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496:, New Zealand. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand, the eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others. Kiwi Dark Tan's release in 1908 incorporated agents that also added suppleness and water resistance. As black and a range of colors came available, exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began. The polish is now made in the Asia. The
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environmental impacts. Additionally, as with most chemicals, shoe polish can contaminate environments if it is not properly handled or disposed of. However, shoe polish manufactures point out that reducing overall consumption has a more beneficial long-term impact to the environment than routinely replacing worn-out items. Arguing that shoe polish helps preserve and extend the useful life expectancy of products, requiring that they be replaced less often.
131:
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urbanization, corporate culture, fashion trends, and e-commerce growth. Specific trends, such as increased focused on personal grooming, a growing footwear industry, product innovations, and brand loyalty are acting as acting as market drivers, reinforcing growth projections provided that market restraints like: substitute products, economic downturns, environmental concerns, and health concerns, do not impact those trends.
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half or three-quarters of an inch thick.". Tinned blacking paste was at this time exclusively for army use: " a bottle of liquid blacking would be rather a burden yet, as the soldier’s boots or shoes must to some extent emulate the brightness and glitter of the boots of those who pay for battles instead of fighting them, a portable blacking apparatus is provided.".
238:, with a small sponge applicator at the end. To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has a very low wax content. Liquid shoe polish is a complex mixture. Polyethylene wax emulsion is a major component. Various polymers, typically acrylates, are the next major component, conferring gloss and holding the dyes in suspension. Resins and
890:
The production of shoe polish can have environmental impacts at all stages of production, with the severity dependent on the type of polish being produced and the production's waste disposal or treatment process. Most polishes are primarily solvents and dyes, both are widely regarded to have serious
1273:
AdressbĂĽcher, Center for Berlin
Studies, Berlin, 1890: Gebrüder Kroner, Chemische Fbrk., Zintern, Lade, chem. Präper. Fette, S. Annenstr. 14 Pt. Inh. Hugo u. Siegfried Kroner (Translation: Kroner Brothers, Chemical Factory, Polish, …chemical preparations, fat, South Annenstraße 14, parterre, owners
846:
Many companies offer products with liquid shoe polish that is pre-soaked into a hard sponge or have a sponge attached to an applicator. These products can be used to buff leather without needing to apply any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. These products are often marketed as
682:
would call a "first mover", Kiwi did not open a manufacturing plant in the US until after World War II. Prior to this, Cavalier Shoe Polish, founded by James Lobell, had operated in the US since 1913. The sales paradigm of
Cavalier polish was to have footwear professionals sell Cavalier's high-end
403:
began the commercial production of shoe blacking and inks. In 1851, James S. Mason & Co. constructed a building where 200 employees would produce 10 million boxes to hold blacking product tins annually. The tins would eventually be labeled, Mason Shoe Polish. This business shuttered in 1919 and
270:
Shoe polish is manufactured in large, thermo-stated, stirred reactors. Steps are taken to ensure that volatile solvents do not evaporate. Typically, low-melting paraffin wax is melted, followed by the higher melting waxes, and finally the colorant-stearate mixture. The molten mass is added to warm
831:, or with bare fingers. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product, its application is for clean and dry shoes. Vigorous rubbing action is often required to apply the polish evenly to the boot, followed by further buffing with a clean dry cloth or brush. Another technique, known as "spit-polishing" or "
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and largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of turnover is accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. The demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined from its
395:
Details of the operation of Day & Martin in 1842 reveal that the blacking they produced was in two forms, bottled liquid, and a thick paste which was available in either small wide-mouthed stone tubs, slabs wrapped in oiled paper, or in "circular tin-boxes, about three inches in diameter, and
810:
The global shoe polish market remains in transition as market forecasters analyze future trends. There is little belief that the shoe shine markets will ever meet reach previous demand, but the overall market is expected to grow from its current levels due to rising disposable income levels,
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were more conscious than ever of their feet. The secret was found to rest not only in spit and polish, but in the superior
Australian boot polish, a commodity which was soon exchanged with the Americans on a fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for one can of Kiwi boot polish.
803:. The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable. The best-selling, low-cost brands are produced by these companies: Kiwi, Griffin, Tana, and Johnson, and Reckitt & Colman. Approximately 60 million units are sold annually. Other leading brands include Kelly's,
839:. This action achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish sometimes known as a "spit" or "bull" shine, which is especially valued in military organizations. Despite the term, saliva is less commonly used as the vehicle or diluent with polish than is water. Polishes containing
275:, usually with an easy-open facility. The traditional flat, round tins have since become synonymous with shoe polishes. When dried due to solvent loss or other reasons, the hardened wax pulls away from the walls of the container, giving what is known as a "rattler".
887:. Prolonged exposure, such as during shoe polish or shoe production, has an associated enhanced risk for cancer, primarily nose and nasal sinuses. However, the general health risks associated with the normal use and production of shoe polish are relatively low.
665:. They explained that American soldiers were then finding the dullness of their boots and shoes to be a handicap when trying to win the affections of Japanese women. U.S. military footwear of the time was produced in brown leather with the rough side out.
197:
These polishes may have a gelatinous consistency. They are composed of the usual three components: waxes, liquid vehicle, and dyes. Unlike wax-based shoe polishes, cream-emulsions contain water and/or oil plus a solvent (either naphtha, turpentine or
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as well as synthetic waxes. The composition determines the hardness and polishing properties after solvent has evaporated. Solvents are selected to match the waxes. About 70% of shoe polish is solvent. A variety of solvents are used, including
583:. This increase in leather shoe production continued well into the 20th century and led to a surge in the number of retail shoe stores in the industrialized world, and a subsequent call for shoe polish by footwear consumers. The outbreak of
1274:
Hugo and
Siegfried Kroner. Addresses listed in the phone books include: 1890-92 EOS:AnnenstraĂźe 14, 1893- EOS:Hagelberger StraĂźe 6 Parterre (ground floor),1902-09EOS: AlexandrinenstraĂźe 119, 120, 1911-34 EOS: Warschauer StraĂźe 31-36
334:. As leather with a high natural veneer became popular in the 18th century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with
855:
Many products are closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoes—in particular whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and
307:. Ancient peoples would use natural waxes, animal fats, and plant-based oils based on their availability to achieve their desired effects. However, these treatments were not generally meant to shine the shoe.
262:
The process for producing shoe polish is very straightforward and the required equipment is relatively easy to acquire. The cost of establishing shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated at
716:
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for whites and iron oxides for browns. Although liquid polish can put a fast shine on shoes, many experts warn against its long-term use because it can cause the leather to dry out and crack.
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In 1890, the Kroner
Brothers established EOS a shoe polish factory in Berlin that serviced the Prussian military. It was closed in 1934 when the Nazis forbade Jews to operate a business.
706:. Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior approval. The
992:
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Owing to its high content of volatile solvents, wax-based shoe polish hardens after application, while retaining its gloss. Poorly blended polishes are known to suffer from
1537:
Sara Lee
Corporation and Reckitt & Colman plc: A report on the acquisition by the Sara Lee Corporation of part of the shoe care business of Reckitt & Colman plc.
787:
Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is
687:, making only black, brown, and neutral shoe polish in tins. Kiwi purchased Cavalier in 1961, and continued to manufacture products under the name until the year 2000.
480:, Australia. Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands as it preserved shoe leather, shined, and restored colour. Ramsay named the shoe polish after the
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Soldiers returning from the war continued to use the product, leading to a further surge in its popularity. While Kiwi shoe polish was what business historian
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would claim that
William Wren originated the first wax polish in 1889. The advertisement was endorsed with the Royal Warrant, giving the claim creditability.
1947:
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Advertising became more prominent; many shoe polish brands used fictional figures or historical characters for their branding. The 1927 German documentary
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114:
Shoe polish can be classified into three types: wax, cream-emulsion, and liquid. Each differs in detailed composition, but all consist of a mixture of
90:'s lifespan and restore its appearance. Shoe polishes are distinguished by their textures, which range from liquids to hard waxes. Solvent, waxes, and
384:, initially in partnership with, and then competing against other companies. Jonathan Warren's Blacking company is noted as the first employer of
1481:
1072:(PDF). UK Competition Commission (1992) - Conclusions of a report on Sara Lee and the shoe polish market in general. Accessed November 26, 2007.
369:, or still were referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. In
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657:." A story indicative of the rise in global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in
1322:
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Although shoe polish is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that it may be used on non-porous materials, such as
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When the
British Commonwealth Occupation Forces arrived in Japan—all with boots polished to a degree not known in the U.S. forces—the
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1194:
Philadelphia and Its
Manufacturers: A Hand-book of the Great Manufactories and Representative Mercantile House of Philadelphia 1867
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are selected to ensure adhesion to the leather. Fatty phosphate esters, emulsifiers, and glycols are also used. Pigments include
166:, although more expensive, is favored for its "shoe polish odor". Dyes make up the final 2–3% of the polish. A traditional dye is
1587:
461:
The first shoe polishes aimed primarily at inducing shine were the
British and British Commonwealth brands like Cherry Blossom,
1353:
1373:
799:. There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the public, and to specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and
517:
318:, a product of wax, was often used to soften and waterproof leather; but it did not impart shine. It was made from natural
883:
Exposure to shoe polish fumes can irritate the skin, eyes, and throat. Ingestion or direct exposure to eyes may require
102:, they were only used to soften leather and weather proof shoes, they did not shine shoes. However, the popularity of
1849:
Ardila-Leal, Leidy D.; Poutou-Piñales, RaĂşl A.; Pedroza-RodrĂguez, Aura M.; Quevedo-Hidalgo, Balkys E. (2021-06-22).
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1908:
G, Akinbomi J.; G, Obafaiye A.; P, Akinyemi O.; L, Salami; J, Patinvoh R.; A, Adesina A.; A, Aminu K. (2022-02-07).
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In the late 18th and early 19th century, many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as
1909:
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1298:
1062:
616:
1569:"Sara Lee Will Pay Record $ 3.1 Million Civil Penalty for Violating Antitrust Premerger Notification Requirements"
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for a product that would allow boots to be polished quickly and easily. Polish also started to be used on leather
271:
solvent before being dispensed. Wax-based shoe polish is traditionally packaged in flat, round, 60-gram (2-ounce)
1250:
569:
1536:
944:
847:"quick shine," "express shine," "instant shine," or similar branding to emphasize the ease and speed of use .
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mid-century heights, one reason is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with a variety of other options.
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and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart (France), and others.
603:, further increasing the demand. Used by Australian troops during WWI, Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout the
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149:) compose this type of polish. Waxes are 20–40% of the material. Natural waxes used for the polish include
683:
shoe polish to the shoe-buying public. A few years after World War II, Kiwi opened a manufacturing plant in
620:, has a scene focuses on shoe shining with a polish called Nigrin, which sports the face of a black person.
106:
that arose during the early 1900s led to many shoe polish formulas being incorporated with a shining agent.
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702:
ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming a
454:
27:
430:. The company was awarded the First in the Field – First Award at the 1892 Leather Trades Exhibition in
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1176:
1085:. National Informatics Centre, Assam, North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. Archived from
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Payaso (clown) brand shoe polish from mid 20th-century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the
94:
comprise most shoe polishes. Shoe polishes that would be recognizable today have been around since the
1030:
2060:
1851:"A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases"
299:
Treating footwear to soften, waterproof, protect, and extend its lifespan is an ancient tradition as
202:), so the liquid content is high. Emulsifiers and surfactants are required. These include ammonia,
1644:
1511:
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trenches in 1942 that "old tins of British-made Kiwi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of
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in the United Kingdom investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry.
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shoes. A banana peel can also be used to effectively shine shoes, but it is not recommended .
476:
William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in a small factory in 1904 in
1941:
1764:"Is Shoe Polish Toxic? A Detailed Look At The Safety Of Shoe Polishes - Milk and Honey Shoes"
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shoe polish of the 1960s or 1970s: two different versions of Cherry Blossom and a version of
304:
1319:
2076:
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1797:
1507:
1329:(PDF). Australian Government, chapter 3 (iv) 2004-01-22, p. 7. Accessed November 28, 2007.
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497:
472:
While the oldest brand is believed to be Wren's, Kiwi is arguably the best known. Scottish
1763:
1354:"Introduction: The Industrialization of Shoe Production in Nineteenth-Century New England"
1286:
White Hat Tours (February 22, 2004). Internet archive version. Accessed November 11, 2007.
871:. The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be
807:, Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom.
8:
1848:
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They featured a character named "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." It is believed the Australian
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835:", involves gently rubbing polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or
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1972, KIWI Shoe Polish Warehouse Storage, at K&M Candle & shoe Polish Factory,
580:
462:
20:
1929:
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374:
199:
1921:
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1821:
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1634:". United States Patent 3700013, FreePatentsOnline.com. Accessed February 05, 2008.
1485:
1361:
1127:
History files, The Stockyards: Slaughterhouse to the world, Meatpacking technology.
932:
843:
can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of a leather shoe.
587:
in 1914, with its high demand for large numbers of polished military boots, surged
579:
allowed for factories to produce large numbers of shoes made of leather, and later
243:
175:
57:
1555:
1183:. Vol. 2. London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. p. 512.
1016:
1790:
Proceedings. Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences / The Royal Society
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1434:
1326:
1302:
1213:
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804:
645:
592:
385:
1726:"[Health effects of occupational exposure among shoe workers. A review]"
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694:
following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark with its brand
1724:
Szadkowska-Stańczyk, Irena; Woźniak, Helena; Stroszejn-Mrowca, Grazyna (2003).
832:
775:
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235:
211:
1925:
1867:
1365:
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373:, where 82% of the processed meat consumed in the United States was processed
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1933:
1876:
1817:
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936:
857:
537:
515:. Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements starting in 1909 in
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182:
73:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 15 December 2005
1725:
1894:
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1809:
1749:
1571:(Press release). US Department of Justice. February 6, 1996. Archived from
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1305:
Kiwiphile, Volume XIII, No. 1, September 2000. Accessed November 27, 2007.
1110:"Dive into Dryness: The Evolution of Waterproof Work Boots Through History"
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Shoe manufacturing improvements in the mid-19th century as part of the
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223:
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163:
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103:
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A Kiwi brand rival in the early years was Cobra Boot Polish, based in
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512:
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380:
Thomas and Jonathan Warren started making blacking around 1795–98 in
366:
167:
91:
69:
1986:
1196:, Edwin Troxwell Freedley, Edward Young & Co, Philadelphia, 1867
1019:
Health and Environment Resource Center. Accessed November 27, 2007.
26:"Polish shoes" redirects here. For shoes originating in Poland, see
1558:(PDF). Federal Trade Commission (1994). Accessed November 27, 2007.
1454:
1342:
Take Our Word For It, Issue 173, p. 4. Accessed November 27, 2007.
703:
549:
530:
327:
150:
134:
130:
87:
1437:, Kiwiphile Magazine, September 2000. Accessed November 28, 2007.
795:
There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic
722:
KIWI Shoe Polish canning machine in 1972 – empty tins being loaded
33:
1546:
UK Competition Commission (1992). Accessed on November 27, 2007.
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654:
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388:, aged 12 in 1823. The Warren company's chief competitor was the
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and the United States. Its spread invited rival brands such as
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In 1889, William Edward Wren, started making shoe polishes and
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331:
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99:
65:
19:"Boot Polish" redirects here. For the 1954 Bollywood film, see
1914:
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
1416:
Information on the burial place of Kiwi founder William Ramsay
623:
492:; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native of
288:
861:
828:
824:
658:
523:
38:
1910:"Evaluation of Carbon Black Usage in Shoe Polish Production"
449:
83:
79:
878:
627:
1930s British advertisement for Cherry Blossom boot polish
500:
took ownership of the brand in 1984 until it was sold to
1614:"Shoe Polish Market: Trends, Growth, and Future Insights"
323:
319:
264:
142:
115:
1136:
Chicago Historical Society. Accessed November 27, 2007.
1017:
Kiwi brands – shoe polish: Material safety data sheet.
415:
was introduced as another leather preserving product.
37:
An open can of shoe polish with a side-mounted opening
1962:"How routine Shoe care can help save the environment?"
1588:"Shoe polish stands begin to vanish, lose their shine"
141:
Waxes, organic solvents, and colorant (either soluble
185:, evidenced by the appearance of a white coating of
1320:
Imagination: 100 years of bright ideas in Australia
1251:"Press advertisement: Wren's shoe polish | Details"
1668:
226:and its oxidized derivatives, and paraffin waxes.
1946:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2068:
1395:"Berlin: Symphony of a Great City (full video)"
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1031:"Should You Use Cream or Wax Polish for Shoes?"
283:
997:Leather Repair Company - Leather Encyclopaedia
929:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
926:
1645:"KIWI® Express Shine Sponge | KIWI® Products"
1556:Sara Lee's potential monopoly (annual report)
377:, became a major shoe polish producing area.
192:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1047:
1360:, Cornell University Press, pp. 1–20,
819:Shoe polish is applied to the shoe using a
234:Liquid shoe polish is sold in a squeezable
1476:
1474:
1450:Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia
690:Kiwi was acquired by the American company
631:Shoe polish remained an essential item by
1884:
1866:
1825:
1525:
922:
920:
918:
916:
2052:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2035:
1146:Charles Dickens and the Blacking Factory
1107:
927:Peter A. Burke (2000). "Shoe Polishes".
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344:
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129:
125:
32:
1482:"Kiwi Polishes Up Its Line Of Products"
1471:
1446:
1440:
1351:
1083:"Northeast India Database: Shoe Polish"
964:"Boot polish history | Blanco and Bull"
879:Safety and environmental considerations
214:. The waxes are often some mixture of
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1783:
1671:Extraordinary Uses for Ordinary Things
1508:"Steven Anthony Hill Collection Guide"
1387:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1175:
1169:
913:
901:Leather: preservation and conditioning
555:
1611:
229:
174:) and pigments are used for oxblood,
137:is a common dye in black shoe polish.
122:and often include colorants or dyes.
1907:
1786:"Solvents and sustainable chemistry"
987:
985:
983:
958:
956:
635:and was found just about everywhere
258:A 2-ounce tin of Lincoln Shoe Polish
1500:
1308:
1028:
850:
13:
2022:
536:could have originated through the
361:. Instead, they were often called
14:
2103:
1979:
1675:. Reader's Digest. 2004. p.
1165:"Day & Martin", Grace's Guide
1108:Deveroux, Jess (10 August 2023).
980:
953:
552:," another slang word for vomit.
2034:
875:, lacking any colouring agents.
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
617:Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis
444:
404:the building was razed in 1973.
1954:
1901:
1842:
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1637:
1632:Protective Coating Compositions
1624:
1605:
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1421:
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1352:Blewett, Mary H. (2019-01-24),
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860:for cleaning and waterproofing
349:English Army Blacking from 1895
41:visible at the top of the photo
1206:Susina Plantation: the Masons.
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1101:
1075:
1022:
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605:British Commonwealth countries
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1:
906:
782:
758:Staff packing cans into boxes
365:, especially when mixed with
1577:. Accessed November 27, 2007
1418:. Accessed November 28, 2007
1228:. 2008-05-01. Archived from
284:Before the twentieth century
170:, but other dyes (including
7:
1612:Hazel, Kim (24 June 2024).
894:
455:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
434:. A 1947 advertisement for
399:In 1832, James S. Mason of
28:National costumes of Poland
10:
2108:
1784:Welton, Tom (2015-11-08).
746:Staff fitting lids by hand
639:troops ventured. American
278:
193:Cream-Emulsion shoe polish
25:
18:
1926:10.17577/IJERTV11IS010195
1868:10.3390/molecules26133813
1366:10.7591/9781501733437-003
1358:We Will Rise in Our Might
1212:January 13, 2018, at the
1029:Guy, Derek (2017-08-31).
993:"Shoe Polish & Waxes"
643:Walter Graeber wrote for
1512:East Carolina University
1453:(Illustrated ed.).
1447:DeMeilo, Margot (2009).
1397:. Internet Archive. 1927
937:10.1002/14356007.a23_575
814:
700:Federal Trade Commission
392:company formed in 1801.
189:on the polish surface.
109:
68:that is used to polish,
16:Product for leather care
2002:How shoe polish is made
1928:(inactive 2024-09-05).
1208:Accessed June 11, 2015
1179:, ed. (December 1842).
1148:by Michael Allen. 2011
931:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
680:Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
98:. Originally made with
2030:
2010:Listen to this article
1994:Encyclopedia Americana
1810:10.1098/rspa.2015.0502
1705:Missouri Poison Center
1296:Going High to Hauroki.
734:Full tins from machine
708:Competition Commission
676:
628:
572:
564:Three common types of
458:
350:
296:
267:600,000 (as of 2005).
259:
178:, and brown polishes.
138:
42:
2029:
968:www.blancoandbull.com
667:
626:
577:Industrial Revolution
563:
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426:under the brand name
348:
291:
257:
133:
126:Wax-based shoe polish
36:
2082:Footwear accessories
2061:More spoken articles
1575:on February 8, 2008.
498:Sara Lee Corporation
210:surfactants such as
1802:2015RSPSA.47150502W
1630:Morris, Theodore. "
696:Esquire Shoe Polish
581:synthetic materials
556:Surge in popularity
526:word for vomiting,
518:The Sydney Bulletin
2092:British inventions
2031:
1796:(2183): 20150502.
1542:2005-12-17 at the
1433:2005-12-27 at the
1325:2011-07-20 at the
1301:2005-12-27 at the
1181:The Penny Magazine
1132:2007-04-04 at the
1068:2005-03-02 at the
649:magazine from the
629:
573:
459:
351:
297:
260:
230:Liquid shoe polish
139:
43:
21:Boot Polish (film)
2087:Cleaning products
2027:
1375:978-1-5017-3343-7
1255:www.hatads.org.uk
663:Allied occupation
641:war correspondent
200:Stoddard Solution
2099:
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1988:"Blacking"
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851:Related products
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390:Day & Martin
244:titanium dioxide
48:, also known as
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1488:. 11 March 1990
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386:Charles Dickens
292:An open can of
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1980:External links
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1730:Medycyna Pracy
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885:poison control
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236:plastic bottle
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212:polysorbate 80
206:, and various
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1686:0-7621-0705-7
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589:market demand
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538:rhyming slang
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486:national bird
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445:Modern polish
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1966:. Retrieved
1964:. 2023-02-15
1956:
1942:cite journal
1917:
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1858:
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1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1766:. 2023-09-20
1758:
1736:(1): 67–71.
1733:
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1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
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1648:
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1596:. Retrieved
1594:. 2023-03-02
1591:
1582:
1573:the original
1563:
1551:
1515:. Retrieved
1502:
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1449:
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1389:
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1357:
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1254:
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1230:the original
1220:
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1093:November 27,
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1077:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
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1001:. Retrieved
999:. 2023-08-13
996:
971:. Retrieved
967:
928:
889:
882:
872:
866:
854:
845:
841:carnauba wax
818:
809:
797:store brands
794:
786:
689:
685:Philadelphia
677:
668:
644:
633:World War II
630:
615:
613:
574:
545:
541:
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471:
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401:Philadelphia
398:
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309:
298:
269:
261:
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216:carnauba wax
196:
180:
140:
113:
104:shoe shining
56:, is a waxy
53:
49:
45:
44:
2077:Shoe polish
1063:Conclusions
1035:Put This On
661:during the
585:World War I
544:Chunder Loo
504:, in 2011.
490:New Zealand
474:expatriates
432:Northampton
359:boot polish
355:shoe polish
342:as a base.
312:Middle Ages
305:clothmaking
250:Manufacture
208:ethoxylated
96:Middle Ages
50:boot polish
46:Shoe polish
2071:Categories
2057:Audio help
2048:2005-12-15
1968:2024-09-05
1770:2024-09-05
1710:2024-09-05
1654:2024-09-05
1598:2024-09-05
1381:2024-09-05
1260:2015-12-06
1236:2024-09-05
1114:The Medium
1040:2024-09-05
1003:2024-09-05
973:2024-09-05
946:3527306730
907:References
783:Modern day
772:Brockholes
601:horse tack
502:SC Johnson
375:stockyards
224:montan wax
204:morpholine
164:Turpentine
74:waterproof
1934:2278-0181
1877:1420-3049
1855:Molecules
1818:1364-5021
1742:0465-5893
789:inelastic
513:Australia
478:Melbourne
367:lampblack
168:nigrosine
92:colorants
54:shoeshine
39:mechanism
2059: ·
1895:34206669
1836:26730217
1750:12731407
1540:Archived
1455:ABC-CLIO
1431:Archived
1340:Sez you.
1323:Archived
1299:Archived
1210:Archived
1130:Archived
1066:Archived
895:See also
858:aerosols
801:cobblers
704:monopoly
692:Sara Lee
597:holsters
363:blacking
328:soda ash
183:blooming
176:cordovan
172:azo dyes
151:carnauba
135:Nigrosin
120:solvents
88:footwear
2046: (
2017:minutes
2004:(video)
1997:. 1920.
1886:8270347
1827:4685879
1798:Bibcode
1592:AP News
1517:11 June
1492:11 June
1401:11 June
873:neutral
805:Shinola
655:Chianti
609:Shinola
566:British
531:chunder
424:England
371:Chicago
340:beeswax
336:lanolin
310:In the
301:textile
279:History
220:beeswax
187:stearin
160:naphtha
147:pigment
77:leather
1932:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1834:
1824:
1816:
1748:
1740:
1683:
1618:Medium
1461:
1372:
1152:
943:
651:Tobruk
637:Allied
599:, and
570:Wren's
509:Sydney
494:Oamaru
484:, the
467:Wren's
465:, and
436:Wren's
428:Wren's
420:dubbin
411:brand
382:London
332:tallow
330:, and
316:dubbin
294:dubbin
240:casein
155:montan
100:dubbin
72:, and
66:liquid
1920:(1).
869:vinyl
862:suede
829:brush
825:cloth
815:Usage
671:G.I.s
659:Japan
593:belts
548:and "
524:slang
413:Punch
409:Irish
116:waxes
110:Types
84:boots
80:shoes
70:shine
64:, or
62:cream
58:paste
1948:link
1930:ISSN
1891:PMID
1873:ISSN
1832:PMID
1814:ISSN
1746:PMID
1738:ISSN
1681:ISBN
1519:2018
1494:2018
1459:ISBN
1403:2018
1370:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1095:2007
941:ISBN
837:spit
646:TIME
550:spew
482:kiwi
463:Kiwi
303:and
273:tins
153:and
143:dyes
52:and
1922:doi
1881:PMC
1863:doi
1822:PMC
1806:doi
1794:471
1362:doi
933:doi
821:rag
540:of
488:of
469:.
422:in
357:or
338:or
324:oil
320:wax
145:or
82:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
