352:
of heat stress during the summer gestation period. Spring lambing has the advantage of coinciding with the natural breeding and lambing seasons, but supplemental feed is often needed. The advantage of winter lambing is that the lambs are weaned in spring when pastures are most fertile. This allows the lambs to grow more quickly, and to be sold for slaughter during the summer (when prices are generally high), but it results in roughly one in every four newborn lambs dying within a few days of birth of malnutrition, disease, or exposure to the harsh cold. In the UK, it results in around 4 million newborn lamb deaths. "Accelerated lambing" is the practice of lambing more than once a year, typically every 6 to 8 months. The advantages of accelerated lambing include increased lamb production, having lambs available for slaughter at different seasons, year-round use of labor and facilities, and increased income per ewe. It requires intensive management, early weaning, exogenous hormones, and artificial impregnation. It is often used to make old or soon-to-be infertile ewes give birth one more time before they are slaughtered.
367:
340:
558:
232:
123:
36:
416:. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to omit this for ethical, economic or practical reasons. A common castration technique is "elastration", which involves a thick rubber band being placed around the base of the infant's scrotum, obstructing the blood supply and causing atrophy. This method causes severe pain to the lambs who are provided no pain relief during the process. Elastration is also commonly used for docking.
2073:
451:
2085:
72:
55:
2109:
465:
2097:
1268:
1256:
423:) and are often done not later than one week after birth to minimize pain, stress, recovery time, and complications. Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated. Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they reduce costs, and inflict only temporary pain.
437:
90:
93:
92:
98:
96:
91:
403:
The Merino breed, accounting for around 80% of the wool produced in
Australia, have been selectively bred to have wrinkled skin resulting in excessive amounts of wool while making them much more prone to flystrike. To reduce the risk of flystrike caused by soiling for the lambs who make it to summer,
351:
or by facilitating natural mating. Fall lambing is generally not done as the lamb crop percentage is likely to be low; ewes often need hormone therapy to induce estrus and ovulation, and farm labor is often busy elsewhere during fall lambing. Furthermore, fall-born lambs can be weak and small because
97:
305:
Between the 1960s and 2012, per capita per year consumption of lamb and mutton has declined from nearly five pounds (about 2 kg) to just about one pound (450g), because of competition from poultry, pork, beef, and other meats. Between the 1990s and 2012, U.S. sheep operations declined from
277:
In 2013, the five countries with the largest number of head of sheep were mainland China (175 million), Australia (75.5 million), India (53.8 million), the former Sudan (52.5 million), and Iran (50.2 million). In 2018, Mongolia had 30.2 million sheep. In 2013, the number of head of sheep were
613:
attacks sheep farming in the United
Kingdom as "a slow-burning ecological disaster, which has done more damage to the living systems of this country than either climate change or industrial pollution. Yet scarcely anyone seems to have noticed." He particularly looks at
95:
526:
or machine shears. In
Australia, sheep shearers are paid by the number of sheep shorn, not by the hour, and there are no requirements for formal training or accreditation. Because of this, it is alleged that speed is prioritised over precision and care of the animal.
301:
In the United States, inventory data on sheep began in 1867, when 45 million head of sheep were counted in the United States. The numbers of sheep peaked in 1884 at 51 million head, and then declined over time to almost 6 million head.
569:
When sheep can no longer produce enough wool to be considered profitable, they are sent to slaughter and sold as mutton, and lambs raised for meat are killed between 4 and 12 months of age. Sheep have a natural lifespan of 12–14 years.
408:
at the same time, which involves cutting off the skin around their buttocks and the base of their tail with metal shears. If the lambs are younger than 6 months, it is legal to do this in
Australia without any pain relief.
1105:
94:
293:(288,857). The top five producers of sheep meat in 2013 were mainland China (2 million), Australia (660,000), New Zealand (450,000), the former Sudan (325,000), and Turkey (295,000).
1290:
244:
419:
Based on the preference of the shepherd, docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of
963:
1158:
896:
2058:
1713:
1676:
944:
829:
French, N. P.; et al. (1994). "Lamb tail docking: a controlled field study of the effects of tail amputation on health and productivity".
1409:
180:, and other facilities on their property, such as for water, feed, transport, and pest control. Most farms are managed so sheep can
2026:
1970:
1326:
983:
MAFF (UK) 2000. Sheep: codes of recommendations for the welfare of livestock. Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.
172:
Sheep can be raised in a range of temperate climates, including arid zones near the equator and other torrid zones. Farmers build
753:
475:
311:
281:
The top producers of sheep meat (average from 1993 to 2013) were as follows: mainland China (1.6 million); Australia (618,000),
2144:
1240:
Witherell, William H. "A comparison of the determinants of wool production in the six leading producing countries: 1949–1965."
791:
1011:
199:
suitable for their region and market conditions. When the farmer sees that a ewe (female adult) is showing signs of heat or
1928:
1958:
1142:
2113:
749:
251:
500:, they are sometimes given supplemental feed, such as corn and hay provided by the shepherds from their own fields.
1402:
2159:
2006:
1991:
1986:
1763:
1272:
17:
2053:
2048:
1996:
1743:
339:
278:
distributed as follows: 44% in Asia, 28.2% in Africa; 11.2% in Europe, 9.1% in
Oceania, 7.4% in the Americas.
2149:
1728:
1439:
657:
642:
541:
Crutching is the practice of removing wool for hygiene reasons, typically from around the face and buttocks.
1748:
1723:
1319:
920:
393:
Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied, for ease of later identification of sheep.
366:
347:
Most lambs are born outdoors. Ewes can be made to give birth in fall, winter, or spring months, either by
2154:
1733:
1395:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1260:
632:
375:
323:
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around 105,000 to around 80,000 because of shrinking revenues and low rates of return. According to the
1773:
1708:
1535:
1188:
1510:
757:
307:
1079:
2139:
2021:
1607:
1520:
1505:
1460:
1361:
1948:
1671:
1666:
1557:
1525:
1312:
348:
1230:
Perkins, John. "Up the Trail From Dixie: Animosity Toward Sheep in the
Culture of the US West."
105:
2134:
2016:
2001:
1943:
1938:
1693:
1624:
1617:
1434:
1429:
652:
615:
557:
522:. Ewes tend to be shorn immediately prior to lambing. Shearing can be done with either manual
274:(46.2 million). Approximately 540 million sheep are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.
1832:
1612:
1214:
1206:
1041:
314:, the sheep industry accounts for less than one percent of U.S. livestock industry receipts.
216:
2077:
1913:
1703:
1562:
1515:
1351:
594:
196:
109:
8:
2101:
1530:
1159:"Philip Hoare is enchanted by a call for the return of bear, beaver and bison to Britain"
2089:
2011:
1837:
1753:
1220:
Minto, John. "Sheep
Husbandry in Oregon. The Pioneer Era of Domestic Sheep Husbandry."
854:
400:
when compared to the alternative of letting sheep collect waste around their buttocks.
138:
254:, the top five countries by number of head of sheep (average from 1993 to 2013) were:
2084:
1681:
1654:
1602:
1572:
1138:
1055:
1007:
846:
858:
203:, they can organise for mating with males. Newborn lambs are typically subjected to
1918:
1876:
1768:
1659:
1567:
1552:
1189:"New Mexico's Sheep Industry: 1850–1900, Its Role in the History of the Territory."
838:
379:
208:
146:
61:
231:
122:
1893:
1629:
1371:
1285:
154:
150:
872:
1849:
1126:
604:
562:
549:
Sheep sold for slaughter often pass through saleyards, also known as auctions.
523:
515:
509:
396:
Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of
286:
255:
248:
374:
After lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking is carried out. This involves
2128:
2043:
1866:
1812:
1634:
1455:
1280:
1134:
662:
627:
519:
497:
177:
35:
1963:
1822:
1797:
1639:
1597:
1542:
1500:
774:
668:
609:
361:
204:
44:
850:
842:
1953:
1888:
1871:
1844:
1817:
1802:
1778:
1649:
1490:
1418:
992:
Canadian
Veterinary Medical Association. Position Statement, March 1996.
717:
637:
583:
471:
282:
1235:
1225:
704:
1644:
1592:
1587:
1470:
1199:
Transactions of the Royal
Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland
1197:
Fraser, Allan H. H. "Economic aspects of the Scottish sheep industry."
413:
387:
220:
1207:"Australasian sheep & wool.": a practical and theoretical treatise
1854:
1582:
897:"Genetic selection and using Australian Sheep Breeding Values (ASBV)"
772:
536:
450:
420:
397:
259:
189:
166:
162:
41:
486:
71:
1547:
665:, a large property for raising of sheep in Australia or New Zealand
579:
478:
encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war supplies.
405:
383:
212:
185:
951:. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. 2017.
1903:
1859:
1827:
1304:
334:
236:
181:
113:
78:
54:
1881:
1807:
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290:
200:
1387:
464:
1898:
1335:
647:
271:
263:
173:
142:
1789:
1577:
964:"The short scrotum method of castration in lambs: a review"
687:
267:
158:
1080:"Welfare group targets abuse in Australian shearing sheds"
1106:"Sheepmeat market structures and systems investigation"
456:A shepherd tends his flock in Northern California.
2126:
1001:
1151:
149:. Sheep are raised principally for their meat (
1222:The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
1131:Feral - Rewilding the land, sea and human life
1125:
1403:
1320:
226:
1035:
773:College of Agriculture and Home Economics.
184:pastures, sometimes under the control of a
1410:
1396:
1327:
1313:
1242:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
1006:. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Farming Press.
514:Sheep not meant to be eaten are typically
700:
698:
696:
496:Although sheep primarily consume pasture
1289:) is being considered for deletion. See
1232:Australasian Journal of American Studies
815:
813:
811:
556:
365:
338:
296:
230:
121:
1217:(USDA Economic Research Service, 2004).
754:United States Department of Agriculture
599:
312:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
2127:
1020:
1002:Brown, Dave; Meadowcroft, Sam (1996).
995:
828:
693:
1391:
1308:
808:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
81:, Germany, early on a holiday morning
2096:
768:
766:
750:Sheep, Lamb & Mutton: Background
2108:
1210:( W. Brooks & co., ltd., 1900).
945:"preventing flystrike – management"
688:A Beginner's Guide to Raising Sheep
24:
1959:Environmental impact of irrigation
1334:
1181:
961:
734:
25:
2171:
1293:to help reach a consensus. ›
1248:
1215:"Trends in the US sheep industry"
775:"Sheep Production and Management"
763:
252:Food and Agriculture Organization
2107:
2095:
2083:
2072:
2071:
1266:
1254:
463:
449:
435:
195:Farmers can select from various
88:
70:
53:
34:
2027:Agriculture and the environment
1764:British Agricultural Revolution
1417:
1119:
1098:
1072:
1056:"MA000035: Pastoral Award 2010"
1048:
1029:
986:
977:
955:
937:
913:
889:
792:"The suffering of farmed sheep"
355:
317:
270:(51.7 million), and the former
1971:Climate change and agriculture
1744:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
865:
822:
784:
710:
681:
77:Flock of sheep moving through
13:
1:
2145:Culture of the United Kingdom
1278:
921:"Managing flystrike in sheep"
674:
658:Patagonian sheep farming boom
643:History of the domestic sheep
474:-era poster sponsored by the
442:Branding sheep after shearing
426:
126:Sheep in Patagonia, Argentina
1749:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1192:New Mexico Historical Review
1113:Meat and Livestock Australia
760:(last updated May 26, 2012).
552:
544:
530:
491:
343:A ewe with two newborn lambs
7:
633:Glossary of sheep husbandry
621:
503:
324:Domestic sheep reproduction
10:
2176:
1709:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
592:
577:
573:
534:
507:
484:
359:
332:
328:
321:
227:Sheep production worldwide
2068:
2059:Universities and colleges
2035:
1979:
1927:
1788:
1692:
1677:Universities and colleges
1489:
1482:
1448:
1425:
1342:
758:Economic Research Service
588:
412:Male lambs are typically
308:Economic Research Service
2044:Agriculturist profession
1521:Agricultural engineering
1506:Agricultural cooperative
1291:templates for discussion
1038:Handbook for Woolgrowers
1949:Agricultural wastewater
1672:Sustainable food system
1667:Sustainable agriculture
1558:Animal-free agriculture
1526:Agricultural technology
404:Merino lambs are often
349:artificial insemination
2160:Culture of New Zealand
2049:Agricultural machinery
2007:History of agriculture
1992:Agriculture by country
1987:Agricultural machinery
1944:Agricultural pollution
1939:Agricultural expansion
1714:Austronesian expansion
1625:Mechanised agriculture
1060:awardviewer.fwo.gov.au
653:Livestock guardian dog
616:sheep farming in Wales
566:
371:
344:
258:(146.5 million head),
240:
207:, which involves tail
127:
2054:Government ministries
1997:Agriculture companies
1833:Convertible husbandry
1511:Agricultural supplies
1461:Agricultural Engineer
1244:51.1 (1969): 138–158.
1204:Hawkesworth, Alfred.
1187:Carlson, Alvar Ward.
1165:. London. 28 May 2013
1042:Australian Wool Board
1026:Simmons & Ekarius
843:10.1136/vr.134.18.463
560:
485:Further information:
369:
342:
297:U.S. sheep production
234:
125:
2150:Culture of Australia
1704:Neolithic Revolution
1563:Cellular agriculture
1516:Agricultural science
1275:at Wikimedia Commons
1263:at Wikimedia Commons
1036:Moule, G.R. (1972).
600:Environmental impact
595:List of sheep breeds
145:. It is a branch of
106:Pip Ivan Marmaroskyi
1163:The Daily Telegraph
1004:The Modern Shepherd
949:www.agric.wa.gov.au
925:www.agric.wa.gov.au
901:www.agric.wa.gov.au
487:Sheep § health
370:Sheep feeding, 1912
219:, and males may be
161:). They also yield
137:is the raising and
2155:Culture of Ireland
1838:Rotational grazing
1754:Columbian exchange
1213:Jones, Keithly G.
962:Bright, Ashleigh.
567:
372:
345:
241:
128:
2122:
2121:
1682:Urban agriculture
1655:Rice-duck farming
1603:Intensive farming
1573:Extensive farming
1385:
1384:
1271:Media related to
1259:Media related to
1224:(1902): 219–247.
1201:51 (1939): 39–57.
1013:978-0-85236-188-7
873:"History of Wool"
262:(101.1 million),
243:According to the
235:Sheep farming in
99:
16:(Redirected from
2167:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2075:
2074:
1919:Wildlife farming
1769:Green Revolution
1720:Ancient history
1660:Rice-fish system
1568:Contract farming
1553:Animal husbandry
1412:
1405:
1398:
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1388:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1270:
1258:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1129:(October 2013).
1123:
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1116:
1110:
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266:(62.1 million),
247:database of the
147:animal husbandry
101:
100:
74:
62:Taurus Mountains
60:Shepherd in the
57:
38:
27:Animal husbandry
21:
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2140:Animal breeding
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2123:
2118:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2031:
2022:Poultry farming
1975:
1930:
1923:
1894:Poultry farming
1784:
1760:Modern history
1740:Post-classical
1688:
1687:
1686:
1630:Organic farming
1485:
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1377:Fictional sheep
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1182:Further reading
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837:(18): 463–467.
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289:(335,000), and
285:(519,000), the
229:
151:lamb and mutton
135:sheep husbandry
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104:Sheep graze on
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18:Sheep husbandry
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1273:Sheep shearing
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1249:External links
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1234:(1992): 1–18.
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1144:978-1846147487
1143:
1127:George Monbiot
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1086:. 10 July 2014
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1044:. p. 186.
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877:The Big Merino
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593:Main article:
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563:slaughterhouse
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535:Main article:
532:
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518:annually in a
510:Sheep shearing
508:Main article:
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256:mainland China
249:United Nations
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2002:Biotechnology
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131:Sheep farming
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1964:Overdrafting
1908:
1823:Goat farming
1734:Ancient Rome
1640:Permaculture
1598:Horticulture
1543:Agroforestry
1501:Agribusiness
1367:Reproduction
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1191:
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
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1083:
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721:
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669:Transhumance
608:
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540:
513:
495:
418:
411:
402:
395:
392:
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362:Lamb marking
356:Lamb marking
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318:Reproduction
304:
300:
280:
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205:lamb marking
194:
171:
155:sheep's milk
134:
130:
129:
45:Merino sheep
2114:Wikiproject
1954:Overgrazing
1889:Pig farming
1872:Paddy field
1845:Hydroponics
1818:Fur farming
1803:Aquaculture
1798:Agrivoltaic
1779:Monoculture
1700:Prehistory
1650:Polyculture
1471:Farm worker
1449:Occupations
1419:Agriculture
1279:‹ The
722:www.fao.org
638:Guard llama
584:Herding dog
561:Sheep in a
472:World War I
376:ear tagging
283:New Zealand
176:, housing,
110:Carpathians
2129:Categories
1980:Categories
1645:Plantation
1593:Free range
1588:Feed ratio
1261:Ovis aries
1169:16 January
1065:2019-08-30
930:2019-08-30
906:2019-08-30
882:2019-08-30
801:2019-06-04
796:Animal Aid
727:2019-10-25
675:References
578:See also:
427:Healthcare
388:castrating
333:See also:
217:earmarking
108:mountain,
42:Australian
2012:Livestock
1855:Livestock
1583:Farmhouse
1362:Predation
1347:Husbandry
718:"FAOSTAT"
707:database.
553:Slaughter
545:Saleyards
537:Crutching
531:Crutching
492:Nutrition
421:colostrum
414:castrated
398:flystrike
260:Australia
221:castrated
190:sheep dog
167:parchment
163:sheepskin
153:), milk (
2078:Category
1904:Orchards
1877:Pastoral
1548:Agronomy
1357:Glossary
1281:template
1236:in JSTOR
1226:in JSTOR
1084:ABC News
859:32586633
831:Vet. Rec
622:See also
580:Shepherd
504:Shearing
498:roughage
384:mulesing
213:mulesing
186:shepherd
139:breeding
2102:Commons
1914:Terrace
1860:Pasture
1828:Grazing
1774:Organic
1694:History
1608:animals
1531:Digital
1491:General
1435:History
1430:Outline
1372:As food
1283:below (
851:8059511
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705:FAOSTAT
574:Herding
406:mulesed
380:docking
335:Lambing
329:Lambing
310:of the
245:FAOSTAT
237:Namibia
209:docking
114:Ukraine
79:Cologne
2090:Portal
1931:impact
1882:Bocage
1808:Cattle
1476:Herder
1466:Farmer
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1286:Curlie
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524:blades
386:, and
291:Turkey
239:(2017)
201:estrus
197:breeds
174:fences
2036:Lists
1899:Ranch
1867:Mixed
1618:crops
1440:Index
1296:Sheep
1109:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
855:S2CID
778:(PDF)
648:Jacob
610:Feral
516:shorn
272:Sudan
264:India
182:graze
1613:pigs
1578:Farm
1171:2020
1139:ISBN
1092:2014
1008:ISBN
847:PMID
582:and
476:USDA
268:Iran
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