Kublai Khan - Knowledge

3057: 2065: 2149:. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. Hayashida theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. In October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of 1991: 1646:; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. It was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first 1667: 1197:. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel. This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu. 1264:, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?" Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan. Defections from Kublai's dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces. 1131: 1367: 1014: 2127:

Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.

1452: 2365: 1631:, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. Kublai decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268. After the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the 3042: 93: 2511: 1582: 2724:

overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son

2131: 2666: 2385: 2743: 910: 764:. These acts received great acclaim from ethnic Han warlords and were essential to the founding of the Yuan dynasty. In 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his ethnic Han associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Han Confucian-trained officials. 2473:

with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to

1122:, and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. In 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire. When Hulagu died on 8 February 1264, Berke marched to cross near 1268: 2605: 1928:(decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates. Mongol and Han units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in southern China. Effective assimilation of the naval techniques of the Han people allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song. 2157:, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt. 1894: 3244: 725: 2728:, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on 18 February 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia. 2020: 2720:, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin). 1741: 669:(attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of ethnic Han peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. Kublai quickly came to his 2498:. Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over 1717:

Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.

3071:(元詩選), titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'. It was translated into Mongolian by the Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan in the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar. It is said that once in spring Kublai Khan went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the 2696:, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the 2449:, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and 2570:

assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional

2477:

to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its

2097:

The second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Han, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and

1465:

Kublai Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there. From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had

1126:

to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars

861:

sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Han officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.

2010:

and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan. Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going

2565:

The rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on 14

2376:

Under Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers,

1716:

in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern

2723:

Kublai became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor

2472:

Zhang advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu

1358:

and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids. Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan

2429: 1043:

and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals. To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to

2703:

After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day,

2304:

refused to pay tribute to the Mongols. Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned. These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from

1294:

Kublai succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign. Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having

877:

repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory. Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially

2126:

warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining

3273:

Kublai's seizure of power in 1260 pushed the Mongol Empire into a new direction. Despite the controversy surrounding his accession, which accelerated the disunity of the Mongols, Kublai's willingness to formalize the Mongol-ruled realm's identification as China brought the Mongol Empire to

2222:

Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the

2093:

Kublai Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.

2231:. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further bloodshed and conflict. 1650:

maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins. In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall. It was non-convertible and denominated in

1437:, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai. Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued. 1141:"The most powerful prince of the Tartars is named Holubeim , that means Great Khan. This emperor is richer than any other emperor in the world. This emperor is protected by twelve thousand horsemen with their four captains that stay at the court three months of the year." 1223:

to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy. Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.

1077:(Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. The incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to ethnic Han warlords. 1080:

Chagatayid Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai at

653:

are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle

6146: 2506:

in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria. The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.

1060:'s territory. In the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. Kublai cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin 1342:

in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.

1192:

declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the

2377:

and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Yuan subjects, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and

1001:

supported his candidacy. Upon returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the

649:. Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from the killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy 2041:

Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as

2582:

Widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family. Kublai harshly punished the

1068:. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor 3800: 1072:

and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. These armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the

2175:/Annam (now Vietnam) in a total of five separate incursions between 1257 and 1292, with major campaigns in 1258, 1285, and 1287. These three campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of 853:(1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital 813:

or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there. After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered

1239:

the supreme commander. Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China. The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including

6140: 704:, and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing. Kublai soon added the 3056: 6205:

Medieval History, Volume 2 by Headstart History: "Marco Polo, who relates how the new Mongol overlord of China, Kublai Khan, sent envoys to Mogadishu on the Somali coast to treat for the release of a previous

2444:

on 5 May 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's,

2114:

on 23 June 1281, and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongol landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata.

2179:

with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats. In contrast, Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders whom they called "the Mongol yokes."

1489:, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the 1433:, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes. The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of 1259:

Kublai renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. When he moved his headquarters to

1767:

Thirty Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan. Among the Muslim governors was

2050:

and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, war against the Southern Song dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.

818:

maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongol army. By the end of 1256,

2542:, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia. Manchuria's native 2457:

architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Dadu). Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a

572:

lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire. Kublai's real power was limited to the Yuan Empire, even though as Khagan he still had influence in the

1685:

Kublai encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist

6078: 2098:

ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over

5718: 3963: 6117: 3629: 3668: 2420:

to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.

1920:

units. Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and

6624:

Chan, Hok-Lam. 1997. "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7 (2). Cambridge University Press: 257–83.

2416:, through its trade with prior Chinese regimes, had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan. According to Marco Polo, Kublai sent an envoy to 1493:

monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their

1689:(玄教, "Mysterious Order"). Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Several Europeans visited the empire, notably the Italian explorer 1287:

where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to

583:

In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty and formally claimed orthodox succession from prior Chinese dynasties. The Yuan dynasty came to rule over most of present-day China,

7588: 3590: 1212:. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the 265: 1904:

Although Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely ethnic Han in composition but later strengthened with

965:

of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states. Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Sidao.

2558:, joined Nayan's rebellion, and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of 2119:'s samurai attacked the Mongol army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongols, who suffered around 3500 dead. 4363: 1466:

held immense power before and during the Song dynasty. Kublai heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as

4669: 4896: 5307: 5038: 3274:

international attention. Kublai and his predecessors' conquests were largely responsible for re-creating a unified, militarily powerful China. Yuan rule of

1592:

Most of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor. This included

610:

in Taipei. White, the color of the imperial costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty based on the Chinese philosophical concept of the

5340: 1275:

The Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China. Three years later,

2219:. The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese dynasty, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty. 7064: 5894: 1639:. In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production. 5212: 6062: 3950: 1324: 708:

scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests,

7552: 6101: 3067:

Kublai was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry, although most of his works are now lost. Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the

680:

The most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary

6175: 5151: 5933: 3613: 1085:

on 21 August 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia. When Kublai summoned them to a new

6004: 5111:

Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present

4989: 4941: 3652: 803:) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by 791:

took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan. Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While

7584: 3773:""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364" 1642:

The Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on. In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called

997:, opposed this. Kublai's ethnic Han staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in northern China and 5412: 5262: 5232: 5125: 2078:

Within Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongol,

1693:

in the 1270s, who was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary throughout the empire and lived in the emperor's lands for 17 years.

6586: 5190: 5060: 1312: 1033:). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31 878:

refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts. Kublai Khan and the

6036: 5965: 4973: 1296: 5255: 5007: 7627: 4730: 1795:

Kublai Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in

993:, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. Kublai and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan 3574: 1884: 1425:

general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids,

606:

The imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the

4496:

The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Rulus of Orda in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries

7266: 5086: 1089:, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and 983:

had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian Plateau. Before he arrived, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a

7637: 7057: 6900: 1621: 3541:) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire 2313:

by 1284. Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.

591:, southern Siberia, and other adjacent areas. He also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as khagan. By 1279, the 7622: 7568: 6876: 6850: 6814: 6808: 6768: 6735: 6714: 6693: 6671: 6649: 6615: 6580: 6488: 5599: 5560: 5469: 5406: 5379: 5226: 5184: 5119: 4853: 4115: 4051: 3897: 3728: 2575:

but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the

6774: 6741: 5605: 5566: 5475: 4859: 4121: 4057: 3903: 2064: 1010:. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on 15 April 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan. 7652: 7540: 7536: 7275: 3323: 1039:

This led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongol capital at Karakorum. In

167: 7528: 7340: 6908: 2196: 2145:

Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of

1888: 921:

put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from

677:

sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.

592: 1402:

seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince

913:"The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle". French engraving, 18th century. 7632: 4663: 4357: 4347: 1386:

In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (

662: 107: 7050: 6559: 6507: 6111: 6072: 5998: 5927: 5888: 4691: 4558: 4088: 4009: 3870: 3831: 3662: 3623: 3584: 3545:. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the 2652: 1512:

In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (

4653: 2634: 2265:, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Yuan dynasty fell to the 1034: 7532: 7524: 6390:

the director of the Secretariat and head of the Bureau of Military Affairs from 1261, but was sickly and died young

5714: 4904: 1666: 1295:

successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China. However, Kublai's costly invasions of

1227:

Kublai called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After

5296: 5034: 3523:

As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in

2704:

Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son

2183:

The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the

7378: 7198: 4279:

History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia

3951:"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" 1990: 838: 7437: 7233: 5332: 4349:

The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World

2915:, of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad (皇后弘吉剌氏 – went missing 1294), personal name Nambui (南必), daughter of Nachen 1308: 2630: 2587:

appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria. This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the

2240: 2047: 1769: 1304: 645:, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the 2550:, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of 2046:, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly 7564: 6987: 3549: 3308: 3268: 1760: 692:

in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243,

642: 72: 5878: 3386: 2626: 1446: 1300: 1178: 7432: 7228: 2579:

and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.

2328:

after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the

1474:, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts. 7259: 7009: 4755:

Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".

3958: 2737: 2588: 2487: 2359: 2166: 1713: 1604:, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula. The Central Region ( 611: 7647: 6480: 6145:. University of Michigan: Sva. Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube Smr̥ti-Grantha Samiti. p. 94. 3291: 1880: 834: 7388: 7208: 2758:, who was his most beloved empress. After Chabi's death in 1281, Kublai married Chabi's young cousin, 2369: 1670: 6551: 3479: 3279: 2146: 2087: 2059: 1985: 1800: 1501:

and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the

1434: 1320: 756:. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of 1937: 1563: 7516: 7368: 7188: 6860: 6169: 5147: 3333: 3283: 2697: 2615: 2070: 1852: 1410:

and execution of his sons, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief

588: 584: 17: 6892: 6439:(Selection of Chinese poems written by Mongolians during the Yuan dynasty), Ulan Bator, 2007 p. 15 5917: 4692:"The Mongols and Tibet – A historical assessment of relations between the Mongol Empire and Tibet" 1271:

Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.

7508: 5988: 5634: 5011: 4993: 4948: 4260: 2619: 2244: 2224: 1497:

later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the

1328: 1119: 846: 31: 5371: 2228: 799:

and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali emperor Duan Xingzhi (

7642: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7512: 7252: 6517:

Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".

2413: 1841: 1803:

introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar.

1663:

and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.

1335: 607: 5396: 5216: 5109: 1817:

Muslim physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and

1616:. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the 7544: 7520: 7504: 7393: 7213: 6570: 6498:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2014).

5174: 5064: 3860: 3328: 3275: 2531: 2337: 1981: 933:

had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on

82: 6030: 5959: 3076: 3045: 7617: 7612: 7607: 5266: 3318: 2898: 2567: 2249:

Three expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the

2142: 1785: 1494: 1280: 4722: 3248: 1130: 8: 2364: 2317: 1868: 1720:

Yuan Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (

1628: 1486: 1375: 1366: 1236: 1228: 1163: 685: 5628: 2855:

married to Ulujin Küregen of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad, Prince of Lu and had issue (

2172: 1127:

with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.

1013: 6800: 6625: 6604: 6534: 5364: 4772: 3792: 3470: 3313: 1837: 1678: 1540:

or Daidu to the Mongols, modern Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in

1478: 1451: 800: 360: 7116: 5078: 2269:

in 1368. Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.

2261:

and established their government. Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal

1964:

for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson

1620:

at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the

1189: 1052:. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, 1048:, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them. Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the 641:

woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the

560:. He was almost 12 when Genghis Khan died in 1227. He had succeeded his older brother 6872: 6865: 6846: 6838: 6804: 6764: 6731: 6710: 6704: 6689: 6681: 6667: 6659: 6645: 6611: 6576: 6555: 6503: 6484: 6107: 6068: 5994: 5923: 5884: 5595: 5556: 5465: 5402: 5375: 5222: 5180: 5115: 4967: 4849: 4776: 4659: 4554: 4353: 4111: 4084: 4047: 4005: 3893: 3866: 3827: 3796: 3724: 3658: 3619: 3580: 2576: 2333: 2030: 1924:. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign 1756: 1477:

Kublai also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his

1347: 1205: 957:

secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000

674: 627: 553: 497: 339: 6897: 6638: 1566:

in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the

906:

being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).

7490: 7472: 7468: 7336: 7032: 6970: 6790: 6526: 5552:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

4764: 4492: 3889:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

3784: 3498: 3490: 3421: 3343: 2566:

June, while ethnic Han and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of

2547: 2450: 2388: 2353: 2116: 1605: 1545: 1513: 1379: 1235:

and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song dynasty, and Kublai made

1201: 1174: 1097:, at first accepted Kublai's invitation. However, they soon declined to attend the 1049: 974: 942: 883: 830: 569: 368: 92: 77: 5398:

Islam in the Era of Globalization: Muslim Attitudes Towards Modernity and Identity

4842:

de Rachewiltz, Igor; Chan, Hok-Lam; Ch'i-ch'ing, Hsiao; et al., eds. (1993).

4768: 3406:

on 19 March 1279 is considered the start of Kubilai Khan's rule over the whole of

7398: 7363: 7318: 7218: 7183: 7129: 6904: 6794: 6758: 6725: 6301:

In the service of the Khan: eminent personalities of the early Mongol-Yüan period

5683: 5589: 5550: 5459: 4845:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period

4843: 4105: 4041: 3887: 3403: 3382: 2689: 2559: 2510: 2297: 2250: 2176: 2099: 1845: 1789: 1632: 1567: 1276: 870: 741: 681: 432: 247: 7427: 7403: 7223: 4928:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II, Volume 2

3041: 1562:). To unify China, Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the 1101:. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters. 7244: 5256:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims" 2888: 2746:

Chabi, a Buddhist who was the Khatun of Kublai and Empress of the Mongol Empire

2709: 2543: 2086:

extended support to the crumbling Southern Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated

1781: 1617: 1581: 1521: 1490: 1407: 1220: 1074: 779:. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the 753: 713: 7323: 7313: 7148: 7110: 7042: 6952: 6530: 3256: 2985:

Qoruqchin Khatun — daughter of Qutuqu (brother of Toqto'a Beki) from Merkits.

2208: 1181:

on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death.

1065: 930: 926: 918: 874: 863: 858: 815: 804: 737: 561: 141: 7601: 7420: 7383: 7203: 7135: 7077: 6974: 5812: 4027:

Yu chi and Southern Daoism during the Yuan period, in China under Mongol rule

3542: 3072: 2281: 2258: 2188: 2034: 1969: 1957: 1705: 1585: 1467: 1162:

over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime. Kublai also sent his protege

1135: 1057: 962: 946: 819: 795:

travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of

792: 684:. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in northern China, to his 638: 219: 67: 7358: 7178: 6995: 6519:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

6468:

The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China)

3338: 2725: 2130: 1965: 1350:

from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son

862:

Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to

203: 160: 7494: 7456: 7344: 7302: 7283: 7091: 7021: 4817:

The use of Mint-output data in Historical research on the Western appanages

3407: 3399: 3287: 3260: 3227: 2717: 2534:, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either 2523: 2519: 2458: 2446: 2301: 2285: 2266: 2184: 1811: 1777: 1729: 1636: 1593: 1575: 1155: 1115: 1094: 950: 903: 887: 879: 841:

school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife,

772: 745: 631: 600: 577: 557: 538: 477: 235: 192: 7157: 5591:

China's Minorities: Integration and Modernization in the Twentieth Century

4695: 3788: 3369: 2665: 2384: 2324:

on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by

980: 565: 541:

of China. He proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and ruled

146: 7373: 7193: 5107: 4841: 3532: 3252: 3222:

The blowing wind played a song among the green pines at the mountain pass

3083:

in Mongolian), where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem.

2499: 2378: 2329: 2289: 1953: 1898: 1613: 1426: 1194: 994: 850: 788: 655: 596: 527: 519: 444: 406: 38: 6629: 6538: 6196:

The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa By Timothy Insoll Page 66

2742: 1735: 5695:Ж.Ганболд, Т.Мөнхцэцэг, Д.Наран, А.Пунсаг-Монголын Юань улс, хуудас 122 5523:

M. Kutlukov, "Mongol Rule in Eastern Turkestan". Article in collection

3295: 3220:

Raindrops were like bubbles on jade bamboos at the edge of the big rock

2856: 2693: 2584: 2571:

way of executing princes. Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded

2349: 2321: 2262: 2111: 2103: 1864: 1826: 1752: 1690: 1674: 1647: 1430: 1415: 1249: 1159: 1147: 1069: 909: 724: 542: 125: 45: 3215:

Flowers shone bright rays and auspicious colors gleamed like a rainbow

2750:

Kublai first married Tegulen but she died very early. Then he married

7339:

in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and

7025: 6548:

China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture

4549:

Fedorowicz, J. K.; Samsonowicz, Henryk; Bogucka, Maria, eds. (1982).

3524: 3263:'s statues, it forms a statue complex dedicated to the Mongol Empire. 3224:

In front of the Buddha in the temple I conducted the incense ceremony

3061: 2794: 2775: 2755: 2713: 2670: 2495: 2454: 2417: 2325: 1860: 1856: 1807: 1806:

Muslim cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the

1748: 1697: 1597: 1571: 1559: 1537: 1502: 1422: 1360: 1284: 1261: 1219:

In 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of

1209: 1158:, the capital of the Golden Horde. The Kublaids in the east retained 998: 990: 954: 891: 854: 796: 776: 689: 646: 573: 231: 188: 6437:

Yuan ulsiin uyiin mongolchuudiin hyatadaar bichsen shulgiin songomol

3772: 3651:

Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miekn (2018).

2778:(皇后弘吉剌氏, d. 1233), personal name Tegülün (帖古伦), daughter of Tuolian 2604: 2535: 1267: 866:, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him. 6923: 3089:

Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain (

2842: 2681: 2572: 2539: 2491: 2428: 2400: 2310: 2212: 2150: 2043: 2025: 1949: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1830: 1725: 1656: 1643: 1601: 1387: 1241: 1213: 1045: 1022: 1003: 985: 761: 670: 635: 507: 465: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4319:

Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State In Central Asia

3654:

Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan

3243: 2954:, of the Bayauts clan (皇后) Bayaujin (伯要兀真), daughter of Boraqchin 3528: 3049: 2832: 2807:

married to Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao (趙王) and had issue (four sons)

2705: 2551: 2462: 2441: 2433: 2293: 2277: 2204: 2200: 2135: 2123: 1994:

Two dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with

1961: 1960:

and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned

1818: 1796: 1721: 1541: 1506: 1498: 1482: 1471: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1351: 1288: 1253: 1245: 1170: 1151: 1123: 1082: 1040: 1025:

in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a

1017:

Kublai Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next

979:

Kublai received a message from his wife that his younger brother

938: 784: 780: 749: 729: 709: 693: 534: 472: 460: 413:

Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao (憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝);

344: 98: 6477:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

5686:『元史』卷十二本紀第十二世祖九至元十九年七月壬戌（9 August 1282）「高麗国王請、自造船百五十艘、助征日本。」 3761:

Kublai (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 , 《元典章》 (in Classical Chinese)

2203:

as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in

1612:) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day 1558:'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is 1509:(Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission. 1150:

as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson

7480: 7460: 7332: 7141: 7122: 7103: 7073: 6966: 6035:. University of Michigan: Lake House Investments. p. 389. 5461:

The Government of China Under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide

4438: 3506: 2908: 2759: 2677: 2673: 2503: 2396: 2392: 2306: 2107: 2003: 1995: 1925: 1921: 1773: 1745: 1709: 1652: 1403: 1371: 1355: 1339: 1316: 1167: 823: 768: 705: 701: 650: 315: 63: 5961:

Storm Over Asia: China and Southeast Asia: Thrust and Response

2019: 1334:

At the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form

7307: 7097: 6497: 5818: 5176:

China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects

3450: 3430: 3286:

from a capital at modern-day Beijing set a precedent for the

3213:

Not discouraged I climbed to the peak and met the Golden Face

2786: 2751: 2591:

on 4 December 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.

2555: 2474: 2466: 2254: 2216: 2192: 2191:

was successful in capturing the abandoned Vietnamese capital

2083: 2068:

The Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs.

2007: 1972:, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified. 1941: 1909: 1740: 1338:

of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the

1185: 1090: 1061: 1053: 1007: 934: 929:

anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that

899: 895: 842: 757: 666: 623: 549: 487: 290: 6142:

Svargīya Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube smr̥ti-grantha

5964:. University of Michigan: New American Library. p. 14. 4548: 3942: 3211:

I ascended on Fragrant Hill in the friendly season of spring

3075:

in western Khanbaliq (Beijing) and on his way back ascended

2440:

After Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in

2316:

During the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval

2284:

of Sukhothai. In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the

869:

The Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing

775:

to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol

5752: 3439: 3217:

Incense smoke wafted like mist and a blessed light emanated

2515: 2273: 2079: 1945: 1913: 1701: 1660: 1411: 958: 922: 809: 37:"Setsen Khan" redirects here. For the Khalkha khanate, see 5824: 5742: 5740: 5630:

The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan

3650: 3576:

In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia

3184:

Halshralgui orgil deer garaad Altan Nüür dor baraalhchuhui

2933:, of the Unknown clan (塔剌海皇后), personal name Talahai (塔剌海) 2399:, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and 1833:'s works were also published in China during that period. 1200:

Meanwhile, Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the

925:, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist 518:(23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his 6323: 6321: 5883:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 134. 5333:"Saudi Aramco World : Muslims in China: The History" 4172:

Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD

3193:

Halil davaanii nogoon narsnaa serchigneh salhi högjimdmüi

3182:

Havar tsagiin nairamduu uliral dor anhilam uulnaa avirlaa

2716:

fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the

2530:

Threatened by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization,

1780:

and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated

1574:

committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the

1232: 1204:

by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned

564:

as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother

3962:. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image. 3706:

Storm from the South: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan

3186:

Hüis tsetseg tuyaaran myaralzaad ölziit öngö solongormui

2971:, of the Unknown clan (皇后), personal name Kökelün (阔阔伦) 2478:

efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.

882:

clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the

760:, and increased social welfare spending after receiving 6174:. University of California: Diablo Press. p. 316. 5800: 5788: 5776: 5737: 3484: 3188:

Hülisiin utaa hüdenten tunaraad belegt gerel tsatsarmui

2797:(昭睿順聖皇后弘吉剌氏 1216 – d. 1281), personal name Chabi (察必) 1728:) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued. 6569:

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven; Morgan, David O., eds. (2000).

6342: 6318: 5764: 5704:『高麗史』巻八十七　表巻第二「十月、金方慶與元元帥忽敦洪茶丘等征日本、至壹岐戰敗、軍不還者萬三千五百餘人」 5108:

Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (2014).

2941:, of the Unknown clan (奴罕皇后), personal name Nuhan (奴罕) 1354:

rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general

5650:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese civilizations

5370:(2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 5290: 5288: 3453: 3447: 3427: 2680:

converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his

1736:

Scientific developments and relations with minorities

6640:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5253: 3436: 3433: 6568: 6348: 6327: 5715:"Shipwreck may be part of Kublai Khan's lost fleet" 5549:Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C., eds. (1994). 4823: 4796: 4515: 4190: 3981: 3948: 3886:Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C., eds. (1994). 3615:

Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols

3444: 3424: 2712:and actively administered the dynasty according to 2195:(modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to 1277:

Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists

27:

Khan of the Mongols and Founder of the Yuan dynasty

6864: 6637: 6603: 6290:, Vol. I, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 354–355 5363: 5285: 2885:Kokechi, Prince of Yunnan (雲南王忽哥赤d.1271), 5th son 2469:that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu. 1659:of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in 1627:Kublai promoted economic growth by rebuilding the 752:over northern China and moved his ordo to central 740:became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian 5294: 4925: 3191:Hadan deerh has hulsnaa huriin dusal bömbölzönhön 2490:, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large 1708:Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to 1363:basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq. 700:). Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly 7599: 7274: 5362:Hitchens, Marilynn Giroux; Roupp, Heidi (2001). 4211:Дипломатические отношения Золотой орды с Египтом 3204:English translation of Buyan's Mongolian version 3195:Buddiin süm dor burhnii ömnö hüj örgön ayaarlaad 3060:Laborers transporting construction materials to 2234: 2211:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day 1874: 1867:), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the 1346:Kublai's son Nomukhan and his generals occupied 7072: 6796:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 6106:. University of California Press. p. 239. 6067:. University of California Press. p. 193. 5841: 5839: 5548: 5101: 4723:"Yuan Empire Geography (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 4655:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History 4324: 3885: 3197:Butsah zamd süih teregnee höh luu hölöglöjühüi 2688:Kublai Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to 1485:. In 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the 1406:appealed to Kublai. After the assassination of 7467:) already started to use the Chinese title of 6606:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 4383: 4381: 4110:. Random House Children's Books. p. 129. 2762:, presumably in accordance with Chabi's wish. 2340:had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty. 1440: 595:was completed and Kublai became the first non- 576:and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the 7291:Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by 7260: 7058: 6686:Kublai Khan: The Mongol King Who Remade China 6260:Chinese popular culture and Ming chantefables 5361: 4083:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 216. 4004:. China Intercontinental Press. p. 115. 3536: 3102: 3090: 2874:married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan 1505:. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a 1279:. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, 968: 422: 101:, drawn shortly after Kublai's death in 1294. 30:"Kublai" redirects here. For other uses, see 6381:grandosn of Anchen, brother of Empress Borte 6354: 6306: 5836: 5464:. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. p. 272. 4153: 4151: 3757: 3755: 3005:Hüshijin Khatun — daughter of Boroqul Noyan 2871:Nangiajin, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国大长囊家真公主) 2518:belt plaque featuring carved designs of the 2272:Kublai Khan maintained close relations with 1696:During the Southern Song, the descendant of 1109: 719: 7463:(Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" ( 6789: 6756: 6500:The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History 5758: 5555:. Cambridge University Press. p. 473. 5263:George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 4829: 4802: 4621: 4594: 4521: 4473: 4461: 4378: 4196: 4178: 4136: 3987: 3892:. Cambridge University Press. p. 381. 3821: 3657:. University of Chicago Press. p. 45. 2633:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2432:The White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now 2082:, Korean, Hui and Han peoples. Because the 1553: 1531: 533:, was the founder and first emperor of the 7267: 7253: 7065: 7051: 6664:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection 6442: 5665: 4702: 4582: 4426: 4414:Q. Pachymeres, Bk 5, ch.4 (Bonn ed. 1,344) 4345: 3918: 3840: 3579:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 2765:Principal wives (first and second ordos): 2014: 1859:to China, and together they invented the " 330: 1283; missing 1290) 91: 5851: 5587: 5530: 5505: 5427: 5211: 5061:"Quzhou City Guides – China TEFL Network" 4848:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 562. 4633: 4208: 4148: 3999: 3930: 3752: 3718: 3644: 3618:. Harvard University Press. p. 293. 3605: 3566: 3027:Qutluq Temür (忽都鲁帖木儿; fl. 1324), 10th son 2653:Learn how and when to remove this message 2562:, contributed troops for this rebellion. 2102:about halfway across the strait and then 1677:at the court of Kublai Khan; painting by 1481:, giving him power over all the empire's 1398:), which offended Mongolian custom. When 829:Kublai was attracted by the abilities of 439:Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu (聖德神功文武皇帝) 6837: 6723: 6635: 6474: 6465: 6312: 6099: 5845: 5830: 5806: 5782: 5746: 5496: 5457: 5394: 5366:How to Prepare for SAT II: World history 4754: 4627: 4479: 4387: 4330: 3611: 3572: 3517: 3242: 3055: 3040: 2741: 2664: 2509: 2427: 2403:to meet with European rulers in 1287–88. 2383: 2363: 2129: 2063: 2018: 1989: 1952:and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the 1892: 1885:Mongol military tactics and organization 1810:and greatly influenced the knowledge of 1739: 1665: 1580: 1450: 1365: 1266: 1129: 1012: 908: 723: 6702: 6167: 5647: 5626: 5594:. Oxford University Press. p. 29. 5148:"Nation observes Confucius anniversary" 4750: 4748: 4708: 4639: 4588: 3824:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens 2781:Dorji (朵儿只, c. 1233 – d. 1263), 1st son 2160: 1975: 1825:"Department of extensive mercy", where 1526: 1421:Kublai's niece, Kelmish, who married a 1382:, dated 1289. French National Archives. 305: 1234; died 1281) 280: 1232; died 1233) 14: 7600: 6859: 6601: 6545: 6448: 6178:from the original on 27 September 2021 6149:from the original on 28 September 2021 6138: 6120:from the original on 27 September 2021 6081:from the original on 27 September 2021 6060: 6056: 6054: 6039:from the original on 27 September 2021 6028: 6024: 6022: 6007:from the original on 27 September 2021 5986: 5968:from the original on 27 September 2021 5957: 5953: 5951: 5936:from the original on 27 September 2021 5915: 5897:from the original on 26 September 2021 5876: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5770: 5671: 5536: 5511: 5433: 5172: 5089:from the original on 14 September 2015 4972:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4672:from the original on 27 September 2021 4366:from the original on 27 September 2021 4157: 4039: 4024: 3936: 2988:Qoridai — Commander of Möngke in Tibet 2901:and had issue ( 2 sons and 1 daughter) 2852:Öljei, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国长完泽公主) 2453:that represented the celestial globe. 2011:naval force for the Mongol campaigns. 1622:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 1256:to strengthen Mongol influence there. 989:(Mongol great council) at the capital 849:(initiation ritual). Kublai appointed 767:In 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack 7248: 7046: 5721:from the original on 27 October 2011. 5656: 4651: 4573: 4533: 4399: 4341: 4339: 3969:from the original on 9 September 2020 2827:married to Teliqian from Ikires clan. 2053: 1948:, helped the rebels, laying siege to 1931: 6777:from the original on 26 January 2016 6744:from the original on 26 January 2016 6730:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6589:from the original on 26 January 2016 5608:from the original on 26 January 2016 5478:from the original on 26 January 2016 5415:from the original on 26 January 2016 5313:from the original on 2 November 2012 5297:"1001 Years of Missing Martial Arts" 5221:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5128:from the original on 4 December 2016 4880: 4862:from the original on 26 January 2016 4814: 4745: 4720: 4612: 4124:from the original on 26 January 2016 4060:from the original on 26 January 2016 3803:from the original on 11 October 2019 3770: 3703: 3324:List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty 2993:Dörbejin Khatun — from Dörben tribe 2631:adding citations to reliable sources 2598: 2481: 7331:Following Kublai's enthronement as 6909:Archaeological Institute of America 6727:The History of the Mongol Conquests 6680: 6658: 6516: 6417:who was the uncle of Empress Chabi. 6360: 6051: 6019: 5948: 5863: 5794: 5677: 5218:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 5154:from the original on 8 January 2016 4987: 4600: 4467: 4432: 4302: 4184: 4169: 4142: 4107:China: Land of Dragons and Emperors 4103: 4078: 3924: 3858: 3846: 3743: 3535:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" ( 3052:, where Kublai Khan wrote his poem. 1889:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 1776:. He was a well learned man in the 1325:third invasion of Vietnam (1287–88) 732:, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court 688:in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in 658:, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229. 24: 6871:. New York: Blackwell Publishers. 6831: 6709:. University of California Press. 6688:. London; New York: Bantam Press. 6666:. London; New York: Bantam Press. 6602:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 6271: 6215: 5627:Ballard, George Alexander (1921). 5343:from the original on 27 March 2022 5235:from the original on 27 March 2022 5193:from the original on 27 March 2022 5150:. China Daily. 29 September 2006. 5079:"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated" 5041:from the original on 18 March 2016 5032: 4491: 4458:Sh.Tseyen-Oidov – Ibid, p. 64 4336: 4222: 3671:from the original on 11 March 2022 3593:from the original on 12 March 2022 3469:Also known as Qubilai or Kübilai; 2368:Kublai gives financial support to 2292:were being pushed southwards from 1829:medicine and surgery were taught. 1536:'Grand Capital', known as 663:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 622:Kublai Khan was the fourth son of 25: 7664: 7347:in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China. 6886: 6706:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 5569:from the original on 17 June 2016 5525:Tataro-Mongols in Asia and Europe 5008:"AAS Abstracts: China Session 45" 4990:"AAS Abstracts: China Session 45" 4352:. Fair Winds Press. p. 238. 4261:"The Cresques Project – Panel VI" 3906:from the original on 17 June 2016 3632:from the original on 8 March 2022 2522:, highly regarded as a symbol of 1836:Muslim mathematicians introduced 1118:princes in Hulagu's service, the 736:In 1251, Kublai's eldest brother 593:Yuan conquest of the Song dynasty 7628:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire 6843:A Brief History of Khubilai Khan 6572:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy 6470:. Oriental University Institute. 6429: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6393: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6333: 6293: 6280: 6265: 6252: 6239: 6230: 6224: 6209: 6199: 6190: 6161: 6132: 6093: 5980: 5909: 5725: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5641: 5620: 5581: 5542: 5295:Mohammed Khamouch (April 2007). 4733:from the original on 5 June 2008 4615:The Medieval Expansion of Europe 4040:Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra (2011). 3420: 3158:Huí chéng xiān jià yù cāng lóng. 3129:Shí yīng sháo jǐng zhì lán fēng; 2849:(安西王忙哥剌, c. 1242–1280), 3rd son 2815:married to Buqa from Ikires clan 2603: 1248:in 1274–75. The Khans also sent 941:. While Kublai's force besieged 6845:. Philadelphia: Running Press. 6817:from the original on 2 May 2022 6349:Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000 6339:Rashid al-Din JT, I/2 in TVOIRA 6328:Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000 5517: 5490: 5451: 5446:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 5439: 5388: 5355: 5325: 5247: 5205: 5166: 5140: 5071: 5053: 5026: 5000: 4981: 4934: 4919: 4889: 4874: 4835: 4808: 4783: 4714: 4684: 4645: 4606: 4567: 4542: 4527: 4502: 4485: 4452: 4449:The History of the Yuan Dynasty 4417: 4408: 4393: 4311: 4296: 4284: 4271: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4216: 4202: 4163: 4097: 4072: 4033: 4018: 3993: 3879: 3852: 3815: 3764: 3737: 3712: 3697: 3683: 3150:Fēng xí qín shēng lǐng jì sōng; 3146:Yǔ zhān qióng gàn yán biān zhú; 2692:in 1291 to ensure his claim to 2423: 1851:Kublai brought siege engineers 1114:The mysterious deaths of three 783:basin. The second column under 327: 302: 277: 7485: 6983:Reason for succession failure: 5499:Archivum Eurasiae medii aeivi 5063:. 4 March 2016. Archived from 4346:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010). 3949:Du Yuting; Chen Lifan (1989). 3537: 3511: 3494: 3463: 3413: 3392: 3375: 3362: 3137:Huā sè yìng xiá xiáng cǎi hùn; 3103: 3091: 2594: 2241:First Mongol invasion of Burma 2227:with the defected Trần prince 2031:Chinese geographical knowledge 1968:crushed the resistance of the 1772:, who became administrator of 1770:Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar 1755:) used to breach the walls of 1712:, while the newly established 1359:garrisons in Mongolia and the 1231:in 1273, Kublai's commanders, 1166:to overthrow the court of the 898:at various times in history – 673:in Hebei and ordered reforms. 634:advised, Sorghaghtani chose a 617: 423: 13: 1: 7638:13th-century Chinese monarchs 7553:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 7455:announced the dynastic name " 6988:division of the Mongol Empire 6064:The Making of South East Asia 5395:Meuleman, Johan, ed. (2002). 5254:Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). 4769:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799 4046:. Anthem Press. p. 118. 3350: 3309:Division of the Mongol Empire 3269:Religion in the Mongol Empire 3226:And on the way back I rode a 3175:Buyan's Mongolian translation 3141:Lú yān fú wù ruì guāng chóng; 2899:Wang Ko, Chungnyeol of Goryeo 2822:Grand Princess of Chang State 2708:, who became the head of the 2554:, and Shihtur, a grandson of 2235:Southeast Asia and South Seas 2223:uncooperative Đại Việt ruler 1956:. Kaidu destroyed an army at 1875:Warfare and foreign relations 1792:(mayor of the Yuan capitol). 1732:was also strictly forbidden. 1588:flourished during Yuan China. 1456: 643:Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia 548:Kublai was the second son of 7623:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty 7276:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty 6644:. Rutgers University Press. 5958:McCabe, Robert Karr (1967). 5265:. p. 12. Archived from 4883:Religion and Chinese society 4553:. CUP Archive. p. 179. 4510:Archivum Eurasiae medii aevi 4305:Mongol Empire and its legacy 3777:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 3748:. Vol. II. p. 288. 3559: 3387:proleptic Gregorian calendar 3381:Dates given here are in the 2880:Manzitai from Khongirad clan 2839:(明孝太子真金 1240–1285), 2nd son 2812:Princess Ulujin (昌国大长吾魯真公主) 2309:. They were able to conquer 2276:, in particular with prince 2138:boarding Yuan ships in 1281. 2037:about countries in the West. 1821:. In Beijing was the renown 1784:. Other administrators were 1570:where the last Song Emperor 1447:Timeline of the Yuan dynasty 833:as healers. In 1253 he made 728:Portrait of young Kublai by 7: 7653:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs 7010:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 6546:Hucker, Charles O. (1975). 6475:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). 5990:Angkor and the Khmer Empire 5458:Farquhar, David M. (1990). 5114:. Brill. pp. 187–188. 3959:Journal of the Siam Society 3485: 3301: 3154:Jìng chà yù háo zhān lǐ bà; 2738:Family tree of Genghis Khan 2589:Liaoyang Branch Secretariat 2486:During the conquest of the 2391:, ambassador of Great Khan 2360:Europeans in Medieval China 2296:. This happened after king 2167:Mongol invasions of Vietnam 2110:. The Korean fleet reached 1938:Drikung Kagyu sect revolted 1455:The Yuan dynasty of China, 1441:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 1319:status of those countries. 168:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 108:Khagan of the Mongol Empire 83:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 10: 7669: 7493:since the enthronement of 6763:. Crown Publishing Group. 6757:Weatherford, Jack (1997). 6481:Cambridge University Press 6466:Aymonier, Etienne (1893). 6458: 6100:Eberhard, Wolfram (1977). 6029:Mendis, Vernon LB (1981). 5919:The Spread of Civilization 5880:History of South East Asia 5401:. Routledge. p. 197. 3822:Weatherford, Jack (2010). 3771:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014). 3746:The History of the Mongols 3266: 3133:Bú dàn jī pān yè cuì róng; 3019:(宁王阔阔出, fl.1313), 8th son 3010:Commander of Hexi Corridor 3000:(西平王奥鲁赤 d. 1306), 7th son 2894:(忽都魯揭里迷失莊穆王后; 1251–1297) 2735: 2357: 2347: 2253:, whereupon they captured 2238: 2164: 2057: 1979: 1878: 1444: 1208:(r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on 1138:(1375). The caption reads: 972: 969:Enthronement and civil war 626:, and his second son with 229:18 February 1294 (aged 78) 43: 36: 29: 7633:13th-century Mongol khans 7498: 7476: 7445: 7419: 7410: 7282: 7166: 7084: 7030: 7018: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6957: 6949: 6944: 6917: 6724:Saunders, J. J. (2001) . 6552:Stanford University Press 6531:10.1017/S0041977X13000475 6032:Currents of Asian History 5922:. Macdonald. p. 32. 5588:Mackerras, Colin (1994). 4104:Mah, Adeline Yen (2008). 3865:. Routledge. p. 33. 3502: 3474: 3247:Statue of Kublai Khan in 3238: 3088: 3036: 3012:(爱牙赤, fl. 1324), 6th son 2877:Temür from Khongirad clan 2868:(北平王那木罕d. 1301), 4th son 2793:, of the Bosquur clan of 2789:Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng 2774:, of the Bosquur clan of 2731: 2412:In the 13th century, the 2407: 2343: 2320:of 20–30,000 men against 2153:. David Nicolle wrote in 2147:Takashima District, Shiga 2060:Mongol invasions of Japan 1986:Mongol invasions of Korea 1609: 1549: 1517: 1370:Extract of the letter of 1321:Mongol invasions of Japan 1110:Great Khan of the Mongols 720:Victory in northern China 545:until his death in 1294. 503: 493: 483: 471: 459: 450: 443: 438: 431: 412: 405: 391: 386: 372: 359: 354: 350: 338: 254: 241: 225: 213: 209: 199: 184: 173: 166: 156: 134: 124: 113: 106: 90: 60: 55: 6703:Rossabi, Morris (1988). 6274:De Mongoolse prins Nayan 6258:Anne Elizabeth McLaren, 6139:Pandey, Rajbali (1971). 5993:. R. Hale. p. 115. 5173:Dillon, Michael (1999). 4578:(New, Revised ed.). 3859:Haw, Stephen G. (2006). 3719:Borthwick, Mark (2007). 3612:Robinson, David (2009). 3573:Robinson, David (2019). 3355: 3334:List of Chinese monarchs 3259:'s, and the much larger 3069:Selection of Yuan Poetry 2945:Wives from fourth ordo: 2698:Central Siberian Plateau 1177:, who put her young son 1104: 822:had completely pacified 771:and he tried to ask the 744:and Kublai were sent to 395:Zhongtong (中統) 1260–1264 6636:Grousset, René (1970). 6061:Coedes, George (1983). 5877:George, Daniel (1981). 5633:. E.P. Dutton. p. 5337:archive.aramcoworld.com 4926:Christopher Kleinhenz. 4789:Cecilia Lee-fang Chien 3691:Encyclopædia Britannica 3230:in the royal carriage. 2924:Wives from third ordo: 2918:Temuchi (铁蔑赤), 11th son 2891:Queen Jangmok of Goryeo 2245:Mongol invasion of Java 2197:invade the Song dynasty 2048:invasions and conquests 2015:Further naval expansion 1944:. The Chagatayid khan, 1881:Kublai Khan's campaigns 1714:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 1283:, were then settled in 1120:Siege of Baghdad (1258) 665:, in 1236, Ogedei gave 599:emperor to rule all of 246:Unknown, presumptively 32:Kublai (disambiguation) 7428:Huizong (Emperor Shun) 7404:Huizong (Emperor Shun) 7167:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans 6898:Relics of the Kamikaze 6893:Inflation under Kublai 5662:(Miya 2006; Miya 2007) 4536:The Mongols and Russia 4402:The Mongols and Russia 4248:History of the Mongols 3826:. Crown. p. 135. 3385:. They are not in the 3264: 3064: 3053: 2802:Grand Princess of Zhao 2747: 2685: 2527: 2437: 2414:Sultanate of Mogadishu 2404: 2373: 2280:of Chiangmai and king 2143:Maritime archaeologist 2139: 2075: 2038: 1999: 1901: 1842:Spherical trigonometry 1814:rulers and merchants. 1799:. Astronomers such as 1764: 1682: 1589: 1462: 1383: 1272: 1221:Emperor Lizong of Song 1143: 1036: 961:of silver and 200,000 914: 748:. Kublai received the 733: 608:National Palace Museum 398:Zhiyuan (至元) 1264–1294 7489:) practically in the 6960:— TITULAR — 6233:A Nepalese Miscellany 5987:Audric, John (1972). 5648:Schirokauer, Conrad. 4727:www.chinaknowledge.de 4652:Grant, R. G. (2017). 4250:section: "Berke khan" 4079:Nag, Kalidas (2021). 3789:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 3552:of the Mongol Empire. 3372:until 21 August 1264. 3329:List of Mongol rulers 3267:Further information: 3246: 3059: 3044: 3032:Asujin Khatun (阿速眞可敦) 2837:Crown Prince Mingxiao 2745: 2668: 2526:'s maritime strength. 2513: 2431: 2387: 2367: 2358:Further information: 2257:, the capital of the 2187:. The Mongol general 2133: 2074:(蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293. 2067: 2022: 1993: 1982:Korea under Yuan rule 1896: 1743: 1669: 1584: 1454: 1369: 1323:(1274 and 1281), the 1270: 1229:the fall of Xiangyang 1173:, the empress of the 1133: 1016: 1006:lines except that of 912: 835:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 727: 630:. As his grandfather 524:Emperor Shizu of Yuan 71:(nominal, due to the 6903:6 March 2011 at the 6760:The History of Money 6502:. Cengage Learning. 6299:Igor de Rachewiltz, 6168:Tudisco, AJ (1967). 5916:Carter, Ron (1987). 5497:Harrassowitz, Otto. 5179:. Psychology Press. 4757:Central Asian Survey 4551:A Republic of Nobles 3550:disintegrated nature 3167:This is translated: 2979:Lady Babahan (八八罕妃子) 2627:improve this section 2568:Chungnyeol of Goryeo 2171:Kublai Khan invaded 2161:Invasions of Vietnam 2002:Kublai Khan invaded 1976:Annexation of Goryeo 1786:Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) 1313:Vietnam again (1285) 1281:Emperor Gong of Song 556:, and a grandson of 6288:Notes on Marco Polo 6286:Pelliot, P. (1963) 6247:Notes on Marco Polo 5819:Bulliet et al. 2014 5797:, pp. 361–371. 5733:The Mongol Warlords 5717:. 25 October 2011. 5035:"Cult of Confucius" 4613:Phillips, J. R. S. 4576:A History of Russia 4538:. pp. 344–366. 4265:cresquesproject.net 4237:Rashid al-Din, ibid 4170:Whiting, Marvin C. 4029:. pp. 212–253. 2982:Lady Sabuhu (撒不忽妃子) 2318:punitive expedition 2177:tributary relations 2155:The Mongol Warlords 2071:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba 1869:Battle of Xiangyang 1376:Philip IV of France 1237:Bayan of the Baarin 1164:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq 1134:Kublai Khan in the 1075:Central Secretariat 894:later converted to 177:18 December 1271 – 97:Portrait by artist 6839:Clements, Jonathan 6801:Three Rivers Press 6103:A History of China 5304:muslimheritage.com 5261:. The Fifty-ninth 5033:Wilson, Thomas A. 4996:on 6 October 2016. 4988:Banning, B. Paul. 4819:. pp. 87–100. 4721:Theobald, Ulrich. 4333:, pp. 130–132 4303:Prawdin, Michael. 4000:Gazangjia (2003). 3862:Marco Polo's China 3723:. Westview Press. 3704:Marshall, Robert. 3398:The defeat of the 3314:History of Beijing 3265: 3065: 3054: 2748: 2686: 2528: 2465:, built the White 2438: 2405: 2374: 2140: 2088:invasions of Japan 2076: 2054:Invasions of Japan 2039: 2000: 1940:, attacking Sakya 1932:Tibet and Xinjiang 1902: 1838:Euclidean Geometry 1765: 1683: 1679:Tranquillo Cremona 1590: 1479:Imperial Preceptor 1463: 1384: 1273: 1154:for the throne of 1146:Kublai Khan named 1144: 1056:, crowned khan of 1037: 915: 734: 552:by his chief wife 44:For the poem, see 7648:Founding monarchs 7595: 7594: 7242: 7241: 7145: 7126: 7107: 7041: 7040: 6993:Succeeded by 6962: 6924:House of Borjigin 6878:978-0-631-17563-6 6852:978-0-7624-3987-4 6810:978-0-609-80964-8 6791:Weatherford, Jack 6770:978-0-307-55674-5 6737:978-0-8122-1766-7 6716:978-0-520-06740-0 6695:978-0-553-81718-8 6673:978-0-593-05044-6 6651:978-0-8135-1304-1 6617:978-0-8160-4671-3 6610:. Facts On File. 6582:978-90-04-11946-8 6490:978-1-316-53131-0 6272:Mullie, E. P. J. 5601:978-0-19-585988-1 5562:978-0-521-24331-5 5471:978-3-515-05578-9 5408:978-1-135-78829-2 5381:978-0-7641-1385-7 5228:978-0-8122-0531-2 5186:978-0-7007-1026-3 5121:978-90-04-27151-7 4855:978-3-447-03339-8 4698:on 29 April 2009. 4574:Vernadsky, G. V. 4534:Vernadsky, G. V. 4493:Allsen, Thomas T. 4400:Vernadsky, G. V. 4225:Universal History 4117:978-0-375-89099-4 4053:978-93-80601-17-5 4002:Tibetan Religions 3899:978-0-521-24331-5 3730:978-0-8133-4355-6 3483: 3249:Sükhbaatar Square 3236: 3235: 3165: 3164: 2961:(脱欢鎮南王), 9th son 2959:Prince of Zhennan 2866:Prince of Beiping 2663: 2662: 2655: 2577:Khangai Mountains 2482:Nayan's rebellion 2451:armillary spheres 1556: 1534: 1315:secured only the 1206:Wonjong of Goryeo 675:Sorghaghtani Beki 628:Sorghaghtani Beki 554:Sorghaghtani Beki 513: 512: 498:Sorghaghtani Beki 455: 454: 217:23 September 1215 73:empire's division 16:(Redirected from 7660: 7502: 7500: 7491:Chinese language 7487: 7478: 7438:Tianyuan Emperor 7414: 7384:Tianshun Emperor 7349: 7299: 7297:as Yuan emperors 7269: 7262: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7199:Yesün Temür Khan 7139: 7120: 7101: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7033:Emperor of China 7019:Preceded by 6990: 6984: 6958: 6950:Preceded by 6940: 6933: 6915: 6914: 6882: 6870: 6856: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6720: 6699: 6677: 6655: 6643: 6621: 6609: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6565: 6542: 6513: 6494: 6471: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6276:. pp. 9–11. 6269: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6218:The Magic Square 6216:Schinz, Alfred. 6213: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5874: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5834: 5833:, p. 17–26. 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5759:Weatherford 2005 5756: 5750: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5369: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5213:Elverskog, Johan 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5083:www.china.org.cn 5075: 5069: 5068: 5067:on 4 March 2016. 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5014:on 18 March 2015 5010:. Archived from 5004: 4998: 4997: 4992:. Archived from 4985: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4947:. Archived from 4946: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903:. Archived from 4893: 4887: 4886: 4881:Lagerwey, John. 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4839: 4833: 4830:Weatherford 1997 4827: 4821: 4820: 4815:Martinez, A. P. 4812: 4806: 4803:Weatherford 2005 4800: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4694:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4525: 4522:Weatherford 2005 4519: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4317:Biran, Michael. 4315: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4223:al-Din, Rashid. 4220: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4197:Weatherford 2005 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3997: 3991: 3988:Weatherford 2005 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3570: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3531:). However, the 3521: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3496: 3491:Mongolian script 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3344:Toluid Civil War 3319:Kaidu–Kublai war 3255:. Together with 3170: 3169: 3121: 3120: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3085: 3024:An unknown lady 2998:Prince of Xiping 2889:Qutugh Kelmysh, 2658: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2607: 2599: 2389:Rabban Bar Sauma 2354:Rabban Bar Sauma 2117:Takezaki Suenaga 2008:Korean Peninsula 1861:Muslim trebuchet 1611: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1487:'Phags-pa script 1461: 1458: 1380:Mongolian script 1336:a grand alliance 1329:invasion of Java 1202:Korean Peninsula 1175:Chagatai Khanate 1050:Chagatai Khanate 975:Toluid Civil War 949:joined him. The 884:Chagatai Khanate 871:Buddhist temples 570:Toluid Civil War 426: 425: 420: 374: 366: 352: 351: 331: 329: 306: 304: 281: 279: 180: 179:18 February 1294 120: 119:18 February 1294 95: 78:Emperor of China 53: 52: 21: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7503: 7495:Genghis Emperor 7447: 7441: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7379:Taiding Emperor 7329: 7289: 7278: 7273: 7243: 7238: 7219:Rinchinbal Khan 7162: 7117:Töregene Khatun 7080: 7071: 7036: 7028: 7013: 6998: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6963: 6955: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6905:Wayback Machine 6889: 6879: 6853: 6834: 6832:Further reading 6829: 6820: 6818: 6811: 6780: 6778: 6771: 6747: 6745: 6738: 6717: 6696: 6674: 6652: 6618: 6592: 6590: 6583: 6562: 6510: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372:married in 1232 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6244: 6240: 6229: 6225: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6075: 6059: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6027: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5956: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5738: 5731:Nicolle, David 5730: 5726: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5684:History of Yuan 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5646: 5642: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5275: 5273: 5272:on 3 March 2016 5269: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4986: 4982: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4954:on 4 March 2016 4951: 4944: 4942:"Archived copy" 4940: 4939: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4547: 4543: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4360: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4301: 4297: 4290:Otsahi Matsuwo 4289: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4246:Howorth, H. H. 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4209:Салих Закиров, 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4054: 4043:India and China 4038: 4034: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3744:Howorth, H. H. 3742: 3738: 3731: 3721:Pacific Century 3717: 3713: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3522: 3518: 3468: 3464: 3443: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404:Battle of Yamen 3397: 3393: 3383:Julian calendar 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3304: 3271: 3241: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3039: 2740: 2734: 2690:Burkhan Khaldun 2659: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2624: 2608: 2597: 2514:A Yuan dynasty 2484: 2426: 2410: 2370:the Polo family 2362: 2356: 2348:Main articles: 2346: 2298:Jayavarman VIII 2251:Irrawaddy Delta 2247: 2239:Main articles: 2237: 2169: 2163: 2100:Tsushima Island 2062: 2056: 2017: 1988: 1978: 1934: 1897:A Yuan dynasty 1891: 1877: 1846:Arabic numerals 1790:Mahmud Yalavach 1738: 1671:Niccolò, Maffeo 1633:South China Sea 1568:Battle of Yamen 1459: 1449: 1443: 1435:the White Horde 1331:(1293) failed. 1301:Sakhalin (1264) 1190:House of Ögedei 1139: 1112: 1107: 1027:Jami al-Twarikh 977: 971: 742:Mahmud Yalavach 722: 702:Daoist (Taoist) 620: 433:Posthumous name 418: 416: 414: 401: 375: 367: 364: 334: 333: 325: 321: 318: 308: 300: 296: 293: 283: 275: 271: 268: 250: 248:Burkhan Khaldun 230: 218: 178: 152: 118: 102: 80: 76: 70: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7666: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7593: 7592: 7465:Ikh Mongol Uls 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7214:Khutughtu Khan 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7151: 7146: 7132: 7127: 7113: 7108: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6991: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6945:Regnal titles 6942: 6941: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6895: 6888: 6887:External links 6885: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6857: 6851: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6809: 6787: 6769: 6754: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6650: 6633: 6622: 6616: 6599: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6543: 6525:(3): 361–371. 6514: 6508: 6495: 6489: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6441: 6435:Ya.Ganbaatar. 6428: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6332: 6317: 6305: 6292: 6279: 6264: 6251: 6245:Paul Pelliot, 6238: 6223: 6220:. p. 291. 6208: 6198: 6189: 6160: 6131: 6112: 6092: 6073: 6050: 6018: 5999: 5979: 5947: 5928: 5908: 5889: 5862: 5850: 5835: 5823: 5821:, p. 336. 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5773:, p. 285. 5763: 5761:, p. 212. 5751: 5736: 5724: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5655: 5652:. p. 211. 5640: 5619: 5600: 5580: 5561: 5541: 5529: 5527:. Moscow, 1970 5516: 5504: 5489: 5470: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5407: 5387: 5380: 5354: 5324: 5284: 5246: 5227: 5204: 5185: 5165: 5139: 5120: 5100: 5070: 5052: 5025: 4999: 4980: 4933: 4930:. p. 923. 4918: 4907:on 9 June 2020 4901:Worldatlas.com 4888: 4885:. p. xxi. 4873: 4854: 4834: 4822: 4807: 4795: 4791:Salt and state 4782: 4763:(4): 531–547. 4744: 4713: 4701: 4683: 4665:978-0785835530 4664: 4658:. Book Sales. 4644: 4632: 4620: 4617:. p. 122. 4605: 4593: 4581: 4566: 4559: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4501: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4451: 4437: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4404:. p. 155. 4392: 4377: 4359:978-1616738518 4358: 4335: 4323: 4310: 4307:. p. 302. 4295: 4283: 4277:H. H. Howorth 4270: 4252: 4239: 4230: 4215: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4174:. p. 394. 4162: 4147: 4135: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4071: 4052: 4032: 4017: 4010: 3992: 3980: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3898: 3878: 3871: 3851: 3839: 3832: 3814: 3783:(1): 325–364. 3763: 3751: 3736: 3729: 3711: 3708:. p. 224. 3696: 3693:. p. 893. 3682: 3663: 3643: 3624: 3604: 3585: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3516: 3462: 3412: 3391: 3374: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3126: 3124: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3081:Tumen Nast Uul 3077:Longevity Hill 3046:Longevity Hill 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3017:Prince of Ning 3013: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2850: 2847:Prince of Anxi 2840: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2733: 2730: 2710:Zhongshu Sheng 2661: 2660: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2483: 2480: 2425: 2422: 2409: 2406: 2345: 2342: 2236: 2233: 2225:Trần Nhân Tông 2199:in modern-day 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 2016: 2013: 1977: 1974: 1933: 1930: 1876: 1873: 1782:Islam in China 1737: 1734: 1618:Zhongshu Sheng 1483:Buddhist monks 1442: 1439: 1408:Ahmad Fanakati 1297:Vietnam (1258) 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1093:, khan of the 973:Main article: 970: 967: 754:Inner Mongolia 721: 718: 619: 616: 511: 510: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 469: 468: 463: 457: 456: 453: 452: 448: 447: 441: 440: 436: 435: 429: 428: 410: 409: 403: 402: 400: 399: 396: 392: 389: 388: 384: 383: 357: 356: 348: 347: 342: 336: 335: 323: 319: 316:Empress Nambui 314: 313: 312: 311: 298: 294: 289: 288: 287: 286: 273: 269: 266:Tegulen Khatun 264: 263: 262: 261: 258: 256: 252: 251: 245: 243: 239: 238: 227: 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 186: 182: 181: 175: 171: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 151: 150: 144: 138: 136: 132: 131: 128: 122: 121: 115: 111: 110: 104: 103: 96: 88: 87: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7665: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:Kerait people 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7421:Northern Yuan 7418: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7345:Southern Song 7342: 7338: 7334: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7224:Ukhaantu Khan 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Ragibagh Khan 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136:Oghul Qaimish 7133: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085:Early Khagans 7083: 7079: 7078:Mongol Empire 7075: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6975:Mongol Empire 6972: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6862: 6861:Morgan, David 6858: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6561:9780804723534 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6509:9781285965703 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6451:, p. 611 6450: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6363:, p. 394 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6315:, p. 293 6314: 6313:Grousset 1970 6309: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6235:. p. 32. 6234: 6231:Lall, Kesar. 6227: 6219: 6212: 6202: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6113:9780520032682 6109: 6105: 6104: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6074:9780520050617 6070: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6055: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6023: 6006: 6002: 6000:9780709129455 5996: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5952: 5935: 5931: 5929:9780382064081 5925: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5890:9781349165216 5886: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5854: 5848:, p. 291 5847: 5846:Grousset 1970 5842: 5840: 5832: 5831:Baldanza 2016 5827: 5820: 5815: 5809:, p. 19. 5808: 5807:Baldanza 2016 5803: 5796: 5791: 5785:, p. 16. 5784: 5783:Aymonier 1893 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5749:, p. 17. 5748: 5747:Baldanza 2016 5743: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5701: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5674:, p. 434 5673: 5668: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5539:, p. 403 5538: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5514:, p. 264 5513: 5508: 5501:. p. 36. 5500: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5436:, p. 354 5435: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4832:, p. 127 4831: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4805:, p. 176 4804: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4711:, p. 247 4710: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 304 4629: 4628:Grousset 1970 4624: 4616: 4609: 4603:, p. 231 4602: 4597: 4591:, p. 115 4590: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4560:9780521240932 4556: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4524:, p. 195 4523: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4498:. p. 21. 4497: 4494: 4488: 4482:, p. 297 4481: 4480:Grousset 1970 4476: 4470:, p. 207 4469: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4423:Rashid al-Din 4420: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4390:, p. 294 4389: 4388:Grousset 1970 4384: 4382: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4331:Saunders 2001 4327: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4199:, p. 120 4198: 4193: 4187:, p. 109 4186: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4160:, p. 458 4159: 4154: 4152: 4145:, p. 102 4144: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4090:9781015150232 4086: 4082: 4081:Greater India 4075: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4011:9787508502328 4007: 4003: 3996: 3990:, p. 186 3989: 3984: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3939:, p. 613 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3874: 3872:9781134275427 3868: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3835: 3833:9780307589361 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3664:9780226562933 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3625:9780674036086 3621: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3586:9781108482448 3582: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543:Mongol Empire 3534: 3530: 3527:(present-day 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3368:Contested by 3365: 3361: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3231: 3229: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3099: 3098: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:Summer Palace 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2646: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2612:This section 2610: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2435: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:Pagan Kingdom 2256: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:Uriyangkhadai 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2035:Mongol Empire 2032: 2029:reflects the 2028: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1970:Drikung Kagyu 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1724:) or Muslim ( 1723: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Duke Yansheng 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1586:Chinese opera 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Southern Song 1561: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468:Liu Bingzhong 1453: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1414:the title of 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Champa (1282) 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1136:Catalan Atlas 1132: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021:at the Grand 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987: 982: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 872: 867: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845:(Chabui), an 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:Tibetan monks 827: 825: 821: 817: 812: 811: 807:as the first 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 731: 726: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 615: 613: 612:Five Elements 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 506: 502: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 476: 474: 470: 467: 464: 462: 458: 449: 446: 442: 437: 434: 430: 415:Setsen Khan ( 411: 408: 404: 397: 394: 393: 390: 385: 382: 378: 370: 362: 358: 353: 349: 346: 343: 341: 337: 317: 310: 309: 292: 291:Empress Chabi 285: 284: 267: 260: 259: 257: 253: 249: 244: 240: 237: 233: 228: 224: 221: 220:Mongol Empire 216: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 129: 127: 123: 117:5 May 1260 – 116: 112: 109: 105: 100: 94: 89: 86: 84: 79: 74: 69: 68:Mongol Empire 65: 59: 54: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 7541:N. Dynasties 7537:S. Dynasties 7484: 7464: 7452: 7448: 7353: 7330: 7328: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7229:Biligtü Khan 7209:Jayaatu Khan 7189:Buyantu Khan 7179:Öljeytü Khan 7173: 7153: 7134: 7115: 7096: 7092:Genghis Khan 7031: 7026:Emperor Bing 7022:Song dynasty 7008: 7003: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6919:Kublai Khan 6866: 6842: 6819:. Retrieved 6795: 6779:. Retrieved 6759: 6746:. Retrieved 6726: 6705: 6685: 6663: 6639: 6605: 6591:. Retrieved 6571: 6547: 6522: 6518: 6499: 6476: 6467: 6444: 6436: 6431: 6422: 6413: 6404: 6399:married 1234 6395: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6356: 6351:, p. 43 6344: 6335: 6330:, p. 33 6308: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6282: 6273: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6232: 6226: 6217: 6211: 6201: 6192: 6180:. Retrieved 6171:Asia Emerges 6170: 6163: 6151:. Retrieved 6141: 6134: 6122:. Retrieved 6102: 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6063: 6041:. Retrieved 6031: 6009:. Retrieved 5989: 5982: 5970:. Retrieved 5960: 5938:. Retrieved 5918: 5911: 5899:. Retrieved 5879: 5860:, p. 72 5853: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5732: 5727: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5629: 5622: 5610:. Retrieved 5590: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5551: 5544: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5507: 5498: 5492: 5480:. Retrieved 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5397: 5390: 5365: 5357: 5345:. Retrieved 5336: 5327: 5315:. Retrieved 5303: 5274:. Retrieved 5267:the original 5249: 5237:. Retrieved 5217: 5207: 5195:. Retrieved 5175: 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5110: 5103: 5091:. Retrieved 5082: 5073: 5065:the original 5055: 5043:. Retrieved 5028: 5016:. Retrieved 5012:the original 5002: 4994:the original 4983: 4956:. Retrieved 4949:the original 4936: 4927: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4905:the original 4900: 4897:"Marco Polo" 4891: 4882: 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4844: 4837: 4825: 4816: 4810: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4760: 4756: 4735:. Retrieved 4726: 4716: 4709:Rossabi 1988 4704: 4696:the original 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4654: 4647: 4642:, p. 76 4640:Rossabi 1988 4635: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4596: 4589:Rossabi 1988 4584: 4575: 4569: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4495: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4435:, p. 74 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4368:. Retrieved 4348: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4292:Khubilai Kan 4291: 4286: 4281:. Division 1 4278: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4106: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4042: 4035: 4026: 4025:Sun Kokuan. 4020: 4001: 3995: 3983: 3971:. Retrieved 3957: 3944: 3932: 3927:, p. 79 3920: 3908:. Retrieved 3888: 3881: 3861: 3854: 3849:, p. 37 3842: 3823: 3817: 3805:. Retrieved 3780: 3776: 3766: 3745: 3739: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3653: 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3614: 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3575: 3568: 3546: 3519: 3510: 3465: 3415: 3408:China proper 3400:Song dynasty 3394: 3377: 3364: 3288:Qing dynasty 3272: 3261:Genghis Khan 3210: 3181: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3101: 3080: 3068: 3066: 3016: 3009: 2997: 2975:Concubines: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2890: 2865: 2857:one daughter 2846: 2836: 2821: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2749: 2722: 2718:Golden Horde 2702: 2687: 2649: 2640: 2625:Please help 2613: 2581: 2564: 2548:Water Tatars 2529: 2520:Azure Dragon 2485: 2471: 2447:Guo Shoujing 2439: 2424:Capital city 2411: 2375: 2332:kingdoms of 2315: 2302:Khmer Empire 2282:Ram Khamheng 2271: 2267:Ming dynasty 2248: 2229:Trần Ích Tắc 2221: 2185:Song dynasty 2182: 2170: 2154: 2141: 2121: 2096: 2092: 2077: 2069: 2040: 2024: 2001: 1936:In 1285 the 1935: 1903: 1850: 1835: 1823:Guang Hui Si 1822: 1816: 1812:Yuan dynasty 1805: 1801:Jamal ad-Din 1794: 1766: 1730:Circumcision 1719: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1655:cash. Later 1641: 1637:Indian Ocean 1626: 1594:China proper 1591: 1576:Song dynasty 1525: 1511: 1476: 1464: 1420: 1385: 1345: 1333: 1305:Burma (1277) 1293: 1274: 1258: 1226: 1218: 1199: 1183: 1179:Mubarak Shah 1145: 1140: 1113: 1098: 1095:Golden Horde 1086: 1079: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1018: 984: 978: 916: 904:Golden Horde 888:Golden Horde 880:Yuan dynasty 868: 828: 808: 773:Dali Kingdom 766: 746:China proper 735: 697: 679: 660: 632:Genghis Khan 621: 605: 601:China proper 582: 578:Golden Horde 558:Genghis Khan 547: 539:Yuan dynasty 530: 523: 515: 514: 380: 376: 193:Song dynasty 61: 50: 7618:1294 deaths 7613:1215 births 7608:Kublai Khan 7533:16 Kingdoms 7459:" in 1271, 7234:Uskhal Khan 7194:Gegeen Khan 7174:Setsen Khan 7154:Kublai Khan 7149:Möngke Khan 7111:Ögedei Khan 6953:Möngke Khan 6867:The Mongols 6781:15 November 6748:15 November 6593:15 November 6449:Atwood 2004 5858:Atwood 2004 5771:Hucker 1975 5672:Atwood 2004 5612:15 November 5573:15 November 5537:Atwood 2004 5512:Atwood 2004 5482:15 November 5434:Atwood 2004 5419:15 November 5317:14 November 4866:15 November 4158:Atwood 2004 4128:15 November 4064:15 November 3937:Atwood 2004 3910:15 November 3257:Ögedei Khan 3253:Ulaanbaatar 3228:Blue Dragon 2824:(茶倫昌国大长公主) 2804:(赵国大長月烈公主) 2595:Later years 2488:Jin dynasty 2395:and Ilkhan 2379:Mesopotamia 2209:Möngke Khan 2033:during the 1954:Tarim Basin 1942:monasteries 1899:hand cannon 1629:Grand Canal 1614:North China 1460: 1294 1427:Tode Mongke 1195:Tarim Basin 1066:Ögedei Khan 1031:Chingiznama 947:Uryankhadai 937:, near the 859:Möngke Khan 851:Lian Xixian 847:empowerment 820:Uryankhadai 816:Möngke Khan 805:Möngke Khan 793:Uryankhadai 789:Uryankhadai 750:viceroyalty 682:Han culture 618:Early years 531:Setsen Khan 528:regnal name 520:temple name 516:Kublai Khan 445:Temple name 407:Regnal name 185:Predecessor 142:Möngke Khan 135:Predecessor 56:Kublai Khan 39:Sechen Khan 7602:Categories 7525:3 Kingdoms 7501:) in 1206. 7457:Great Yuan 7184:Külüg Khan 7130:Güyük Khan 7098:Tolui Khan 7037:1279–1294 7014:1271–1294 6996:Temür Khan 6426:died early 6206:emissary." 6182:18 October 6153:18 October 6124:18 October 6085:18 October 6043:18 October 6011:18 October 5972:18 October 5940:18 October 5901:18 October 4676:18 October 4370:18 October 3351:References 3339:Temür Khan 3296:Inner Asia 2996:Aqruqchi, 2864:Nomughan, 2736:See also: 2694:Ikh Khorig 2643:April 2012 2585:darughachi 2560:Güyük Khan 2524:Yuan China 2455:Turkestani 2350:Marco Polo 2338:Chiang Mai 2322:Singhasari 2288:after the 2263:suzerainty 2193:Thang Long 2112:Hakata Bay 2106:closer to 2104:Iki Island 1980:See also: 1966:Buqa-Temür 1879:See also: 1865:Huihui Pao 1848:in China. 1753:Huihui Pao 1691:Marco Polo 1675:Marco Polo 1648:fiat money 1522:Wade–Giles 1495:corruption 1445:See also: 1416:chancellor 1327:, and the 1250:Nogai Khan 1160:suzerainty 1070:Shi Tianze 1019:Great Khan 890:, and the 696:(Chinese: 661:After the 543:Yuan China 451:Shizu (世祖) 236:Yuan China 204:Temür Khan 161:Temür Khan 149:(claimant) 130:5 May 1260 126:Coronation 46:Kubla Khan 7359:Chengzong 7158:Ariq Böke 7004:New title 6980:1260–1294 6682:Man, John 6660:Man, John 6575:. BRILL. 5239:3 October 5197:3 October 4911:24 August 4777:203044817 3797:147099574 3560:Citations 3480:romanized 3471:Mongolian 3370:Ariq Böke 3292:expansion 3280:Manchuria 3062:Khanbaliq 3015:Kököchü, 2795:Khongirad 2776:Khongirad 2756:Khongirad 2714:Confucian 2671:Ilkhanate 2614:does not 2496:Manchuria 2492:appanages 2418:Mogadishu 2334:Sukhothai 2326:Majapahit 2134:Japanese 1958:Beshbalik 1857:Al al-Din 1808:Silk Road 1778:Confucian 1761:Xiangyang 1749:trebuchet 1698:Confucius 1598:Manchuria 1572:Zhao Bing 1560:Dolon Nor 1538:Khanbaliq 1503:censorate 1423:Khongirad 1378:, in the 1361:Ili River 1285:Khanbaliq 1262:Khanbaliq 1210:Ganghwado 1064:, son of 999:Manchuria 991:Karakorum 981:Ariq Böke 955:Jia Sidao 953:minister 917:In 1258, 892:Ilkhanate 855:Karakorum 785:Subutai's 698:True Gold 690:Karakorum 647:Ili River 574:Ilkhanate 566:Ariq Böke 387:Era dates 361:Mongolian 232:Khanbaliq 200:Successor 189:Zhao Bing 157:Successor 147:Ariq Böke 7433:Zhaozong 7399:Ningzong 7394:Mingzong 7374:Yingzong 7341:conquest 7324:Xianzong 7319:Dingzong 7310:(regent) 6901:Archived 6863:(1986). 6841:(2010). 6815:Archived 6793:(2005). 6775:Archived 6742:Archived 6684:(2007). 6662:(2004). 6630:25183352 6587:Archived 6539:24692275 6361:Man 2004 6303:, p. 599 6262:, p. 244 6176:Archived 6147:Archived 6118:Archived 6079:Archived 6037:Archived 6005:Archived 5966:Archived 5934:Archived 5895:Archived 5795:Haw 2013 5719:Archived 5606:Archived 5567:Archived 5476:Archived 5448:, p. 111 5413:Archived 5347:24 April 5341:Archived 5308:Archived 5233:Archived 5215:(2011). 5191:Archived 5158:21 April 5152:Archived 5126:Archived 5093:21 April 5087:Archived 5039:Archived 5018:18 March 4968:cite web 4860:Archived 4731:Archived 4670:Archived 4601:Man 2007 4508:Eurasia 4468:Man 2007 4433:Man 2007 4364:Archived 4185:Man 2007 4143:Man 2007 4122:Archived 4058:Archived 3973:17 March 3964:Archived 3925:Man 2007 3904:Archived 3847:Man 2007 3807:27 April 3801:Archived 3675:18 March 3669:Archived 3636:18 March 3630:Archived 3597:18 March 3591:Archived 3547:de facto 3486:Khubilai 3302:See also 3284:Mongolia 3008:Ayachi, 2957:Toghon, 2897:Married 2843:Manggala 2820:Chalun, 2800:Yuelie, 2682:suzerain 2573:Liaoning 2544:Jurchens 2540:Belgutei 2500:Chang'an 2401:Bordeaux 2311:Cambodia 2213:Shandong 2173:Đại Việt 2151:Nagasaki 2044:Sakhalin 2026:Gangnido 1950:Gaochang 1831:Avicenna 1757:Fancheng 1726:dhabihah 1687:Xuánjiào 1657:Gaykhatu 1644:Jiaochao 1635:and the 1602:Mongolia 1388:dhabihah 1242:Smolensk 1214:Caucasus 1099:kurultai 1087:kurultai 1058:Chagatai 1046:Hangzhou 1023:Kurultai 1004:Borjigin 986:kurultai 671:appanage 636:Buddhist 585:Mongolia 526:and his 508:Buddhism 504:Religion 466:Borjigin 18:Shengong 7486:Huángdì 7473:Chinese 7469:Emperor 7461:Khagans 7451:Before 7389:Wenzong 7369:Renzong 7337:Emperor 7314:Taizong 7308:Ruizong 7076:of the 6973:of the 6971:Emperor 6459:Sources 6408:m. 1283 6249:, p. 85 5276:28 June 4793:, p. 25 4512:, p. 21 4321:, p. 63 3529:Beijing 3512:Hūbìliè 3499:Chinese 3495:ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ 3482:: 3475:Хубилай 3402:at the 3119:回程仙駕馭蒼龍 3117:淨刹玉毫瞻禮罷 3115:風襲琴聲嶺際松 3113:雨霑瓊干巖邊竹 3110:壚煙拂霧瑞光重 3108:花色映霞祥彩混 3106:不憚躋攀謁粹容 3104:時膺韶景陟蘭峰 3050:Beijing 2968:Empress 2951:Empress 2938:Empress 2930:Empress 2911:Empress 2833:Zhenjin 2771:Empress 2754:of the 2706:Zhenjin 2635:removed 2620:sources 2552:Hachiun 2463:Araniko 2442:Shangdu 2434:Beijing 2300:of the 2294:Nanchao 2278:Mangrai 2205:Sichuan 2201:Guangxi 2136:samurai 2124:samurai 2006:on the 1962:Kashgar 1926:jarligs 1918:Russian 1916:), and 1906:Kipchak 1819:Shangdu 1797:Shaanxi 1722:kashrut 1606:Chinese 1546:Chinese 1542:Shangdu 1514:Chinese 1507:kheshig 1499:Jalairs 1491:Tibetan 1472:Xu Heng 1400:Tekuder 1396:kashrut 1392:Judaism 1352:Shiregi 1348:Almaliq 1340:Mamluks 1289:Zhangye 1254:Balkans 1252:to the 1246:Vitebsk 1188:of the 1184:Prince 1171:Orghana 1152:Mentemu 1124:Tbilisi 1041:Shaanxi 943:Wuchang 939:Yangtze 902:of the 837:of the 781:Sichuan 730:Araniko 694:Zhenjin 568:in the 522:as the 473:Dynasty 381:Qubilai 377:Kübilai 369:Chinese 365:ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ 345:Zhenjin 332: 324: 320: 307: 299: 295: 282: 274: 270: 255:Empress 99:Araniko 66:of the 7565:W. Xia 7483:: 7481:pinyin 7475:: 7453:Kublai 7364:Wuzong 7333:Khagan 7294:Kublai 7142:Regent 7123:Regent 7104:Regent 7074:Khagan 6967:Khagan 6935: 6875: 6849: 6821:5 June 6807: 6767: 6734: 6713: 6692: 6670: 6648: 6628: 6614: 6579: 6558: 6537: 6506: 6487: 6110: 6071: 5997: 5926: 5887: 5598: 5559: 5468: 5405: 5378: 5225: 5183: 5132:21 May 5118: 4978:p. 14. 4852: 4775: 4737:24 May 4662: 4557: 4356: 4114: 4087: 4050: 4008: 3954:(free) 3896: 3869: 3830: 3795: 3727: 3661: 3622: 3583: 3509:: 3507:pinyin 3501:: 3239:Legacy 3092:陟玩春山記興 3037:Poetry 2760:Nambui 2732:Family 2678:Ghazan 2674:Persia 2536:Temüge 2504:Shanxi 2461:named 2408:Africa 2397:Arghun 2393:Kublai 2344:Europe 2307:Champa 2286:Khmers 2207:under 2108:Kyushu 2004:Goryeo 1996:Goryeo 1922:Muqali 1887:, and 1863:" (or 1853:Ismail 1774:Yunnan 1751:" (or 1746:Muslim 1710:Quzhou 1681:, 1863 1653:copper 1608:: 1548:: 1524:: 1516:: 1404:Arghun 1372:Arghun 1356:Antong 1317:vassal 1311:, and 1116:Jochid 1083:Xanadu 995:Hulagu 931:Möngke 927:Möngke 919:Möngke 886:, the 875:Möngke 864:Möngke 824:Yunnan 777:envoys 769:Yunnan 738:Möngke 714:Turkic 710:Mongol 706:Shanxi 656:Ogedei 651:Kublai 639:Tangut 562:Möngke 535:Mongol 494:Mother 484:Father 371:: 242:Burial 64:Khagan 7509:Shang 7499:成吉思皇帝 7449:Note: 7354:Shizu 7303:Taizu 6937:Died: 6930:Born: 6626:JSTOR 6535:JSTOR 5311:(PDF) 5300:(PDF) 5270:(PDF) 5259:(PDF) 5045:9 May 4958:3 May 4952:(PDF) 4945:(PDF) 4773:S2CID 3967:(PDF) 3793:S2CID 3356:Notes 3294:into 3276:Tibet 2752:Chabi 2726:Temür 2556:Qasar 2532:Nayan 2475:Gansu 2467:Stupa 2459:Newar 2290:Thais 2255:Bagan 2217:Henan 2084:Wokou 1744:The " 1527:Ta-tu 1431:Köchü 1390:) or 1186:Kaidu 1168:Oirat 1156:Sarai 1148:Abaqa 1105:Reign 1091:Berke 1062:Kadan 1054:Alghu 1008:Jochi 963:bolts 959:taels 935:Wuhan 900:Berke 896:Islam 843:Chabi 839:Sakya 762:Xi'an 758:Henan 667:Hebei 624:Tolui 589:Korea 550:Tolui 537:-led 488:Tolui 461:House 419:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ 417:ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ 355:Names 340:Issue 326:( 322: 301:( 297: 276:( 272: 174:Reign 114:Reign 81:(1st 7581:Qing 7577:Ming 7573:Yuan 7561:Song 7557:Liao 7549:Tang 7513:Zhou 7284:Yuan 7140:(as 7121:(as 7102:(as 6939:1294 6932:1215 6873:ISBN 6847:ISBN 6823:2022 6805:ISBN 6783:2015 6765:ISBN 6750:2015 6732:ISBN 6711:ISBN 6690:ISBN 6668:ISBN 6646:ISBN 6612:ISBN 6595:2015 6577:ISBN 6556:ISBN 6504:ISBN 6485:ISBN 6184:2020 6155:2020 6126:2020 6108:ISBN 6087:2020 6069:ISBN 6045:2020 6013:2020 5995:ISBN 5974:2020 5942:2020 5924:ISBN 5903:2020 5885:ISBN 5614:2015 5596:ISBN 5575:2015 5557:ISBN 5484:2015 5466:ISBN 5421:2015 5403:ISBN 5376:ISBN 5349:2022 5319:2013 5278:2016 5241:2016 5223:ISBN 5199:2016 5181:ISBN 5160:2016 5134:2016 5116:ISBN 5095:2016 5047:2016 5020:2015 4974:link 4960:2016 4913:2019 4868:2015 4850:ISBN 4739:2008 4678:2020 4660:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4372:2020 4354:ISBN 4130:2015 4112:ISBN 4085:ISBN 4066:2015 4048:ISBN 4006:ISBN 3975:2013 3912:2015 3894:ISBN 3867:ISBN 3828:ISBN 3809:2018 3725:ISBN 3677:2022 3659:ISBN 3638:2022 3620:ISBN 3599:2022 3581:ISBN 3525:Dadu 3282:and 2618:any 2616:cite 2546:and 2516:jade 2502:and 2352:and 2336:and 2330:Thai 2274:Siam 2243:and 2215:and 2122:The 2080:Semu 2023:The 1984:and 1946:Duwa 1914:Asud 1910:Alan 1855:and 1844:and 1788:and 1759:and 1702:Qufu 1673:and 1661:Iran 1555:lit. 1533:lit. 1470:and 1412:Buqa 1244:and 1029:(or 951:Song 923:gout 810:tusi 797:Dali 787:son 712:and 686:ordo 478:Yuan 226:Died 214:Born 62:5th 7589:PRC 7585:ROC 7569:Jīn 7545:Sui 7529:Jìn 7521:Han 7517:Qin 7505:Xia 7343:of 6527:doi 5372:176 4765:doi 3785:doi 3533:Han 3503:忽必烈 3290:'s 3048:in 2669:In 2629:by 2538:or 2494:in 1827:Hui 1700:at 1374:to 1299:, 1233:Aju 801:段興智 597:Han 424:薛禪汗 373:忽必烈 7604:: 7587:/ 7583:→ 7579:→ 7575:→ 7571:→ 7567:/ 7563:/ 7559:/ 7555:→ 7551:→ 7547:→ 7543:→ 7539:/ 7535:→ 7531:/ 7527:→ 7523:→ 7519:→ 7515:→ 7511:→ 7507:→ 7479:; 7477:皇帝 7156:/ 7024:: 6813:. 6803:. 6799:. 6773:. 6740:. 6585:. 6554:. 6550:. 6533:. 6523:76 6521:. 6483:. 6479:. 6320:^ 6116:. 6077:. 6053:^ 6021:^ 6003:. 5950:^ 5932:. 5893:. 5865:^ 5838:^ 5739:^ 5635:21 5604:. 5565:. 5474:. 5411:. 5374:. 5339:. 5335:. 5306:. 5302:. 5287:^ 5231:. 5189:. 5124:. 5085:. 5081:. 5037:. 4970:}} 4966:{{ 4899:. 4858:. 4771:. 4761:38 4759:. 4747:^ 4729:. 4725:. 4668:. 4440:^ 4380:^ 4362:. 4338:^ 4263:. 4150:^ 4120:. 4056:. 3956:. 3902:. 3799:. 3791:. 3781:44 3779:. 3775:. 3754:^ 3667:. 3628:. 3589:. 3538:大元 3505:; 3497:; 3493:: 3489:; 3477:, 3473:: 3451:ɑː 3440:aɪ 3431:uː 3298:. 3278:, 3251:, 3095:) 2845:, 2835:, 2700:. 2676:, 2436:). 2381:. 2090:. 1908:, 1883:, 1871:. 1840:, 1704:, 1624:. 1610:腹裏 1600:, 1596:, 1578:. 1552:; 1550:上都 1530:; 1520:; 1518:大都 1457:c. 1429:, 1418:. 1307:, 1303:, 1291:. 1216:. 945:, 873:. 857:. 826:. 716:. 614:. 603:. 587:, 580:. 421:; 328:m. 303:m. 278:m. 234:, 7497:( 7471:( 7413:元 7335:- 7268:e 7261:t 7254:v 7144:) 7125:) 7106:) 7066:e 7059:t 7052:v 6969:- 6911:) 6907:( 6881:. 6855:. 6825:. 6785:. 6752:. 6719:. 6698:. 6676:. 6654:. 6632:. 6620:. 6597:. 6564:. 6541:. 6529:: 6512:. 6493:. 6186:. 6157:. 6128:. 6089:. 6047:. 6015:. 5976:. 5944:. 5905:. 5637:. 5616:. 5577:. 5486:. 5423:. 5384:. 5351:. 5321:. 5282:. 5280:. 5243:. 5201:. 5162:. 5136:. 5097:. 5049:. 5022:. 4976:) 4962:. 4915:. 4870:. 4779:. 4767:: 4741:. 4680:. 4563:. 4374:. 4267:. 4227:. 4132:. 4093:. 4068:. 4014:. 3977:. 3914:. 3875:. 3836:. 3811:. 3787:: 3733:. 3679:. 3640:. 3601:. 3457:/ 3454:n 3448:k 3445:ˈ 3437:l 3434:b 3428:k 3425:ˈ 3422:/ 3410:. 3389:. 3079:( 2859:) 2684:. 2656:) 2650:( 2645:) 2641:( 2637:. 2623:. 2372:. 1998:. 1912:( 1763:. 1544:( 1394:( 427:) 379:/ 363:: 195:) 191:( 85:) 75:) 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index