172:
289:; by some, the earth held up by cords to the Sky Vault at the four cardinal points; and by others, the path of life with four stages of maturity. Woodpeckers are associated with the four winds and are medicine birds that can extract illnesses among Muscogee Creeks. The birds are also sometimes interpreted as the four winds. The rayed circle or sun is interpreted literally, a deity or ancestors, council, and/or sacred fire. The entire design could also illustrate the
321:
215:
258:
88:
20:
206:, under two inches wide, were found at Spiro Mounds. Although dating is difficult in the current archaeological context, these masks are likely to be a later phenomenon (c. 1500–1700): although they are often found in sites that also produce 16th century Spanish trade goods, they are entirely absent from classic mound sites, which were active until the fourteenth century.
201:
Mask gorgets, although rare, are found throughout the southeast, with the most prominent site clusters occurring in the Ohio River valley, eastern
Tennessee, and the Arkansas delta, although finds have been found as far afield as North Dakota. The masks have bas-relief noses, drilled eyes, engraved
237:
Native
Americans, art historians, and anthropologists all have a wide range of often conflicting interpretations of the Mississippian iconography. Coiled rattlesnake gorgets were often found in the graves of young people and are believed to relate to age as opposed to status. The forked-eye motif,
349:
Shell carving is experiencing a revival among
Southeastern tribes today. Knokovtee Scott (Cherokee Nation/Muscogee, 1951–2019) studied under tribal historians, traditionalists, and medicine men. Scott carved gorgets with purple freshwater mussel shell harvested from near
303:
Some agreement can be found in interpreting the cross-in-circle design, which references the sun and the ceremonial fire, fed by four logs aligned to cardinal directions. Another design widely agreed upon is the water spider with a cross-in-circle design on its
276:
and dating from 1250 to 1450 CE. The Cox Mound gorget style features four woodpecker heads facing counter-clockwise, a four-lopped square motif, and a sometimes a cross within a rayed circle. It has been interpreted as a visualization of the
115:, are also carved into gorgets. Today, due to environmental causes, harvested lightning whelks are significantly smaller than in precontact times. These earlier shells typically ranged from 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) in length.
75:. They are believed to have been insignia of status or rank, either civic, military, or religious, or amulets of protective medicine. Due to the placement of the holes in the gorgets, they are also thought to be
332:
Turtle shells and stones have also infrequently been carved into gorgets. In the 18th century, metal medallions replaced shell gorgets among
Eastern tribes. In the late 19th century, women from tribes along the
884:
2552:
864:
155:
brought exotic shells from the Gulf northward. Initially, Hopewellian peoples carved plain shell gorgets around 1000 BCE. Engraved gorgets appeared in the late
Hopewell. A
1159:
852:
618:
3661:
3656:
1728:
3559:
3630:
2585:
136:
While most gorgets are circular, some are shaped as rectangles with rounded corners, maskettes, or other novel shapes. An extremely elaborate pendant from
1290:
243:
2542:
1005:
71:(c. 800–1500 CE); however, tribes from other regions and time periods also carved shell gorgets. The earliest shell gorgets date back to 3000 years
1748:
1134:
845:
1590:
129:
of the shell. A blank is cut or broken out, then ground smooth. Holes for suspension and decoration are drilled, sometimes with a bow drills or
52:
worn around the neck. The gorgets are frequently engraved, and are sometimes highlighted with pigments, or fenestrated (pierced with openings).
2607:
2305:
790:
696:
3128:
1738:
250:
people. "Strength of Life" design is interpreted by
Kvokovtee Scott and Phillip Deer (Muscogee medicine man) as referencing a whirlwind and
223:
3604:
1781:
838:
796:
3544:
3233:
3303:
3093:
2578:
1791:
300:
in
Tennessee features a man holding a mace and severed head. This has been interpreted by some anthropologists as a "flying shaman."
3198:
784:
358:(Muscogee) of Oklahoma carves shell gorgets and whelk shell cups, as does Antonio Grant (Eastern Band Cherokee) of North Carolina.
2993:
1412:
1408:
3068:
3003:
2983:
3208:
1053:
975:
771:
763:
738:
706:
685:
666:
42:
2571:
1252:
3589:
3564:
3514:
2978:
2426:
1430:
1242:
1217:
1149:
995:
3338:
3118:
2943:
1550:
1179:
1154:
1058:
413:
3666:
3083:
1995:
1232:
797:
Dates for Shell
Gorgets and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the Chickamauga Basin of Southeastern Tennessee
3584:
3549:
3353:
3223:
3073:
3028:
2502:
1340:
1073:
3494:
3288:
3263:
3183:
2875:
2619:
2015:
1580:
965:
955:
186:
As
Mississippian shell gorgets were traded widely, common designs have a widespread geographical distribution.
2332:
2099:
2084:
1960:
1723:
1535:
1083:
1020:
1000:
434:
3499:
3048:
2363:
2342:
1901:
1861:
1645:
1267:
1222:
1129:
1098:
297:
122:, the shells were traded through the Eastern Woodlands. This native trade continued into the 16th century.
19:
190:
people of southern
Florida harvested and carved gorgets. Coiled rattlesnakes gorgets were found among the
3594:
3363:
2948:
2933:
2807:
2295:
2269:
2094:
2030:
1980:
1305:
1272:
879:
3203:
2958:
1891:
1776:
1758:
1610:
1545:
806:
641:
3681:
3671:
3421:
3373:
1650:
980:
133:
drills. The gorget forms a concave shape and, when engraved, the interior is polished and decorated.
2895:
3308:
3163:
3133:
2692:
2594:
2054:
1826:
1796:
1530:
152:
101:
171:
3599:
3333:
3323:
3283:
3158:
2890:
2825:
2512:
2322:
2202:
2149:
2010:
1685:
1680:
1640:
367:
629:
3268:
2988:
2835:
2778:
2712:
2697:
2495:
2177:
1743:
1475:
1335:
1227:
1212:
1139:
3462:
3396:
3343:
3238:
3138:
2905:
2870:
2860:
2801:
1470:
1435:
1078:
868:
830:
716:
Smith, Martin T.; Julie Barnes Smith (Summer 1989). "Engraved Shell Masks in North America".
325:
68:
3033:
2885:
2757:
2465:
1660:
1495:
1025:
970:
195:
156:
163:
dates from 1000 BCE and features an engraved bear or opossum with an umbilical cord.
8:
3524:
2820:
2747:
2722:
2687:
2667:
2470:
2431:
2378:
2129:
2079:
2064:
2000:
1985:
1938:
1700:
1420:
1320:
1207:
351:
202:
or drill mouths, and sometimes forked-eye motifs or zigzags under the eyes. Small shell
3676:
3609:
3153:
3148:
3008:
2855:
2791:
2772:
2707:
2702:
2634:
2517:
2159:
2074:
1975:
1928:
1831:
1811:
1718:
1635:
1570:
1505:
913:
76:
64:
2727:
756:
Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma, Parts 1 and 2.
308:. Spider gorgets have a widespread distribution but are commonly found in what is now
3635:
3436:
3143:
2900:
2880:
2662:
2368:
2358:
2264:
2119:
2005:
1970:
1918:
1886:
1851:
1846:
1786:
1768:
1733:
1675:
1625:
1585:
1500:
1295:
1257:
1202:
985:
948:
823:
799:
767:
759:
734:
702:
681:
662:
397:
355:
112:
105:) is the most common shell used for gorgets. Other shells, such as the true conch or
56:
675:
3579:
3416:
3368:
3318:
3258:
3173:
3098:
3088:
3063:
3018:
2865:
2815:
2796:
2786:
2737:
2732:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2327:
2317:
2144:
1948:
1866:
1801:
1510:
1357:
1330:
1300:
1103:
1093:
341:
wore defenestrated gorgets made from bivalve shells and strung on vegetal cordage.
286:
239:
531:
Smith and Smith were only able to secure and examine 69 masks in their 1989 study.
3472:
3426:
3178:
3123:
3113:
2973:
2752:
2682:
2677:
2657:
2624:
2507:
2448:
2405:
2388:
2373:
2134:
2104:
1836:
1600:
1565:
1555:
1515:
1237:
1184:
1144:
1068:
1030:
903:
203:
126:
218:
Contemporary miniature gorget by Dan Townsend, featuring a cross-in-circle motif
3554:
3539:
3529:
3168:
2998:
2953:
2850:
2762:
2717:
2547:
2480:
2475:
2443:
2410:
2192:
2059:
1906:
1630:
1480:
1455:
1445:
960:
731:
Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South
334:
285:, is considered by some to be a "whirling sun" motif, or a priestly or chiefly
268:
There are over 30 pre-contact examples of the Cox Mound gorget style, found in
247:
119:
72:
3431:
2563:
3650:
3411:
3406:
3298:
3248:
3243:
3228:
3218:
3213:
2963:
2840:
2652:
2629:
2490:
2310:
2239:
2197:
2154:
2114:
2089:
1943:
1876:
1871:
1841:
1690:
1665:
1575:
1525:
1440:
1377:
1310:
1063:
1010:
918:
305:
257:
148:
60:
46:
32:
3614:
3569:
3519:
3509:
3489:
3457:
3358:
3313:
3293:
3078:
3058:
3023:
2938:
2923:
2742:
2614:
2537:
2300:
2169:
2069:
2020:
1923:
1881:
1655:
1620:
1485:
1460:
1387:
1372:
1362:
1350:
1262:
1247:
1164:
1119:
863:
659:
North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present
137:
24:
3467:
3348:
3328:
3193:
3053:
3043:
2928:
2672:
2438:
2290:
2234:
2182:
1896:
1753:
1540:
1450:
1394:
1345:
1124:
1015:
990:
943:
928:
320:
251:
176:
160:
678:
Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians - Art and Industry
3504:
3401:
3273:
3188:
3013:
2187:
2139:
2109:
2049:
1856:
1615:
1425:
1367:
1325:
1315:
1169:
1048:
3103:
214:
3278:
3108:
2259:
2249:
2229:
2124:
1933:
1821:
1713:
1490:
1174:
1088:
282:
269:
246:, and the symbol references excellent vision and hunting skill among
87:
728:
3477:
3441:
3391:
3253:
3038:
2485:
2453:
1670:
1595:
938:
933:
309:
227:
180:
107:
3484:
2968:
2845:
2767:
2460:
2274:
2254:
1708:
1605:
923:
338:
273:
231:
49:
676:
Fundaburk, Emma Lila; Foreman, Mary Douglass Fundaburk (2001) .
2830:
2041:
1911:
1560:
1465:
187:
860:
140:
is shaped as two hands connected by a common beaded bracelet.
3574:
2244:
1990:
1520:
1382:
290:
278:
234:
player, and birdman, sometimes called a Falcon Impersonater.
191:
130:
28:
328:), featuring a Mississippian warrior with a forked eye motif
3534:
151:
cultures created gorgets from slate and copper, but the
715:
804:
729:
Townsend, Richard F.; Sharp, Robert V., eds. (2004).
401:The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.
807:"The Jaguar Gorget—"The Missouri State Artifact""
791:Archaeology & the Native Peoples of Tennessee
656:
3662:Indigenous culture of the Southeastern Woodlands
3657:Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands
3648:
619:Cherokee National Treasure Knokovtee Scott dies
222:Iconography on the shell gorgets comes from the
2593:
694:
698:Art of the Cherokee: Prehistory to the Present
435:"Marine Shell Ornaments, Icons and Offerings."
281:myth of the winds. The four-looped square, or
2579:
846:
630:Oral history interview with Sandy Fife Wilson
175:Mask gorget with forked-eye motifs, from the
457:
455:
417:Palomar College, American Indian Department.
414:"Northern, Eastern, and Southern Woodlands."
224:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere
118:Harvested off the coasts of Florida and the
821:
680:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
82:
23:Engraved and fenestrated shell gorget from
2586:
2572:
853:
839:
824:"The Jaguar Gorget—Fairfield Mounds 23BE6"
3094:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
811:Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly
805:Wood, W. Raymond Wood (April–June 2000).
549:Fundaburk and Foreman, Plates 157 and 158
452:
324:Contemporary gorget by Bennie Pokemire (
319:
256:
213:
170:
125:Gorgets are carved from the penultimate
86:
18:
758:Cambridge: Peabody Museum Press, 2004.
701:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
605:
603:
575:
573:
509:
507:
505:
503:
238:commonly identified as markings from a
226:. Extremely common designs include the
143:
3649:
754:Phillips, Phillip and James A. Brown.
2567:
834:
79:that could produce whistling sounds.
733:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
600:
570:
500:
429:
427:
425:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
3565:Norse colonization of North America
419:16 June 2005 (retrieved 6 Feb 2011)
315:
13:
869:Mississippian and related cultures
748:
55:Shell gorgets were most common in
14:
3693:
778:
644:, Abbe Museum: 2021 AMIM Artists.
422:
379:
862:
470:Fundaburk and Foreman, Pl. 155-6
166:
3585:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2503:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
635:
623:
612:
591:
582:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
344:
885:Timeline of Mississippi valley
491:
482:
473:
464:
443:
406:
230:, coiled rattlesnake, spider,
209:
1:
2085:Grand Village of the Illinois
661:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
650:
159:marine-shell gorget from the
69:Mississippian cultural period
45:art form of polished, carved
3550:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3500:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1862:Grand Village of the Natchez
298:Castalian Springs Mound Site
67:(200 BCE – 500 CE) and
7:
2934:Bandelier National Monument
2808:List of Mississippian sites
2595:Pre-Columbian North America
880:List of Mississippian sites
361:
16:Form of Native American art
10:
3698:
3354:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2959:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2668:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
657:Dubin, Lois Sherr (1999).
3623:
3595:Three Sisters agriculture
3450:
3382:
2914:
2643:
2601:
2530:
2419:
2351:
2283:
2222:
2215:
2168:
2040:
2029:
1959:
1810:
1767:
1699:
1407:
1281:
1193:
1112:
1039:
902:
893:
875:
793:, Frank H. McClung Museum
632:, OSU Digital Connections
3134:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2693:Buttermilk Creek complex
1797:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
718:Southeastern Archaeology
695:Power, Susan C. (2007).
540:Smith and Smith, table 1
440:(retrieved 24 July 2010)
403:(retrieved 23 July 2010)
373:
153:Hopewell Exchange System
102:Sinistrofulgur perversum
93:Sinistrofulgur perversum
83:Materials and techniques
3667:Native American jewelry
3334:Town Creek Indian Mound
3304:Sierra de San Francisco
3159:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2427:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2323:Long-nosed god maskette
2203:SunWatch Indian Village
2150:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2011:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
787:, Virtual First Ohioans
588:Townsend and Sharp, 208
368:Long-nosed god maskette
2989:Coso Rock Art District
2876:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2779:List of Hopewell sites
2178:Alligator Effigy Mound
1792:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1744:Leon-Jefferson culture
1140:Caborn-Welborn culture
329:
265:
219:
183:
96:
35:
3397:Arlington Springs Man
3239:Portsmouth Earthworks
907:and Upper Mississippi
785:Archaic shell gorgets
438:Texas Beyond History.
326:Eastern Band Cherokee
323:
260:
217:
174:
90:
22:
3605:Transoceanic contact
3495:Container Revolution
3069:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3034:Etowah Indian Mounds
2466:Earth/fertility cult
2170:Fort Ancient culture
1054:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1040:Lower Ohio River and
1026:Steed-Kisker culture
433:Dreiss, Meredith L.
242:, dates back to the
157:Glacial Kame culture
144:Archaic and Hopewell
3525:Green Corn Ceremony
3339:Turkey River Mounds
3129:Lake Jackson Mounds
2949:Blue Spring Shelter
2471:Green Corn Ceremony
2031:Upper Mississippian
1981:Blue Spring Shelter
1701:Fort Walton culture
1155:Hovey Lake District
398:"Cox Mound Gorget."
396:C. Andrew Buchner,
352:Fort Sill, Oklahoma
293:myth of the winds.
3610:Underwater panther
3284:Rosenstock Village
3154:Marmes Rockshelter
3139:L'Anse aux Meadows
2553:de Soto Expedition
2518:Underwater panther
2364:Central Algonquian
2075:Fisher Mound Group
1719:Apalachee Province
1686:Waddells Mill Pond
558:Smith and Smith, 9
330:
296:A gorget from the
266:
220:
184:
113:freshwater mussels
97:
65:Hopewell tradition
36:
3644:
3643:
3636:Pre-Columbian era
3437:Spirit Cave mummy
3234:Plum Bayou Mounds
3144:Lynch Quarry Site
2663:Ancient Beringian
2561:
2560:
2526:
2525:
2211:
2210:
1827:Atchafalaya Basin
1769:Pensacola culture
1734:Fort Walton Mound
1626:Punk Rock Shelter
1586:Mouse Creek phase
1409:South Appalachian
1403:
1402:
1282:Central and Lower
1223:Castalian Springs
1213:Brentwood Library
1113:Middle Ohio River
966:Emerald Acropolis
822:Fuller, Michael.
800:Lynne P. Sullivan
772:978-0-87365-802-7
764:978-0-87365-795-2
740:978-0-300-10601-5
708:978-0-8203-2767-9
687:978-0-8173-1077-6
668:978-0-8109-3689-8
609:Power (2007), 214
356:Sandy Fife Wilson
244:Hopewell exchange
99:Lightning whelk (
57:Eastern Woodlands
3689:
3682:Seashells in art
3672:Mollusc products
3580:Projectile point
3417:Leanderthal Lady
3344:Upward Sun River
3319:Stallings Island
3309:Shell ring sites
3259:Recapture Canyon
3174:Moorehead Circle
3019:El Fin del Mundo
3004:Cueva de la Olla
2810:
2797:Maritime Archaic
2781:
2611:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2328:Mill Creek chert
2318:Duck River cache
2220:
2219:
2038:
2037:
1802:Pensacola people
1596:Muscogee (Creek)
1436:Bell Field Mound
1150:Hovey Lake-Klein
1104:Wickliffe Mounds
1079:Rowlandton Mound
996:Lunsford-Pulcher
900:
899:
867:
866:
855:
848:
841:
832:
831:
827:
818:
744:
725:
712:
691:
672:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
616:
610:
607:
598:
595:
589:
586:
580:
577:
568:
565:
559:
556:
550:
547:
541:
538:
532:
529:
523:
520:
514:
511:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
459:
450:
447:
441:
431:
420:
410:
404:
394:
316:Historic gorgets
252:dancing movement
240:peregrine falcon
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3631:Genetic history
3619:
3473:Ceremonial pipe
3446:
3427:Minnesota Woman
3384:
3378:
3199:Ocmulgee Mounds
3179:Morrison Mounds
3124:Kolomoki Mounds
3114:Kimball Village
2974:Candelaria Cave
2916:
2910:
2891:Suwannee Valley
2826:Old Cordilleran
2806:
2777:
2645:
2639:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2562:
2557:
2543:Clarksdale bell
2522:
2508:Stone box grave
2449:Ceremonial pipe
2415:
2374:Mobilian Jargon
2347:
2279:
2207:
2164:
2032:
2025:
1962:
1955:
1813:
1806:
1763:
1695:
1641:Rucker's Bottom
1431:Beaverdam Creek
1411:
1399:
1283:
1277:
1238:Hiwassee Island
1195:
1189:
1180:Welborn Village
1108:
1069:Millstone Bluff
1042:Confluence area
1041:
1035:
1031:Sugarloaf Mound
971:Emmons Cemetery
906:
904:American Bottom
895:
889:
871:
861:
859:
781:
751:
749:Further reading
741:
709:
688:
669:
653:
648:
640:
636:
628:
624:
617:
613:
608:
601:
596:
592:
587:
583:
578:
571:
566:
562:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
526:
521:
517:
512:
501:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
474:
469:
465:
460:
453:
448:
444:
432:
423:
412:Dozier, Debye.
411:
407:
395:
380:
376:
364:
347:
318:
212:
169:
146:
85:
43:Native American
17:
12:
11:
5:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
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3641:
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3602:
3597:
3592:
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3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Mound Builders
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Medicine wheel
3537:
3532:
3530:Horned Serpent
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3465:
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3404:
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3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Roberts Island
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Old Stone Fort
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Moaning Cavern
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Kincaid Mounds
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Cuarenta Casas
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Bluefish Caves
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2915:Archaeological
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
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2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Caloosahatchee
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Caborn-Welborn
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2644:Archaeological
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2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
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2599:
2598:
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2590:
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2548:Mound Builders
2545:
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2534:Related topics
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:Village bundle
2488:
2483:
2481:Platform mound
2478:
2476:Horned Serpent
2473:
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2463:
2458:
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2456:
2446:
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2366:
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2355:
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2349:
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2343:Stone statuary
2340:
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2293:
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2226:
2224:
2217:
2213:
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2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Leo Petroglyph
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Moccasin Bluff
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Gentleman Farm
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Carcajou Point
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Caddoan Mounds
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
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1946:
1941:
1936:
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1782:Dauphin Island
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1503:
1498:
1493:
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1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Bussell Island
1453:
1448:
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1428:
1423:
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1215:
1210:
1208:Beasley Mounds
1205:
1199:
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1190:
1188:
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1177:
1172:
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1162:
1157:
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1107:
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1096:
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1066:
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1059:Kincaid Mounds
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
976:Horseshoe Lake
973:
968:
963:
961:Dickson Mounds
958:
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941:
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779:External links
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346:
343:
337:, such as the
335:Colorado River
317:
314:
248:Muscogee Creek
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208:
168:
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120:Gulf of Mexico
84:
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15:
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3515:Falcon dancer
3513:
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3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:Miscellaneous
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Melbourne Man
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:La Brea Woman
3410:
3408:
3407:Kennewick Man
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
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3375:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Serpent Mound
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Pueblo Bonito
3247:
3245:
3244:Poverty Point
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Pinson Mounds
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Painted Bluff
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
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3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Horr's Island
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Effigy Mounds
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Crystal River
2992:
2990:
2987:
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2980:
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2937:
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2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:Weeden Island
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Safety Harbor
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Poverty Point
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Paleo-Indians
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:Mississippian
2800:
2798:
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2790:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
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2769:
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2706:
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2701:
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2491:Sacred bundle
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2316:
2312:
2311:Wulfing cache
2309:
2307:
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2299:
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2297:
2296:Copper plates
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
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2270:Three Sisters
2268:
2266:
2263:
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2258:
2256:
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2240:Little barley
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2236:
2233:
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2201:
2199:
2198:Serpent Mound
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2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
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2160:Summer Island
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1963:Mississippian
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1729:Corbin–Tucker
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1636:Roods Landing
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1576:Moccasin Bend
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1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Hoojah Branch
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:Mississippian
1410:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Menard-Hodges
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1273:Swallow Bluff
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:Tennessee and
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Marshall Site
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
909:
905:
901:
898:
896:Mississippian
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
870:
865:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
833:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
742:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
704:
700:
699:
693:
689:
683:
679:
674:
670:
664:
660:
655:
654:
643:
642:Antonio Grant
638:
631:
626:
620:
615:
606:
604:
594:
585:
576:
574:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
508:
506:
504:
494:
485:
476:
467:
458:
456:
446:
439:
436:
430:
428:
426:
418:
415:
409:
402:
399:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
378:
369:
366:
365:
359:
357:
353:
342:
340:
336:
327:
322:
313:
311:
307:
306:cephalothorax
301:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:and northern
271:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
235:
233:
229:
225:
216:
207:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
182:
178:
173:
167:Mississippian
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
116:
114:
111:, as well as
110:
109:
104:
103:
94:
89:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:, during the
62:
61:United States
58:
53:
51:
48:
44:
40:
39:Shell gorgets
34:
30:
26:
21:
3615:Water glyphs
3570:Oasisamerica
3560:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3520:Folsom point
3510:Effigy mound
3490:Clovis point
3458:Aridoamerica
3359:Wickiup Hill
3314:Spiro Mounds
3294:Salmon Ruins
3289:Russell Cave
3084:Helen Blazes
3079:Grimes Point
3059:Fort Juelson
3049:Fort Ancient
3024:El Vallecito
2984:Chaco Canyon
2924:Angel Mounds
2886:Steed-Kisker
2836:Paleo-Arctic
2758:Glacial Kame
2743:Fort Ancient
2635:Post-Classic
2606:
2538:Chevron bead
2444:Burial mound
2338:Shell gorget
2337:
2306:Spiro plates
2301:Rogan plates
2120:Knoll Spring
2095:Hartley Fort
2055:Beattie Park
1939:Transylvania
1777:Bottle Creek
1739:Lake Jackson
1621:Pisgah phase
1551:Little Egypt
1501:Garden Creek
1486:Dallas phase
1373:Tipton phase
1351:Nodena phase
1248:Mound Bottom
1233:Fewkes Group
1218:Brick Church
1120:Angel Mounds
986:Kuhn Station
981:John Chapman
814:
810:
755:
730:
721:
717:
697:
677:
658:
637:
625:
614:
593:
584:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
493:
484:
475:
466:
445:
437:
416:
408:
400:
348:
345:Contemporary
331:
302:
295:
267:
261:
236:
221:
200:
185:
147:
138:Spiro Mounds
135:
124:
117:
106:
100:
98:
92:
54:
38:
37:
27:, ancestral
25:Spiro Mounds
3600:Thunderbird
3468:Black drink
3432:Peñon woman
3369:Winterville
3349:Velda Mound
3329:Taos Pueblo
3224:Parkin Park
3209:Orwell site
3194:Nodena site
3089:Holly Bluff
3064:Four Mounds
3054:Fort Center
2979:Casa Grande
2929:Anzick site
2821:Monongahela
2748:Fort Walton
2723:Coles Creek
2688:Belle Glade
2673:Anishinaabe
2513:Thunderbird
2439:Black drink
2291:Emmons mask
2235:Chenopodium
2223:Agriculture
2145:Plum Island
2100:Hotel Plaza
1949:Winterville
1929:Scott Place
1867:Holly Bluff
1787:Fort Walton
1541:Lamar phase
1395:Walls phase
1291:Belle Meade
1284:Mississippi
1228:Dunbar Cave
1130:Annis Mound
1125:Angel phase
1099:Ware Mounds
1094:Twin Mounds
944:Ramey state
929:Monks Mound
210:Iconography
194:Indians of
177:Nodena site
161:Great Lakes
91:Views of a
3651:Categories
3545:Metallurgy
3505:Eden point
3402:Buhl Woman
3274:Rock Eagle
3264:River Styx
3189:Mummy Cave
3184:Moundville
3164:Mesa Verde
3149:Marksville
2896:Tchefuncte
2856:Plaquemine
2792:Las Palmas
2708:Calf Creek
2703:Cades Pond
2250:Marshelder
2135:Oak Forest
2105:Hoxie Farm
1919:Pocahontas
1812:Plaquemine
1749:Letchworth
1681:Town Creek
1616:Park Mound
1581:Moundville
1566:Mandeville
1556:Long Swamp
1516:Jere Shine
1368:Quigualtam
1316:Chucalissa
1203:Backusburg
1196:Cumberland
1185:Yankeetown
1170:Slack Farm
1145:Ellerbusch
1049:Adams site
956:Cloverdale
817:(2): 8–11.
651:References
597:Dubin, 196
522:Dubin, 200
513:Dubin, 202
497:Dubin, 156
461:Dubin, 163
449:Dubin, 154
3677:Necklaces
3590:Stickball
3279:Rock Hawk
3109:Key Marco
2901:Troyville
2881:St. Johns
2866:Red Ocher
2625:Formative
2379:Muskogean
2352:Languages
2265:Sunflower
2125:Mero site
2060:Blood Run
1714:Apalachee
1661:Summerour
1601:Nacoochee
1358:Owl Creek
1253:Riverview
1243:Link Farm
1135:Bone Bank
1089:Turk Site
1084:Towosahgy
949:Woodhenge
579:Dubin 204
567:Dubin 161
488:Dubin 159
479:Dubin 162
283:guilloche
270:Tennessee
262:Cox style
3478:Chanunpa
3463:Ballgame
3442:Vero man
3392:Anzick-1
3364:Windover
3324:SunWatch
3254:Rassawek
3074:Glenwood
2964:Brewster
2816:Mogollon
2787:La Jolla
2773:Hopewell
2733:Deptford
2646:cultures
2486:Red Horn
2454:Chanunpa
2432:Northern
2420:Religion
2401:Timucuan
2369:Cherokee
2155:Schwerdt
2115:Juntunen
2090:Griesmer
2033:cultures
1986:Bluffton
1872:Jaketown
1837:Fitzhugh
1691:Wilbanks
1671:Tomotley
1646:Savannah
1611:Ocmulgee
1591:Mulberry
1526:Joe Bell
1446:Biltmore
1441:Bessemer
1306:Campbell
1268:Old Town
1074:Orr-Herl
1011:Orendorf
1006:Mitchell
939:Mound 72
934:Mound 34
919:Big Eddy
362:See also
310:Illinois
228:triskele
181:Arkansas
108:Strombus
77:spinners
50:pendants
3627:Related
3485:Chunkey
3385:remains
3374:Wupatki
3214:Paquime
3104:Huápoca
2969:Cahokia
2939:Bastian
2846:Patayan
2768:Hohokam
2753:Fremont
2728:ComondĂş
2683:Baytown
2678:Avonlea
2658:Alachua
2630:Classic
2620:Archaic
2608:Periods
2461:Chunkey
2406:Tunican
2384:Natchez
2359:Caddoan
2333:Pottery
2284:Artwork
2275:Tobacco
2255:Pumpkin
2216:Culture
2070:Fifield
2001:Gahagan
1976:Belcher
1961:Caddoan
1944:Venable
1907:Natchez
1892:Mazique
1847:Fosters
1842:Flowery
1832:Emerald
1709:Anhaica
1666:Taskigi
1631:Rembert
1606:Nikwasi
1571:McMahan
1546:Liddell
1421:Adamson
1331:Janet's
1321:Denmark
1296:Boone's
1258:Sellars
1165:Prather
924:Cahokia
914:Aztalan
724:(1): 9.
339:Quechan
274:Alabama
232:chunkey
196:Georgia
59:of the
33:Wichita
3044:Folsom
3009:Cutler
2944:Benson
2831:Oneota
2763:Glades
2738:Folsom
2718:Clovis
2615:Lithic
2396:Siouan
2389:Taensa
2260:Squash
2183:Clover
2042:Oneota
2016:Keller
2006:Hughes
1971:Battle
1912:Taensa
1897:Medora
1887:Mangum
1882:Julice
1877:Jordan
1724:Cayson
1656:Sixtoe
1651:Shiloh
1561:Mabila
1496:Etowah
1476:Citico
1466:Chiaha
1461:Chauga
1378:Tunica
1363:Parkin
1346:Nodena
1341:Murphy
1311:Carson
1160:Murphy
1016:Sleeth
1001:McCune
991:Larson
894:Middle
770:
762:
737:
705:
684:
665:
287:litter
264:gorget
204:cameos
188:Calusa
41:are a
3575:Piasa
3383:Human
3014:Eaker
2917:sites
2851:Plano
2653:Adena
2411:Yuchi
2245:Maize
2230:Beans
2188:Dodge
2140:Palos
2110:Huber
2050:Anker
2021:Spiro
1991:Caddo
1924:Routh
1857:Glass
1852:Ghost
1754:Velda
1676:Toqua
1536:Lamar
1521:Joara
1511:Irene
1481:Coosa
1471:Chota
1451:Blair
1426:Avery
1388:Yazoo
1383:Koroa
1326:Eaker
1263:Obion
1021:Starr
374:Notes
291:Yuchi
279:Yuchi
192:Guale
149:Adena
131:chert
127:whorl
95:shell
47:shell
29:Caddo
3535:Kiva
1934:Sims
1902:Mott
1822:Anna
1531:King
1491:Dyar
1301:Boyd
1175:Tolu
768:ISBN
766:and
760:ISBN
735:ISBN
703:ISBN
682:ISBN
663:ISBN
3039:Eva
1759:Yon
179:in
31:or
3653::
815:17
813:.
809:.
720:.
602:^
572:^
502:^
454:^
424:^
381:^
354:.
312:.
254:.
198:.
73:BP
2587:e
2580:t
2573:v
854:e
847:t
840:v
826:.
774:.
743:.
722:8
711:.
690:.
671:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
