36:
982:
815:
1134:. Ryholt relies instead on a statistical method and estimates the duration of Sheshi's reign to have been between 20 and 53 years. The method consists in tallying the seals of Yakbim Sekhaenre, Ya'ammu Nubwoserre, Qareh Khawoserre and 'Ammu Ahotepre with those of Sheshi. Then, knowing that the first four of these kings reigned for at least 30 years, implies that they have left between 7.5 and 20 seals per year while on throne. Consequently, Sheshi's nearly 400 scarabs would correspond to 20 to 53 years, which Ryholt gives as about 40 years.
1172:". A woman with this name and title is known from other sources around the time of the Hyksos pharaoh Apophis c. 1570 BC. This suggests that the "king's son Nehesy" of the stela lived c. 1570 BC as well, over 100 years after King Nehesy's estimated lifetime. This could be confirmed by Ben-Tor's observation that the scarabs referring to the "king's son Nehesy" are different in style from those referring to king Nehesy. In this situation, the "king's son Nehesy" would be a Hyksos prince different from the better-known king Nehesy.
544:
323:
274:
1325:
Ryholt observes that the abandonment of the
Egyptian fortress at Uronarti suggests that Sheshi and Djedkheperew were contemporaries, something which is also contested by Allen, Allen and Ben-Tor. Finally, Ryholt uses his reconstruction of the 13th Dynasty to date Djedkheperew's reign to c. 1770, leaving around 30 years for Sheshi's four predecessors.
1068:
969:, Susan Allen, Baker and Redford. Yet, for both Redford and Bietak "without doubt, there were, under the umbrella of the fifteenth dynasty rulers, a series of vassals in southern and coastal Palestine, in Middle Egypt, and in Thebes. ... Such was the political system of the Hyksos, and typical of the
1151:
princess was to ally his kingdom with the
Nubians. Ryholt's hypothesis concerning Nehesy may be vindicated by a number of scarabs giving Nehesy the titles of "king's son" and of "eldest king son", indicating that Nehesy's father was a king as well. In addition, both Nehesy and Ipqu bore the titles of
1007:
during the second half of his reign—a practice that was followed by subsequent Hyksos kings. In contrast, if Sheshi is to be identified with
Maaibre, then Sheshi bore a prenomen. This implies either that he was a Hyksos king reigning after Khyan, in contradiction with Khyan's known successors Apophis
948:
For
Manfred Bietak, the large number of attestations of Sheshi suggests that he was an important Hyksos ruler, yet his inclusion in the 15th Dynasty may be doubtful given the total absence of monuments attributable to him. Thus, Bietak concludes that Sheshi should be placed in a group of West Semitic
944:
Dynasty, where he regroups Hyksos rulers whose chronological position is uncertain together with kings whom he sees as vassals of the Hyksos. Von
Beckerath's analysis relies on the hypothesis that Manetho's 16th Dynasty comprised minor rulers of the Nile Delta region, called lesser Hyksos, who served
1117:
If Sheshi is to be identified with
Salitis, the founder of the 15th Dynasty, according to Manetho, then he would have lived around 1650 BC, the date agreed upon by most Egyptologists, including Ryholt, for the arrival of the Hyksos in Egypt. If Sheshi lived during the second half of the 15th Dynasty
960:
indicating that the Hyksos had vassals contains a corruption of
Manetho's original text. Thus, he rejects the hypothesis that the 16th Dynasty comprised vassals of the Hyksos and maintains instead that it was a native Egyptian dynasty independently reigning over the Theban region between the fall of
1142:
Ryholt proposes that Sheshi had at least two consorts; Tati with whom he fathered his successor pharaoh Nehesy, and an unknown queen with whom he fathered a prince Ipqu. Ryholt reached this conclusion on noting that scarabs of queen Tati and
Princes Ipqu and Nehesy bear stylistic markers which are
1092:
in the
Egyptian fort of Uronarti in Nubia. The fort of Uronarti was abandoned at some point in the 13th Dynasty, an event which Ryholt dates to the reign of Djedkheperew given the lack of seals attributable to subsequent kings. Ryholt thus proposes that Sheshi reigned from c. 1745 BC until 1705 BC
1023:
ruler, the 14th
Dynasty being a line of kings of Canaanite descent possibly ruling over the Eastern Nile Delta immediately before the arrival of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty. Many Egyptologists accept the existence of the 14th Dynasty based on archaeological evidence and on the fact that about 50 kings
1324:
This 30 year figure is strongly dependent on Ryholt's controversial reconstruction of the early 14th Dynasty. First, Ryholt uses a seriation of the seals of Yakbim, Ya'ammu, Qareh and 'Ammu to posit that they were Sheshi's predecessors, a conclusion rejected by S. and J. Allen and Ben-Tor. Then,
551:
Consequently, Maaibre Sheshi is the best attested ruler of the Second Intermediate Period in terms of the number of artefacts attributed to him, with 396 seals and two seal impressions showing his nomen or prenomen. This figure is three times higher than the 123 seals attributed to the next best
749:
and which serves as the primary historical source for the Second Intermediate Period. This is because the section of the papyrus covering the 13th to 17th Dynasties is heavily damaged and the problem of Sheshi's chronological position cannot be resolved from the document.
1155:
These conclusions are shared by Baker but rejected by Ben-Tor, who argues not only that Nehesy reigned before Sheshi but also that the Nehesy referred to as "king's son" was a later Hyksos prince. In 2005 a stele of Nehesy was discovered in the fortress city of
3364:
1749:
1771:
1257:
The Petrie Museum houses over 25 seals with catalog numbers UC 11682, 11683, 11684, 11685, 11986, 11687, 11688, 11689, 11690, 11692, 11693, 11694, 11695, 11696, 11697, 11698, 11699, 11700, 11701, 11702, 11703, 11704, 11705, 11706, 11825 and
1096:
Ryholt's hypothesis regarding Sheshi comes with his dating the start of the 14th Dynasty around 1805 BC, over 90 years earlier than accepted by most Egyptologists. They propose instead that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the two decades of
1739:
1024:
are recorded in the Turin canon between the 13th Dynasty and the later Hyksos rulers. On the other hand, Redford proposed that these 50 kings constitute the genealogy of the Hyksos rulers and that the 14th Dynasty is chimerical.
1051:, a king who left several attestations of his reign in the Delta region, and that there is only space for one predecessor for Nehesy on the canon, Ryholt concludes that the earlier document from which the canon was copied had a
1703:
406:. The dynasty, chronological position, duration and extent of his reign are uncertain and subject to ongoing debate. The difficulty of identification is mirrored by problems in determining events from the end of the
414:
in Egypt. Nonetheless, Sheshi is, in terms of the number of artifacts attributed to him, the best-attested king of the period spanning the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate period; roughly from
35:
1101:'s reign, which is dated to between 1700 BC and 1660 BC, depending on the scholar. Ay is the last 13th Dynasty pharaoh to be attested in Lower Egypt, and most scholars, therefore, contend that he abandoned
540:". Based on the close stylistic similarities between both groups of scarabs as well as their otherwise unmatched numbers, the consensus among Egyptologists is that Maaibre was the prenomen of Sheshi.
1755:
454:
during their invasion of Egypt. Salitis is credited with 19 years of reign and would have lived sometime between c. 1720 BC and 1650 BC. The second hypothesis is supported by Egyptologist
870:
as soon as they arrived in the Nile Delta, an event which Grimal places at c. 1720 BC. Grimal envisions Sheshi's kingdom as comprising the entire Nile Delta and the Nile valley north of
3525:
3499:
1031:
was able to date Sheshi's reign to "a short dynasty before the Hyksos invasion". More recently, Ryholt obtained a similar result using his own seriation and places Sheshi before
2789:
Ben-Tor, Daphna (2010). "Sequence and chronology of Second Intermediate Period royal-name scarabs, based on excavated series from Egypt and the Levant". In Marée, Marcel (ed.).
1723:
2965:
The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.)
866:
If Sheshi is to be equated with Salitis, then the seals of Sheshi discovered in Nubia suggest that the Hyksos allied themselves with the Nubians against the native Egyptian
2963:
917:
of the seals of Sheshi and other kings of the Second Intermediate Period to date Sheshi to the second half of the 15th Dynasty, between the great Hyksos pharaohs
501:. Ryholt further posits that the son of Sheshi and Tati was Nehesy, whose name means "The Nubian", whom he believes succeeded Sheshi to the throne as the pharaoh
423:
bearing his name have been found throughout the Levant, Egypt, Nubia, and as far away as Carthage, where some were still in use 1,500 years after his death.
1765:
7107:
1059:
on the canon and could cover any number of kings. Thus, Ryholt sees no obstacle with having Sheshi succeed 'Ammu Ahotepre and immediately precede Nehesy.
7112:
7023:
3180:. University Museum monograph 96, University Museum symposium series vol. 8. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 1–44.
1152:"king's son of Ra", a conflation of the titles "son of Ra" and "king's son", which could indicate that they were appointed junior coregents by Sheshi.
1084:
Ryholt dates Sheshi's reign to the mid-18th century BC. His main argument is the presence of seals of Sheshi and of two kings of the mid 13th Dynasty
1003:
meaning "ruler of the foreign lands", a title which Sheshi did not bear. In addition, the later of these two kings, Khyan, only adopted an Egyptian
458:
and the archaeologist Daphna Ben-Tor, who propose that Sheshi was a Hyksos king and belongs to the second half of the 15th Dynasty, reigning between
587:
Over 80 percent of the seals attributed to Maaibre Sheshi are of unknown provenance, but the remaining 20 percent have been found throughout Egypt,
526:, which constitute the sole attestations of his reign. The number of scarabs attributed to Sheshi is paralleled in number only by those bearing the
949:
rulers who coexisted with the 15th Dynasty, possibly as vassals or partly independently from it, and some of whom even bore the title of "Hyksos".
3319:
1143:
found on those of Sheshi and thus that they must have been contemporaries. In addition, "Tati" is attested as a feminine Nubian name in earlier
1147:, which would explain the peculiar name of Nehesy meaning "the Nubian". For Ryholt, Sheshi's motivation behind a dynastic marriage with a
122:
7038:
7033:
3265:. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press.
1047:. Rolf Krauss independently reached the same conclusion. Given that the earliest 14th Dynasty ruler mentioned on the Turin canon is
863:, a poorly known ruler of the Second Intermediate Period who, in contrast to Sheshi, is known to have borne the title of "Hyksos".
202:
164:
7013:
7008:
1875:
2832:. University Museum monograph 96; University Museum symposium series, vol. 8. Philadelphia: University Museum. pp. 87–139.
1338:
251:
187:
154:
7018:
2211:
993:
Ryholt and Baker reject the identification of Sheshi as a 15th Dynasty ruler. Ryholt observes that early Hyksos kings, such as
300:
297:
295:
185:
426:
Three competing hypotheses have been put forth for the dynasty to which Sheshi belonged. The first hypothesis is supported by
179:
6998:
3530:
3395:
3289:
3270:
3246:
3227:
3204:
3185:
3166:
3142:
3096:
3066:
3039:
3018:
2977:
2949:
2927:
2906:
2883:
2860:
2837:
2798:
2779:
2745:
981:
254:
182:
159:
3280:
Ryholt, Kim (2010). "The date of kings Sheshi and Yaqubhar and the rise of the fourteenth dynasty". In Marée, Marcel (ed.).
161:
156:
7028:
7003:
6993:
4773:
4561:
403:
6982:
5743:
5459:
4327:
3587:
3561:
3106:
1733:
7122:
7117:
7102:
7097:
1248:
On the 396 seals of Sheshi catalogued by Ryholt, 325 are of unknown provenance—having possibly been dug up illegally.
7048:
6235:
1164:, the major road leading out of Egypt into Canaan. The stele shows a "king's son Nehesy" offering oil to the god
219:
113:
474:. The very existence of such vassals is debated. The final hypothesis says Sheshi could be a ruler of the early
6285:
6012:
5868:
6581:
6371:
6303:
6168:
6035:
5945:
5758:
3876:
1118:
between the reigns of Khyan and Apophis as Ben-Tor and Ward favor then Sheshi would have reigned c. 1600 BC.
775:
names for Egyptian pharaohs and the identification of Sheshi with any particular name remains controversial.
6153:
6090:
5373:
3406:
962:
900:
3076:
Krauss, Rolf (1998). "An Examination of Khyan's Place in W. A. Ward's Seriation of Royal Hyksos Scarabs".
1781:
814:
6514:
5623:
5535:
5020:
4797:
4788:
3411:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann.
1020:
952:
The existence of lesser Hyksos kings in Egypt is currently debated. Ryholt has shown that a statement in
867:
746:
475:
379:
2828:
Bietak, Manfred (1997). "The Center of Hyksos Rule: Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a)". In Oren, Eliezer D. (ed.).
2738:
The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300–1069 BC)
6343:
5676:
5413:
5240:
5172:
3754:
3504:
2969:
1315:
Most Egyptologists consider Nehesy to have been either the founder or the second king of this dynasty.
941:
937:
856:
726:
447:
383:
2727:'Abd El-Maksoud, Mohamed; Valbelle, Dominique (2005). "Tell Héboua-Tjarou. L'apport de l'épigraphie".
6864:
4635:
3282:
The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties). Current Research, Future Prospects
2987:
2791:
The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties). Current Research, Future Prospects
3345:
3329:
2362:
1713:
4709:
4480:
4342:
3458:
1028:
623:
527:
3195:
Redissi, Taoufik (1999). "Étude des empreintes de sceaux de Carthage". In Rakob, Friedrich (ed.).
3059:
Syrien und Palästina (Kanaan) in der letzten Phase der Mittelbronze IIB – Zeit (1650–1570 v. Chr.)
239:
6549:
6464:
6441:
4758:
4620:
4557:
4346:
4146:
3962:
1127:
1027:
Based on a seriation of the scarab seals of the Second Intermediate Period available in 1900 AD,
914:
859:. Alternatively, Bietak and Janine Bourriau have proposed that Salitis should be identified with
407:
3383:
2771:
Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period
965:. These conclusions on the 16th Dynasty have been accepted by many scholars, including Ben-Tor,
933:
7053:
7043:
6591:
6570:
6489:
5403:
5263:
4873:
4507:
4467:
4261:
4203:
4087:
3891:
3554:
3176:
Redford, Donald B. (1997). "Textual Sources for the Hyksos Period". In Oren, Eliezer D. (ed.).
1085:
3260:
3086:
1109:(c. 1980 BC), in favor of Thebes, as he lost control of the Delta region to the 14th Dynasty.
829:
Three competing hypotheses have been proposed regarding the dynasty to which Sheshi belonged.
7063:
6539:
6504:
6484:
6474:
6436:
5036:
4940:
4294:
1036:
519:
2769:
7058:
6564:
6519:
5892:
5520:
5455:
5308:
5303:
5010:
5005:
4858:
4284:
4072:
3951:
1052:
634:
and a further five from the Middle Egyptian sites of Abusir el-Melek, Kom Medinet Ghurab,
8:
6554:
6529:
6494:
6431:
5806:
5781:
4985:
4980:
4404:
3835:
61:
3462:
3262:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C
3029:
6844:
6831:
6408:
5418:
4990:
4965:
4032:
3807:
3429:
3390:(in German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern.
3216:
2816:
910:
823:
722:
470:
has proposed that Sheshi was a vassal of the Hyksos, ruling over some part of Egypt or
455:
3011:
Grosses Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800–950 v. Chr.): die Sprache der Pharaonen
6899:
6878:
6772:
6739:
6451:
5786:
5408:
5288:
4910:
4838:
4496:
4299:
4289:
4221:
3547:
3468:
3412:
3391:
3324:
3285:
3266:
3242:
3223:
3200:
3181:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3130:
3092:
3062:
3045:
3035:
3014:
2997:
2991:
2973:
2945:
2923:
2917:
2902:
2894:
2879:
2871:
2856:
2833:
2794:
2775:
2756:
2741:
1204:
Identifying Sheshi with Salitis/Saites, founder of the 15th Dynasty according to the
966:
779:
638:
and Deir Rifa. To the south, in Upper Egypt, a total of twenty seals are known from
439:
420:
3091:. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
1130:
and Eusebius who report that Manetho credited Salitis with 19 years of reign in his
741:
No historical attestation of Sheshi is known for certain. Sheshi is absent from the
411:
7078:
6905:
6733:
6499:
6253:
5836:
5133:
5029:
4970:
4394:
4374:
3013:. Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, Bd. 64 (in German). Mainz: Philip von Zabern.
2959:
2774:. Orbis biblicus et orientalis, Series Archaeologica 27. Fribourg: Academic Press.
1297:
on the Turin canon has been accepted by other scholars including Allen and Ben-Tor.
1192:
1144:
837:
553:
435:
795:
7127:
6850:
6820:
6779:
6715:
6459:
6389:
6259:
5598:
5253:
4975:
4369:
4007:
3975:
3814:
3520:
3494:
3451:
Scarab Seals and their Contribution to History in the Early Second Millennium B.C
2848:
922:
782:
have proposed that Sheshi is the historical figure who gave rise to the Biblical
742:
730:
671:
482:
immediately before the arrival of the Hyksos. Proponents of this theory, such as
463:
4556:
1239:
The dynasty and chronological position of Yakbim Sekhaenre are highly uncertain.
691:
6946:
6744:
6705:
6423:
6379:
6248:
5332:
5258:
5088:
4960:
4920:
4668:
4520:
4485:
4475:
4409:
4364:
4246:
4241:
3821:
3800:
3766:
3453:. Studies on Scarab Seals 2. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. pp. 151–192.
3126:
2937:
2808:
885:
841:
714:
701:
The seals of Sheshi are now scattered in many different museums, including the
630:
and a further eight are from the wider Delta region. Four seals originate from
560:
523:
467:
431:
3299:
799:
486:
and Darrell Baker, credit Sheshi with 40 years of reign starting ca. 1745 BC.
7091:
6625:
6524:
6356:
6326:
6002:
5857:
5714:
5583:
5423:
5398:
5348:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4742:
4673:
4663:
4525:
4279:
4027:
3970:
3923:
3760:
3719:
3515:
3489:
3239:
The Lords of Avaris: Uncovering the Legendary Origins of Western Civilization
3049:
3001:
1148:
1098:
1067:
999:
880:
772:
706:
702:
683:
647:
639:
619:
595:, indicating widespread trade and diplomatic contacts during Sheshi's reign.
490:
755:
416:
6710:
6544:
6534:
6509:
6361:
6311:
6270:
5996:
5908:
5796:
5709:
5689:
5608:
5573:
5568:
5454:
5393:
5103:
4925:
4915:
4878:
4833:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4643:
4359:
4236:
4045:
3986:
3846:
3793:
3698:
3472:
3446:
3416:
3061:. Ägypten und Altes Testament, Bd. 4 (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
2996:. London: British Museum, Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities.
1089:
904:
543:
498:
427:
352:
2314:
1937:
1035:
and the great Hyksos rulers Khyan and Apophis and after Yakbim Sekhaenre,
936:
is less assertive about Sheshi's identity and assigns him to his combined
662:, In Nubia, seals of Sheshi have been found in the Egyptian fortresses of
268:
6814:
6759:
6610:
6559:
6479:
6351:
6243:
6225:
6183:
6094:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5929:
5913:
5886:
5851:
5841:
5776:
5729:
5719:
5704:
5694:
5641:
5603:
5578:
5558:
5548:
5314:
5298:
5273:
5268:
5068:
4995:
4905:
4888:
4843:
4818:
4752:
4732:
4717:
4699:
4429:
4424:
4231:
4058:
4038:
3852:
3786:
3777:
3661:
1885:
1348:
1165:
1106:
651:
599:
2691:
2221:
575:
should probably be attributed to Sheshi. This conclusion is rejected by
6931:
6885:
6838:
6793:
6765:
6586:
6469:
6394:
6321:
6210:
6025:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5935:
5923:
5903:
5876:
5846:
5826:
5771:
5724:
5699:
5631:
5593:
5563:
5553:
5293:
5093:
5083:
4853:
4848:
4813:
4722:
4694:
4515:
4419:
4414:
4399:
4384:
4192:
4186:
4100:
3828:
3646:
3583:
3256:
2820:
2085:
899:, a king whose sole attestation is found on a stone slab detailing the
803:
760:
759:, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of
611:
576:
483:
479:
2175:
2097:
945:
the great Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty such as Khyan and Apophis.
6871:
6786:
6749:
6675:
6669:
6596:
6576:
6293:
6275:
6220:
6200:
6063:
5898:
5881:
5831:
5684:
5651:
5646:
5588:
5387:
5208:
5161:
5113:
5073:
5050:
4823:
4689:
4658:
4312:
4226:
4052:
3933:
3670:
3284:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 192. Leuven; Walpole, MA: Peeters.
2793:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 192. Leuven; Walpole, MA: Peeters.
1044:
1032:
994:
860:
710:
679:
643:
104:
89:
71:
6941:
6936:
6925:
6892:
6807:
6800:
6754:
6726:
6720:
6685:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6265:
6205:
6048:
6020:
5613:
5543:
5355:
5341:
5321:
5283:
5195:
5140:
5098:
4930:
4900:
4863:
4808:
4653:
4530:
4435:
4379:
4274:
4181:
4175:
4164:
4130:
4014:
4000:
3993:
3980:
3944:
3684:
2589:
2587:
1126:
The Egyptologists identifying Sheshi with Salitis follow Josephus,
1004:
970:
953:
875:
871:
695:
667:
663:
570:
2422:
1667:
1520:
579:
and Darrell Baker, who believe that Shenshek was a separate king.
478:, a line of kings of Canaanite descent ruling over of the Eastern
6918:
6857:
6700:
6384:
6195:
6189:
6177:
6058:
6053:
5990:
5969:
5814:
5766:
5666:
5656:
5381:
5278:
5248:
5230:
5219:
5202:
5154:
5147:
5078:
5000:
4648:
4456:
4442:
4354:
4305:
4211:
4154:
4105:
3938:
3928:
3908:
3841:
3691:
3570:
1102:
1009:
845:
783:
764:
631:
607:
443:
54:
3582:
2584:
2473:
2263:
1537:
1535:
6825:
6695:
6332:
6215:
5820:
5791:
5661:
5636:
5428:
5362:
5188:
5181:
5108:
5063:
4883:
4803:
4389:
4216:
4169:
4123:
4095:
4021:
3899:
3858:
3740:
3705:
3677:
3534:
3508:
2374:
2371:, p. 12, See the comment on entry 8/29 of the Turin canon.
2227:
1496:
1048:
896:
889:
853:
791:
787:
718:
635:
627:
592:
564:
502:
471:
451:
100:
77:
3105:
2251:
1729:
806:
goes even further and explicitly equates Sheshi with Sheshai.
622:
in Canaan. In Lower Egypt, three seals have been unearthed in
66:
duration highly uncertain: three years, 19 years, c. 40 years.
6911:
6690:
6680:
6658:
6316:
5225:
5213:
5126:
5043:
4894:
4828:
4490:
4159:
4117:
4111:
3903:
3862:
3733:
3726:
3712:
3424:
2643:
2524:
1547:
1532:
1157:
1040:
918:
907:
c. 750 BC, some 900 years after Sheshi's estimated lifetime.
694:. Finally, two seal impressions of Sheshi have been found in
687:
675:
615:
603:
588:
494:
459:
399:
3028:
Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012).
2560:
2410:
1168:
and also bears an inscription mentioning the "king's sister
698:, in a context dated archeologically to the 2nd-century BC.
6663:
6653:
6043:
5918:
5119:
4449:
4269:
4251:
4136:
3918:
3913:
3747:
3539:
2726:
2697:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2187:
1954:
1952:
1169:
659:
655:
279:
3178:
The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
2993:
Catalogue of Egyptian scarabs, etc., in the British Museum
2830:
The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
2292:
2290:
2151:
1839:
4868:
2811:(1991). "Egypt and Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age".
2633:
2631:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2163:
1827:
1791:
1655:
1631:
1598:
1508:
1440:
1438:
1230:
is uncertain, it could be the diminutive of another name.
1019:
Consequently, Ryholt suggests that Sheshi was actually a
6089:
2944:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing.
2497:
2439:
2437:
2326:
2239:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2048:
2046:
2007:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1949:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1588:
1586:
1559:
1474:
1472:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1306:
The 14th dynasty is traditionally dated to 1710–1650 BC.
489:
Ryholt proposed that Sheshi allied his kingdom with the
3298:
3034:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
2703:
2386:
2287:
1964:
1943:
1815:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
536:
141:
44:
2667:
2655:
2628:
2616:
2599:
2536:
2512:
2449:
2199:
2073:
2063:
2061:
1851:
1803:
1484:
1435:
3464:
A Catalogue of the Scarabs belonging to George Fraser
3197:
Karthago, III. Die deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago
2813:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2761:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2679:
2572:
2461:
2434:
2338:
2275:
2136:
2121:
2109:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1995:
1976:
1922:
1903:
1891:
1691:
1679:
1643:
1619:
1583:
1571:
1469:
1450:
1381:
1366:
2548:
2350:
2302:
1396:
1195:
gives the reign of Sheshi as three years c. 1675 BC.
2058:
1354:
1093:and was a contemporary of Khabaw and Djedkheperew.
1012:and the fact that Sheshi did not bear the title of
547:
Provenance of some of the scarabs of Maaibre Sheshi
3445:Ward, William A. (1984). "Royal-Name Scarabs". In
3423:
3344:
3215:
3135:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
2895:"The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC)"
2876:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
2398:
2217:
1881:
1863:
1777:
1761:
1344:
844:, Redford, and Peter Clayton identify Sheshi with
3457:
2901:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2754:
2593:
2428:
2380:
2233:
2181:
1502:
1423:
1217:Ryholt dates the reign of Sheshi to 1745–1705 BC.
892:, which was to become the Hyksos' seat of power.
753:It is unclear whether Sheshi is mentioned in the
497:via a dynastic marriage with the Nubian princess
7089:
2853:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1175:
745:, a list of kings written on papyrus during the
450:according to historical sources and king of the
442:, who believe that he should be identified with
3088:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary
1112:
997:and Khyan, are known to have adopted the title
513:
3555:
3382:
3363:
3318:
3137:. Oxford University Press. pp. 260–265.
2878:. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–143.
2530:
2479:
2269:
2103:
2091:
1745:
1709:
913:and the archaeologist Daphna Ben-Tor rely on
3199:. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. pp. 4–92.
1055:preceding Nehesy. Such lacunae are noted as
973:in Syria and the city-states in Palestine".
895:Grimal and Hayes further equate Sheshi with
7108:Pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
976:
522:of Sheshi is inscribed on over two hundred
7113:Pharaohs of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
3562:
3548:
3158:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times
1293:Ryholt's theory concerning the meaning of
1105:, the capital of Egypt since the reign of
1016:; or that he belonged to another dynasty.
563:has suggested that a scarab discovered in
3161:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3129:(2001). "Second Intermediate Period". In
3056:
2731:(in French). Vol. 56. pp. 1–44.
1845:
848:(also known as Saites). According to the
6972:
3524:) is being considered for deletion. See
3498:) is being considered for deletion. See
3084:
2892:
2506:
2491:
2296:
1970:
1718:"the son of Ra, Sheshi, living for ever"
1444:
1267:Sharek's existence is doubted by Ryholt.
1066:
980:
820:"the Son of Ra, Sheshi, living for ever"
813:
582:
542:
3425:"Walters Art Museum, Online Collection"
3404:
3194:
3175:
3151:
3027:
2915:
2788:
2767:
2709:
2566:
2455:
2443:
2320:
2205:
2193:
2079:
2037:
2013:
1958:
1931:
1857:
1673:
1490:
1478:
1390:
1375:
987:"the son of Ra, Sheshi, living forever"
961:the 13th Dynasty and the advent of the
928:
903:, a priest who lived at the end of the
7090:
6119:
5484:
4586:
3612:
3365:"Sheshi, Petrie Museum online catalog"
3279:
3255:
3125:
3075:
3008:
2936:
2869:
2846:
2827:
2807:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2622:
2610:
2578:
2542:
2518:
2467:
2416:
2392:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2308:
2281:
2257:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2130:
2115:
2052:
2025:
2001:
1989:
1916:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1784:of Sheshi, the central column reading
1697:
1685:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1526:
1514:
1463:
1417:
1079:
874:. According to Manetho as reported by
567:and inscribed with the name of a king
6971:
6088:
5453:
4555:
3581:
3543:
2958:
2870:Bietak, Manfred (2001). "Hyksos". In
2847:Bietak, Manfred (1999). "Hyksos". In
2735:
2685:
2323:, pp. 106–107, also footnote 46.
2245:
1897:
1429:
1360:
1276:This title is also often rendered as
888:, and fortified the existing town of
736:
6624:
3444:
3388:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen
3236:
3213:
2986:
2554:
2404:
2067:
1869:
763:(283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest
3222:. Routledge London & New York.
2899:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
2698:'Abd El-Maksoud & Valbelle 2005
1786:"the good god, Maaibre, given life"
1730:Digital Egypt for Universities 2015
598:Important finds include seals from
419:1800 BC until 1550 BC. Hundreds of
13:
1073:"The good god Maaibre, given life"
535:The righteous one is the heart of
140:The righteous one is the heart of
14:
7139:
3528:to help reach a consensus. ›
3502:to help reach a consensus. ›
3481:
852:, Salitis was the founder of the
3405:Waddell, William Gillan (1971).
2763:. Vol. 315. pp. 47–74.
1318:
321:
272:
34:
2755:Ben-Tor, Daphna; Allen, Susan;
2594:Ben-Tor, Allen & Allen 1999
2429:Ben-Tor, Allen & Allen 1999
2381:Ben-Tor, Allen & Allen 1999
2182:Ben-Tor, Allen & Allen 1999
1610:
1503:Ben-Tor, Allen & Allen 1999
1309:
1300:
1287:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1220:
1121:
832:
508:
3304:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3111:Digital Egypt for Universities
3080:. Vol. 7. pp. 39–42.
1211:
1198:
1186:
778:Finally, Aharon Kempinski and
1:
6582:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
3513:
3487:
2740:. London: Bannerstone Press.
1331:
1176:Notes, references and sources
552:attested king of the period,
226:
129:
3569:
3346:"Sheshi, MMA online catalog"
3085:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013).
2094:, pp. 116–117, king f..
1944:Encyclopædia Britannica 2015
1529:, pp. 252–254, 366–376.
1160:, the starting point of the
1113:Mid- to late-17th century BC
901:genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet
798:by the Hebrews according to
559:In addition to these seals,
7:
6515:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
3113:. University College London
3031:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
2855:(3rd ed.). Routledge.
2759:(1999). "Seals and Kings".
1676:, pp. 7, 61–62, pl. 3.
514:Nomen and prenomen on seals
76:Conjectural coregency with
10:
7144:
5414:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
4798:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
4562:Second Intermediate Period
3350:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3218:Who's Who in Ancient Egypt
3057:Kempinski, Aharon (1983).
2970:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2942:A History of Ancient Egypt
2736:Baker, Darrell D. (2008).
2719:
2106:, p. 116, footnote 1.
809:
727:Metropolitan Museum of Art
404:Second Intermediate Period
398:) was a ruler of areas of
312:
287:
282:
243:
146:
123:Prenomen (Praenomen)
40:Scarab seal inscribed with
7076:
6978:
6967:
6865:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
6609:
6555:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
6450:
6422:
6407:
6370:
6342:
6302:
6284:
6234:
6167:
6152:
6110:
6106:
6084:
6034:
6011:
5944:
5867:
5805:
5757:
5742:
5675:
5622:
5534:
5519:
5475:
5471:
5460:Third Intermediate Period
5449:
5372:
5331:
5239:
5171:
5019:
4787:
4772:
4708:
4682:
4634:
4619:
4577:
4573:
4551:
4506:
4466:
4341:
4326:
4260:
4202:
4145:
4086:
4071:
3961:
3890:
3875:
3776:
3660:
3645:
3603:
3599:
3588:First Intermediate Period
3577:
3459:Willoughby Fraser, George
2919:Chronicle of the Pharaohs
2893:Bourriau, Janine (2003).
1137:
1071:Scarab of Sheshi reading
1062:
375:
359:
347:
286:
225:
218:
128:
121:
110:
95:
84:
70:
60:
53:
33:
28:
23:
7123:2nd-millennium BC births
7118:2nd-millennium BC deaths
7103:17th-century BC pharaohs
7098:18th-century BC pharaohs
6577:Cleopatra VII Philopator
4834:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
3592: (<3150–2040 BC)
3526:templates for discussion
3500:templates for discussion
2768:Ben-Tor, Daphna (2007).
2260:, pp. 606, 628–629.
1544:, p. 199, table 38.
1180:
1029:George Willoughby Fraser
977:King of the 14th Dynasty
731:Egyptian Museum of Cairo
6550:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
6465:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
4759:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
3467:. London: B. Quaritch.
3009:Hannig, Rainer (2006).
2922:. Thames & Hudson.
2916:Clayton, Peter (1994).
2419:, p. 90, fig. 4.3.
2218:Walters Art Museum 2015
1882:Walters Art Museum 2015
1778:Met. Museum of Art 2015
1762:Walters Art Museum 2015
1345:Walters Art Museum 2015
1128:Sextus Julius Africanus
884:, Salitis reigned from
29:Sheshy, Shesha, Mayebre
6592:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
6571:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
6565:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
6520:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
6490:Arsinoe III Philopator
5404:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
4874:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
4814:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
4405:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
3214:Rice, Michael (1999).
2897:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.).
2652:, pp. 51, 53, 57.
2234:Willoughby Fraser 1900
1556:, p. 52, fig. 18.
1086:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
1076:
990:
826:
548:
6540:Ptolemy X Alexander I
6505:Ptolemy VI Philometor
6485:Ptolemy IV Philopator
6480:Berenice II Euergetes
6475:Ptolemy III Euergetes
6437:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4946:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
4941:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
4295:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
3384:von Beckerath, Jürgen
2184:, pp. 48, 65–66.
1070:
989:, Walters Art Museum.
984:
817:
583:Location of the finds
546:
412:arrival of the Hyksos
47:, Sheshi, given life"
6973:Dynastic genealogies
6597:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
5893:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
5807:High Priests of Amun
5309:Merankhre Mentuhotep
5011:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
5006:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
4859:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
4566: (2040–1550 BC)
4285:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3237:Rohl, David (2007).
2988:Hall, Harry Reginald
2569:, pp. 103, 106.
2196:, pp. 8, 27–28.
2160:, pp. 323, 325.
1280:, from the Egyptian
934:Jürgen von Beckerath
929:Vassal of the Hyksos
6495:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6432:Alexander the Great
5464: (1550–664 BC)
4986:Mershepsesre Ini II
4981:Merkawre Sobekhotep
4375:Neferkare IV Khendu
3241:. London: Century.
3078:Ägypten und Levante
2729:Revue d'Égyptologie
2494:, pp. 186–187.
2482:, pp. 108–109.
2272:, pp. 114–115.
2248:, pp. 428–429.
2172:, pp. 151–159.
1836:, pp. 109–110.
1800:, pp. 366–376.
1734:King Sheshi Maaibre
1664:, pp. 368–369.
1640:, pp. 367–368.
1607:, pp. 114–115.
1517:, pp. 367–369.
1080:Mid-18th century BC
794:at the time of the
690:, Ukma, Akasha and
6832:Trebonianus Gallus
5419:Senakhtenre Ahmose
5037:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
4991:Sewahenre Senebmiu
4966:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
4395:Neferkare V Tereru
4365:Neferkare III Neby
4033:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
3430:Walters Art Museum
3320:"Scarab of Sheshi"
3131:Redford, Donald B.
2872:Redford, Donald B.
2757:Allen, James Peter
2531:von Beckerath 1999
2480:von Beckerath 1999
2335:, pp. 57, 59.
2270:von Beckerath 1999
2104:von Beckerath 1999
2092:von Beckerath 1999
1746:Petrie Museum 2015
1710:Israel Museum 2015
1568:, pp. 52, 60.
1077:
1037:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
991:
911:William Ayres Ward
827:
824:Walters Art Museum
796:conquest of Canaan
737:Historical sources
723:Walters Art Museum
549:
456:William Ayres Ward
7085:
7084:
7072:
7071:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6879:Claudius Gothicus
6773:Severus Alexander
6740:Septimius Severus
6605:
6604:
6403:
6402:
6148:
6147:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
5787:Osorkon the Elder
5738:
5737:
5515:
5514:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5409:Nubkheperre Intef
5289:Sekhemre Shedwast
4911:Sehetepkare Intef
4839:Semenkare Nebnuni
4768:
4767:
4615:
4614:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4322:
4321:
4300:Netjerkare Siptah
4222:Neferirkare Kakai
4067:
4066:
3871:
3870:
3641:
3640:
3397:978-3-8053-2591-2
3325:The Israel Museum
3291:978-90-429-2228-0
3272:978-87-7289-421-8
3248:978-0-7126-7762-2
3229:978-0-203-44328-6
3206:978-3-8053-1679-8
3187:978-0-924171-46-8
3168:978-0-691-03606-9
3144:978-0-19-510234-5
3098:978-1-58983-736-2
3068:978-3-447-02295-8
3041:978-90-04-11385-5
3020:978-3-8053-1771-9
2979:978-0-87099-191-2
2951:978-0-631-19396-8
2929:978-0-500-05074-3
2908:978-0-19-280458-7
2885:978-0-19-510234-5
2862:978-0-415-18589-9
2839:978-0-924171-46-8
2815:. Vol. 281.
2800:978-90-429-2228-0
2781:978-3-7278-1593-5
2747:978-1-905299-37-9
2431:, pp. 55–58.
2395:, pp. 10–11.
2220:, Online catalog
2016:, pp. 79–82.
1961:, pp. 90–91.
1884:, Online catalog
1848:, pp. 69–74.
1824:, pp. 94–97.
1768:, online catalog.
1347:, Online catalog
967:James Peter Allen
956:' epitome of the
780:Donald B. Redford
670:and otherwise in
466:. Alternatively,
446:, founder of the
440:Donald B. Redford
389:
388:
370:
366:
363:uncertain, Nehesy
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
316:
315:
308:
307:
304:
303:
263:
262:
259:
258:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
190:
7135:
7079:List of pharaohs
6969:
6968:
6734:Pescennius Niger
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6530:Ptolemy IX Soter
6500:Cleopatra I Syra
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6086:
6085:
5837:Djedkhonsuefankh
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5502:
5497:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5451:
5450:
5044:Qareh Khawoserre
5030:Yakbim Sekhaenre
4971:Mersekhemre Ined
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4553:
4552:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3578:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3476:
3454:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3420:
3401:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3328:. Archived from
3315:
3313:
3311:
3295:
3276:
3252:
3233:
3221:
3210:
3191:
3172:
3148:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3107:"Maaibre Sheshi"
3102:
3081:
3072:
3053:
3024:
3005:
2983:
2955:
2933:
2912:
2889:
2866:
2843:
2824:
2804:
2785:
2764:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1900:, pp. 5, 8.
1895:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1812:, pp. 9–18.
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1714:Scarab of Sheshi
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:William C. Hayes
1190:
1145:execration texts
1041:Qareh Khawoserre
971:Amorite kingdoms
838:William C. Hayes
747:Ramesside period
628:Tell el-Mashkuta
624:Tell el-Yahudiya
554:Yakbim Sekhaenre
436:William C. Hayes
368:
364:
325:
324:
292:
291:
288:
280:
276:
275:
269:
248:
247:
244:
240:
227:
176:
175:
168:
167:
151:
150:
147:
130:
119:
118:
38:
21:
20:
16:Egyptian pharaoh
7143:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7068:
6974:
6951:
6851:Macrianus Minor
6780:Maximinus Thrax
6716:Marcus Aurelius
6615:
6614:
6613:
6601:
6460:Ptolemy I Soter
6446:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6399:
6366:
6338:
6298:
6280:
6260:Psammetichus IV
6230:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6144:
6122:
6113:
6102:
6099:(664 BC–313 AD)
6098:
6097:
6068:
6030:
6007:
6003:Menkheperre Ini
5940:
5863:
5801:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5671:
5618:
5599:Neferneferuaten
5525:
5524:
5523:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5494:Pharaohs
5487:
5478:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5433:
5368:
5327:
5254:Sobekhotep VIII
5235:
5167:
5015:
4976:Sewadjkare Hori
4778:
4777:
4776:
4764:
4704:
4678:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4589:
4580:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4535:
4502:
4462:
4370:Djedkare Shemai
4332:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4256:
4198:
4141:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4063:
3957:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3772:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3615:
3606:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3573:
3568:
3529:
3503:
3484:
3479:
3435:
3433:
3398:
3373:
3371:
3354:
3352:
3335:
3333:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3273:
3249:
3230:
3207:
3188:
3169:
3153:Redford, Donald
3145:
3127:Quirke, Stephen
3116:
3114:
3099:
3069:
3042:
3021:
2980:
2952:
2938:Grimal, Nicolas
2930:
2909:
2886:
2863:
2840:
2809:Bietak, Manfred
2801:
2782:
2748:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1782:Seal impression
1776:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1226:The meaning of
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1140:
1124:
1115:
1082:
1065:
979:
931:
835:
812:
739:
585:
516:
511:
421:scaraboid seals
343:
342:
322:
296:
273:
255:
231:
186:
160:
155:
145:
138:
134:
116:
49:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7141:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6947:Maximinus Daza
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6706:Antoninus Pius
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6619:
6616:(30 BC–313 AD)
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6417:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:Artaxerxes III
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6249:Petubastis III
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6181:
6173:
6171:
6162:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5744:3 Intermediate
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5526:(1550–1070 BC)
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5469:
5468:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Neferhotep III
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5089:Sewadjkare III
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5058:Maaibre Sheshi
5054:
5051:'Ammu Ahotepre
5047:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Merhotepre Ini
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Sobekhotep III
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4779:(1802–1550 BC)
4774:2 Intermediate
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4669:Mentuhotep III
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4626:(2040–1802 BC)
4621:Middle Kingdom
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4558:Middle Kingdom
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Neferkare VIII
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4488:
4486:Nebkaure Khety
4483:
4478:
4476:Meryibre Khety
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Neferkamin Anu
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4336:
4333:(2181–2040 BC)
4328:1 Intermediate
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:Djedkare Isesi
4244:
4242:Menkauhor Kaiu
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4078:(2686–2181 BC)
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3882:(3150–2686 BC)
3877:Early Dynastic
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3639:
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3575:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3511:
3483:
3482:External links
3480:
3478:
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3421:
3402:
3396:
3380:
3361:
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3316:
3296:
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3103:
3097:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3054:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2960:Hayes, William
2956:
2950:
2934:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2890:
2884:
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2765:
2752:
2746:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:, p. 110.
2702:
2690:
2688:, p. 277.
2678:
2676:, p. 288.
2666:
2664:, p. 115.
2654:
2642:
2640:, p. 253.
2627:
2625:, p. 200.
2615:
2613:, p. 199.
2598:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2557:, p. 174.
2547:
2545:, p. 136.
2535:
2533:, p. 285.
2523:
2521:, p. 410.
2511:
2509:, p. 484.
2496:
2484:
2472:
2470:, p. 261.
2460:
2458:, p. 492.
2448:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2347:, p. 124.
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2299:, p. 178.
2286:
2284:, p. 103.
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2210:
2208:, p. 111.
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 110.
2135:
2133:, p. 139.
2120:
2118:, p. 138.
2108:
2096:
2084:
2082:, p. 106.
2072:
2070:, p. 168.
2057:
2055:, p. 402.
2042:
2030:
2028:, p. 187.
2018:
2006:
2004:, p. 123.
1994:
1992:, p. 120.
1975:
1973:, p. 179.
1963:
1948:
1936:
1921:
1919:, p. 185.
1902:
1890:
1874:
1862:
1860:, p. 257.
1850:
1846:Kempinski 1983
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1770:
1766:Seals of Seshi
1754:
1750:Online catalog
1738:
1722:
1702:
1700:, p. 122.
1690:
1688:, p. 366.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 368.
1642:
1630:
1628:, p. 367.
1618:
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 369.
1582:
1580:, p. 121.
1570:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 107.
1483:
1468:
1466:, p. 453.
1449:
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 409.
1395:
1393:, p. 107.
1380:
1378:, p. 110.
1365:
1363:, p. xiv.
1353:
1336:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
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1269:
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1177:
1174:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1081:
1078:
1064:
1061:
1045:'Ammu Ahotepre
978:
975:
930:
927:
842:Nicolas Grimal
834:
831:
811:
808:
767:. Indeed, the
738:
735:
715:British Museum
584:
581:
561:Manfred Bietak
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:Nehesy Aasehre
468:Manfred Bietak
432:Nicolas Grimal
408:Middle Kingdom
392:Maaibre Sheshi
387:
386:
377:
373:
372:
361:
357:
356:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
319:
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314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
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302:
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284:
283:
277:
266:
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236:
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216:
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196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
172:
171:
165:
162:
157:
126:
125:
117:
114:Royal titulary
112:
111:
108:
107:
101:Nehesy Aasehre
97:
93:
92:
90:Ammu Aahotepre
86:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
51:
50:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
24:Maaibre Sheshi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7140:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7080:
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6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Cleopatra III
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
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6410:
6406:
6396:
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6388:
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6383:
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6378:
6377:
6375:
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6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:Nepherites II
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
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6301:
6295:
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5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
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5894:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5858:Psusennes III
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5749:(1069–664 BC)
5745:
5741:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Ramesses VIII
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Amenhotep III
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Seqenenre Tao
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Sobekemsaf II
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:Wepwawetemsaf
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Merneferre Ay
4954:
4952:
4951:Wahibre Ibiau
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Sobekhotep IV
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Amenemhat III
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4674:Mentuhotep IV
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Mentuhotep II
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Wahkare Khety
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Neferkare VII
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Seth-Peribsen
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Hotepsekhemwy
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:Double Falcon
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:(pre-3150 BC)
3648:
3647:Protodynastic
3644:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3584:Protodynastic
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3531:Ancient Egypt
3527:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:Tufnell, Olga
3443:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3369:Petrie Museum
3366:
3362:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3332:on 2015-11-18
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:Bard, Kathryn
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2596:, p. 52.
2595:
2590:
2588:
2581:, p. 50.
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2507:Bourriau 2003
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:Bourriau 2003
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2446:, p. 92.
2445:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2407:, p. 26.
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2383:, p. 50.
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2359:, p. 41.
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2311:, p. 97.
2310:
2305:
2298:
2297:Bourriau 2003
2293:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2236:, p. 21.
2235:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2040:, p. 98.
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:Bourriau 2003
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1934:, p. 94.
1933:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 77.
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 55.
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1481:, p. 97.
1480:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1447:, p. 75.
1446:
1445:Leprohon 2013
1441:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Merneferre Ay
1094:
1091:
1087:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:Heqa khasewet
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:Heqa khasewet
996:
988:
985:Seal reading
983:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
882:
881:Against Apion
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
825:
821:
818:Seal reading
816:
807:
805:
801:
800:Numbers 13:22
797:
793:
789:
786:, one of the
785:
781:
776:
774:
771:only reports
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
751:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Petrie Museum
704:
703:Israel Museum
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Tell el-Ajjul
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
580:
578:
574:
572:
566:
562:
557:
555:
545:
541:
539:
538:
532:
529:
525:
521:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:Egyptologists
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
381:
378:
374:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
320:
318:
311:
299:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
281:
278:
271:
270:
267:
265:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
229:
228:
224:
221:
217:
201:
195:
194:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
137:
132:
131:
127:
124:
120:
115:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
46:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6837:
6830:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6732:
6725:
6711:Lucius Verus
6668:
6569:
6545:Berenice III
6535:Cleopatra IV
6510:Cleopatra II
6442:Alexander IV
6362:Nectanebo II
6331:
6312:Nepherites I
6271:Artaxerxes I
6258:
6188:
6176:
6159:(664–332 BC)
6139:
6095:Roman Period
5997:Shoshenq VII
5995:
5968:
5928:
5909:Shoshenq III
5891:
5856:
5819:
5797:Psusennes II
5710:Ramesses VII
5690:Ramesses III
5574:Amenhotep II
5569:Thutmose III
5505:
5394:Sobekemsaf I
5386:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5320:
5313:
5218:
5201:
5196:'Aper-'Anati
5194:
5187:
5180:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5104:Sekheperenre
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
4926:Neferhotep I
4916:Seth Meribre
4893:
4879:Djedkheperew
4796:
4757:
4748:Amenemhat IV
4738:Senusret III
4728:Amenemhat II
4644:Mentuhotep I
4606:
4495:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4360:Neferkare II
4311:
4304:
4237:Nyuserre Ini
4191:
4174:
4129:
4122:
4110:
4051:
4046:Neferkasokar
4044:
4037:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3950:
3943:
3851:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3794:Finger Snail
3792:
3785:
3765:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3632:
3519:
3493:
3463:
3450:
3434:. Retrieved
3428:
3407:
3387:
3372:. Retrieved
3368:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:
3334:. Retrieved
3330:the original
3323:
3308:. Retrieved
3303:
3281:
3261:
3238:
3217:
3196:
3177:
3157:
3134:
3115:. Retrieved
3110:
3087:
3077:
3058:
3030:
3010:
2992:
2964:
2941:
2918:
2898:
2875:
2852:
2829:
2812:
2790:
2770:
2760:
2737:
2728:
2710:Ben-Tor 2007
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2618:
2574:
2567:Ben-Tor 2010
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2456:Hornung 2012
2451:
2444:Ben-Tor 2010
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2321:Redford 1992
2316:
2304:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2213:
2206:Redford 1992
2201:
2194:Redford 1997
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2080:Ben-Tor 2007
2075:
2038:Redford 1992
2033:
2021:
2014:Waddell 1971
2009:
1997:
1966:
1959:Waddell 1971
1939:
1932:Clayton 1994
1893:
1877:
1865:
1858:Redford 1992
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1785:
1773:
1757:
1741:
1725:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1674:Redissi 1999
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1612:
1600:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1491:Ben-Tor 2007
1486:
1479:Ben-Tor 2010
1432:, p. 6.
1425:
1391:Redford 1992
1376:Redford 1992
1356:
1340:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1162:Way of Horus
1161:
1154:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1122:Reign length
1116:
1095:
1090:Djedkheperew
1083:
1072:
1056:
1026:
1021:14th Dynasty
1018:
1013:
998:
992:
986:
963:17th Dynasty
957:
951:
947:
932:
909:
905:22nd Dynasty
894:
879:
868:13th Dynasty
865:
857:15th Dynasty
849:
836:
833:Hyksos ruler
828:
819:
777:
768:
754:
752:
740:
700:
636:Kom el-Ahmar
597:
586:
568:
558:
550:
534:
530:
524:scarab seals
517:
509:Attestations
488:
476:14th Dynasty
448:15th Dynasty
425:
395:
391:
390:
232:
139:
135:
43:"the son of
42:
18:
6815:Gordian III
6760:Diadumenian
6560:Cleopatra V
6414:(332–30 BC)
6409:Hellenistic
6352:Nectanebo I
6244:Cambyses II
6226:Psamtik III
6184:Tefnakht II
5986:Takelot III
5981:Osorkon III
5976:Shoshenq VI
5930:Pedubast II
5914:Shoshenq IV
5887:Shoshenq II
5852:Pinedjem II
5842:Menkheperre
5777:Psusennes I
5730:Ramesses XI
5720:Ramesses IX
5705:Ramesses VI
5695:Ramesses IV
5642:Ramesses II
5604:Tutankhamun
5579:Thutmose IV
5559:Thutmose II
5549:Amenhotep I
5521:New Kingdom
5456:New Kingdom
5315:Senusret IV
5299:Dedumose II
5274:Nebiriau II
5269:Nebiryraw I
5264:Mentuhotepi
5069:Khakherewre
4996:Merkheperre
4906:Imyremeshaw
4889:Sedjefakare
4844:Sehetepibre
4819:Ameny Qemau
4753:Sobekneferu
4733:Senusret II
4718:Amenemhat I
4700:Iyibkhentre
4430:Neferirkare
4425:Neferkauhor
4232:Shepseskare
4073:Old Kingdom
4059:Khasekhemwy
4039:Neferkara I
4008:Weneg-Nebty
3853:Scorpion II
3514:‹ The
3488:‹ The
3436:October 11,
3310:12 November
3257:Ryholt, Kim
2674:Ryholt 1997
2662:Ryholt 1997
2650:Ryholt 1997
2638:Ryholt 1997
2623:Ryholt 1997
2611:Ryholt 1997
2579:Ryholt 1997
2543:Bietak 2001
2519:Ryholt 1997
2468:Quirke 2001
2417:Bietak 1997
2393:Ryholt 1997
2369:Ryholt 1997
2357:Krauss 1998
2345:Ryholt 2010
2333:Ryholt 1997
2309:Ryholt 1997
2282:Ryholt 1997
2258:Hannig 2006
2170:Ryholt 1997
2158:Ryholt 1997
2146:Ryholt 2010
2131:Bietak 2001
2116:Bietak 2001
2053:Ryholt 1997
2026:Grimal 1992
2002:Ryholt 1997
1990:Ryholt 2010
1917:Grimal 1992
1834:Ryholt 2010
1822:Ryholt 1997
1810:Ryholt 1997
1798:Ryholt 1997
1698:Ryholt 2010
1686:Ryholt 1997
1662:Ryholt 1997
1650:Ryholt 1997
1638:Ryholt 1997
1626:Ryholt 1997
1616:Bryce 2009.
1605:Ryholt 1997
1593:Ryholt 1997
1578:Ryholt 2010
1566:Ryholt 1997
1554:Bietak 1991
1542:Ryholt 1997
1527:Ryholt 1997
1515:Ryholt 1997
1464:Bietak 1999
1418:Ryholt 1997
1278:Heka-chasut
1166:Banebdjedet
1107:Amenemhat I
743:Turin canon
652:Elephantine
533:, meaning "
402:during the
351:uncertain,
99:uncertain,
88:uncertain,
85:Predecessor
7092:Categories
6932:Diocletian
6886:Quintillus
6839:Aemilianus
6794:Gordian II
6766:Elagabalus
6587:Arsinoe IV
6470:Arsinoe II
6395:Darius III
6322:Psammuthes
6211:Psamtik II
6026:Bakenranef
5964:Pedubast I
5959:Takelot II
5954:Harsiese A
5936:Osorkon IV
5924:Shoshenq V
5904:Osorkon II
5877:Shoshenq I
5847:Smendes II
5827:Pinedjem I
5772:Amenemnisu
5725:Ramesses X
5700:Ramesses V
5652:Amenmesses
5632:Ramesses I
5594:Smenkhkare
5564:Hatshepsut
5554:Thutmose I
5304:Montuemsaf
5294:Dedumose I
5094:Nebdjefare
5084:Merdjefare
4854:Nedjemibre
4849:Sewadjkare
4723:Senusret I
4695:Qakare Ini
4516:Meryhathor
4420:Neferkaure
4415:Qakare Iby
4400:Neferkahor
4385:Neferkamin
4193:Thamphthis
4187:Shepseskaf
4101:Sekhemkhet
3952:Horus Bird
3829:Scorpion I
3505:Egyptology
3374:18 October
3355:18 October
3336:18 October
3117:18 October
2686:Baker 2008
2246:Baker 2008
1946:, Salitis.
1898:Hayes 1978
1886:Seal 14091
1716:, reading
1430:Hayes 1978
1361:Hayes 1978
1349:Seal 29621
1332:References
1206:Aegyptiaca
1132:Aegyptiaca
958:Aegyptiaca
915:seriations
850:Aegyptiaca
804:David Rohl
790:living in
773:Hellenized
769:Aegyptiaca
761:Ptolemy II
756:Aegyptiaca
686:, Masmas,
612:Tel Michal
577:Kim Ryholt
484:Kim Ryholt
480:Nile Delta
7064:Ptolemaic
6872:Gallienus
6787:Gordian I
6750:Caracalla
6676:Vespasian
6670:Vitellius
6452:Ptolemaic
6294:Amyrtaeus
6276:Darius II
6221:Ahmose II
6201:Psamtik I
6140:uncertain
6128:Pharaohs
6064:Tanutamun
5899:Takelot I
5882:Osorkon I
5832:Masaharta
5782:Amenemope
5685:Setnakhte
5647:Merneptah
5589:Akhenaten
5506:uncertain
5388:Nebmaatre
5209:Sakir-Har
5162:Yaqub-Har
5074:Nebefawre
4824:Hotepibre
4690:Segerseni
4659:Intef III
4607:uncertain
4595:Pharaohs
4227:Neferefre
4053:Hudjefa I
3934:Semerkhet
3671:Hedju Hor
3633:uncertain
3621:Pharaohs
3300:"Salitis"
3050:0169-9423
3002:494841105
2555:Rice 1999
2405:Hall 1913
2222:Seal 9619
2068:Ward 1984
1870:Rohl 2007
1282:Ḥq3-ḫ3swt
1033:Yaqub-Har
995:Sakir-Har
861:Sakir-Har
711:Ashmolean
136:M3ˁ-jb-Rˁ
105:Yaqub-Har
96:Successor
72:Coregency
7024:21 to 23
6942:Galerius
6937:Maximian
6926:Numerian
6893:Aurelian
6845:Valerian
6808:Balbinus
6801:Pupienus
6755:Macrinus
6727:Pertinax
6721:Commodus
6686:Domitian
6649:Claudius
6644:Caligula
6639:Tiberius
6634:Augustus
6254:Darius I
6206:Necho II
6049:Shebitku
6021:Tefnakht
5614:Horemheb
5544:Ahmose I
5356:Pantjeny
5342:Senebkay
5322:Pepi III
5284:Bebiankh
5141:Shenshek
5099:Nebsenre
4931:Sihathor
4901:Khendjer
4864:Renseneb
4809:Nerikare
4654:Intef II
4531:Merykare
4436:Wadjkare
4380:Merenhor
4275:Userkare
4182:Menkaure
4176:Bikheris
4165:Djedefre
4131:Qahedjet
4015:Wadjenes
4001:Horus Sa
3994:Nubnefer
3981:Nynetjer
3945:Sneferka
3685:Ni-Neith
3571:Pharaohs
3516:template
3490:template
3461:(1900).
3386:(1999).
3259:(1997).
3155:(1992).
2990:(1913).
2962:(1978).
2940:(1992).
1005:prenomen
954:Eusebius
876:Josephus
872:Gebelein
729:and the
696:Carthage
668:Mirgissa
664:Uronarti
571:Shenshek
528:prenomen
491:Kushites
430:such as
371:(Ryholt)
360:Children
355:(Ryholt)
133:Maaibre
80:(Ryholt)
6919:Carinus
6900:Tacitus
6858:Quietus
6701:Hadrian
6385:Khabash
6216:Wahibre
6196:Necho I
6190:Nekauba
6178:Ammeris
6121:Dynasty
6059:Taharqa
6054:Shabaka
5991:Rudamun
5970:Iuput I
5815:Herihor
5767:Smendes
5667:Twosret
5657:Seti II
5501:female)
5486:Dynasty
5382:Rahotep
5279:Semenre
5249:Djehuti
5231:Khamudi
5220:Yanassi
5203:Salitis
5155:Yakareb
5148:Khamure
5079:Sehebre
5001:Merkare
4649:Intef I
4588:Dynasty
4497:Imhotep
4457:Iytjenu
4443:Khuiqer
4355:Menkare
4306:Neferka
4290:Pepi II
4212:Userkaf
4106:Sanakht
3929:Anedjib
3909:Hor-Aha
3842:Iry-Hor
3836:Shendjw
3808:Pen-Abu
3692:Hat-Hor
3614:Dynasty
3518:below (
3492:below (
3473:1119018
3449:(ed.).
3417:6246102
3408:Manetho
3133:(ed.).
2874:(ed.).
2851:(ed.).
2821:1357163
2720:Sources
1149:Kushite
1103:Itjtawy
1010:Khamudi
923:Apophis
886:Memphis
846:Salitis
810:Dynasty
784:Sheshai
765:Manetho
632:Saqqara
608:Jericho
600:Lachish
531:Maaibre
464:Apophis
444:Salitis
410:to the
376:Dynasty
348:Consort
230:Sheshi
55:Pharaoh
7128:Anakim
7059:Argead
6906:Probus
6826:Decius
6821:Philip
6696:Trajan
6424:Argead
6333:Muthis
6286:XXVIII
6266:Xerxes
6134:female
6112:Period
5821:Piankh
5792:Siamun
5662:Siptah
5637:Seti I
5477:Period
5429:Kamose
5363:Snaaib
5333:Abydos
5189:Semqen
5182:Sharek
5134:Sheneh
5114:'Apepi
5109:Bebnum
5064:Nehesy
4884:Sebkay
4804:Sonbef
4601:female
4579:Period
4390:Nikare
4280:Pepi I
4217:Sahure
4170:Khafre
4155:Snefru
4124:Sedjes
4096:Djoser
4022:Senedj
3900:Narmer
3859:Narmer
3741:Wazner
3706:Hsekiu
3678:Ny-Hor
3627:female
3605:Period
3535:Curlie
3521:Curlie
3509:Curlie
3495:Curlie
3471:
3415:
3394:
3306:. 2015
3288:
3269:
3245:
3226:
3203:
3184:
3165:
3141:
3095:
3065:
3048:
3038:
3017:
3000:
2976:
2968:. The
2948:
2926:
2905:
2882:
2859:
2836:
2819:
2797:
2778:
2744:
1258:16595.
1228:Sheshi
1138:Family
1063:Dating
1053:lacuna
1049:Nehesy
897:Sharek
890:Avaris
854:Hyksos
792:Hebron
788:Anakim
719:Louvre
680:Sayala
648:Thebes
640:Abydos
593:Canaan
565:Avaris
472:Canaan
452:Hyksos
438:, and
396:Sheshy
394:(also
367:, Ipqu
78:Nehesy
6912:Carus
6691:Nerva
6681:Titus
6659:Galba
6626:XXXIV
6611:Roman
6390:Arses
6317:Hakor
6236:XXVII
5946:XXIII
5536:XVIII
5496:(male
5226:Apepi
5214:Khyan
5127:Wazad
4895:Wegaf
4829:Iufni
4683:Nubia
4491:Setut
4313:Nefer
4160:Khufu
4118:Khaba
4112:Nebka
3976:Nebra
3904:Menes
3863:Menes
3815:Stork
3778:Upper
3734:Neheb
3727:Thesh
3713:Khayu
3662:Lower
2817:JSTOR
1181:Notes
1158:Tjaru
919:Khyan
688:Faras
684:Aniba
676:Kerma
672:Dakka
616:Amman
604:Gezer
589:Nubia
520:nomen
495:Nubia
460:Khyan
400:Egypt
220:Nomen
62:Reign
6745:Geta
6664:Otho
6654:Nero
6372:XXXI
6357:Teos
6304:XXIX
6169:XXVI
6154:Late
6131:male
6091:Late
6044:Piye
6013:XXIV
5919:Pami
5869:XXII
5458:and
5374:XVII
5120:Nuya
4789:XIII
4598:male
4560:and
4450:Khui
4347:VIII
4270:Teti
4252:Unas
4137:Huni
3939:Qa'a
3919:Djet
3914:Djer
3822:Bull
3801:Fish
3767:Wash
3748:Mekh
3624:male
3469:OCLC
3438:2015
3413:OCLC
3392:ISBN
3376:2015
3357:2015
3338:2015
3312:2015
3286:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3119:2015
3093:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3046:ISSN
3036:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2998:OCLC
2974:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2742:ISBN
1170:Tany
1088:and
1043:and
1008:and
942:16th
938:15th
921:and
666:and
660:Edfu
658:and
656:Esna
626:and
618:and
591:and
518:The
499:Tati
462:and
384:15th
380:14th
353:Tati
6344:XXX
6093:to
6036:XXV
5759:XXI
5624:XIX
5241:XVI
5021:XIV
4869:Hor
4710:XII
4343:VII
4088:III
3924:Den
3720:Tiu
3586:to
3533:at
3507:at
1295:wsf
1057:wsf
878:in
692:Sai
493:in
382:or
233:Ššj
7094::
7054:31
7049:30
7044:27
7039:26
7034:25
7029:24
7019:20
7014:19
7009:18
7004:12
6999:11
5677:XX
5609:Ay
5173:XV
4636:XI
4468:IX
4262:VI
4147:IV
3987:Ba
3963:II
3902:/
3861:/
3847:Ka
3699:Pu
3427:.
3367:.
3348:.
3322:.
3302:.
3109:.
3044:.
2972:.
2630:^
2601:^
2586:^
2499:^
2436:^
2289:^
2138:^
2123:^
2060:^
2045:^
1978:^
1951:^
1924:^
1905:^
1780:,
1764:,
1748:,
1732:,
1712:,
1585:^
1534:^
1471:^
1452:^
1437:^
1398:^
1383:^
1368:^
1039:,
925:.
840:,
822:,
802:.
733:.
725:,
721:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
644:Hu
642:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
556:.
537:Ra
505:.
434:,
417:c.
142:Ra
103:,
45:Ra
6994:4
6990:3
6987:2
6983:1
4508:X
4345:/
4204:V
3892:I
3787:A
3755:A
3563:e
3556:t
3549:v
3475:.
3440:.
3419:.
3400:.
3378:.
3359:.
3340:.
3314:.
3294:.
3275:.
3251:.
3232:.
3209:.
3190:.
3171:.
3147:.
3121:.
3101:.
3071:.
3052:.
3023:.
3004:.
2982:.
2954:.
2932:.
2911:.
2888:.
2865:.
2842:.
2823:.
2803:.
2784:.
2750:.
2700:.
2224:.
1888:.
1788:.
1752:.
1736:.
1720:.
1351:.
1284:.
1208:.
1075:.
940:/
573:"
569:"
369:♂
365:♂
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