211:(Moho, the mantle-crust boundary) disappears at a depth of 20 km (12 mi) whereas it is normally observed at a depth of 17 km (11 mi). Furthermore, the crustal thickness between the massifs of the Shatsky Rise is almost twice that of normal crust thickness. This considered, the area covered by the rise, assuming the crust was also formed by the Shatsky Rise volcanism, has been estimated to 533,000 km (206,000 sq mi) and the volume to 6,900,000 km (1,700,000 cu mi).
1253:
103:
24:
304:
The volume of the rise decreases along the trace of the triple junction. The TAMU Massif at the southern end has an estimated volume of 2,500,000 km (600,000 cu mi) whereas both ORI and
Shirshov (136 Ma) attained 700,000 km (170,000 cu mi). Papanin Ridge, the
244:
Scientific studies of the size, shape, and eruption rate of the
Shatsky Rise have concluded that the rise originated from a mantle plume, whereas studies of magnetic lineations and plate tectonic reconstructions have shown that it must have originated near a triple junction and drifted up to
190:
The central area of the
Shatsky Rise is a diagonal plateau that extends from about 32–38° N. and 156–164° E. Including its periphery and the Papanin Ridge, it reaches from about 30–44° N. and 154–168° E. It covers an area that has been estimated to
300:
The triple junction moved north-west before M22 (150 Ma) after-which it started to reorganise, a microplate formed and the triple junction made an 800 km (500 mi) eastward jump to the oldest part of the rise, the TAMU Massif. The remainder of
Shatsky Rise formed before M3
219:
After its formation
Shatsky Rise was uplifted 2,500â3,500 m (8,200â11,500 ft) and it then subsided 2,600â3,400 m (8,500â11,200 ft), which, in both cases, is considerably more than the Ontong-Java Plateau. There was least subsidence at the centre of the Tamu Massif
297:, formed during the spreading between the Pacific and Farallon plates 156â120 Ma. North of Shatsky Rise the so-called Japanese lineations are oriented in another direction and the differences in orientations trace the path of the PacificâFarallonâIzanagi triple junction.
245:
2,000 km (1,200 mi) during the Early
Cretaceous (140â100 Ma). A 2016 study concluded that the Tamu Massif formed at a mid-ocean ridge that interacted with a plume head and that the Ori Massif formed off-axis probably from a plume tail.
177:
is likely the largest volcano yet discovered on Earth. In 2016, a study found that Tamu Massif covered the entire
Shatsky Rise, meaning that the volcano had a surface area of 533,000 square kilometres (206,000 sq mi), surpassing
290:. The eruption coincided with an 800 km (500 mi), nine-stage jump in the location of the triple junction and a configuration change from ridge-ridge-ridge to ridge-ridge-transform.
279:, its formation can be precisely dated. Magnetic lineations on and surrounding Shatsky Rise range from M21 (147 Ma) at the south-western edge to M1 (124 Ma) at the northern tip.
151:
252:(mid-ocean ridge basalt), making a recycled mantle slab a more likely source. A decrease in magma volume with time is more consistent with the involvement of a mantle plume.
645:"Orientation of joints and arrangement of solid inclusions in fibrous veins in the Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific: implications for crackâseal mechanisms and stress fields"
173:
The rise consists of three large volcanic massifs, Tamu, Ori, and
Shirshov, but, in contrast, there are few traces of magmatism on the surrounding ocean floor.
393:
728:"Magnetic lineations within Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean: Implications for hot spotâtriple junction interaction and oceanic plateau formation"
248:
Shatsky Rise formed at a triple junction, but the thickness of the plateau coupled with the depth and intensity of melting is different from those of
1004:
275:, probably making it the oldest unaltered ocean plateau. Because this occurred before the so-called Cretaceous silent period, a long period without
305:
north end of the rise, has a volume of 400,000 km (96,000 cu mi) but was probably emplaced over a longer period (131â124 Ma).
301:(126 Ma) along the trace of the triple junction. Shaktsky volcanism was episodic and tied to at least nine ridge jumps from this episode.
228:
3,300 m (10,800 ft)), and it becomes greatest at the flank of Ori Massif. The cause of this gradual increase in subsidence can be
147:
1228:
1270:
1085:
1314:
1090:
997:
785:
1107:
1055:
1060:
561:
Heydolph, K.; Murphy, D. T.; Geldmacher, J.; Romanova, I. V.; Greene, A.; Hoernle, K.; Weis, D.; Mahoney, J. (2014).
605:"Depleted mantle wedge and sediment fingerprint in unusual basalts from the Manihiki Plateau, central Pacific Ocean"
224:
2,600 m (8,500 ft)), subsidence increased at the northern flank of the Tamu Massif and at the Ori Massif (
1309:
1156:
1112:
1050:
990:
643:
Li, S.; Suo, Y.; Yu, S.; Wu, T.; Somerville, I.; Sager, W.; Li, X.; Hui, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zang, Y; Zheng, Q. (2016).
563:"Plume versus plate origin for the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau (NW Pacific): Insights from Nd, Pb and Hf isotopes"
1185:
1141:
1095:
1190:
208:
286:
147â143 Ma either because a mantle plume reached the surface or because of decompression melting at a
1213:
394:"Tamu Massif even more massive: world's largest volcano almost same size as Japan, widest in solar system"
1070:
802:
Sager, W. W.; Zhang, J.; Korenaga, J.; Sano, T.; Koppers, A. A.; Widdowson, M.; Mahoney, J. J. (2013).
684:
293:
A set of magnetic lineations, called the
Hawaiian lineations, between Shatsky Rise, Hess Rise, and the
603:
Ingle, S.; Mahoney, J. J.; Sato, H.; Coffin, M. F.; Kimura, J. I.; Hirano, N.; Nakanishi, M. (2007).
110:
23:
1146:
1319:
1161:
1029:
1013:
803:
236:
2,900 m (9,500 ft)) which probably represents a later, different phase of volcanism.
143:
1238:
1233:
1180:
1175:
294:
282:
The
Shatsky Rise LIP erupted at the location of the PacificâFarallonâIzanagi triple junction
229:
957:
804:"An immense shield volcano within the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau, northwest Pacific Ocean"
1168:
1065:
953:
865:
818:
739:
699:
616:
576:
526:
515:"The age of Earth's largest volcano: Tamu Massif on Shatsky Rise (northwest Pacific Ocean)"
8:
1195:
1100:
1045:
155:
127:
869:
822:
743:
703:
620:
580:
530:
921:
664:
542:
232:
beneath Tamu Massif. There was much less subsidence at Shirshov Massif farther north (
1203:
1129:
942:"The seismic Moho structure of Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau, northwest Pacific Ocean"
941:
925:
893:
853:
781:
765:
668:
644:
604:
562:
546:
514:
276:
163:
131:
877:
852:; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012).
1199:
1151:
961:
913:
873:
826:
773:
747:
707:
683:
Liu, L.; Gurnis, M.; Seton, M.; Saleeby, J.; MĂźller, R. D.; Jackson, J. M. (2010).
656:
624:
584:
567:
534:
316:; the former subducted beneath North America and the latter below northern Mexico.
313:
159:
207:
4,300,000 km (1,000,000 cu mi). Beneath Shatsky rise, however, the
1119:
1024:
588:
287:
272:
167:
123:
1257:
1223:
1080:
1040:
966:
917:
309:
265:
777:
538:
1303:
1285:
1272:
761:
269:
261:
135:
1208:
1134:
1124:
1075:
849:
179:
170:(1895-1960), a Soviet geologist, expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.
982:
770:
Geological Society of America Special Papers: Plates, plumes and paradigms
845:
752:
727:
174:
512:
469:
336:
513:
Geldmacher, J.; van den Bogaard, P.; Heydolph, K.; Hoernle, K. (2014).
196:
1252:
628:
1033:
892:
Shimizu, K.; Shimizu, N.; Sano, T.; Matsubara, N.; Sager, W. (2013).
830:
711:
660:
102:
200:
894:"Paleo-elevation and subsidence of Shatsky Rise inferred from CO
854:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma"
685:"The role of oceanic plateau subduction in the Laramide orogeny"
560:
465:
444:, Subsidence of Shatsky Rise, pp. 42â43; Conclusions, pp. 43â44
260:
It formed during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous at the
195:
480,000 km (190,000 sq mi) (roughly the size of
766:"What built Shatsky Rise, a mantle plume or ridge tectonics?"
139:
891:
441:
339:, Geological background and Exp. 324 drilling results, p. 1
249:
456:, Discussion and conclusions, pp. 575â576; Fig. 11, p. 577
844:
484:
801:
602:
379:
348:
682:
496:
363:
361:
359:
357:
308:
The conjugates of the Shatsky and Hess rises on the
725:
939:
429:
413:
411:
354:
1301:
385:
726:Nakanishi, M.; Sager, W. W.; Klaus, A. (1999).
408:
142:. It is one of a series of Pacific Cretaceous
16:Oceanic plateau in the north-west Pacific Ocean
940:Zhang, J.; Sager, W. W.; Korenaga, J. (2016).
998:
480:
478:
732:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
391:
1012:
1005:
991:
475:
101:
965:
751:
642:
453:
519:International Journal of Earth Sciences
1302:
84:
79:
69:
49:
44:
34:
986:
760:
417:
367:
239:
89:
74:
64:
54:
39:
29:
185:
138:1,500 km (930 mi) east of
94:
59:
946:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
906:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
772:. Vol. 388. pp. 721â733.
255:
13:
14:
1331:
312:were most likely involved in the
1251:
848:; MĂźller, R. D.; Zahirovic, S.;
430:Zhang, Sager & Korenaga 2016
22:
878:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002
490:
459:
432:, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 152
370:, Tectonic History, pp. 725â726
447:
435:
423:
392:Stephen Chen (24 March 2016).
373:
342:
330:
1:
1315:Plateaus of the Pacific Ocean
1086:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
319:
283:
233:
225:
221:
214:
204:
192:
589:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.03.031
134:) located in the north-west
7:
420:, Introduction, pp. 720â721
10:
1336:
967:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.042
918:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.023
902:O in fresh volcanic glass"
505:
468:, Conclusions, pp. 58â59;
396:. South China Morning Post
182:in terms of surface area.
1247:
1020:
778:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.721
539:10.1007/s00531-014-1078-6
209:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
122:is Earth's third largest
487:, p. 228; Fig. 6, p. 227
324:
113:Location of Shatsky Rise
1310:Large igneous provinces
1014:Large igneous provinces
958:2016E&PSL.441..143Z
144:large igneous provinces
76:Emperor Seamounts Chain
41:Emperor Seamounts Chain
1030:Northeast Georgia Rise
470:Geldmacher et al. 2014
337:Geldmacher et al. 2014
858:Earth-Science Reviews
295:Mid-Pacific Mountains
146:(LIPs) together with
1286:32.0333°N 158.0667°E
1169:Mackenzie dike swarm
753:10.1029/1999JB900002
466:Heydolph et al. 2014
1282: /
1214:ParanĂĄ and Etendeka
1101:Franklin dike swarm
1091:Equatorial Atlantic
1046:Brazilian Highlands
870:2012ESRv..113..212S
823:2013NatGe...6..976S
744:1999JGR...104.7539N
704:2010NatGe...3..353L
621:2007Geo....35..595I
581:2014Litho.200...49H
531:2014IJEaS.103.2351G
442:Shimizu et al. 2013
166:. It was named for
1258:Geology portal
649:Geological Journal
277:magnetic reversals
240:Origin controversy
203:) and a volume of
1291:32.0333; 158.0667
1265:
1264:
811:Nature Geoscience
787:978-0-8137-2388-4
738:(B4): 7539â7556.
692:Nature Geoscience
629:10.1130/G23741A.1
485:Seton et al. 2012
380:Sager et al. 2013
351:, Fig. 1a, p. 595
349:Ingle et al. 2007
186:Extent and volume
1327:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1256:
1255:
1171:
1164:
1162:Coppermine River
1137:
1115:
1103:
1056:Central Atlantic
1036:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
983:
978:
976:
974:
969:
936:
934:
932:
888:
886:
884:
841:
839:
837:
831:10.1038/ngeo1934
808:
798:
796:
794:
757:
755:
722:
720:
718:
689:
679:
677:
675:
639:
637:
635:
599:
597:
595:
575:(49â63): 49â63.
557:
555:
553:
525:(8): 2351â2357.
500:
494:
488:
482:
473:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
406:
405:
403:
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389:
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371:
365:
352:
346:
340:
334:
314:Laramide orogeny
285:
256:Tectonic history
235:
227:
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206:
194:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
32:
26:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
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1300:
1299:
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1284:
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1276:
1273:
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1269:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1167:
1160:
1133:
1111:
1099:
1066:Circum-Superior
1061:Central Iapetus
1028:
1016:
1011:
981:
972:
970:
930:
928:
901:
897:
882:
880:
835:
833:
817:(11): 976â981.
806:
792:
790:
788:
716:
714:
712:10.1038/ngeo829
687:
673:
671:
661:10.1002/gj.2777
655:(S1): 562â578.
633:
631:
593:
591:
551:
549:
508:
503:
497:Liu et al. 2010
495:
491:
483:
476:
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288:mid-ocean ridge
273:triple junction
258:
242:
217:
188:
168:Nikolay Shatsky
124:oceanic plateau
116:
115:
114:
112:
107:
106:
99:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
86:Mid-Pacific Mts
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
51:Mid-Pacific Mts
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
33:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1320:Supervolcanoes
1317:
1312:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1193:
1188:
1186:North Atlantic
1183:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:Sverdrup Basin
1105:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Columbia River
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
980:
979:
937:
899:
895:
889:
864:(3): 212â270.
842:
799:
786:
758:
723:
698:(5): 353â357.
680:
640:
615:(7): 595â598.
600:
558:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:
489:
474:
458:
454:Li et al. 2016
446:
434:
422:
407:
384:
372:
353:
341:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
310:Farallon Plate
257:
254:
241:
238:
216:
213:
187:
184:
109:
108:
100:
81:Hawaiian Ridge
46:Hawaiian Ridge
28:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1295:
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1240:
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1232:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
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1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
985:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
890:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
800:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
681:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:
498:
493:
486:
481:
479:
471:
467:
462:
455:
450:
443:
438:
431:
426:
419:
414:
412:
395:
388:
381:
376:
369:
364:
362:
360:
358:
350:
345:
338:
333:
329:
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
296:
291:
289:
280:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
246:
237:
231:
212:
210:
202:
198:
183:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Magellan Rise
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Pacific Ocean
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
104:
25:
1267:
1249:
1218:
1135:Broken Ridge
1125:Karoo-Ferrar
971:. Retrieved
949:
945:
929:. Retrieved
909:
905:
881:. Retrieved
861:
857:
834:. Retrieved
814:
810:
791:. Retrieved
769:
762:Sager, W. W.
735:
731:
715:. Retrieved
695:
691:
672:. Retrieved
652:
648:
632:. Retrieved
612:
608:
592:. Retrieved
572:
566:
550:. Retrieved
522:
518:
492:
461:
449:
437:
425:
398:. Retrieved
387:
375:
344:
332:
307:
303:
299:
292:
281:
259:
247:
243:
230:underplating
218:
189:
180:Olympus Mons
172:
120:Shatsky Rise
119:
117:
66:Shatsky Rise
31:Shatsky Rise
1289: /
1277:158°04â˛00âłE
1196:Ontong Java
1108:High Arctic
973:30 December
952:: 143â154.
931:30 December
836:30 December
793:28 December
674:20 December
634:29 December
594:30 December
552:30 December
175:Tamu Massif
156:Ontong Java
128:Ontong Java
1304:Categories
1274:32°02â˛00âłN
1181:Mistassini
1176:Matachewan
1152:Long Range
1147:Keweenawan
883:23 October
717:12 January
499:, Abstract
472:, Abstract
418:Sager 2005
382:, Abstract
368:Sager 2005
320:References
215:Subsidence
197:California
1229:Skagerrak
1204:Hikurangi
1157:Mackenzie
1130:Kerguelen
1051:Caribbean
1034:Maud Rise
926:129231435
912:: 37â44.
850:Gaina, C.
846:Seton, M.
669:131152069
547:140166591
164:Hikurangi
148:Hess Rise
132:Kerguelen
126:, (after
96:Kamchatka
71:Hess Rise
61:Kamchatka
36:Hess Rise
1239:Winagami
1224:Siberian
1200:Manihiki
1142:Marathon
1096:Franklin
1081:Emeishan
764:(2005).
266:Farallon
160:Manihiki
1219:Shatsky
1191:Ongeluk
1120:Iceland
1025:Agulhas
954:Bibcode
866:Bibcode
819:Bibcode
740:Bibcode
700:Bibcode
617:Bibcode
609:Geology
577:Bibcode
527:Bibcode
506:Sources
270:Izanagi
262:Pacific
201:Sumatra
1234:Ungava
1209:Panjal
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