Shift work - Knowledge

1144: 879: 1114: 1317: 1052:) per week; a minimum rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24-hour period; and a minimum uninterrupted rest period of 24 hours of mandated rest per week (which is in addition to the 11 hours of daily rest). The EU directive also limits night work involving "special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain" to an average of eight hours in any 24-hour period. The EU directive allows for limited derogations from the regulation, and special provisions allow longer working hours for transportation and offshore workers, 5923: 832:

work no rotating shift work. The increased risk among rotating night shift workers was 25% among women predisposed to earlier menopause. Early menopause can lead to a host of other problems later in life. A recent study, found that women who worked rotating night shifts for more than six years, eleven percent experienced a shortened lifespan. Women who worked rotating night shifts for more than 15 years also experienced a 25 percent higher risk of death due to lung cancer.

1242: 1328:, 27% of all U.S. workers in 2015 worked an alternative shift (not a regular day shift) and 7% frequently worked a night shift. Prevalence rates were higher for workers aged 18–29 compared to other ages. Those with an education level beyond high school had a lower prevalence rate of alternative shifts compared to workers with less education. Among all occupations, protective service occupations had the highest prevalence of working an alternative shift (54%). 53: 133: 784: 1259:

evened out by human-driven market mechanism rather than an algorithmic process. This openness can lead to work hours that are tailored to an individual's lifestyle and schedule while ensuring that shifts are optimally filled, in contrast to the generally poor human outcomes of fatigue, stress, estrangement with friends and family and health problems that have been reported with algorithm-based scheduling of work-shifts.

1568: 757:

overcome this physical obstacle. An alternation becomes necessary, between the labour-powers used up by day and those used up by night ... It is well known that this shift-system, this alternation of two sets of workers, predominated in the full-blooded springtime of the English cotton industry, and that at the present time it still flourishes, among other places, in the cotton-spinning factories of the Moscow

1140:

obtain adequate sleep), or screening and hiring of new shift workers that assesses adaptability to a shift work schedule. Mandating a minimum of 10 hours between shifts is an effective strategy to encourage adequate sleep for workers. Allowing frequent breaks and scheduling 8- or 10-hour shifts instead of 12-hour shifts can also minimize fatigue and help to mitigate the negative health effects of shift work.

1012:

decreased total sleep time (TST) and decreased sleep efficiency in the night shift but efficiency increased in the rest day. Between-group analysis of the different shift work groups revealed that day shift sleep efficiency was significantly higher in the 6-day shift while night shift sleep efficiency was significantly lower in the 21-day shift in comparison to other shift groups (

998:, with longer naps giving more benefit than shorter naps. Some industries, specifically the fire service, have traditionally allowed workers to sleep while on duty, between calls for service. In one study of EMS providers, 24-hour shifts were not associated with a higher frequency of negative safety outcomes when compared to shorter shifts. 1332:

than those who worked the day shift (28.8%, representing approximately 28.3 million day shift workers). An especially high prevalence of short sleep duration was reported by night shift workers in the transportation and warehousing (69.7%) and health-care and social assistance (52.3%) industries.

1258:

which is a recruitment concept that hires people for individual shifts, rather than hiring employees before scheduling them into shifts enables shift workers to indicate their preferences and availability for unfilled shifts through a shift-bidding mechanism. Through this process, the shift hours are

1001:

Chronic sleep deficit occurs when a worker sleeps for fewer hours than is necessary over multiple days or weeks. The loss of two hours of nightly sleep for a week causes an impairment similar to those seen after 24 hours of wakefulness. After two weeks of such deficit, the lapses in performance are

993:

Acute sleep deprivation occurs during long shifts with no breaks, as well as during night shifts when the worker sleeps in the morning and is awake during the afternoon, prior to the work shift. A night shift worker with poor daytime sleep may be awake for more than 18 hours by the end of his shift.

1253:

Algorithmic scheduling of shift work can lead to what has been colloquially termed as "clopening" where the shift-worker has to work the closing shift of one day and the opening shift of the next day back-to-back resulting in short rest periods between shifts and fatigue. Co-opting employees to fill

1223:

is recommended. This includes blocking out noise and light during sleep, maintaining a regular, predictable sleep routine, avoiding heavy foods and alcohol before sleep, and sleeping in a comfortable, cool environment. Alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption and heavy meals in the few hours before

1198:

Rotation of shifts can be fast, in which a worker changes shifts more than once a week, or slow, in which a worker changes shifts less than once a week. Rotation can also be forward, when a subsequent shift starts later, or backward, when a subsequent shift starts earlier. Evidence supports forward

1024:

Shift work has been shown to negatively affect workers, and has been classified as a specific disorder (shift work sleep disorder). Circadian disruption by working at night causes symptoms like excessive sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances. Shift work sleep disorder also creates a greater risk

958:

Compared with the day shift, injuries and accidents have been estimated to increase by 15% on evening shifts and 28% on night shifts. Longer shifts are also associated with more injuries and accidents: 10-hour shifts had 13% more and 12-hour shifts had 28% more than 8-hour shifts. Other studies have

1331:

One of the ways in which working alternative shifts can impair health is through decreasing sleep opportunities. Among all workers, those who usually worked the night shift had a much higher prevalence of short sleep duration (44.0%, representing approximately 2.2 million night shift workers)

1270:

Missing income is also a large part of shift worker. Several companies run twenty-four-hour shifts. Most of the work is done during the day. When the work dries up, it usually is the second and third shift workers who pay the price. They are told to punch out early or use paid time off if they have

962:

One study suggests that, for those working a night shift (such as 23:00 to 07:00), it may be advantageous to sleep in the evening (14:00 to 22:00) rather than the morning (08:00 to 16:00). The study's evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment than the morning sleepers.

831:

listed "shift work that involves circadian disruption" as probably carcinogenic. Shift work may also increase the risk of other types of cancer. Working rotating shift work regularly during a two-year interval has been associated with a 9% increased the risk of early menopause compared to women who

1296:

are useful to improve alertness and reduce sleepiness in shift workers. Modafinil has a low risk of abuse compared to other similar agents. However, 10% more participants reported adverse effects (nausea and headache) while taking modafinil. In post-marketing surveillance, modafinil was associated

1202:

One main concern of shift workers is knowing their schedule more than two weeks at a time. Shift work is stressful. When on a rotating or ever changing shift, workers have to worry about daycare, personal appointments, and running their households. Many already work more than an eight-hour shift.

1151:

Multiple factors need to be considered when developing optimal shift work schedules, including shift timing, length, frequency and length of breaks during shifts, shift succession, worker commute time, as well as the mental and physical stress of the job. Even though studies support 12-hour shifts

1068:

For fewer operational errors, the FAA goal calls for Flight Controllers to be on duty for 5 to 6 hours per shift, with the remaining shift time devoted to meals and breaks. For aircraft pilots, the actual time at the controls (flight time) is limited to 8 or 9 hours, depending on the time of day.

1011:

A cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between several sleep assessment criteria and different shift work schedules (3-day, 6-day, 9-day and 21-day shift) and a control group of day shift work in Korean firefighters. The results found that all shift work groups exhibited significant

944:

Different shift schedules will have different impacts on the health of a shift worker. The way the shift pattern is designed affects how shift workers sleep, eat and take holidays. Some shift patterns can exacerbate fatigue by limiting rest, increasing stress, overworking staff or disrupting their

787: 1163:

to increase production at the margin. Both approaches incur higher wage costs. Although 2nd-shift worker efficiency levels are typically 3–5% below 1st shift, and 3rd shift 4–6% below 2nd shift, the productivity level, i.e. cost per employee, is often 25% to 40% lower on 2nd and 3rd shifts due to

948:

Muscle health is also compromised by shift work: altered sleep and eating times, changes to appetite-regulating hormones and total energy expenditure, increased snacking and binge drinking, and reduced protein intake can contribute to negative protein balance, increases in insulin resistance and

1139:

to maintain it, setting the length of shifts, managing overtime, increasing lighting levels, providing shift worker lifestyle training, retirement compensation based on salary in the last few years of employment (which can encourage excessive overtime among older workers who may be less able to

989:

wear off after two–four hours of wakefulness, such that most workers who wake up in the morning and go to work suffer some degree of sleep inertia at the beginning of their shift. The relative effects of sleep inertia vs. the other factors are hard to quantify; however, the benefits of napping

786: 1266:

is a common contributor to accidents and untoward incidents. While this risk cannot be eliminated, it can be managed through personal and administrative controls. This type of management is conducted through a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS). One method used within an FRMS is objective

1215:

recommends employers avoid quick shift changes and any rotating shift schedules should rotate forward. Employers should also attempt to minimize the number of consecutive night shifts, long work shifts and overtime work. A poor work environment can exacerbate the strain of shift work. Adequate

791: 790: 785: 756:

Capitalist production therefore drives, by its inherent nature, towards the appropriation of labour throughout the whole of the 24 hours in the day. But since it is physically impossible to exploit the same individual labour-power constantly, during the night as well as the day, capital has to

1127:

typically work an 8-hour day, 5 days per week. Research has shown that when controllers remain "in position" for more than two hours, even at low traffic levels, performance can deteriorate rapidly, so they are typically placed "in position" for 30-minute intervals (with 30 minutes between

1172:

The 42-hour work-week allows for the most even distribution of work time. A 3:1 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for eight-hour shifts, and a 2:2 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for twelve-hour shifts. Eight-hour shifts and twelve-hour shifts are common in

994:

The effects of acute sleep deprivation can be compared to impairment due to alcohol intoxication, with 19 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.05%, and 24 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.10%. Much of the effect of acute sleep deprivation can be countered by

792: 2393:

Slanger, Tracy E; Gross, J. Valérie; Pinger, Andreas; Morfeld, Peter; Bellinger, Miriam; Duhme, Anna-Lena; Reichardt Ortega, Rosalinde Amancay; Costa, Giovanni; Driscoll, Tim R; Foster, Russell G; Fritschi, Lin; Sallinen, Mikael; Liira, Juha; Erren, Thomas C (23 August 2016).

1254:

the shift roster helps to ensure that the human costs are taken into account in a way which is hard for an algorithm to do as it would involve knowing the constraints and considerations of each individual shift worker and assigning a cost metric to each of those factors.

941:, and what shift a worker is assigned to. When individual chronotype is opposite of shift timing (day person working night shift), there is a greater risk of circadian rhythms disruption. Nighttime workers sleep an average of one–four hours less than daytime workers. 710:. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts. 789: 3754:

Morgenthaler, TI; Lee-Chiong, T; Alessi, C; Friedman, L; Aurora, RN; Boehlecke, B; Brown, T; Chesson AL, Jr; Kapur, V; Maganti, R; Owens, J; Pancer, J; Swick, TJ; Zak, R; Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep, Medicine (Nov 2007).

1195:. The schedule includes considerations of shift overlap, shift change times and alignment with the clock, vacation, training, shift differentials, holidays, etc., whereas the shift plan determines the sequence of work and free days within a shift system. 761:. This 24-hour process of production exists today as a system in many of the as yet 'free' branches of industry in Great Britain, in the blast-furnaces, forges, rolling mills and other metallurgical establishments of England, Wales and Scotland. 2980:

Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, DingesDF (2003). "The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation".

1378:

and private forecasting companies, also use shift work, as constant monitoring of the weather is necessary. Much of the Internet services and telecommunication industry relies on shift work to maintain worldwide operations and

1152:

are associated with increased occupational injuries and accident (higher rates with subsequent, successive shifts), a synthesis of evidence cites the importance of all factors when considering the safety of a shift.

2534:

Ftouni, Suzanne; Sletten, Tracey L.; Barger, Laura K.; Lockley, Steven W.; Rajaratnam, Shantha M.W. (2012). "Shift Work Disorder". In Barkoukis, Teri J.; Matheson, Jean K.; Ferber, Richard; Doghramji, Karl (eds.).

1002:

similar to those seen after 48 hours of continual wakefulness. The number of shifts worked in a month by EMS providers was positively correlated with the frequency of reported errors and adverse events.

788: 1159:, where it has a clear effect of increasing the use that can be made of capital equipment and allows for up to three times the production compared to just a day shift. It contrasts with the use of 1016:< 0.05). Overall, night shift sleep quality was worse in shift workers than those who just worked the day shift, whereas 6-day shift provided better sleep quality compared to the 21-day shift. 1286:

has also been investigated as a potential treatment, but it is unclear if it is effective in increasing daytime sleep time in shift workers. There are, however, no reports of adverse effects.

959:

shown a link between fatigue and workplace injuries and accidents. Workers with sleep deprivation are far more likely to be injured or involved in an accident. Breaks reduce accident risks.

1143: 1386:

Service industries now increasingly operate on some shift system; for example a restaurant or convenience store will normally be open on most days for much longer than a working day.

1301:. The European Medicines Agency withdrew the license for modafinil for shift workers for the European market because it judged that the benefits did not outweigh the adverse effects. 2793:

Barger, Laura; Lockley, SW; Rajaratnam, SMW; Landrigan, CP (2009). "Neurobehavioral, Health, and Safety Consequences Associated With Shift Work in Safety-Sensitive Professions".

1121:

The practices and policies put in place by managers of round-the-clock or 24/7 operations can significantly influence shift worker alertness (and hence safety) and performance.

2893:

Mollicone, DJ; Van Dongen, HPA; Dinges, DF (2007). "Optimizing sleep/wake schedules in space: Sleep during chronic nocturnal sleep restriction with and without diurnal naps".

982:

is difficult. Sleep during the day is shorter and less consolidated than night-time sleep. Before a night shift, workers generally sleep less than before a day shift.

1227:

Free online training programs are available to educate workers and managers about the risks associated with shift work and strategies they can use to prevent these.

1211:

Though shift work itself remains necessary in many occupations, employers can alleviate some of the negative health consequences of shift work. The United States

2185:

Stock, D.; Hankinson, S. E.; Rosner, B.; Eliassen, A. H.; Willett, W.; Strohmaier, S.; Cotterchio, M.; Raboud, J.; Knight, J. A.; Schernhammer, E. (2019-03-01).

2134:

Stock, D.; Knight, J. A.; Raboud, J.; Cotterchio, M.; Strohmaier, S.; Willett, W.; Eliassen, A. H.; Rosner, B.; Hankinson, S. E.; Schernhammer, E. (2019-03-01).

1203:

Some evidence suggests giving employees schedules more than a month in advance would give proper notice and allow planning, their stress level would be reduced.

3428:

Knauth, P; Rohmert, W; Rutenfranz, J (March 1979). "Systematic selection of shift plans for continuous production with the aid of work-physiological criteria".

5066: 2018:

Megdal, S. P.; Kroenke, C. H.; Laden, F.; Pukkala, E.; Schernhammer, E. S. (2005). "Night work and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2599:{Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King N. Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinology. 2021 Jun. 1212: 953: 3575: 1699:

Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King N. Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinology. 2021 Jun.

3943:

Knutsson, Anders; Jonsson, BjornG.; Akerstedt, Torbjorn; Orth-Gomer, Kristina (July 1986). "Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers".

2931:

Patterson PD; Weaver MD; Frank RC; Warner CW; Martin-Gill C; Guyette FX; Fairbanks RJ; Hubble MW; Songer TJ; Calloway CW; Kelsey SF; Hostler D (2012).

1044:

To mitigate the negative effects of shift work on safety and health, many countries have enacted regulations on shift work. The European Union, in its

3258: 3141:

Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time

3600: 2996: 2776: 1671: 823:

Women whose work involves night shifts have a 48% increased risk of developing breast cancer. This may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm:

3757:"Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report" 2072: 4032: 1096:

disaster found that it was "conceivable" that excessive work hours contributed to crew fatigue, which in turn contributed to the vessel's

3335:

Folkard, Simon; Lombardi, David A. (2006-11-01). "Modeling the impact of the components of long work hours on injuries and "accidents"".

828: 3226: 4904: 4882: 3654: 1344:

sector as well. Some of the earliest instances appeared with the railroads, where freight trains have clear tracks to run on at night.

63: 5808: 397: 5652: 5214: 4329: 1325: 6002: 5833: 405: 5704: 5150: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4443: 3629: 2296:

Vyas MV; Garg AX; Iansavichus AV; Costella J; Donner A; Laugsand LE; Janszky I; Mrkobrada M; Parraga G; Hackam DG (July 2012).

2055: 366: 3017:

Jeong, Kyoung Sook; Ahn, Yeon-Soon; Jang, Tae-Won; Lim, Gayoung; Kim, Hyung Doo; Cho, Seung-Woo; Sim, Chang-Sun (2019-09-01).

978:

The circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans; attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadian

3984: 3155:"Mistakes increase at airport: An incident involving 2 jets at Orlando International focuses attention on air-traffic errors" 2665:"Updating the "Risk Index": A systematic review and meta-analysis of occupational injuries and work schedule characteristics" 2560: 1224:

sleep can worsen shift work sleep disorders. Exercise in the three hours before sleep can make it difficult to fall asleep.

1216:

lighting, clean air, proper heat and air conditioning, and reduced noise can all make shift work more bearable for workers.

5709: 4597: 4079: 1340:

It is estimated that 15–20% of workers in industrialized countries are employed in shift work. Shift work is common in the

1308:

and naps before night shifts can decrease sleepiness. Caffeine has also been shown to reduce errors made by shift workers.

4024:, Toronto, 12 April 2010, hosted by the Occupational Cancer Research Centre and the Institute for Work & Health (IWH). 3418:

Alan Blinder and William Baumol 1993, Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, p. 687.

3140: 2484:

Adan, Ana; Archer, Simon N.; Hidalgo, Maria Paz; Di Milia, Lee; Natale, Vincenzo; Randler, Christoph (24 September 2012).

5987: 392: 167: 76: 6007: 2396:"Person-directed, non-pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work" 3524: 2244: 5946: 5121: 4909: 4877: 4000: 3689: 3395: 1586: 1082: 966:

There are four major determinants of cognitive performance and alertness in healthy shift-workers: circadian phase,

276: 95: 3855: 2576: 5931: 538: 410: 261: 5941: 5021: 827:, a known tumor suppressor, is generally produced at night and late shifts may disrupt its production. The WHO's 805: 690: 613: 5951: 5714: 5086: 5038: 4304: 4252: 2578:

Fatigue and Shift Work (Tools And Techniques) eBook: Dr Angela Moore, Alec Jezewski: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store

820:

is increased in shift workers, especially men. People working rotating shifts are more vulnerable than others.

311: 306: 5802: 5694: 5106: 4654: 1246: 1245:

A clock-based device for recording workers' working hours, from the beginning of 20 century. Exhibit of the

598: 2719: 2663:

Fischer, Dorothee; Lombardi, David A.; Folkard, Simon; Willetts, Joanna; Christiani, David C. (2017-11-26).

2346: 1347:

Shift work is also the norm in fields related to public protection and healthcare, such as law enforcement,

5883: 5056: 4107: 1298: 1136: 573: 3262: 3087:

Liira, J; Verbeek, JH; Costa, G; Driscoll, TR; Sallinen, M; Isotalo, LK; Ruotsalainen, JH (Aug 12, 2014).

1271:

any to make up the difference in their paychecks. That practice costs the average worker $ 92.00 a month.

878: 5868: 5081: 1930: 1398: 1057: 20: 4044: 5797: 5679: 5155: 4607: 4299: 4207: 4041:, a global research society addressing questions of working time and shift-work with biannual symposia. 4015: 3723: 3705: 1648: 1444: 1348: 1078: 1045: 647: 583: 34: 2933:"Association Between Poor Sleep, Fatigue, and Safety Outcomes in Emergency Medical Services Providers" 2347:"Detrimental effects of variable work shifts on quality of sleep, general health and work performance" 1147:

Miners waiting to go to work on the 4 P.M. to midnight shift at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Co., 1974

5997: 5961: 5956: 5777: 5451: 5362: 5241: 801: 778: 603: 331: 271: 1627: 5966: 5936: 5627: 5429: 5188: 5145: 5111: 4612: 4602: 4284: 4072: 3927:

Pati, A.K., Chandrawanshi, A. & Reinberg, A. (2001) 'Shift work: consequences and management'.

1389:

There are many industries requiring 24/7 coverage that employ workers on a shift basis, including:

1375: 1282:

may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in people who work night shifts.

872: 868: 817: 578: 553: 281: 182: 2720:"The impact of sleep timing and bright light exposure on attentional impairment during night work" 1029:

at work. Shift work disrupts cognitive ability and flexibility and impairs attention, motivation,

5893: 5772: 5674: 5612: 5424: 5051: 4938: 4872: 4785: 1872:

Ker, Katharine; Edwards, Philip James; Felix, Lambert M.; Blackhall, Karen; Roberts, Ian (2010).

1573: 1173:

manufacturing and health care. Twelve-hour shifts are also used with a very slow rotation in the

593: 122: 3550: 5747: 5699: 5669: 5506: 5474: 5464: 5281: 5266: 5246: 5128: 4899: 4894: 4169: 2544: 1156: 1124: 1090: 1038: 918:, and any health conditions that are treated with medications affected by the circadian cycle. 895: 722: 558: 528: 520: 291: 41: 4028:

CDC – Work Schedules: Shift Work and Long Work Hours – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic

2445:"The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences" 741:

The shift work system in modern industrial manufacturing originated in the late 18th century.

5992: 5689: 5684: 5622: 5567: 5516: 5138: 4669: 4642: 4314: 4242: 3209: 3182: 3158: 2990: 2770: 2664: 1351:, firefighting, security and hospitals. Shift work is a contributing factor in many cases of 1113: 840: 588: 548: 533: 256: 162: 2536: 5757: 5533: 5486: 5306: 5301: 5076: 5071: 5046: 4986: 4830: 4810: 4762: 4632: 4547: 4385: 3551:"CDC – Work Schedules: Shift Work and Long Hours – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" 2902: 2849: 2485: 1780: 1725: 1471: 1320:

Worker Health Charts provides a distribution of shift work by industry from 2015 NHIS data.

1192: 1132: 637: 568: 387: 222: 192: 3089:"Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work" 8: 5662: 5657: 5595: 5543: 5261: 5229: 5219: 5101: 5091: 4622: 4617: 4438: 4418: 4339: 4259: 4237: 4217: 4065: 3894: 3532:. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from 1596: 1581: 1077:

Fatigue due to shift work has contributed to several industrial disasters, including the

683: 563: 217: 3499: 3113: 3088: 2906: 2853: 1784: 1729: 1713: 5762: 5726: 5590: 5479: 5459: 5332: 5296: 5183: 5165: 5096: 4732: 4592: 4572: 4527: 4428: 4413: 3968: 3832: 3805: 3781: 3756: 3368: 3051: 3018: 2957: 2932: 2875: 2818: 2747: 2700: 2640: 2613: 2552: 2516: 2420: 2395: 2322: 2297: 2221: 2186: 2162: 2135: 1906: 1873: 1803: 1768: 1749: 1545: 1431: 1255: 1236: 1174: 1086: 938: 864: 852: 466: 326: 3956: 3616: 5873: 5853: 5585: 5550: 5382: 5276: 5256: 5175: 5028: 4963: 4637: 4587: 4562: 4522: 4517: 4448: 4294: 3996: 3980: 3960: 3906: 3837: 3806:"Modafinil as a Catecholaminergic Agent: Empirical Evidence and Unanswered Questions" 3786: 3685: 3480: 3445: 3441: 3401: 3391: 3360: 3352: 3317: 3309: 3118: 3056: 3038: 2962: 2867: 2810: 2752: 2692: 2684: 2645: 2556: 2537: 2508: 2466: 2461: 2444: 2425: 2368: 2327: 2278: 2226: 2208: 2167: 2116: 2035: 1952: 1911: 1893: 1808: 1741: 1737: 1686: 1665: 1263: 949:

increases in body fat, resulting in weight gain and more long-term health challenges.

923: 891: 844: 657: 608: 543: 486: 296: 152: 3972: 3737: 3372: 3019:"Sleep Assessment During Shift Work in Korean Firefighters: A Cross-Sectional Study" 2914: 2822: 2704: 2612:

Lamon, Séverine; Zacharewicz, Evelyn; Condo, Dominique; Aisbett, Brad (March 2017).

2052: 1753: 1131:

These practices and policies can include selecting an appropriate shift schedule or

1117:

4 o'clock shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Detroit, Michigan, 1910s

71: 5843: 5632: 5600: 5560: 5555: 5352: 5342: 5160: 4991: 4948: 4921: 4916: 4770: 4737: 4727: 4577: 4505: 4309: 4247: 4227: 4212: 3952: 3827: 3817: 3776: 3768: 3472: 3437: 3344: 3299: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3046: 3030: 2952: 2944: 2910: 2879: 2857: 2802: 2742: 2734: 2676: 2635: 2625: 2548: 2520: 2500: 2456: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2358: 2317: 2309: 2216: 2198: 2157: 2147: 2106: 2093:

Parent, M. -E.; El-Zein, M.; Rousseau, M. -C.; Pintos, J.; Siemiatycki, J. (2012).

2027: 1942: 1901: 1885: 1798: 1788: 1733: 1421: 1405: 1341: 848: 836: 718: 642: 632: 187: 4027: 3463:

Rutenfranz, J; Knauth, P; Colquhoun, W (May 1976). "Hours of work and shiftwork".

2680: 5903: 5838: 5647: 5617: 5605: 5469: 5367: 5234: 4567: 4334: 4137: 4112: 4102: 3879: 2979: 2948: 2600: 2504: 2059: 1700: 1030: 911: 907: 662: 476: 434: 356: 142: 4021: 3213: 3186: 3162: 1646: 5888: 5637: 5538: 5491: 5193: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4852: 4780: 4537: 4495: 4179: 4147: 3772: 3244: 3034: 2031: 1714:"Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances" 1505: 1484: 1352: 1097: 1053: 887: 676: 501: 496: 481: 444: 266: 112: 3476: 2806: 1947: 1889: 1267:

fatigue modeling to predict periods of high risk within a 24-hour shift plan.

5981: 5863: 5782: 5767: 5752: 5523: 5501: 5407: 5291: 5224: 5198: 5133: 4976: 4933: 4928: 4775: 4659: 4557: 4279: 4132: 4117: 3822: 3405: 3356: 3313: 3201: 3176: 3154: 3042: 2738: 2688: 2269:

Beck, E.; Sieber, W. J.; Trejo, R. (2005). "Management of cluster headache".

2212: 1997: 1897: 1769:"Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment" 1684: 1510: 1220: 986: 967: 934: 816:, or both. Shift work is considered essential for the diagnosis. The risk of 766: 426: 361: 321: 286: 212: 27: 3533: 3304: 3287: 2203: 2152: 1931:"Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 1793: 1199:

rotating shifts are more adaptable for shift workers' circadian physiology.

1177:. Twenty-four-hour shifts are common in health care and emergency services. 5898: 5878: 5858: 5848: 5823: 5577: 5412: 5392: 5377: 5347: 5337: 5116: 4971: 4953: 4889: 4867: 4825: 4815: 4712: 4702: 4674: 4405: 4395: 4222: 4162: 4048: 3910: 3841: 3790: 3449: 3364: 3321: 3122: 3060: 2966: 2814: 2756: 2717: 2696: 2649: 2512: 2470: 2429: 2372: 2331: 2282: 2230: 2171: 2120: 2039: 1956: 1915: 1812: 1745: 899: 707: 506: 471: 454: 351: 336: 301: 251: 246: 238: 172: 3964: 3892: 2871: 1241: 5511: 5434: 5402: 4862: 4805: 4423: 4380: 4355: 4324: 4319: 4274: 4199: 4189: 4174: 4127: 3484: 2111: 2094: 1606: 1591: 1520: 1515: 1494: 1439: 1411: 1371: 1356: 1293: 1262:

Mental (cognitive) fatigue due to inadequate sleep an/or disturbances of

1026: 813: 714: 380: 207: 177: 157: 706:

is an employment practice designed to keep a service or production line

5721: 5528: 5441: 5419: 5387: 5286: 5271: 5251: 5016: 4981: 4943: 4857: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4707: 4664: 4649: 4627: 4552: 4390: 4370: 4289: 4157: 4152: 4122: 4088: 3348: 1528: 1524: 1417: 1360: 1326:

National Health Interview Survey and the Occupational Health Supplement

1316: 1186: 1048:

2003/88/EC, has established a 48-hour limit on working time (including

979: 971: 930: 652: 346: 341: 2930: 2630: 2363: 2313: 2295: 1659:...employment with anything other than a regular daytime work schedule 5908: 5828: 5642: 5327: 4681: 4582: 4542: 4512: 4433: 4269: 4232: 2298:"Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2136:"Women who work nights are 9% more likely to have an early menopause" 1874:"Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers" 1766: 1625: 1479: 1393: 1289: 1283: 1279: 824: 800:

Shift work increases the risk for the development of many disorders.

769:, starting from 1772, ran day and night with two twelve-hour shifts. 745: 461: 202: 197: 3753: 40:"Working nights" redirects here. For the album by Working Week, see 5742: 4800: 4790: 4722: 4717: 4686: 4532: 4487: 4365: 4360: 4264: 4142: 1305: 1160: 1049: 919: 903: 856: 809: 726: 316: 16:

Employment practice designed for 24 hours per day / 7 days per week

3942: 3245:"Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid" 2862: 2837: 882:

Children going to a 12-hour night shift in the United States, 1908

132: 5372: 5322: 5061: 5011: 4795: 4500: 4184: 3388:

Working time, health and safety : a research synthesis paper

1464: 1425: 1364: 1063: 860: 730: 491: 26:"Second shift" redirects here. For the concept in sociology, see 3522: 2792: 5496: 4844: 4483: 3738:"Nonstandard work schedules over the life course: A first look" 1454: 1380: 1359:. Military personnel, pilots, and others that regularly change 1034: 915: 717:

for some health problems in some individuals, as disruption to

439: 4052: 4038: 4018:, Issue Briefing, Institute for Work & Health, April 2010. 2662: 1567: 5357: 4057: 3893:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (April 27, 2012).

3390:. Folkard, Simon., International Labour Office. Geneva: ILO. 1601: 449: 3500:"Keeping it Balanced: The Art of Scheduling Rotating Shifts" 2611: 2184: 5397: 4840: 4045:

Consensus papers regarding Health, ... and Shiftwork (2019)

2245:"Why Working The Night Shift Has Major Health Consequences" 2133: 2092: 926:. Shift work may also increase a person's risk of smoking. 3995:(New, Scarthin 1997 Reprint ed.), London: Heinemann, 2533: 2070: 990:

appear to outweigh the cost associated with sleep inertia.

4375: 3462: 3086: 2892: 2718:

Santhi, N; Aeschbach D, Horowitz TS, Czeisler CA (2008).

2483: 2392: 2017: 1647:

Institute for Work & Health, Ontario, Canada (2010).

1089:. The Alaska Oil Spill Commission's final report on the 995: 713:

In medicine and epidemiology, shift work is considered a

4022:

Scientific Symposium on the Health Effects of Shift Work

3895:"Short sleep duration among workers—United States, 2010" 3288:"Preventive and compensatory measures for shift workers" 3199: 1998:"Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals" 1871: 4049:

ICOH-Scientific Committee on Shiftwork and Working Time

3576:"The 'Clopening' Shift May Soon Be a Thing of the Past" 3427: 886:

Shift work also can worsen chronic diseases, including

5067:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

1685:

U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (1991).

2443:

Navara, Kristen J.; Nelson, Randy J. (October 2007).

1213:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1191:

The shift plan or rota is the central component of a

1006: 954:

Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance

33:"Day shifts" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3655:"Starbucks 'Clopening' Practices Deemed Inexcusable" 1767:

Scheer FA; Hilton MF; Mantzoros CS; Shea SA (2009).

1563: 1155:

Shift work was once characteristic primarily of the

929:

The health consequences of shift work may depend on

3202:"Safer shiftwork through more effective scheduling" 2614:"The Impact of Shiftwork on Skeletal Muscle Health" 2302:

British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)

1922: 1832: 3993:Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent 1711: 1626:Sloan Work & Family Research, Boston College. 3979:Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'The Schedule Book', ' 1687:"Biological Rhythms: Implications for the Worker" 1164:fixed costs which are "paid" by the first shift. 835:Shift work also increases the risk of developing 5979: 3523:Roger R. Rosa; Michael J. Colligan (July 1997). 3285: 3259:"Five Foundations For A Fair Physician Schedule" 1180: 3334: 3286:Knauth, Peter; Hornberger, Sonia (2003-03-01). 3016: 2268: 3233:, Alaska Oil Spill Commission (February 1990). 2601:https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x 2187:"Rotating night shift work and menopausal age" 1701:https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x 1064:Aircraft traffic flight controllers and pilots 4073: 3724:"Control Room Management: Fatigue Mitigation" 3231:: Implications for Safe Transportation of Oil 3136: 3134: 3132: 2838:"Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment" 2344: 2095:"Night Work and the Risk of Cancer Among Men" 684: 80:that contextualizes different points of view. 66:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 4035:, For a crew of three on a small boat at sea 3630:"In Service Sector, No Rest for the Working" 3236: 3178:Flightcrew Member Duty and Rest Requirements 2995:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2926: 2924: 2775:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2486:"Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review" 2442: 1670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3516: 3152: 3093:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1878:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1760: 1705: 1056:workers, and doctors in training (see also 829:International Agency for Research on Cancer 796:A video on the health effects of shift work 721:may increase the probability of developing 4080: 4066: 3627: 3129: 2835: 2795:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1355:. Shift work has often been common in the 691: 677: 5809:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 3831: 3821: 3780: 3303: 3112: 3050: 2956: 2921: 2861: 2788: 2786: 2746: 2639: 2629: 2460: 2419: 2362: 2321: 2220: 2202: 2161: 2151: 2110: 1946: 1905: 1802: 1792: 1367:and consequently suffer sleep disorders. 922:may additionally contribute to disturbed 96:Learn how and when to remove this message 5653:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4330:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 2338: 2289: 1315: 1240: 1142: 1112: 1019: 877: 782: 5834:Credentialism and educational inflation 3628:Greenhouse, Steven (22 February 2015). 3385: 3337:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2400:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1935:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1363:while performing shift work experience 1108: 1072: 5980: 5705:List of countries by unemployment rate 3990: 3679: 3497: 3242: 2783: 1995: 1838: 970:, acute sleep deprivation and chronic 4061: 3803: 3682:Anatomy of a Fatigue-Related Accident 3281: 3279: 3227:Final Report: Spill—The Wreck of the 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2013: 2011: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1867: 4598:Practice-based professional learning 3886: 1996:Caruso, Claire C. (August 2, 2012). 1928: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 46: 5151:Workers' right to access the toilet 3200:G. Brogmus, G.; W. Maynard (2006). 2073:"The health of night shift workers" 367:Workers' right to access the toilet 13: 3921: 3880:"CDC – NIOSH Worker Health Charts" 3856:"CDC – NIOSH Worker Health Charts" 3276: 3067: 3003: 2553:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1703-7.10029-5 2379: 2008: 2002:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health 1970: 1007:Sleep assessment during shift work 748:wrote on the shift work system in 14: 6019: 4009: 1844: 1587:Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool 1083:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster 772: 5922: 5921: 5215:Corporate collapses and scandals 2462:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x 2099:American Journal of Epidemiology 2075:. Connecticut Public Radio, WNPR 2071:WNPR, Connecticut Public Radio. 1738:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06246.x 1566: 262:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 131: 51: 3872: 3848: 3797: 3747: 3730: 3716: 3698: 3673: 3647: 3621: 3610: 3593: 3568: 3543: 3491: 3456: 3421: 3412: 3379: 3328: 3251: 3220: 3193: 3169: 3146: 2973: 2915:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.022 2886: 2829: 2711: 2656: 2605: 2593: 2569: 2527: 2477: 2436: 2262: 2237: 2178: 2127: 2086: 2064: 2046: 1311: 1167: 806:circadian rhythm sleep disorder 729:, altered body composition and 6003:Occupational safety and health 5715:Employment-to-population ratio 5087:Occupational health psychology 4087: 3526:Plain Language About Shiftwork 3261:. Intrigma Inc. Archived from 3181:. The Federal Register. 2012. 3105:10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2 2412:10.1002/14651858.CD010641.pub2 1825:Marx, Karl. "The Working Day" 1819: 1693: 1678: 1640: 1628:"Shift work, Definition(s) of" 1619: 1274: 312:Occupational safety and health 307:Occupational safety and health 1: 5803:Works Progress Administration 5695:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5107:Personal protective equipment 4655:Occupational Outlook Handbook 4033:Three-hour night shift system 3957:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91619-3 2681:10.1080/07420528.2017.1367305 1712:Delezie J; Challet E (2011). 1612: 1476:Logistics and transportation 1335: 1247:National Polytechnical Museum 1230: 1206: 1181:Shift schedule and shift plan 1103: 875:, and reproductive disorders. 435:Chronological list of strikes 5884:Psychopathy in the workplace 5057:Human factors and ergonomics 3442:10.1016/0003-6870(79)90003-6 2949:10.3109/10903127.2011.616261 2505:10.3109/07420528.2012.719971 1137:employee scheduling software 7: 5869:Narcissism in the workplace 5082:Occupational exposure limit 2836:Dawson, D; Reid, K (1997). 2669:Chronobiology International 2493:Chronobiology International 1559: 1399:Direct support professional 1324:According to data from the 1058:medical resident work hours 1041:, and overall performance. 21:Shift work (disambiguation) 10: 6024: 5988:Employment classifications 5798:Civil Works Administration 5680:Technological unemployment 5156:Workplace health promotion 4608:Professional certification 4305:Personality–job fit theory 3035:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.05.003 2937:Prehospital Emergency Care 2449:Journal of Pineal Research 2053:IARC Press release No. 180 2032:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010 2020:European Journal of Cancer 1445:Emergency medical services 1349:emergency medical services 1234: 1184: 1079:Three Mile Island accident 951: 869:gastrointestinal disorders 776: 736: 733:, among other conditions. 39: 32: 25: 18: 6008:IARC Group 2A carcinogens 5917: 5816: 5778:Guaranteed minimum income 5735: 5576: 5450: 5363:Organizational commitment 5315: 5207: 5174: 5037: 4962: 4839: 4761: 4695: 4482: 4404: 4348: 4198: 4095: 3706:"Fatigue Risk management" 3477:10.1080/00140137608931549 3157:. Knight Ridder Tribune. 3023:Safety and Health at Work 2807:10.1007/s11910-009-0024-7 2539:Therapy in Sleep Medicine 2271:American Family Physician 1948:10.1136/oemed-2014-102150 1890:10.1002/14651858.CD008508 873:musculoskeletal disorders 802:Shift work sleep disorder 779:Shift work sleep disorder 398:International comparisons 332:Right to rest and leisure 272:Employment discrimination 5947:Aspects of organizations 5628:Involuntary unemployment 5189:Equal pay for equal work 5112:Repetitive strain injury 4613:Professional development 4603:Professional association 4285:Letter of recommendation 3823:10.3389/fneur.2013.00139 3804:Wisor, Jonathan (2013). 3773:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445 3680:Miller, James C (2013). 3386:Philip., Tucker (2012). 2739:10.1177/0748730408319863 2345:Fido A; Ghali A (2008). 1773:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1408:, including call centers 1376:National Weather Service 1299:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 818:diabetes mellitus type 2 725:, cognitive impairment, 708:operational at all times 183:Social movement unionism 5932:Aspects of corporations 5894:Slow movement (culture) 5773:Employer of last resort 5675:Structural unemployment 5613:Frictional unemployment 5052:Epilepsy and employment 4939:Performance-related pay 4873:National average salary 4786:996 working hour system 3710:Fatigue Risk management 1794:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 1649:"Shift work and health" 1574:Organized labour portal 1125:Air traffic controllers 393:Trade union federations 388:Trade unions by country 5942:Aspects of occupations 5748:Unemployment insurance 5700:Unemployment extension 5670:Reserve army of labour 5475:Constructive dismissal 5282:Sleeping while on duty 5247:Exploitation of labour 5129:Sick building syndrome 4300:Person–environment fit 4170:Independent contractor 3991:Cooper, Brian (1983), 3810:Frontiers in Neurology 1370:Those in the field of 1321: 1250: 1157:manufacturing industry 1148: 1118: 883: 797: 763: 723:cardiovascular disease 292:Freedom of association 163:Exploitation of labour 42:Working Nights (album) 5952:Aspects of workplaces 5690:Unemployment benefits 5685:Types of unemployment 5623:Graduate unemployment 5517:Letter of resignation 5146:Workers' compensation 5139:Occupational fatality 4643:Vocational university 4243:Employment counsellor 4016:Shift work and health 3498:pierce (2016-08-29). 3305:10.1093/occmed/kqg049 3292:Occupational Medicine 2204:10.1093/humrep/dey390 2153:10.1093/humrep/dey390 2004:. Medscape and NIOSH. 1319: 1244: 1146: 1116: 1020:Safety and regulation 881: 795: 754: 277:Employment protection 257:Collective bargaining 74:by rewriting it in a 5758:Job creation program 5534:Mandatory retirement 5487:Employee offboarding 5307:Workplace incivility 5302:Workplace harassment 5077:Occupational disease 5072:Occupational burnout 4987:Disability insurance 4831:Workweek and weekend 4811:Retroactive overtime 4633:Vocational education 4548:Continuing education 4386:Permanent employment 4053:Working Time Society 4039:Working Time Society 3206:Occupational Hazards 3153:Beth Kassab (2006). 1109:Management practices 1073:Industrial disasters 814:excessive sleepiness 638:Industrial relations 627:Academic disciplines 223:National-syndicalism 193:Democratic socialism 19:For other uses, see 5663:Recession-proof job 5658:Lists of recessions 5596:Economic depression 5544:Retirement planning 5425:Work–life interface 5262:Employee monitoring 5230:Corporate behaviour 5220:Accounting scandals 5102:Occupational stress 5092:Occupational injury 4623:Reflective practice 4618:Professional school 4340:Work-at-home scheme 4260:Induction programme 4238:Employment contract 4218:Business networking 3243:Miller, JC (2013). 2907:2007AcAau..60..354M 2854:1997Natur.388..235D 1785:2009PNAS..106.4453S 1730:2011NYASA1243...30D 1597:Occupational cancer 1582:Effects of overtime 1539:Telecommunications 933:, that is, being a 920:Artificial lighting 865:metabolic disorders 218:Anarcho-syndicalism 5926:See also templates 5763:Job creation index 5727:Youth unemployment 5591:Discouraged worker 5480:Wrongful dismissal 5460:At-will employment 5333:Civil conscription 5297:Workplace bullying 5184:Affirmative action 5166:Workplace wellness 5097:Occupational noise 4733:Long service leave 4593:Overspecialization 4573:Induction training 4528:Career development 3634:The New York Times 3430:Applied Ergonomics 3349:10.1002/ajim.20307 2581:. 9 September 2014 2191:Human Reproduction 2140:Human Reproduction 2112:10.1093/aje/kws318 2058:2008-04-11 at the 1929:Yong, Gan (2014). 1546:Radio broadcasting 1432:Emergency services 1322: 1256:Shift based hiring 1251: 1249:in Sofia, Bulgaria 1237:Shift-based hiring 1175:petroleum industry 1149: 1119: 1087:Chernobyl disaster 892:digestive diseases 884: 853:sexual dysfunction 798: 327:Professional abuse 5975: 5974: 5874:Post-work society 5854:Kiss up kick down 5586:Barriers to entry 5551:Severance package 5383:Human trafficking 5277:Sexual harassment 5257:Employee handbook 5176:Equal opportunity 5039:Safety and health 5029:Take-home vehicle 4638:Vocational school 4588:Lifelong learning 4563:Further education 4523:Career counseling 4518:Career assessment 4295:Overqualification 3985:978-1-4392-2674-2 2895:Acta Astronautica 2723:(abstract online) 2675:(10): 1423–1438. 2631:10.3390/nu9030248 2562:978-1-4377-1703-7 2364:10.1159/000151566 2314:10.1136/bmj.e4800 2026:(13): 2023–2032. 1827:Capital: Volume 1 1414:and IT operations 1264:circadian rhythms 837:cluster headaches 808:characterized by 793: 750:Capital, Volume 1 719:circadian rhythms 701: 700: 658:Post-work society 487:Solidarity action 297:Legal working age 153:Conflict theories 106: 105: 98: 60:This article may 6015: 5998:Circadian rhythm 5962:Critique of work 5957:Corporate titles 5925: 5924: 5844:Evil corporation 5710:Employment rates 5633:Jobless recovery 5601:Great Depression 5561:Golden parachute 5556:Golden handshake 5353:Job satisfaction 5343:Critique of work 5161:Workplace phobia 4992:Health insurance 4949:Wage compression 4917:Progressive wage 4771:35-hour workweek 4738:No call, no show 4728:Leave of absence 4578:Knowledge worker 4506:Master craftsman 4310:Personality hire 4248:Executive search 4228:Curriculum vitae 4213:Background check 4082: 4075: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4005: 3976: 3915: 3914: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3825: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3661:. 19 August 2014 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3307: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3084: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2901:(4–7): 354–361. 2890: 2884: 2883: 2865: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2801:(2): 9:155–164. 2790: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2750: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2499:(9): 1153–1175. 2490: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2325: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2206: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2155: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2114: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2068: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2015: 2006: 2005: 1993: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1950: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1869: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1806: 1796: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1718:Ann N Y Acad Sci 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1506:Public utilities 1422:medical examiner 1406:Customer service 908:mental disorders 794: 693: 686: 679: 643:Labour economics 633:Critique of work 477:Pen-down strikes 188:Social democracy 135: 125: 124:Organized labour 115: 108: 107: 101: 94: 90: 87: 81: 77:balanced fashion 55: 54: 47: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5967:Organized labor 5937:Aspects of jobs 5913: 5904:Toxic workplace 5839:Emotional labor 5812: 5736:Public programs 5731: 5648:Great Recession 5618:Full employment 5606:Long Depression 5572: 5470:Banishment room 5446: 5368:Refusal of work 5311: 5235:Corporate crime 5203: 5170: 5033: 4958: 4835: 4757: 4691: 4568:Graduate school 4478: 4400: 4344: 4335:Underemployment 4194: 4138:Self-employment 4113:Contingent work 4103:Academic tenure 4096:Classifications 4091: 4086: 4012: 4003: 3951:(8498): 89–92. 3929:Current Science 3924: 3922:Further reading 3919: 3918: 3905:(16): 281–285. 3891: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3802: 3798: 3767:(11): 1445–59. 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3492: 3461: 3457: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3398: 3384: 3380: 3343:(11): 953–963. 3333: 3329: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3237: 3225: 3221: 3198: 3194: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3130: 3099:(8): CD009776. 3085: 3068: 3015: 3004: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2929: 2922: 2891: 2887: 2834: 2830: 2791: 2784: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2661: 2657: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2532: 2528: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2441: 2437: 2406:(8): CD010641. 2391: 2380: 2351:Med Princ Pract 2343: 2339: 2294: 2290: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2183: 2179: 2132: 2128: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2060:Wayback Machine 2051: 2047: 2016: 2009: 1994: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1927: 1923: 1884:(5): CD008508. 1870: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1765: 1761: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1663: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1465:Funeral workers 1338: 1314: 1277: 1239: 1233: 1209: 1189: 1183: 1170: 1111: 1106: 1098:running aground 1075: 1066: 1031:decision making 1022: 1009: 985:The effects of 956: 912:substance abuse 888:sleep disorders 783: 781: 775: 739: 697: 668: 667: 663:Refusal of work 628: 620: 619: 618: 523: 513: 512: 511: 502:Wildcat strikes 497:Whipsaw strikes 482:Sitdown strikes 429: 419: 418: 415: 383: 373: 372: 371: 357:Toxic workplace 241: 231: 230: 227: 145: 143:Labour movement 123: 113: 102: 91: 85: 82: 72:help improve it 69: 56: 52: 45: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6021: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5889:Sunday scaries 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5638:Phillips curve 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5539:Retirement age 5536: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Exit interview 5489: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5242:Discrimination 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5194:Gender pay gap 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5009: 5007:Parental leave 5004: 5002:Marriage leave 4999: 4997:Life insurance 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Income bracket 4849: 4847: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Eight-hour day 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4540: 4538:Creative class 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4496:Apprenticeship 4492: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4464:Scarlet-collar 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Temporary work 4177: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4148:Skilled worker 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4010:External links 4008: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3988: 3977: 3940: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3885: 3871: 3847: 3796: 3746: 3729: 3715: 3697: 3690: 3684:. Smashwords. 3672: 3646: 3620: 3609: 3592: 3567: 3542: 3539:on 2012-09-21. 3515: 3490: 3471:(3): 331–340. 3455: 3420: 3411: 3396: 3378: 3327: 3298:(2): 109–116. 3275: 3250: 3235: 3219: 3192: 3168: 3145: 3128: 3066: 3029:(3): 254–259. 3002: 2985:(26): 117–126. 2972: 2920: 2885: 2828: 2782: 2727:J Biol Rhythms 2710: 2655: 2604: 2592: 2568: 2561: 2526: 2476: 2455:(3): 215–224. 2435: 2378: 2337: 2288: 2277:(4): 717–724. 2261: 2236: 2197:(3): 539–548. 2177: 2146:(3): 539–548. 2126: 2105:(9): 751–759. 2085: 2063: 2045: 2007: 1969: 1921: 1843: 1831: 1818: 1779:(11): 4453–8. 1759: 1704: 1692: 1677: 1639: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1495:Flight testing 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1455:Casino workers 1451:Entertainment 1449: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1374:, such as the 1353:medical errors 1342:transportation 1337: 1334: 1313: 1310: 1276: 1273: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1208: 1205: 1193:shift schedule 1185:Main article: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1054:fishing vessel 1021: 1018: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 999: 991: 983: 952:Main article: 855:, depression, 777:Main article: 774: 773:Health effects 771: 738: 735: 699: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 648:Labour history 645: 640: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 617: 616: 611: 609:United Kingdom 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 525: 524: 521:Labour parties 519: 518: 515: 514: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 458: 457: 452: 445:General strike 442: 437: 431: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 414: 413: 408: 402: 400: 395: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 267:Eight-hour day 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 242: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 128: 127: 119: 118: 104: 103: 59: 57: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6020: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Make-work job 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Right to work 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768:Job guarantee 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Make-work job 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Restructuring 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Notice period 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5408:Unfree labour 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Bonded labour 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Whistleblower 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5225:Control fraud 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5199:Glass ceiling 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5134:Work accident 5132: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5122:United States 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5022:United States 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Casual Friday 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934:Paid time off 4932: 4930: 4929:Overtime rate 4927: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4910:United States 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Four-day week 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Practice firm 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4558:Employability 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Orange-collar 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4406:Working class 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280:Job interview 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4133:Part-time job 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118:Full-time job 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4004: 4002:0-907758-17-7 3998: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3691:9781310879265 3687: 3683: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3397:9789221260615 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3265:on 2016-08-12 3264: 3260: 3254: 3247:. Smashwords. 3246: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2863:10.1038/40775 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848:(6639): 235. 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733:(4): 341–52. 2732: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1841:, p. 68. 1840: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1650: 1643: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1564: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Nuclear power 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491:Manufacturing 1490: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221:sleep hygiene 1217: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135:and using an 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1015: 1000: 997: 992: 988: 987:sleep inertia 984: 981: 977: 976: 975: 973: 972:sleep deficit 969: 968:sleep inertia 964: 960: 955: 950: 946: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896:heart disease 893: 889: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:heart attacks 838: 833: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 780: 770: 768: 767:Cromford Mill 762: 760: 753: 751: 747: 742: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 574:New Caledonia 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 517: 516: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Overtime bans 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427:Strike action 423: 422: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 377: 376: 368: 365: 363: 362:Unfree labour 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 322:Paid time off 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 287:Four-day week 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 240: 239:Labour rights 235: 234: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 213:Union busting 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 148: 147: 144: 139: 138: 134: 130: 129: 126: 121: 120: 116: 110: 109: 100: 97: 89: 79: 78: 73: 67: 65: 58: 49: 48: 43: 36: 29: 28:double burden 22: 5993:Working time 5899:Toxic leader 5879:Presenteeism 5859:Labor rights 5849:Going postal 5824:Bullshit job 5807: 5792: 5787: 5578:Unemployment 5430:Downshifting 5413:Wage slavery 5393:Penal labour 5348:Dead-end job 5338:Conscription 5117:Right to sit 4972:Annual leave 4954:Working poor 4890:Minimum wage 4868:Maximum wage 4826:Working time 4820: 4816:Six-hour day 4713:Career break 4675:Professional 4469:Black-collar 4439:White-collar 4419:Green-collar 4396:Volunteering 4233:Drug testing 4223:Cover letter 4163:Tradesperson 3992: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3874: 3863:. Retrieved 3860:wwwn.cdc.gov 3859: 3850: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3764: 3760: 3749: 3732: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3681: 3675: 3663:. Retrieved 3658: 3649: 3637:. Retrieved 3633: 3623: 3612: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3579: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3557:. 2018-07-06 3554: 3545: 3534:the original 3525: 3518: 3507:. Retrieved 3503: 3493: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3387: 3381: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3295: 3291: 3267:. Retrieved 3263:the original 3253: 3238: 3229:Exxon Valdez 3228: 3222: 3205: 3195: 3177: 3171: 3148: 3096: 3092: 3026: 3022: 2991:cite journal 2982: 2975: 2943:(1): 86–97. 2940: 2936: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2798: 2794: 2771:cite journal 2760:. Retrieved 2730: 2726: 2713: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2577: 2571: 2538: 2529: 2496: 2492: 2479: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2403: 2399: 2357:(6): 453–7. 2354: 2353:(Abstract). 2350: 2340: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2253:. Retrieved 2251:. 2015-01-06 2248: 2239: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2077:. Retrieved 2066: 2048: 2023: 2019: 2001: 1960:. Retrieved 1941:(1): 72–78. 1938: 1934: 1924: 1881: 1877: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1724:(1): 30–46. 1721: 1717: 1707: 1695: 1680: 1658: 1652:. Retrieved 1642: 1631:. Retrieved 1621: 1461:Health care 1440:Firefighting 1388: 1385: 1369: 1357:armed forces 1346: 1339: 1330: 1323: 1312:Epidemiology 1303: 1288: 1278: 1269: 1261: 1252: 1226: 1218: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1171: 1168:Shift system 1154: 1150: 1130: 1128:intervals). 1123: 1120: 1092:Exxon Valdez 1091: 1076: 1067: 1043: 1023: 1013: 1010: 965: 961: 957: 947: 943: 939:night person 928: 900:hypertension 885: 834: 822: 799: 764: 758: 755: 749: 743: 740: 712: 703: 702: 507:Work-to-rule 381:Trade unions 352:Six-hour day 337:Right to sit 302:Minimum wage 252:Child labour 247:Annual leave 173:New unionism 92: 83: 75: 64:undue weight 61: 5788:Historical: 5512:Resignation 5452:Termination 5435:Slow living 5403:Truck wages 5388:Labour camp 5316:Willingness 5208:Infractions 4863:Living wage 4806:Remote work 4474:Gold-collar 4429:Pink-collar 4424:Grey-collar 4414:Blue-collar 4381:Labour hire 4356:Cooperative 4320:Recruitment 4275:Job hunting 4208:Application 4190:Wage labour 4175:Labour hire 4128:Job sharing 3555:www.cdc.gov 3436:(1): 9–15. 2543:. pp. 1839:Cooper 1983 1607:Split shift 1592:Gantt chart 1516:Fossil fuel 1472:Hospitality 1412:Data center 1372:meteorology 1294:R-modafinil 1275:Medications 1027:human error 924:homeostasis 715:risk factor 604:South Korea 584:Netherlands 579:New Zealand 208:Syndicalism 178:Proletariat 158:Decent work 5982:Categories 5722:Wage curve 5529:Retirement 5442:Workaholic 5420:Work ethic 5287:Wage theft 5272:Labour law 5267:Evaluation 5252:Dress code 5017:Sick leave 4982:Child care 4944:Salary cap 4858:Income tax 4821:Shift work 4753:Time clock 4748:Sick leave 4743:Sabbatical 4708:Break room 4696:Attendance 4665:Profession 4650:Mentorship 4628:Retraining 4553:E-learning 4449:New-collar 4444:Red-collar 4391:Supervisor 4371:Internship 4290:Onboarding 4158:Technician 4153:Journeyman 4123:Gig worker 4089:Employment 3945:The Lancet 3865:2019-04-08 3665:3 February 3639:3 February 3585:3 February 3580:Boston.com 3561:2016-06-13 3509:2019-03-03 3504:Mitrefinch 3465:Ergonomics 3269:2016-07-18 3208:: 52, 54. 2762:2008-08-05 2624:(3): 248. 2585:3 February 2255:2019-03-09 2079:2007-11-30 1654:2018-08-05 1633:2014-09-25 1613:References 1542:Television 1418:Death care 1361:time zones 1336:Industries 1231:Scheduling 1207:Management 1187:Shift plan 1104:Prevention 980:bathyphase 945:time off. 935:day person 931:chronotype 704:Shift work 653:Labour law 462:Green bans 455:newspapers 347:Sick leave 342:Sabbatical 86:March 2023 5909:Workhouse 5829:Busy work 5643:Recession 5507:Pink slip 5465:Dismissal 5328:Careerism 4922:Singapore 4900:Hong Kong 4763:Schedules 4682:Tradesman 4583:Licensure 4543:Education 4513:Avocation 4454:No-collar 4434:Precariat 4315:Probation 4270:Job fraud 3939:), 32–52. 3406:795699411 3357:1097-0274 3314:0962-7480 3214:213685199 3187:913496666 3163:461319088 3043:2093-7911 2689:0742-0528 2618:Nutrients 2308:: e4800. 2213:0268-1161 1962:11 August 1898:1469-493X 1485:Ship crew 1394:Caregiver 1290:Modafinil 1284:Zopiclone 1280:Melatonin 1094:oil spill 1046:directive 1039:vigilance 825:melatonin 746:Karl Marx 599:Singapore 554:Hong Kong 529:Australia 282:Equal pay 203:Communism 198:Socialism 35:Day Shift 5817:See also 5743:Workfare 5568:Turnover 4964:Benefits 4845:salaries 4801:Overtime 4791:Flextime 4723:Gap year 4718:Furlough 4687:Vocation 4670:Operator 4533:Coaching 4488:training 4366:Employer 4361:Employee 4265:Job fair 4143:Side job 4051:and the 3973:21921096 3911:22534760 3842:24109471 3791:18041479 3726:. PHMSA. 3450:15676345 3373:10927108 3365:16570251 3322:12637595 3210:ProQuest 3183:ProQuest 3159:ProQuest 3123:25113164 3114:10025070 3061:31497322 2967:22023164 2823:22518201 2815:19268039 2757:18663241 2705:39842142 2697:29064297 2650:28282858 2513:23004349 2471:17803517 2430:27549931 2373:18836273 2332:22835925 2283:15742909 2249:HuffPost 2231:30753548 2172:30753548 2121:23035019 2056:Archived 2040:16084719 1957:25030030 1916:20464765 1813:19255424 1754:43621902 1746:22211891 1666:cite web 1560:See also 1552:Security 1499:Military 1480:Railways 1306:caffeine 1161:overtime 1085:and the 1050:overtime 904:epilepsy 857:dementia 810:insomnia 759:gubernia 744:In 1867 727:diabetes 594:Portugal 534:Barbados 492:Walkouts 467:Lockouts 317:Overwork 168:Timeline 114:a series 111:Part of 5793:U.S.A.: 5398:Peonage 5373:Slavery 5323:Boreout 5062:Karoshi 5012:Pension 4796:On-call 4501:Artisan 4185:Laborer 4047:of the 3965:2873389 3833:3791559 3816:: 139. 3782:2082098 3052:6717904 2958:3228875 2903:Bibcode 2880:4424846 2872:9230429 2850:Bibcode 2748:2574505 2641:5372911 2521:7565248 2421:8406755 2323:3406223 2222:7210710 2163:7210710 1907:4160007 1829:, 1867. 1804:2657421 1781:Bibcode 1726:Bibcode 1555:Weather 1426:coroner 1365:jet lag 996:napping 861:obesity 845:fatigue 737:History 731:obesity 559:Ireland 549:Georgia 70:Please 5497:Layoff 5047:Crunch 4905:Europe 4895:Canada 4883:Europe 4484:Career 4325:Résumé 4200:Hiring 4108:Casual 3999: 3983: 3971: 3963: 3909: 3840: 3830: 3789: 3779: 3688: 3659:Forbes 3601:"WSMH" 3485:976239 3483: 3448: 3404: 3394: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3320: 3312: 3212: 3185: 3161: 3121: 3111: 3059: 3049: 3041: 2965: 2955: 2878: 2870: 2842:Nature 2821: 2813: 2755: 2745: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2648: 2638: 2559: 2547:–389. 2519: 2511: 2469: 2428: 2418: 2371: 2330: 2320: 2281: 2229: 2219: 2211: 2170: 2160: 2119: 2038: 1955: 1914: 1904: 1896: 1811: 1801: 1752: 1744: 1536:Retail 1527:, and 1502:Mining 1436:Police 1381:uptime 1304:Using 1081:, the 1035:speech 916:asthma 849:stress 614:Sweden 589:Norway 564:Israel 539:Brazil 440:Hartal 5358:McJob 4878:World 4841:Wages 4703:Break 4349:Roles 3969:S2CID 3761:Sleep 3741:(PDF) 3604:(PDF) 3537:(PDF) 3530:(PDF) 3369:S2CID 2983:Sleep 2876:S2CID 2819:S2CID 2701:S2CID 2517:S2CID 2489:(PDF) 1750:S2CID 1602:Sleep 1531:power 1529:hydro 1521:Solar 1297:with 1219:Good 937:or a 804:is a 569:Malta 450:Bandh 62:lend 4843:and 4486:and 4253:list 3997:ISBN 3981:ISBN 3961:PMID 3907:PMID 3899:MMWR 3838:PMID 3787:PMID 3686:ISBN 3667:2016 3641:2016 3617:IEEE 3587:2016 3481:PMID 3446:PMID 3402:OCLC 3392:ISBN 3361:PMID 3353:ISSN 3318:PMID 3310:ISSN 3119:PMID 3097:2014 3057:PMID 3039:ISSN 2997:link 2963:PMID 2868:PMID 2811:PMID 2777:link 2753:PMID 2693:PMID 2685:ISSN 2646:PMID 2587:2016 2557:ISBN 2509:PMID 2467:PMID 2426:PMID 2404:2016 2369:PMID 2328:PMID 2279:PMID 2227:PMID 2209:ISSN 2168:PMID 2117:PMID 2036:PMID 1964:2014 1953:PMID 1912:PMID 1894:ISSN 1882:2010 1809:PMID 1742:PMID 1722:1243 1672:link 1525:wind 1292:and 1133:rota 1025:for 765:The 544:Fiji 411:WFTU 406:ITUC 4376:Job 3953:doi 3949:328 3828:PMC 3818:doi 3777:PMC 3769:doi 3473:doi 3438:doi 3345:doi 3300:doi 3109:PMC 3101:doi 3047:PMC 3031:doi 2953:PMC 2945:doi 2911:doi 2858:doi 2846:388 2803:doi 2743:PMC 2735:doi 2677:doi 2636:PMC 2626:doi 2549:doi 2545:378 2501:doi 2457:doi 2416:PMC 2408:doi 2359:doi 2318:PMC 2310:doi 2306:345 2217:PMC 2199:doi 2158:PMC 2148:doi 2107:doi 2103:176 2028:doi 1943:doi 1902:PMC 1886:doi 1799:PMC 1789:doi 1777:106 1734:doi 1424:or 1060:). 974:. 5984:: 3987:'. 3967:. 3959:. 3947:. 3933:81 3931:, 3903:61 3901:. 3897:. 3858:. 3836:. 3826:. 3812:. 3808:. 3785:. 3775:. 3765:30 3763:. 3759:. 3708:. 3657:. 3632:. 3578:. 3553:. 3502:. 3479:. 3469:19 3467:. 3444:. 3434:10 3432:. 3400:. 3367:. 3359:. 3351:. 3341:49 3339:. 3316:. 3308:. 3296:53 3294:. 3290:. 3278:^ 3204:. 3131:^ 3117:. 3107:. 3095:. 3091:. 3069:^ 3055:. 3045:. 3037:. 3027:10 3025:. 3021:. 3005:^ 2993:}} 2989:{{ 2961:. 2951:. 2941:16 2939:. 2935:. 2923:^ 2909:. 2899:60 2897:. 2874:. 2866:. 2856:. 2844:. 2840:. 2817:. 2809:. 2797:. 2785:^ 2773:}} 2769:{{ 2751:. 2741:. 2731:23 2729:. 2725:. 2699:. 2691:. 2683:. 2673:34 2671:. 2667:. 2644:. 2634:. 2620:. 2616:. 2555:. 2515:. 2507:. 2497:29 2495:. 2491:. 2465:. 2453:43 2451:. 2447:. 2424:. 2414:. 2402:. 2398:. 2381:^ 2367:. 2355:17 2349:. 2326:. 2316:. 2304:. 2300:. 2275:71 2273:. 2247:. 2225:. 2215:. 2207:. 2195:34 2193:. 2189:. 2166:. 2156:. 2144:34 2142:. 2138:. 2115:. 2101:. 2097:. 2034:. 2024:41 2022:. 2010:^ 2000:. 1972:^ 1951:. 1939:72 1937:. 1933:. 1910:. 1900:. 1892:. 1880:. 1876:. 1846:^ 1807:. 1797:. 1787:. 1775:. 1771:. 1748:. 1740:. 1732:. 1720:. 1716:. 1668:}} 1664:{{ 1657:. 1523:, 1383:. 1100:. 1037:, 1033:, 914:, 910:, 906:, 902:, 898:, 894:, 890:, 871:, 867:, 863:, 859:, 851:, 847:, 843:, 839:, 812:, 752:: 117:on 4081:e 4074:t 4067:v 3975:. 3955:: 3937:1 3935:( 3913:. 3882:. 3868:. 3844:. 3820:: 3814:4 3793:. 3771:: 3743:. 3712:. 3694:. 3669:. 3643:. 3606:. 3589:. 3564:. 3512:. 3487:. 3475:: 3452:. 3440:: 3408:. 3375:. 3347:: 3324:. 3302:: 3272:. 3216:. 3189:. 3165:. 3143:. 3125:. 3103:: 3063:. 3033:: 2999:) 2969:. 2947:: 2917:. 2913:: 2905:: 2882:. 2860:: 2852:: 2825:. 2805:: 2799:9 2779:) 2765:. 2737:: 2707:. 2679:: 2652:. 2628:: 2622:9 2589:. 2565:. 2551:: 2523:. 2503:: 2473:. 2459:: 2432:. 2410:: 2375:. 2361:: 2334:. 2312:: 2285:. 2258:. 2233:. 2201:: 2174:. 2150:: 2123:. 2109:: 2082:. 2042:. 2030:: 1966:. 1945:: 1918:. 1888:: 1815:. 1791:: 1783:: 1756:. 1736:: 1728:: 1689:. 1674:) 1636:. 1428:) 1420:( 1014:p 692:e 685:t 678:v 99:) 93:( 88:) 84:( 68:. 44:. 37:. 30:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.