality in the initial days of Sino-Indian border conflict. These events greatly offended 3138:

and counter-intelligence specialists had questioned the veracity of these papers. However, Arch Betty has also been accused of downplaying atrocities committed under Stalin's regime.

3018:

Congress, but the Soviets were not interested in a split within CPI. Secondly, the Congress showed limited interest towards the idea of having a national alliance with the new party.

2103:

Detention Camp. At Deoli, several other communist leaders were also jailed along with him. In prison he started a political study circle among the prisoners. He was released in 1943.

1588:, a comparative study of approaches of both the leaders; but, Lenin coming out as better of the two. This work proved to be a turning point in Dange's life. Prominent Marxist leader 2781:, the CPI(M) found itself in quandary participated in the resistance struggle, the pro-China communist groups were in a quandary, because China had sided with Pakistan in the war. 2294:

The proponents of the 'Chinese path' led by C. Rajeswara Rao and those of the 'Indian path' led by Ajoy Ghosh had set up their own centers and the CPI was on the verge of a split.

2118:. In February 1947, Dange again became the chairman of All India Trade Union Congress and continued to be at the helm of that organisation either as general secretary or chairman. 1956:

for a period of 12 years. On appeal, in July 1933, the sentences of Ahmed, Dange and Usmani were reduced three years. Reductions were also made in the sentences of other convicts.

1808:

Believing that the world capitalism was in crisis, during the 1920s the Comintern deployed its workers to various countries. Indian communists had forged a close relationship with

2683:, walked out of a National Council meeting and proceeded to appeal to all Indian Communists to repudiate the Dange leadership. National Council suspended the thirty-two leaders. 4662: 1726:

The case attracted interest of the people towards Comintern plan to bring about violent revolution in India. Communist trials had taken place in India, in frontier towns like

2989:

assessment of Congress. Congress according to CPI contained left and democratic elements. This stand also justified continued cooperation between Congress and CPI in Kerala.

1532:

work, Dange was exposed to conditions of workers when he undertook voluntary work in the textile mill areas of Mumbai. Dange was drawn into active politics by the fervour of

4314: 3218:

was the kind of road map he used. He analyzed the ancient epics to arrive at the reasons for origin of private property in India. The first draft of the book was written in

1115: 2322:

S. A. Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao have both told me about the meeting with the leaders of the CPSU. The first meeting was attended from the Soviet side by Comrades Suslov,

1674:

in India with great suspicion. During the 1920s, the Government foisted a series of 'conspiracy cases' against persons whom they suspected to have communist leanings.

1098: 1991:

were dictated by the Comintern's views. After its admission to the Third International, the Communist Party of India was seen to be guided by the policies imposed by

1571:, especially about Gandhi's promotion of cottage industries as the sole solution for India's economic ills, while overlooking possibilities of an industrial economy. 1624:

ideas, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, manifesting in political events in countries outside Russia. This process was quickened by the establishment of the

652: 3104:

in Parliament House. The 9-feet high bronze statue of Dange, sculpted by Vithoba Panchal, has been donated by the labour organisation, Shramik Pratishthan, Mumbai.

4677: 2744:

The issue whether to support Congress or not bedevilled the undivided Communist Party right from the year of independence, 1947, when the then general secretary

2360:

in 1955. Jawaharlal Nehru, frankly put forward to the visiting Soviet leaders that the Communist Party of India was claiming to receive direction from the CPSU.

1190: 1999:

interests. As a result the positions taken by the CPI ran many times counter to popular nationalist sentiments, leading to erosion of the Party's popular base.

1937:

local Government, shall be punished with transportation for life, or any shorter term, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years.

4388:

12 February 2002 Review of Problems of Indian Renaissance: S. A. Dange, Edited by Bani Deshpande and Roza Deshpande; Vichar Bharati Prakashan, Mumbai-400014.

2278:

Dange had been a member of the CPI Central Committee since the founding of the Party. But during 1950–1951 he was not included in the Central Committee.

2146:

The CPI was in a state of confusion and the Party clearly needed advice. In July 1947, P.C. Joshi, the then General Secretary, secured Dange's entry to

4416: 2352:, the then Indian Prime Minister visited USSR and received a tremendous welcome. This was followed by the maiden visit to India of the Soviet leaders, 4687: 4596: 2135:. Stalin disbanded Comintern in 1943. It is surmised that the dissolution came about as Stalin wished to calm his World War II Allies (particularly 3901: 2957:

To both the communist parties, election results raised serious questions regarding their relevance in the Indian political system. Newly strewn up

2309:

Four leaders, two from each center, were brought to Moscow. They travelled in cognito as manual workers in a Soviet ship from Calcutta. They were

4570: 1220: 3759: 2643:

Punjab. In February 1963—with 48 of its 110 members absent, in detention or in hiding—the National Council voted to "administer the work of the

1507:. Towards the end, Dange got increasingly marginalised in the Indian Communist movement. He was also a well-known writer and was the founder of 3254: 2340:

In 1951, Dange was elected to both the Central Committee and the Politburo. In 1952 Dange lost elections to the Indian Parliament from Bombay.

770: 4256: 4044: 3957: 2519:

incident', lamenting the loss of Indian lives, and stating that the country would support Nehru in his efforts to avoid any repetition of it.

4023: 1086: 183: 138: 3880: 2233:, a prominent radical leader, was inspired by the great strides that the Chinese communists had made, and wanted a similar model for India. 4311:"Russian Foreign Ministry Documents on the Soviet-Indian Relations and Sino-Indian Border Conflict. Cold War International History Project" 3009:, commencing on 13 March. Dange turned up there uninvited and took charge of the new party. He was elected general secretary of the party. 1439: 830: 725: 2074:

became the first general secretary of Communist Party of India, for a period from 1935 to 1947—or as it was called the "P. C. Joshi era".

4652: 3411:

Criminal cases in which the accused are charged with actions that would alienate the sovereignty of British India, from the British King.

2376:

in 1956. Against the ultra-left line of Ranadive, Dange and P.C. Joshi were for reviving the 'popular front' and working with the ruling

1162: 1049: 4591: 4586: 1225: 1137: 750: 682: 4627: 4217: 1120: 3621: 2844:

held that Mrs. Gandhi was guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The case was filed by

2712:

Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as the main force, but the chief ministership of the coalition government was given to

1832:

walked out of the session, and founded a rival organisation. Like rest of the world, it was a period of great unrest in India too.

1054: 4682: 4409: 1147: 735: 3723:"Transcript" of the Discussion held on 16.VIII.1947 from 6 pm to 8 between Comrade A. A. Zhdanov with Com. Shripad Amrit Dange 3146:

Diaries of I. A. Benediktov, Russian ambassador to India during the 1960s named Indian communist leaders seeking aid from the

2570:

Ajoy Ghosh and one other not identified by the newspaper(probably Basavapunnaiah ) – centralists, attempting to restore unity.

1695:

The conspiracy referred to here is the Kanpur Conspiracy Case that would catapult Dange to a leader with national prominence.

3329: 1157: 2515:, the deputy leader of the Communist group in Lok Sabha. He was quoted by a newspaper that he (Gopalan) was shocked by the ' 4642: 3545: 3507: 3470: 3423: 1965:

public platform to espouse their cause. As a result, the trial saw strengthening of the communist movement in the country.

1152: 1064: 4139:

Bhattacharya, Mrimoy in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 141

4109:

Das Gupta, Jagadish, in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 101

4560: 4555: 3938: 3573: 3528:

Notes left on the net by Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). Department of History, School for Oriental and African Studies.

3028: 2448:

fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, a struggle that cost a lot of lives. Finally on 1 May 1960, pre-dominantly

2299: 1081: 1037: 4148: 1970: 1629: 1488: 1382: 1255: 1044: 840: 2496:, secretary of the Kerala unit, and Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed of Uttar Pradesh were the proponents of the nationalist cause. 2006:

politicians. The British government had banned communist activities from 1934 to 1938. When the Comintern adopted the

4657: 4402: 4118: 1825: 1300: 1142: 1076: 1017: 2392: 4667: 4647: 4637: 2810: 2397: 2330:. It was on the third day that it was announced that Comrade Stalin would attend. So he did for subsequent days.... 2115: 2087: 1809: 1432: 1250: 1125: 1069: 665: 3317: 2728:

Even after the party split, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party cadres remained unified in the

3040: 1504: 1245: 1210: 1167: 1000: 868: 2143:) not to suspect that the Soviet Union was pursuing a policy of trying to foment revolution in other countries. 1617:

during one of the long textile mill strikes that Dange got himself acquainted with the conditions of labourers.

4540: 3121: 2729: 1761: 1731: 1397: 1235: 1108: 1022: 760: 2817:, and it lasted for 21 months. Emergency provisions suspended all the Constitutional rights and gave power to 1670:

saw the founding of Comintern as a disruptive force that would cause internal disorder. It viewed the nascent

4550: 2733: 2033:

The Raj re-banned the CPI in 1939, for its initial anti-War stance. The line was changed when, following the

1230: 1059: 4100:

Sen, Mohit. A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 388

3084:

sponsor to host the meet in Dange's own city. Therefore, the venue of the conference was shifted to Kerala.

4632: 4565: 4378: 4205: 4193: 2111: 1988: 1816:

and Ben Bradley, came to India. mandated by Comintern to work among the industrial labourers of Bombay and

1533: 1362: 1032: 967: 4162: 3877:

The Chinese Communist Party's Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement

3226: 1704: 1425: 1195: 631: 451: 365: 191: 4091:, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II (Feb., 1982), pp. 119–135 3896: 3402:(ed.) G. Adhikari with the assistance of Dilip Bose. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. 1982. p. 229. 4672: 4545: 4441: 4130:

Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 153

2857:

Congress seemed to be on the verge of bringing about a massive revolutionary breakthrough for the CPI.

2404:

After India's independence in 1947, the princely states were integrated into the Indian Union, and the

1027: 745: 616: 3986: 3461:

to the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the party was founded in Tashkent, USSR on 17 October 1920.

3875: 3588:

During the British rule, a severe form of punishment was banishing convicts to a penal settlement in

3279: 2999: 2836:. More immediate reason for clamping of emergency was that in a judgment dated 12 June 1975, Justice 2762: 2417: 2178:

Further com. Zhdanov asks com. Dange to explain why the Congress managed to strengthen its authority.

2136: 1500: 1185: 1103: 712: 660: 3522: 3294: 2547:

There was also a consolidation among the communist internationalists at this stage. The Swiss paper

4487: 4481: 4425: 4260: 4039: 3952: 2377: 2027: 1920:

armed uprising.". The government's immediate response was to foist yet another conspiracy case—the

1876: 1604:, Dange's contemporary and a well-known communist intellectual, wrote that Dange's articles in the 1593:

and together they built up a library of Marxist Literature and published translations of classics.

1553: 1484: 1461: 1012: 1007: 825: 807: 785: 755: 702: 491: 334: 316: 173: 116: 54: 4018: 2314: 2196: 2159: 2078:

Meerut conspiracy case. After being released from jail in 1935, Dange went on a speaking tour in

2034: 1966: 1205: 1200: 972: 730: 581: 521: 486: 2686:

The left leaders who were ousted, in turn, announced a separated national convention. After the

2549: 4514: 3803: 2132: 1995:

on the international communist movement. Stalin's policies were, in turn, dictated by Russia's

1850: 995: 740: 670: 531: 466: 2647:

Party" through a Provincial Organising Committee acting on behalf of the Central Secretariat.

1987:

During the period, prior to India's Independence, the Communist Party of India's responses to

4469: 3097: 2824:

Indira Gandhi took this extreme step due to a host of reasons. The venerated Gandhian leader

2814: 2804: 1527:

Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahman family in 1899, in the village of Karanjgaon in Niphad Taluka of

952: 945: 802: 3134:

KGB papers," said CPI leader Manju Kumar Majumder, when the book was out, Academicians like

4622: 4617: 4519: 3533: 3219: 3031:. Eventually the control over this organisation was completely taken over by the Congress. 2841: 2825: 2622: 2023: 1712: 1544:, a veteran leader of Indian National Congress from Maharashtra, the earliest proponent of 1215: 1132: 1091: 940: 858: 780: 406: 128: 4313:. Virtual Archive Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars website. Archived from 3601: 2249:

proponent and the new General Secretary, Ranadive. As a result insurgencies took place in

2018:, CPI declared support for the Congress in 1938. The communist leaders like Dinkar Mehta, 1841:

Muzaffar Ahmed, Usmani and Dange joined these later campaigns on their release from jail.

1460:(10 October 1899 – 22 May 1991) was an Indian politician who was a founding member of the 8: 4150:

Statistical Report on General Election 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.

3722: 2833: 2493: 2473: 2445: 2288: 2266: 2059: 1625: 1541: 1465: 1352: 897: 697: 692: 556: 4369:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949). p. 277. 3112:

Controversies continued to dog Dange even after death. In what were supposedly based on

1511:

the first socialist weekly in India. Dange played an important role in the formation of

1499:, the then Congress Prime Minister. He was expelled from the CPI in 1981. He joined the 4446: 2870:

Comparative Performance of the Communist Parties in General Elections of 1971 and 1977.

2813:

declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, in June 1975, by invoking Article 352 of the

2327: 1884: 1564: 1392: 1367: 1357: 1347: 957: 920: 892: 765: 606: 511: 436: 373: 3473:

Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922

3426:

Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922

4451: 4164:

Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu

3781: 3325: 3188: 3125: 2958: 2837: 2606: 2595: 2413: 2357: 2170:, leading Soviet theorists of the period, participated in the 1947 talks with Dange. 2140: 2071: 2002:

Up to 1934, the CPI viewed India's freedom struggle as a movement of the reactionary

1929: 1900: 1868: 1476: 1372: 677: 446: 441: 258: 3096:, Prime Minister of India unveiled his statue along with other left leaders such as 3063:

Dange died at a Bombay hospital on 22 May 1991. He was given a state funeral by the

2704:

contested 73 seats, won 40, with about 1.3 million votes, 19.87% of the total.

1855: 4524: 4352:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949), 271–77. 3988:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1970 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala

3940:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1965 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala

3117: 2791: 2449: 2353: 2349: 2245: 2100: 2070:

After the sudden arrest of then Somnath Lahiri, Secretary of CPI, during end-1935,

1892: 1891:, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, 1888: 1864: 1642: 1492: 1491:(CPI(M)) emerged stronger both in terms of membership and their performance in the 1415: 930: 887: 882: 707: 586: 476: 401: 2499:

The conflict came in the open when P. C. Joshi, who controlled the Party's weekly

4275: 4048: 4027: 3961: 3905: 3884: 3589: 3577: 2717: 2580: 2364:

Government of India (and later Congress Party) and the USSR, independent of CPI.

2086:

Around this time Dange's legislative career also took off. He was elected to the

2043: 2007: 1947:

The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges raised against them was

1480: 962: 797: 626: 621: 561: 254: 3478:

State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century

3431:

State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century

4475: 4457: 4242: 3093: 3068: 2818: 2713: 2524: 2167: 2163: 2079: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1872: 1800:, the official organ of the Girni Kamgar Union from the time of its inception. 1708: 1584: 1549: 1524: 1456: 1293: 1287: 935: 687: 541: 536: 431: 416: 381: 349: 161: 33: 3567: 4611: 3135: 2778: 2770: 2692: 2564: 2532: 2512: 2456: 2430: 2405: 2230: 2019: 2011: 1992: 1880: 1813: 1496: 1472:

and trade union activities and was jailed for an overall period of 13 years.

820: 571: 551: 546: 526: 506: 426: 262: 3975:

A Brief Note on the Contents of Documents of the Communist Movement in India

3366: 1645:, perhaps the most important secret revolutionary organisation operating in 4394: 3147: 3101: 2409: 2038: 1387: 1328: 1274: 925: 611: 596: 591: 516: 456: 345: 2832:

for change in provincial government, was getting increasingly against the

2821:. It enabled the Prime Minister to suspend elections and civil liberties. 1863:

prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal,

1824:). Workers' and Peasants' Parties were started in those cities and in the 3548:

Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India

3510:

Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India

3064: 2644: 2459:

in 1967 from Bombay Central South Constituency of the Maharashtra State.

2372:

The party was again on the verge of split at its fourth congress held at

2003: 1996: 1912: 1667: 1646: 1556:

in 1920, Dange gave up his studies and joined the Independence movement.

1537: 1512: 1321: 835: 496: 471: 286: 3183:

Dange was a keen follower of literature. He had published a book called

2467:

Dange was the leader of the Communist group in the House of the People (

2433:

in 1957 from Bombay City (Central) Constituency of the State of Bombay.

4463: 3052: 2981:

around the same time, CPI(M) also decided pursue a path of left unity.

2845: 2766: 2745: 2680: 2610: 2511:

An important leader publicly to join the nationalist Dange faction was

2437: 2310: 2258: 1621: 1487:

led to a split in the Communist Party of India, in 1964. The breakaway

1314: 1307: 1281: 902: 792: 576: 501: 481: 461: 3761:

Rival Red Party Is Set Up in India, Forswearing the Tactic of Violence

2396:

Shripad Amrit Dange representing the CPI at the fifth congress of the

3954:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha

3044: 2978: 2962: 2761:

One of the events that facilitated cooperating with Congress was the

2468: 2441: 2381: 2254: 2037:. The Communist Party of India did not take an active stance against 2026:, and Soli Batliwala became members of the national executive of the 1601: 1589: 1469: 1468:. During the 20th century, Dange was arrested by the authorities for 1377: 875: 566: 396: 93: 3067:

state government. He was survived by his wife Ushatai and daughter,

2229:

challenged by the radicals who claimed that "ye azaadi jhoota hai".

4041:

Statistical Report on General Election 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha.

4020:

Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha.

3092:

On 10 December 2004, The Indian Parliament honoured Dange when Dr.

3039:

In 1987 AICP merged with the Indian Communist Party and formed the

2974: 2774: 2605:

known as 'The Thaw', by holding a summit meeting with US President

2602: 2373: 2323: 2237: 1821: 1817: 1812:. In 1926 and 1927 members of the British Communist Party, notably 1727: 1716: 1686:

The British government initially did not think Dange was dangerous.

1651: 1568: 1240: 3725:, Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India. 3255:"Shripad Amrit Dange, the overshadowed beacon of Indian Communism" 2384:

made a comeback to the Party leadership at the Palakkad congress.

1548:(complete independence) greatly inspired young Dange. Later, when 4493: 4181: 3604:

75th Anniversary of the Formation of the Communist Party of India

3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3192: 2961:– a medley of groups ranging from Congress rebels to Hindu party 2313:

and S. A. Dange from the 'Indian Path', and C. Rajeswara Rao and

2250: 2241: 2015: 1715:, Ghulam Hussain and others were charged, in what was called the 1671: 1596:

In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly,

1560: 977: 601: 421: 25: 3168:

Dange's arrival in the political arena was through the pamphlet

3047:

was the general secretary of the party until his death in 2003.

3012: 3211: 3006: 2687: 2516: 2055: 1921: 1860: 1720: 1677: 1545: 1528: 863: 282: 4089:

India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension

3554: 3034: 4078:, edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press 4009:, edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press 3748:

A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist

2829: 2528: 2271: 2223: 1973:

wrote about the aftermath of the Meerut Conspiracy case thus:

1739: 1662: 290: 42: 3503: 3501: 2486: 2343: 1755: 1746: 3529: 2621:

In 1962, Mao criticized Khrushchev for backing down in the

2422: 2147: 2050: 3055:

elections, UCPI could garner only 921 votes in the state.

2203:

Com. Zhdanov: What is Nehru – a capitalist or a landowner?

3498: 3225:

Dange's magnum opus was severely criticised by historian

3113: 2054:

as the popular sentiments were overwhelmingly supporting

3611:, New Delhi, Volume: 2, No. 1 Issue: January- March 1984 3216:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1982: 4218:

Press release from the office of the Speaker, Lok Sabha

3551:

New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 183

3513:

New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 131

2651:

Party Unit. According to prominent leftist fortnightly

2093: 2065: 3898:

Open Letter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3198: 2736:, new Communist Party of India (Marxist) trade union. 4663:

Communist Party of India politicians from Maharashtra

3495:, Volume 1. published by AITUC Publications. p.xxiii. 2554:

secretariat's eight members were divided as follows:

1907:. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, 4072:

Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism

4003:

Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism

3419: 3417: 3400:

Documents of History of the Communist Party of India

2860: 1611: 1475:

After India's Independence, a series of events like

2305:

Events that followed were described Mohit Sen thus:

2162:Dange was in Moscow talking to the Soviet leaders. 1959: 1698: 3087: 2421:Keshavrao Jedhe, an all-party meeting was held in 2236:The Communist Party of India's second congress at 1978:affiliated to the Communist International in 1934. 1483:, and dispute over the stand of the party towards 3414: 3324:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 41. 2121: 4609: 3116:documents, notes smuggled out by former KGB spy 1654:. On his return to India, M.N. Roy who had read 4571:All India State Government Employees Federation 4335:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 43. 3977:. National Book Agency: Kolkata. 2005. p. 56-59 3697:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 19. 3680:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 25. 3663:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 23. 3646:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 26. 3443: 3441: 3439: 3232:The book was released in 2002, under the title 2998:Congress, broke away from the Party and formed 2851: 2784: 2506: 2416:in 1950. The Government of India had appointed 4678:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra 3356:. Progressive Publishers, Kolkata. p. 43. 2739: 2558:Dange, Gopalan, Ahmad – nationalist communists 1567:of 1917. He grew increasingly skeptical about 4410: 3742: 3740: 3718: 3716: 3295:"Obituary reference in the Indian Parliament" 3013:Marginalization within the communist movement 2866:nosedive, as the following table would show: 2462: 2127:portrayal of it as a mere bourgeoisie party. 1433: 4424: 4259:. American Historical Review. Archived from 4167:The Election Commission of India. New Delhi. 4153:The Election Commission of India. New Delhi. 4051:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3992:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3964:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3943:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3436: 2992: 2798: 2567:– former extremist, present views uncertain. 1678:Dange in the eyes of the British authorities 1620:The period also coincided with influence of 67:25 February 1962 – 28 November 1981 4243:"CPI's Dange, Rajeshwar named in KGB files" 4030:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi 3820:The Manchester Guardian. 30 September 1959. 3315: 3035:Merger into United Communist Party of India 2968: 2723: 2387: 1581:In 1921, Dange published a pamphlet titled 4592:1964 split in the Communist Party of India 4587:Foundation of the Communist Party of India 4417: 4403: 3737: 3713: 3483: 3352:Sen, Mohit (2002). "The Dange Centenary". 3351: 3176:. Mohit Sen said that Dange's articles in 2589: 2224:The 1950s: internal strifes within the CPI 2131:position to one of active support for the 1803: 1663:Foundation of the Communist Party of India 1600:, the first Indian Marxist journal. Later 1440: 1426: 4367:India from Primitive Communism to Slavery 4350:India from Primitive Communism to Slavery 3476:in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) 3451:New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336 3429:in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) 3120:at the time of his defection to Britain, 2698: 2695:was elected general secretary of CPI(M). 2613:and the other Chinese Communist leaders. 2487:International Socialists vs. Nationalists 2452:-speaking state of Maharashtra was born. 2344:Visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to India 1844: 1783:Union during the general strike of 1928. 1756:Initial years of labour movement in India 1747:Formation of the Communist Party of India 1703:On 17 March 1924, M. N. Roy, S.A. Dange, 1636: 4688:Prisoners and detainees of British India 4245:. rediff.com website. 22 September 2005. 4081: 3710:. (Macmillan – London, 2004), pp 444–445 3480:Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 176. 3433:Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 175. 2408:including Kolhapur were integrated into 2391: 2287:capture power within the constraints of 2281: 1854: 55:Chairman of the Communist Party of India 4273: 4076:Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties 4007:Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties 3222:between October 1942 and January 1943. 3021: 2561:Joshi, Ranadive – extremists, pro-China 2336:conducted in Telangana should be ended. 2110:In 1944–1945, he was a delegate to the 4610: 4184:: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 13. 3866:Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 27 October 1959. 2673: 2538: 2367: 653:Communism in the independence movement 4398: 3857:Manchester Guardian. 29 October 1959. 3848:Manchester Guardian. 30 October 1959. 3776: 3774: 3289: 3287: 3141: 3107: 3027:AICP and the Congress had set up the 2952: 1983:The CPI and the independence movement 1777: 4074:by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in 4005:by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in 3490:"S.A. Dange" in his introduction to 2679:Centrist leaders. Namboodiripad and 2418:the States Re-organisation Committee 2412:, which was created from the former 2094:Dange's rise in trade union movement 1969:, a former General Secretary of the 1523:Shripad Amritpant Dange was born in 4556:National Federation of Indian Women 4381:Commentary on events, personalities 4094: 3207:From Primitive Communism to Slavery 3200:From Primitive Communism to Slavery 3163: 3058: 2637: 2300:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1574: 151:5 Apr 1957 – 31 March 1962 13: 4653:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra 4363:Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture 4346:Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture 3929:7 March 1964, The Current, Bombay. 3839:The Baltimore Sun. 6 October 1959. 3830:is referred to as Ladakh incident. 3804:"4th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile" 3784:. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New delhi 3782:"Member's Profile – 4th Lok Sabha" 3771: 3750:. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 81 3284: 3280:Comrade Shripad Amrit Dange Page 8 3074: 2574: 2153: 1971:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1796:Dange edited the Marathi journal, 1630:Founding Congress of the Comintern 1489:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1383:List of communist parties in India 841:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 106:5 Apr 1967 – 5 April 1977 14: 4699: 3568:"Working Class Movement Library" 3523:Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). 3449:Encyclopedia of Political Parties 3051:voes, 0.39%). Similarly, in 2006 2861:Backlash: General elections, 1977 2773:) declared its independence from 2756: 2628: 2616: 1612:Influence of Bolshevik Revolution 4628:Trade unionists from Maharashtra 3390:Orient Longman 1997. p. 54. 3388:M. N. Roy: A Political Biography 2662: 2398:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 2116:World Federation of Trade Unions 2090:as Communist candidate in 1946. 1960:Impact of Meerut Conspiracy Case 1810:Communist Party of Great Britain 1699:Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case 1409: 831:Maoism in the Nandigram violence 380: 344: 41: 4372: 4355: 4338: 4321: 4303: 4293: 4267: 4249: 4235: 4222: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4170: 4156: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4112: 4103: 4064: 4054: 4033: 4012: 3995: 3980: 3967: 3946: 3932: 3923: 3911: 3890: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3814: 3796: 3753: 3728: 3700: 3683: 3666: 3649: 3632: 3614: 3595: 3582: 3539: 3516: 3464: 3454: 3088:Honour by the Indian Parliament 3041:United Communist Party of India 2708:6.2 million votes(4.28%). 2455:Dange was later elected to the 2083:over the trade union movement. 1641:M. N. Roy, an ex-member of the 1505:United Communist Party of India 1211:Communist Party of French India 736:1957 general election in Kerala 4541:All India Trade Union Congress 3622:"Letters: Downfall of the CPI" 3405: 3393: 3380: 3360: 3345: 3309: 3273: 3247: 2730:All India Trade Union Congress 2158:On the day India got freedom, 2122:CPI on the eve of independence 1941: 1762:All India Trade Union Congress 1518: 1398:State of socialist orientation 720:Post-independence and Cold War 1: 4683:Indian independence activists 4551:All India Students Federation 4333:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 4274:B Raman (26 September 2005). 4228:A sequel to the earlier book 3695:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3678:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3661:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3644:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3508:"Chandavarker, Rajanarayan". 3322:Marxism, Revolution and Peace 3297:. Parliament of India website 3240: 2734:Centre of Indian Trade Unions 648:Colonial period and partition 4566:Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union 4178:S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3354:S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 2852:CPI support to Indira Gandhi 2785:CPI-led government in Kerala 2507:Initial advantage with Dange 2246:Zhdanov line of insurrection 2112:World Trade Union Conference 1363:Communist movements in India 968:Proletarian internationalism 7: 4643:People from Nashik district 3546:Chandavarker, Rajanarayan. 3124:published, in 2005, a book 3043:. Veteran communist leader 3029:Friends of the Soviet Union 2740:Collaborating with Congress 2244:) on 28 February 1948, the 2088:Bombay Legislative Assembly 1466:Indian trade union movement 452:Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi 192:Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti 16:Indian communist politician 10: 4704: 4546:All India Youth Federation 4442:Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate 4365:. Review of S. A. Dange's 4348:. Review of S. A. Dange's 2802: 2593: 2578: 2463:Sino-Indian border dispute 2066:Dange in "P. C. Joshi era" 1848: 761:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 746:Sino-Indian border dispute 617:Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya 4579: 4533: 4503: 4434: 4331:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3693:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3676:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3659:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3642:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3602:Surjeet, Harkishan Singh 3180:impressed Lenin himself. 3000:All India Communist Party 2993:All India Communist Party 2799:The CPI and the Emergency 2763:Bangladesh Liberation War 2429:Dange was elected to the 2213:Com. Zhdanov: And Jinnah? 2137:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1608:impressed Lenin himself. 1501:All India Communist Party 713:Punnapra-Vayalar uprising 355: 340: 330: 322: 312: 296: 268: 241: 236: 232: 220: 208: 197: 189: 179: 167: 155: 144: 134: 122: 110: 99: 91: 81: 71: 60: 53: 49: 40: 23: 4658:Bombay State politicians 4482:Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan 4427:Communist Party of India 3920:, 7 July 1963. New Delhi 3904:25 December 2007 at the 3576:13 November 2007 at the 3492:AITUC 50 Years Documents 2969:Dange's isolation in CPI 2795:held seven years later. 2724:Split in the trade union 2388:Formation of Maharashtra 2378:Indian National Congress 2317:, from the Chinese path. 2208:Com. Dange: A bourgeois. 2028:Congress Socialist Party 1559:He became interested in 1554:Non-Cooperation Movement 1485:Indian National Congress 1464:(CPI) and a stalwart of 1462:Communist Party of India 826:Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 756:Historic Eight Documents 492:Kondapalli Seetharamaiah 335:Roza Vidyadhar Deshpande 317:Communist Party of India 174:Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi 117:Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi 4668:Indian anti-capitalists 4276:"The Mitrokhin mystery" 4047:31 October 2008 at the 3883:16 October 2007 at the 3626:Business Standard India 3570:Meerut Conspiracy Trial 3237:unscientific fashion". 2590:Sino-Soviet differences 2400:, Berlin. 12 July 1958. 2315:Makineni Basavapunnaiah 2035:Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1967:Harkishan Singh Surjeet 1804:Comintern's involvement 1206:Communist Consolidation 973:Revolutionary socialism 869:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 731:Goa liberation movement 726:2nd Congress of the CPI 582:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee 522:Harkishan Singh Surjeet 487:Puchalapalli Sundarayya 162:Jayashri Naishadh Raiji 4515:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 4257:"Book Review by Getty" 3734:This freedom is bogus. 3157: 2699:General Elections 1967 2484: 2401: 2338: 2332: 2319: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2192: 2186: 2180: 1980: 1953: 1939: 1916: 1859:Portrait of 25 of the 1851:Meerut Conspiracy Case 1845:Meerut Conspiracy Case 1839: 1790: 1771: 1730:where Russian trained 1693: 1637:Meeting with M. N. Roy 1563:, while following the 741:Angamaly police firing 532:Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri 467:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 92:Member of Parliament, 4561:All India Kisan Sabha 4534:Related organisations 4470:Chandra Rajeswara Rao 4087:Andersen, Walter K.. 3973:Bose, Shanti Shekar. 3424:"Ganachari, Arvind". 3372:The Communist Threat. 3185:Literature and People 3152: 3098:Acharya Narendra Deva 2815:Constitution of India 2805:The Emergency (India) 2479: 2395: 2333: 2320: 2307: 2282:Stalin's intervention 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2187: 2181: 2176: 1975: 1949: 1934: 1858: 1834: 1785: 1769:so he did not attend. 1766: 1688: 1538:British rule in India 1180:Defunct organisations 990:Current organisations 953:Left-wing nationalism 803:Left Democratic Front 751:1964 split in the CPI 683:Foundation of the CPI 4520:P. K. Vasudevan Nair 4379:Ananth, V. Krishna. 4026:16 June 2007 at the 3960:4 March 2009 at the 3534:University of London 3376:The Inter-War Period 3316:Riepe, Dale (1977). 3220:Yerwada Central Jail 3205:Dange's major work, 3127:Mitrokhin Archive II 3022:AICP versus Congress 2842:Allahabad High Court 2826:Jaya Prakash Narayan 2623:Cuban Missile Crisis 2550:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 2535:units of the party. 2024:E.M.S. Namboodiripad 1713:Singaravelu Chettiar 1534:nationalist movement 1416:Communism portal 1216:Comrades Association 815:Contemporary history 407:Sahajanand Saraswati 215:Position established 139:Mumbai Central South 129:Abdul Kader Salebhoy 77:Position established 4648:India MPs 1967–1970 4638:India MPs 1957–1962 4633:Marathi politicians 4435:General secretaries 4329:The Dange Centenary 3708:Stalin. A biography 3471:Ganachari, Arvind. 3447:Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) 2674:The birth of CPI(M) 2539:Dange losing ground 2494:M. N. Govindan Nair 2474:Manchester Guardian 2368:Further dissensions 2289:Indian Constitution 2267:Telangana Rebellion 2060:Quit India Movement 1820:(present spelling: 1626:Third International 1542:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1503:(AICP), and later, 1453:Shripad Amrit Dange 1353:Communism in Kerala 1236:Lal Communist Party 898:Primitive communism 808:Indravelli massacre 703:1946 Naval Uprising 698:Telangana Rebellion 693:Quit India Movement 557:V. S. Achuthanandan 412:Shripad Amrit Dange 184:Mumbai City Central 30:Shripad Amrit Dange 4447:Gangadhar Adhikari 4206:The Indian Express 4194:The Indian Express 3691:S. A. Dange (1959) 3674:S. A. Dange (1959) 3657:S. A. Dange (1959) 3640:S. A. Dange (1959) 3318:"Marxism in India" 3142:Benediktov Diaries 3122:Christopher Andrew 3108:Mitrokhin Archives 2953:Towards left unity 2834:Central Government 2402: 1932:, which declares, 1917: 1778:Girni Kamgar Union 1668:The British Empire 1565:Russian Revolution 1393:Socialism in India 1368:Gandhian socialism 1358:Communism in Nepal 1348:Anarchism in India 1301:People's Democracy 958:Left-wing populism 921:Agrarian socialism 893:National communism 766:Naxalbari uprising 512:Hare Krishna Konar 437:Nripen Chakraborty 374:Communism in India 227:Position abolished 87:Position abolished 4673:Indian communists 4605: 4604: 4597:Electoral history 4488:S. Sudhakar Reddy 4452:Puran Chand Joshi 4263:on 10 March 2007. 4232:published in 1999 4230:Mitrokhin Archive 4208:24 November 1998. 4176:Banerjee, Gopal. 3808:loksabhaph.nic.in 3331:978-90-6032-066-2 3261:. 10 October 2018 3189:socialist realism 2959:Bharatiya Lok Dal 2950: 2949: 2889:% of Votes(1977) 2886:% of Votes(1971) 2838:Jagmohanlal Sinha 2607:Dwight Eisenhower 2596:Sino-Soviet split 2436:Dange along with 2414:Bombay Presidency 2358:Nikita Khrushchev 2141:Winston Churchill 2072:Puran Chand Joshi 1930:Indian Penal Code 1924:Conspiracy Case. 1477:Sino-Soviet split 1450: 1449: 1373:Inquilab Zindabad 678:Kakori conspiracy 657:Conspiracy cases 447:Puran Chand Joshi 442:P. Krishna Pillai 359: 358: 259:Bombay Presidency 4695: 4525:C. Achutha Menon 4507: 4428: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4016: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3769: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3706:Robert Service, 3704: 3698: 3689:B. T. Ranadive. 3687: 3681: 3672:B. T. Ranadive. 3670: 3664: 3655:B. T. Ranadive. 3653: 3647: 3638:B. T. Ranadive. 3636: 3630: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3607:, an article in 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3565: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3434: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3191:, as opposed to 3170:Gandhi vs. Lenin 3164:Dange the author 3118:Vasili Mitrokhin 3059:Death and legacy 2874: 2873: 2828:'s agitation in 2792:C. Achutha Menon 2638:Split in the CPI 2354:Nikolai Bulganin 2350:Jawaharlal Nehru 2302:(CPSU) in 1951. 1989:freedom struggle 1869:H. L. Hutchinson 1826:United Provinces 1707:, Nalini Gupta, 1656:Gandhi Vs. Lenin 1643:Anushilan Samiti 1576:Gandhi Vs. Lenin 1493:Indian Elections 1459: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1414: 1413: 1412: 931:Anti-imperialism 888:Marxist humanism 883:Marxist feminism 859:Marxism–Leninism 708:Tebhaga movement 666:Kanpur Bolshevik 587:Pinarayi Vijayan 477:Promode Dasgupta 402:M. P. T. Acharya 384: 361: 360: 348: 308: 303: 279: 277: 252: 250: 237:Personal details 223: 211: 202: 170: 158: 149: 125: 113: 104: 84: 74: 65: 45: 21: 20: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4575: 4529: 4506:Chief Ministers 4505: 4499: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4393: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4360: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4082: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4049:Wayback Machine 4038: 4034: 4028:Wayback Machine 4017: 4013: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3962:Wayback Machine 3951: 3947: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3906:Wayback Machine 3895: 3891: 3885:Wayback Machine 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3688: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3650: 3637: 3633: 3628:. 5 April 2016. 3620: 3619: 3615: 3600: 3596: 3590:Andaman Islands 3587: 3583: 3578:Wayback Machine 3566: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3203: 3187:that advocated 3166: 3144: 3110: 3090: 3077: 3075:Birth centenary 3061: 3037: 3024: 3015: 2995: 2971: 2955: 2863: 2854: 2807: 2801: 2787: 2759: 2742: 2726: 2718:Bangla Congress 2701: 2676: 2665: 2640: 2631: 2619: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2581:Sino-Indian War 2577: 2575:Sino-Indian War 2541: 2509: 2489: 2465: 2390: 2370: 2346: 2284: 2226: 2199:, at that time. 2156: 2154:Dange in Moscow 2124: 2096: 2068: 2008:Georgi Dimitrov 1985: 1962: 1944: 1911:, S. A. Dange, 1853: 1847: 1806: 1780: 1758: 1749: 1701: 1680: 1665: 1639: 1614: 1579: 1521: 1481:Sino-Indian war 1455: 1446: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1138:MLPI (Red Flag) 991: 983: 982: 916: 908: 907: 854: 846: 845: 812: 798:Operation Barga 717: 645: 637: 636: 627:Anuradha Ghandy 622:Sitaram Yechury 562:Geeta Mukherjee 392: 313:Political party 306: 304: 301: 300:British Indian 281: 275: 273: 253: 248: 246: 245:10 October 1899 221: 209: 203: 198: 168: 156: 150: 145: 123: 111: 105: 100: 82: 72: 66: 61: 36: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4476:Indrajit Gupta 4473: 4467: 4461: 4458:B. T. Ranadive 4455: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4371: 4361:D.D. Kosambi. 4354: 4344:D.D. Kosambi. 4337: 4320: 4317:on 9 May 2012. 4302: 4292: 4266: 4248: 4234: 4221: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4169: 4155: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4119:New York Times 4111: 4102: 4093: 4080: 4063: 4053: 4032: 4011: 3994: 3979: 3966: 3945: 3931: 3922: 3910: 3889: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3822: 3813: 3795: 3770: 3765:New York Times 3752: 3746:"Sen, Mohit". 3736: 3727: 3712: 3699: 3682: 3665: 3648: 3631: 3613: 3594: 3581: 3553: 3538: 3515: 3497: 3482: 3463: 3453: 3435: 3413: 3404: 3392: 3379: 3359: 3344: 3330: 3308: 3283: 3272: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3202: 3197: 3165: 3162: 3143: 3140: 3109: 3106: 3094:Manmohan Singh 3089: 3086: 3076: 3073: 3069:Roza Deshpande 3060: 3057: 3036: 3033: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2994: 2991: 2970: 2967: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2819:rule by decree 2803:Main article: 2800: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2758: 2757:Bangladesh War 2755: 2741: 2738: 2725: 2722: 2714:Ajoy Mukherjee 2700: 2697: 2675: 2672: 2664: 2661: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629:Chairman Dange 2627: 2618: 2617:Left vs. Right 2615: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2579:Main article: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2540: 2537: 2525:Andhra Pradesh 2508: 2505: 2488: 2485: 2464: 2461: 2389: 2386: 2369: 2366: 2345: 2342: 2283: 2280: 2240:(new spelling 2225: 2222: 2168:Mikhail Suslov 2164:Andrei Zhdanov 2160:15 August 1947 2155: 2152: 2123: 2120: 2095: 2092: 2080:Andhra Pradesh 2067: 2064: 1984: 1981: 1961: 1958: 1943: 1940: 1915:, Gopal Basak. 1909:S. S. Mirajkar 1905:Muzaffar Ahmad 1897:K. N. Joglekar 1887:. Middle row: 1873:Shaukat Usmani 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1805: 1802: 1779: 1776: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1709:Shaukat Usmani 1705:Muzaffar Ahmed 1700: 1697: 1679: 1676: 1664: 1661: 1638: 1635: 1613: 1610: 1578: 1573: 1550:Mahatma Gandhi 1520: 1517: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1342:Related topics 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1294:Nava Telangana 1290: 1288:LeftWord Books 1285: 1278: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 949: 948: 938: 936:Class conflict 933: 928: 923: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 879: 878: 873: 872: 871: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 789: 788: 783: 775: 774: 773: 768: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 688:Tanka movement 685: 680: 675: 674: 673: 668: 663: 655: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 632:Mohammed Salim 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 542:Indrajit Gupta 539: 537:Charu Majumdar 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:B. T. Ranadive 429: 424: 419: 417:Abani Mukherji 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 377: 376: 370: 369: 357: 356: 353: 352: 350:Order of Lenin 342: 338: 337: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 298: 294: 293: 280:(aged 91) 270: 266: 265: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 218: 217: 212: 206: 205: 195: 194: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 97: 96: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 69: 68: 58: 57: 51: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 32: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4700: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4121:14 March 1981 4120: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3826: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3386:Roy, Samaren 3383: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3355: 3348: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:D. D. Kosambi 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3178:The Socialist 3175: 3174:The Socialist 3171: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136:J. Arch Getty 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3019: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2883:Seats (1977) 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2793: 2782: 2780: 2779:Indira Gandhi 2776: 2772: 2771:East Pakistan 2768: 2764: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2693:P. Sundarayya 2689: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2669: 2663:Dange letters 2660: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2587: 2582: 2569: 2566: 2565:Bhupesh Gupta 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2533:Uttar Pradesh 2530: 2527:, Rajasthan, 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513:A. K. Gopalan 2504: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2457:4th Lok Sabha 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2431:2nd Lok Sabha 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:Deccan States 2399: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348:In mid-1955, 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2231:B.T. Ranadive 2220: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2197:Muslim League 2191: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:Sajjad Zaheer 2017: 2013: 2012:popular front 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1993:Joseph Stalin 1990: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1879:, A. Prasad, 1878: 1877:B. F. Bradley 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Philip Spratt 1811: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1552:launched the 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:Indira Gandhi 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 993: 987: 986: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 947: 944: 943: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 866: 865: 862: 861: 860: 857: 856: 850: 849: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 821:Bara massacre 819: 818: 817: 816: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 776: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 656: 654: 651: 650: 649: 641: 640: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572:A. G. Noorani 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Shibdas Ghosh 550: 548: 547:E. K. Nayanar 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:T. Nagi Reddy 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 507:Bhupesh Gupta 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 427:A. K. Gopalan 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 388: 387: 383: 379: 378: 375: 372: 371: 367: 363: 362: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 333: 329: 326:Ushatai Dange 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 299: 295: 292: 288: 284: 271: 267: 264: 263:British India 260: 256: 244: 240: 235: 231: 228: 225: 219: 216: 213: 207: 201: 196: 193: 188: 185: 182: 178: 175: 172: 166: 163: 160: 154: 148: 143: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 121: 118: 115: 109: 103: 98: 95: 90: 86: 80: 76: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 35: 27: 22: 19: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4327:Sen, Mohit. 4323: 4315:the original 4305: 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4261:the original 4251: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4213: 4201: 4196:7 July 1998. 4189: 4177: 4172: 4163: 4158: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4056: 4040: 4035: 4019: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3953: 3948: 3939: 3934: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3897: 3892: 3876: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3764: 3763:31 May 1950 3760: 3755: 3747: 3730: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3569: 3547: 3541: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3456: 3448: 3430: 3425: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3368:MI5 History. 3367: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3321: 3311: 3299:. Retrieved 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3258: 3249: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3153: 3148:Soviet Union 3145: 3132: 3126: 3111: 3102:A.K. Gopalan 3091: 3082: 3078: 3062: 3049: 3038: 3025: 3016: 3004: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2972: 2956: 2932: 2913: 2894: 2880:Seats(1971) 2869: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2823: 2808: 2788: 2760: 2751: 2743: 2727: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2685: 2677: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2641: 2632: 2620: 2599: 2584: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2521: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2454: 2435: 2428: 2410:Bombay State 2403: 2371: 2362: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2275:suppressed. 2263: 2235: 2227: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2184:sovereignty. 2182: 2177: 2172: 2157: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2085: 2076: 2069: 2048: 2044:people's war 2039:Adolf Hitler 2032: 2001: 1997:geopolitical 1986: 1976: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1926: 1918: 1893:S. Bannerjee 1840: 1835: 1830: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1767: 1760:In 1920 the 1759: 1750: 1737: 1725: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1666: 1655: 1640: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1558: 1536:against the 1522: 1508: 1474: 1452: 1451: 1388:Red corridor 1329:Visalaandhra 1327: 1320: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1280: 1275:Deshabhimani 1273: 1077:CPI (Maoist) 963:People's war 926:Anti-fascism 814: 813: 719: 718: 647: 612:Kobad Ghandy 597:Manik Sarkar 592:Vinod Mishra 517:Dasarath Deb 457:Bhagat Singh 411: 226: 222:Succeeded by 214: 199: 180:Constituency 169:Succeeded by 146: 135:Constituency 124:Succeeded by 101: 83:Succeeded by 62: 18: 4623:1991 deaths 4618:1899 births 4490:(2012–2019) 4484:(1996–2012) 4478:(1990–1996) 4472:(1962–1990) 4466:(1951–1962) 4460:(1948–1950) 4454:(1935–1947) 4285:13 November 3788:22 February 3768:. New York. 3609:The Marxist 3374:in chapter 3234:Vedic India 3065:Maharashtra 2809:A state of 2668:The Current 2645:West Bengal 2004:bourgeoisie 1942:The charges 1913:S. V. Ghate 1901:P. C. Joshi 1889:R. R. Mitra 1885:G. Adhikari 1719:(now spelt 1647:East Bengal 1583:Gandhi Vs. 1519:Early years 1513:Maharashtra 1322:Theekkathir 941:Land reform 836:Salwa Judum 786:West Bengal 777:Left Front 497:Saroj Dutta 472:S.K. Limaye 307:(1947–1991) 302:(1899–1947) 297:Nationality 287:Maharashtra 272:22 May 1991 210:Preceded by 190:President, 157:Preceded by 112:Preceded by 73:Preceded by 4612:Categories 4464:Ajoy Ghosh 4300:documents. 4280:rediff.com 4070:page 226, 4001:page 224, 3525:India Text 3265:21 January 3241:References 3053:Tamil Nadu 2846:Raj Narain 2769:(formerly 2767:Bangladesh 2765:. In 1971 2746:P.C. Joshi 2681:Jyoti Basu 2611:Mao Zedong 2477:reported: 2438:S.M. Joshi 2311:Ajoy Ghosh 2259:Travancore 2049:After the 2010:thesis of 1865:S. S. Josh 1622:Bolshevist 1315:Qaumi Jang 1308:Prajasakti 1282:Ganashakti 915:Principles 903:Trotskyism 853:Ideologies 793:Rajan case 577:Biman Bose 502:Jyoti Basu 482:V. Subbiah 462:Ajoy Ghosh 276:1991-05-23 255:Karanjgaon 249:1899-10-10 4386:The Hindu 3045:Mohit Sen 2979:Jullunder 2963:Jan Sangh 2811:emergency 2469:Lok Sabha 2446:P.K. Atre 2442:N.G. Gore 2382:extremism 2255:Telangana 2190:Congress. 1881:P. Spratt 1606:Socialist 1602:Mohit Sen 1598:Socialist 1590:M. N. Roy 1509:Socialist 1470:communist 1378:Lal Salam 946:in Kerala 876:Stalinism 607:Ganapathy 567:Mohit Sen 397:M. N. Roy 204:1959–1960 200:In office 147:In office 102:In office 94:Lok Sabha 63:In office 4045:Archived 4024:Archived 3958:Archived 3902:Archived 3881:Archived 3574:Archived 3337:18 April 3301:18 April 3259:ThePrint 2975:Bhatinda 2775:Pakistan 2603:Cold War 2374:Palakkad 2324:Malenkov 2238:Calcutta 2014:against 1837:period." 1818:Calcutta 1728:Peshawar 1717:Cawnpore 1652:Tashkent 1569:Gandhism 1241:Lal Sena 1221:CPI (ML) 1116:CPIML ND 1099:CPI(ML)L 771:Timeline 661:Peshawar 366:a series 364:Part of 331:Children 4580:History 4496:(2019–) 4494:D. Raja 4182:Kolkata 3214:' book 3193:elitism 2840:of the 2716:of the 2501:New Age 2450:Marathi 2328:Molotov 2251:Tripura 2242:Kolkata 2016:fascism 1822:Kolkata 1732:muhajir 1672:leftism 1561:Marxism 1525:Marathi 1515:state. 1163:SUCI(C) 1121:MCPI(U) 978:Welfare 781:Tripura 644:History 602:D. 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