1409:
1152:
1421:
830:
714:
1385:
1133:
1397:
1117:
1695:
1652:
1373:
1022:
1228:
341:
1711:
1085:
600:
1011:
1030:
1664:
314:, a species of wood sorrel. Bichino falsely claimed that clover was not a native Irish plant and had only been introduced into Ireland in the middle of the 17th century, and based his argument on the same comments by Elizabethan authors that shamrock had been eaten. Bicheno argued that this fitted the wood sorrel better than clover, as wood sorrel was often eaten as a green and used to flavour food. Bicheno's argument has not been generally accepted however, as the weight of evidence favours a species of clover.
1361:
1101:
268:
4762:
1747:
190:
1349:
372:
1680:
685:
clover, but other
English writers do not appear to know the botanical identity of the shamrock. This is not surprising, as they probably received their information at second or third hand. It is notable that there is no mention anywhere in these writings of St. Patrick or the legend of his using the shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity. However, there are two possible references to the custom of "drowning the shamrock" in "usquebagh" or
912:
54:
681:, Moryson describes the "wild Irish", and in this case their supposed habit of eating shamrock is a result of their marginal hand-to-mouth existence as bandits. Moryson claims that the Irish "willingly eat the herbe Schamrock being of a sharpe taste which as they run and are chased to and fro they snatch like beasts out of the ditches." The reference to a sharp taste is suggestive of the bitter taste of wood sorrel.
1733:
368:. Both surveys involved asking people from all across Ireland to send in examples of shamrock, which were then planted and allowed to flower, so that their botanical species could be identified. The results of both surveys were very similar, showing that the conception of the shamrock in Ireland had changed little in almost a hundred years. The results of the surveys are shown in the table below.
838:"The drowning of the shamrock" by no means implies it was necessary to get drunk in doing so. At the end of the day the shamrock which has been worn in the coat or the hat is removed and put into the final glass of grog or tumbler of punch; and when the health has been drunk or the toast honoured, the shamrock should be picked out from the bottom of the glass and thrown over the left shoulder.
2369:
the Druids on
Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning.
855:
750:
speculates that "The shamrock was probably associated with the earth and assumed by the druids to be symbolic of the regenerative powers of nature ... Nevertheless, the shamrock, whatever its history as a folk symbol, today has its meaning in a
Christian context. Pictures of Saint Patrick depict him
890:, and its appearance on the flags of the Limerick Volunteers, the Castle Ray Fencibles and the Braid Volunteers. The United Irishmen adopted green as their revolutionary colour and wore green uniforms or ribbons in their hats, and the green concerned was often associated with the shamrock. The song
2368:
There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St. Patrick, attempting to convert
815:
This plant is worn by the people in their hats upon the 17. Day of March yearly, (which is called St. Patrick's Day.) It being a current tradition, that by this Three Leafed Grass, he emblematically set forth to them the
Mystery of the Holy Trinity. However that be, when they wet their Seamar-oge,
733:
Ireland in the 5th century. The first evidence of a link between St
Patrick and the shamrock appears in 1675 on the St Patrick's Coppers or Halpennies. These appear to show a figure of St Patrick preaching to a crowd while holding a shamrock, presumably to explain the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.
2397:
In some ways, though, the
Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on - from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this
820:
The Rev
Threlkeld's remarks on liquor undoubtedly refer to the custom of toasting St. Patrick's memory with "St. Patrick's Pot", or "drowning the shamrock" as it is otherwise known. After mass on St. Patrick's Day the traditional custom of the menfolk was to lift the usual fasting restrictions of
1452:, an organisation of American police officers or fire fighters of Irish heritage, includes a shamrock on its badge. Emerald Societies are found in most major US cities such as New York City, Milwaukee, Jersey City, Washington, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Saint Paul, Minnesota.
2760:
953:
Throughout the nineteenth century the popularity of the shamrock as a symbol of
Ireland grew, and it was depicted in many illustrations on items such as book covers and St. Patrick's Day postcards. It was also mentioned in many songs and ballads of the time. For example, a popular ballad called
684:
What is clear is that by the end of the sixteenth century the shamrock had become known to
English writers as a plant particularly associated with the Irish, but only with a confused notion that the shamrock was a plant eaten by them. To a herbalist like Gerard it is clear that the shamrock is
797:
The 17th day of March yeerly is St
Patricks, an immoveable feast, when ye Irish of all stations and condicions were crosses in their hatts, some of pinns, some of green ribbon, and the vulgar superstitiously wear shamroges, 3 leav'd grass, which they likewise eat (they say) to cause a sweet
623:, Campion describes the habits of the "wild Irish" and states that the Irish ate shamrock: "Shamrotes, watercresses, rootes, and other herbes they feed upon". The statement that the Irish ate shamrock was widely repeated in later works and seems to be a confusion with the Irish word
1470:, Quebec, Canada has a shamrock in the lower right quadrant. The shamrock represents the Irish population, one of the four major ethnic groups that made up the population of the city in the 19th century when the arms were designed, the other three being the French (represented by a
1436:
Shamrock commonly appear as part of the emblem of many organisations in countries overseas with communities of Irish descent. Outside Ireland, various organisations, businesses and places also use the symbol to advertise a connection with the island. These uses include:
862:
As St. Patrick is Ireland's patron saint, the shamrock has been used as a symbol of Ireland since the 18th century. The shamrock first began to evolve from a symbol purely associated with St. Patrick to an Irish national symbol when it was taken up as an
2752:
664:
Anatomies of death, they spake like ghosts, crying out of theire graves; they did eat of the carrions .... and if they found a plott of water cresses or shamrockes theyr they flocked as to a feast for the time, yett not able long to contynewe
287:
who remarked that the shamrock used to be eaten by the Irish, especially in times of hardship and famine. It has since been argued however, that the Elizabethans were confused by the similarity between the Irish (Gaelic) name for young clover
846:, which has become the Irish national holiday, and is observed with parades and celebrations worldwide. The custom of wearing shamrock on the day is still observed and depictions of shamrocks are habitually seen during the celebrations.
1037:
Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the shamrock continued to appear in a variety of settings. For example, the shamrock appeared on many buildings in Ireland as a decorative motif, such as on the facade of the
550:. None of the species in the survey are unique to Ireland, and all are common European species, so there is no botanical basis for the belief that the shamrock is a unique species of plant that only grows in Ireland.
802:
There is nothing in Dineley's account of the legend of St. Patrick using the shamrock to teach the mystery of the Holy Trinity, and this story does not appear in writing anywhere until a 1726 work by the botanist
825:
and repair to the nearest tavern to mark the occasion with as many St. Patrick's Pots as they deemed necessary. The drowning of the shamrock was accompanied by a certain amount of ritual as one account explains:
761:
when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity". Why the Celts to whom St Patrick was preaching would have needed an explanation of the concept of a triple deity is not clear, since at least two separate
570:
or clover appear in early Irish literature, generally as a description of a flowering clovered plain. For example, in the series of medieval metrical poems about various Irish places called the
1314:
Irish Girl Guides, and the Irish Kidney Donors Association. In addition many sporting organisations representing Ireland use the shamrock in their logos and emblems. Examples include the
352:
Finally, detailed investigations to settle the matter were carried out in two separate botanical surveys in Ireland, one in 1893 and the other in 1988. The 1893 survey was carried out by
1445:, the largest and oldest Irish Catholic organisation. Founded in New York City in 1836 by Irish immigrants, it claims a membership of 80,000 in the United States, Canada and Ireland.
1651:
1151:
1132:
633:(Oxalis). There is no evidence from any Irish source that the Irish ate clover, but there is evidence that the Irish ate wood sorrel. For example, in the medieval Irish work
734:
When Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland in 431, he used the shamrock to teach pagans the Holy Trinity. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many
2793:
4729:
1420:
1943:
Flora Lapponica, exhibens plantas per Lapponiam crescentes, secundum systema sexuale, collectas in itinere impensis Soc. reg. scient. Upsaliensis, anno 1732 instituto
1250:. In the early 1980s, Ireland defended its right to use the shamrock as its national symbol in a German trademark case, which included high-level representation from
3087:
1116:
1408:
2905:
3580:
1291:
decreed over a hundred years ago that soldiers from Ireland should wear a sprig of shamrock in recognition of fellow Irish soldiers who had fought bravely in the
4677:
3600:
3697:
2620:
1694:
2351:
2299:
1396:
1384:
596:). However, the literature in Irish makes no distinction between clover and shamrock, and it is only in English that shamrock emerges as a distinct word.
1043:
966:
embodies the Victorian spirit of sentimentality. It was immensely popular and contributed to raising the profile of the shamrock as an image of Ireland:
875:, raised to defend Ireland from the threat of French and Spanish invasion when regular British soldiers were withdrawn from Ireland to fight during the
4682:
1921:
934:
of Scotland to symbolise the unity of the three kingdoms. Since then, the shamrock has regularly appeared alongside the rose, thistle and (sometimes)
3693:
886:
Among the Volunteers, examples of the use of the shamrock include its appearance on the guidon of the Royal Glin Hussars formed in July 1779 by the
793:
The first written mention of the link does not appear until 1681, in the account of Thomas Dineley, an English traveller to Ireland. Dineley writes:
1663:
4539:
1848:
943:
2927:
2504:
755:
in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other." Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the
4816:
3759:
2107:
2070:
2325:
1084:
4711:
1459:, as part of a wreath of shamrocks, roses, thistles, and lilies (representing the Irish, English, Scottish, and French settlers of Canada).
746:
states that "There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts". However,
217:, meaning red or white clover. He described the plant in English as "Three leaved grasse" or "Medow Trefoile", "which are called in Irish
3878:
3302:
3214:
1878:
660:. Here shamrock is described as a food eaten as a last resort by starving people desperate for any nourishment during a post-war famine:
4725:
2823:
1474:
in the upper-left), the English (represented by a rose in the upper-right), and the Scots (represented by a thistle in the lower-left).
2241:
3646:
3524:
4544:
3180:
2726:
1100:
927:
867:
by rival militias during the turbulent politics of the late eighteenth century. On one side were the Volunteers (also known as the
2149:
4716:
3740:
3529:
2783:
2211:
17:
2550:
645:), the king Sweeney, who has gone mad and is living in the woods as a hermit, lists wood sorrel among the plants he feeds upon.
3890:
3774:
3434:
264:" ('The Irish call it shamrock, which is purple field clover, and which they eat to make them speedy and of nimble strength').
2853:
1372:
904:
flag was used as their standard and was often depicted accompanied by shamrocks, and in 1799 a revolutionary journal entitled
78:
4692:
3723:
2514:
2421:
2390:
2361:
816:
they often commit excess in liquor, which is not a right keeping of a day to the Lord; error generally leading to debauchery.
717:
St. Patrick depicted with shamrock in detail of stained glass window in St. Benin's Church, Kilbennan, County Galway, Ireland
3009:
4811:
4594:
3977:
3863:
1701:
3079:
1306:
The shamrock also appears in the emblems of a wide range of voluntary and non-state organisations in Ireland, such as the
958:
lamented the state of Ireland in the nineteenth century. Another typical example of such a ballad appears in the works of
697:
included a reference to "Maister Oscabath the Irishman ... and Maister Shamrough his lackey". Later, a 1630 work entitled
3932:
3845:
3802:
3031:
2980:"Ancient Order of Hibernians â The Oldest and Largest Irish-Catholic Organization in the United States. Established 1836"
2669:
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3544:
3347:
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3295:
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3206:
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365:
713:
705:
contains the lines: "Whilste all the Hibernian Kernes in multitudes, /Did feast with shamerags steeved in Usquebagh."
3554:
3273:
3123:
2454:"Extracts from the journal of Thomas Dineley, esq, giving account of his visit to Ireland in the reign of Charles II"
1983:
1534:
for reasons that remain unclear. The club was founded in 1887 in Glasgow among the poor Irish immigrants of the city.
1973:
1710:
615:
The first mention of shamrock in the English language occurs in 1571 in the work of the English Elizabethan scholar
148:
4720:
3744:
3376:
3319:
3259:
2612:
1565:
features a shamrock on its emblem. The club was founded in 1887 for the Irish and other Celtic groups in the city.
283:
Linnaeus based his information that the Irish ate shamrock on the comments of English Elizabethan authors such as
4796:
4357:
3984:
3430:
3053:
2293:
868:
3116:
Shamrock: Botany and History of an Irish Myth: a Biography of the Shamrock in History, Literature, Music and Art
829:
3989:
3885:
3559:
3539:
3494:
3192:
1901:
1540:
rugby football club has a shamrock on its crest. The club was founded in 1898 for the young Irishmen of London.
3967:
3676:
3590:
1059:
858:
Drawing of the medal awarded to the First Magherafelt Volunteers for skill with broadsword, showing shamrocks
1816:
St. Patrick is said to have used the shamrock in explaining to the pagan Irish the idea of the Holy Trinity.
4624:
3942:
3868:
3718:
3651:
3575:
3449:
3406:
3173:
1508:
1348:
915:
2033:
1360:
4821:
4801:
3962:
3335:
2727:"Record of the meeting of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Enterprise and Small Business, 26 March 2003"
1685:
1442:
1276:
939:
2699:
1941:
1295:, a tradition continued by British army soldiers from both the north and the south of Ireland following
271:
This flowering Shamrock was purchased at a grocery store. It is a South American species of wood sorrel
261:
Hiberni suo Chambroch, quod est Trifolium pratense purpureum, aluntur, celeres & promtissimi roburis
4786:
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4306:
3972:
3666:
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2172:
1497:
1331:
1319:
1315:
876:
2003:
1840:
4374:
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3671:
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2931:
1307:
1300:
1206:
31:
4392:
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3749:
3363:
2093:
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1271:
Shamrock is also used in emblems of UK organisations with an association with Ireland, such as the
892:
946:. The rose, thistle and shamrock motif also appears regularly on British public buildings such as
811:) and comments rather acerbically on St. Patrick's Day customs including the wearing of shamrocks:
4806:
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4352:
4104:
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3713:
3519:
3464:
3454:
3421:
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2983:
2902:"History of Scouting in Ireland Join the Adventure! | Scouting Ireland | www.scouts.ie"
2321:
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1622:
4707:
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1999:
1801:
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Flag of St. Patrick's Battalion of the Mexican army reconstructed from description of Jon Riley
1633:
1284:
843:
674:
592:
decided to stay in County Kildare when she saw the delightful plain covered in clover blossom (
334:
307:
306:
The situation regarding the identity of the shamrock was further confused by a London botanist
2189:
1870:
1050:, County Kerry. It also appears on street furniture, such as old lamp standards like those in
4369:
4340:
3873:
2696:"Invest in Ireland, IDA Ireland, Foreign Direct Investment into Ireland, Business in Ireland"
1775:
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and the shamrock were registered by the Irish government as international trademarks. See
1555:
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1547:(composed of law enforcement personnel) which uses the shamrock as its name and symbol.
1493:
1066:, Dublin. Shamrocks also appeared on decorative items such as glass, china, jewellery,
923:
896:
commemorated their exploits and various versions exist which mention the shamrock. The
872:
702:
652:, writing soon after in 1596, described his observations of war-torn Munster after the
445:
159:
2264:
2203:
599:
526:(lesser clover) is considered to be the shamrock by roughly half of Irish people, and
340:
4672:
4602:
4322:
4184:
4049:
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3595:
3119:
2557:
2510:
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1979:
1765:
1637:
1569:
1261:
1257:. Having originally lost, Ireland won on appeal to the German Supreme Court in 1985.
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481:
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376:
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165:
153:
38:
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1287:. Shamrock are exported to wherever the regiment is stationed throughout the world.
1029:
608:
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4511:
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4287:
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3324:
3211:
2190:"Ancient Irish Histories: The Works of Spencer, Campion, Hanmer, and Marleburrough"
2041:
2015:
1670:
1592:
1531:
1500:. It can still be seen on the regimental coat of arms of "The Fighting Sixty-Ninth"
1463:
1338:
Tipperary, (est. 1835). The shamrock is the official emblem of Irish football club
1311:
1265:
1190:
1174:
931:
730:
427:
409:
353:
345:
274:
194:
137:
124:
45:
4631:
4559:
4554:
4384:
4262:
4189:
3830:
3514:
3489:
3140:
3005:
2788:
2643:
1760:
1679:
1615:
1544:
1449:
1339:
1327:
1254:
1178:
1123:
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1051:
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246:
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30:
This article is about the plant that is a symbol of Ireland. For other uses, see
787:
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4662:
4501:
4489:
4267:
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3314:
3264:
1752:
1600:
1551:
1456:
1288:
1268:, and presented to the President of the United States every St. Patrick's Day.
1158:
887:
854:
649:
636:
616:
604:
284:
100:
90:
3039:
2582:
833:
Shamrock on an Irish Defence Forces UN beret being worn on Saint Patrick's Day
4780:
4317:
4150:
4024:
3499:
3484:
2398:
backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly.
2029:
1937:
1738:
1504:
1221:
1169:
The shamrock is used in the emblems of many state organisations, both in the
930:, depicted growing from a single stem alongside the rose of England, and the
899:
757:
722:
670:
330:
318:
241:
178:
169:âare sometimes called shamrocks. The shamrock was traditionally used for its
74:
2458:
The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society
4471:
4407:
4402:
4312:
4295:
4120:
4059:
3549:
3534:
1537:
1512:
1471:
1323:
1280:
1272:
959:
763:
747:
735:
726:
522:
The results show that there is no one "true" species of shamrock, but that
82:
582:
in County Meath describes it as a plain blossoming with flowering clover (
267:
4608:
4521:
4220:
4164:
4125:
3386:
3152:
1769:
1527:
1239:
1186:
295:
206:
1516:
530:(white clover) by another third, with the remaining sixth split between
4702:
4225:
4135:
4099:
4089:
3895:
2644:"Melodies, national airs, miscellaneous poems and the Odes of Anacreon"
2473:"Customs peculiar to certain days, formerly observed in county Kildare"
1614:
uses a shamrock in its badge and it has become a symbol of the town of
1554:, in the USA incorporate the shamrock in their logo. Former NBA player
1478:
1234:
1212:
1162:
1071:
879:. On the other side were revolutionary nationalist groups, such as the
739:
589:
189:
105:
4346:
1078:
in County Fermanagh, for example, regularly features shamrock motifs.
310:, who proclaimed in a dissertation in 1830 that the real shamrock was
4734:
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4239:
4094:
4069:
4044:
3469:
3057:
1611:
1596:
1251:
500:
371:
170:
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2439:
The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture
908:
briefly appeared in which the aims of the rebellion were supported.
37:"Three-leaf clover" redirects here. For the Teenage Joans song, see
4579:
4244:
4130:
4074:
3479:
3143:
on the BBC News website, dated 17 March 2004. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
2816:"St. Patrick's Day And The President's Bowl Of Shamrocks Tradition"
1641:
1467:
1292:
1107:
1047:
926:
between Britain and Ireland the shamrock was incorporated into the
911:
669:
The idea that the Irish ate shamrock is repeated in the writing of
2177:(in English and Irish). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 29, 177.
1626:
1625:
also has a shamrock in its badge as it is a symbol of the city of
1283:
use the shamrock as their emblem, and wear a sprig of shamrock on
771:
4564:
4549:
4448:
4235:
4215:
3189:
3158:
1780:
1200:
686:
579:
575:
70:
1580:
which had a shamrock on an orange field as its regimental badge.
767:
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4427:
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4064:
2413:
All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life
1604:
1067:
864:
630:
506:
357:
325:
published in 1878, that their investigations had revealed that
202:
66:
53:
2506:
Double traitors?: the Belfast Volunteers and Yeomen, 1778â1828
1978:. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 311.
1530:
originally included a shamrock which was changed in 1938 to a
4484:
4054:
2695:
1841:"Lesser Hop Trefoil, Trifolium dubium - Flowers - NatureGate"
1732:
1303:
George Cross Foundation was cradled in a wreath of shamrock.
783:
775:
1558:
nicknamed himself the "Big Shamrock" after joining the team.
2721:
2192:. Reprinted at the Hibernia Press – via Google Books.
1520:
1455:
The shamrock is featured in the "compartment" of the Royal
935:
822:
807:. Threlkeld identifies the shamrock as White Field Clover (
779:
337:, and that it was worn in at least 13 counties in Ireland.
1264:
bowl featuring a shamrock design is flown from Ireland to
317:
A more scientific approach was taken by English botanists
4172:
2928:"Association Logo and Badge - Catholic Guides of Ireland"
2784:"How Ireland lost the battle for the shamrock in Germany"
2646:. Phillips, Sampson and Company – via Google Books.
2266:
The Itinerary of Fynes Moryson In Four Volumes, Volume IV
1923:
Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum alphabeticae dispositarum
1543:
The Shamrocks Motorcycle Club is a US-based traditional
3601:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1246:
The shamrock has been registered as a trademark by the
2979:
1426:
House flag of the Lord Line (Irish Shipowners Company)
1145:: the first Irish postage stamp featured the shamrock.
2953:
2875:
1871:"Shamrocks: More Than A Bit O'Luck (Michele Warmund)"
766:
are known to have been worshipped in pagan Ireland -
721:
Traditionally, shamrock is said to have been used by
3331:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2477:
Journal of the County Kildare Archaeological Society
2094:"The Shamrock: a further attempt to fix its species"
1728:
2662:
1673:. The shamrock is located in the lower right corner
1587:) is the official emblem of Greek multi-sport club
1014:Rose, thistle and shamrock motif on gate pillar at
2004:"On the Plant Intended by the Shamrock of Ireland"
1477:The shamrock is featured on the passport stamp of
77:, one of Ireland's patron saints, is said to have
27:Sprig of young clover, used as a symbol of Ireland
3694:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
2920:
2353:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
2008:Journal of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
1402:Ensign of the Royal Western Yacht Club of Ireland
1177:. Some of these are all-Ireland bodies, (such as
4778:
1946:. London: B White et Filiorum. pp. 229â230.
1414:House flag of Irish Continental Line (1978â1988)
871:), who were local militias in late 18th century
201:There is still not a consensus over the precise
4540:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
3149:on the About.com website. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
2345:
2343:
1390:Ensign of the Royal North of Ireland Yacht Club
233:followed Gerard in identifying the shamrock as
205:species of clover that is the "true" shamrock.
2548:
2028:
1793:
1481:, many of whose citizens are of Irish descent.
842:The shamrock is still chiefly associated with
356:, an amateur naturalist working as a clerk in
209:in his herbal of 1597 defined the shamrock as
3174:
2998:
2322:"Newbie's St. Patrick Coppers - Introduction"
2057:"The Shamrock: an attempt to fix its species"
1299:in 1921. The coat of arms on the flag of the
1260:Since 1969, a bowl of shamrocks in a special
999:Oh the Shamrock, the green immortal Shamrock!
3032:"Shamrocks Motorcycle Club - National Board"
2542:
2416:. University of Illinois Press. p. 80.
2340:
2295:Sir Gregory Nonsence His Newes from No Place
725:to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the
542:(wood sorrel), and various other species of
3303:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2509:. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 2.
2496:
2491:The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs
2403:
2374:
1903:The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes
1799:
1441:The shamrock features in the emblem of the
1232:
1210:
1198:
1181:) as well as organisations specific to the
942:such as the two shilling and crown, and in
897:
738:, which could have aided St Patrick in his
634:
624:
583:
565:
559:
360:; while the 1988 survey was carried out by
298:
289:
272:
259:
142:
130:
122:
109:
93:
4726:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
3181:
3167:
3046:
2688:
2502:
2470:
2285:
1800:Treeck, Carl Van; Croft, Aloysius (1936).
3147:Landscaping: Shamrocks and 4-Leaf Clovers
2672:. tourismirelandbrand.com. Archived from
2174:Lives of saints, from the Book of Lismore
1919:
1310:, the Boy Scouts of Ireland association,
1205:, regularly features the shamrock on its
751:driving the snakes out of Ireland with a
588:). Similarly, another story tells of how
4545:Association football in Northern Ireland
2781:
2757:World Intellectual Property Organization
2349:
2234:"A View of the Present State of Ireland"
1226:
1028:
1020:
1009:
928:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom
910:
853:
828:
712:
598:
370:
339:
329:was the species sold most frequently in
321:and Robert Holland, who stated in their
266:
188:
52:
3741:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
2822:. WAMU 88.5 American University Radio.
2613:"Irish Song Lyrics for: Shamrock Shore"
2451:
2409:
2380:
2262:
1998:
1599:. A red shamrock is also the emblem of
225:, writing in 1726 in his work entitled
14:
4779:
3113:
2930:. girlguidesireland.ie. Archived from
2894:
2753:"Article 6ter State emblem protection"
2656:
2536:
2291:
2279:
2170:
2128:
2091:
2054:
1956:
1936:
1899:
1827:
1431:
1354:Flag of the Irish Rugby Football Union
1217:uses the emblem in its logos, and its
1126:, which often features shamrock motifs
708:
658:A View of the Present State of Ireland
258:, with the following curious remark: "
4010:
3800:
3621:
3227:
3162:
2972:
2796:from the original on 17 November 2015
2775:
2641:
2436:
2350:Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009).
2214:from the original on 14 February 2013
1971:
1334:. A sprig of shamrock represents the
1054:in Dublin, and on monuments like the
99:
4817:National symbols of Northern Ireland
3090:from the original on 3 February 2017
2856:from the original on 27 October 2010
2782:Gartland, Fiona (31 December 2011).
2763:from the original on 29 October 2023
2623:from the original on 29 October 2023
2593:from the original on 10 January 2024
2356:. Infobase Publishing. p. 416.
2302:from the original on 29 October 2023
2188:Ware, Sir James (4 September 2017).
2187:
2152:from the original on 26 January 2017
1967:
1965:
1915:
1913:
1851:from the original on 31 October 2012
1702:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark
991:Shoots up, with dew-drops streaming,
849:
679:An itinerary thorow Twelve Dominions
184:
3056:. celticclub.com.au. Archived from
3012:from the original on 7 October 2015
2946:
2868:
2073:from the original on 10 August 2017
2038:A dictionary of English plant-names
1378:Ensign of the Lough Derg Yacht Club
564:or young clover, and references to
553:
24:
3770:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3545:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3343:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
3188:
2826:from the original on 13 March 2021
2642:Moore, Thomas (4 September 2017).
2314:
2110:from the original on 30 April 2017
1640:symbol combines a shamrock with a
1195:Police Service of Northern Ireland
25:
4833:
3555:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
3134:
2986:from the original on 26 June 2014
2960:from the original on 22 June 2014
2908:from the original on 19 July 2011
2441:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37.
2328:from the original on 26 June 2014
2244:from the original on 3 April 2013
1962:
1910:
621:Boke of the Histories of Irelande
323:Dictionary of English Plant Names
237:, calling it White Field Clover.
231:A Treatise on Native Irish Plants
114:and simply means "young clover".
4760:
3724:Tallest buildings and structures
3006:"Celtic badge - The Celtic Wiki"
2882:from the original on 9 July 2014
2702:from the original on 3 July 2014
1881:from the original on 25 May 2022
1745:
1731:
1709:
1693:
1678:
1662:
1650:
1523:, cradled in a wreath of clover.
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1150:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1033:St Patrick's Day postcard (1912)
997:Through purest crystal gleaming.
81:as a metaphor for the Christian
3155:Shamrock as a symbol in Unicode
3106:
3072:
3024:
2838:
2808:
2745:
2714:
2650:
2635:
2605:
2575:
2551:"Limerick Volunteers 1776â1793"
2530:
2483:
2464:
2445:
2430:
2381:Hegarty, Neil (24 April 2012).
2273:
2256:
2226:
2196:
2181:
2164:
2134:
2122:
2085:
2048:
2040:. pp. 425â427 – via
2022:
1992:
1242:with a shamrock on its tail fin
1157:Shamrock on the tail fin of an
1046:, and the Harp and Lion Bar in
1044:St. Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh
558:The word shamrock derives from
3560:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
2549:Kieran Kennedy (10 May 2007).
2131:, pp. 86â90, 139â144, 153
1950:
1930:
1893:
1863:
1833:
1821:
366:Irish National Botanic Gardens
227:Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum
173:properties, and was a popular
129:(lesser/yellow clover, Irish:
13:
1:
3622:
3141:The truth behind the shamrock
1906:. London. pp. 1017â1018.
1786:
1507:flag, used originally by the
1106:Design on Harp and Lion Bar,
985:A thousand arrows squander'd.
648:The English Elizabethan poet
215:Trifolium pratense flore albo
121:refers to either the species
4625:Northern Ireland flags issue
3801:
3576:List of conflicts in Ireland
3320:Southern Ireland (1921â1922)
2876:"Irish Farmers' Association"
2846:"About Us - College of Arms"
2583:"The Shamroc, [sic]"
1603:, a Cretan football team of
1576:, of Belfast, established a
1528:Glasgow Celtic Football Club
1197:). The Irish Postal Service
1094:, Dublin, early 20th century
1005:Old Erin's native Shamrock!
673:, one-time secretary to the
7:
4812:National symbols of Ireland
4011:
3596:Gaelic clothing and fashion
3228:
3153:Decodeunicode.org/en/u+2618
3114:Nelson, E. Charles (1991).
2471:Fitzgerald, Walter (1908).
2142:"The Metrical Dindshenchas"
1724:
1484:The shamrock signified the
1443:Ancient Order of Hibernians
254:, mentioning it by name as
250:identifies the shamrock as
10:
4838:
2850:www.college-of-arms.gov.uk
2503:Blackstock, Allan (2001).
2092:Colgan, Nathaniel (1893).
2055:Colgan, Nathaniel (1892).
2032:; Holland, Robert (1886).
1332:Olympic Council of Ireland
1320:Irish Rugby Football Union
1316:Irish Football Association
1025:Irish American Music sheet
979:As Love and Valor wander'd
877:American Revolutionary War
689:. In 1607, the playwright
585:mag scothach scothshemrach
43:
36:
29:
4756:
4655:
4593:
4530:
4470:
4383:
4331:
4286:
4253:
4198:
4163:
4113:
4032:
4023:
4019:
4006:
3941:
3844:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3706:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3568:
3356:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3199:
3054:"The Celtic Club - About"
3036:www.shamrocksmcnation.com
2742:. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
2617:Traditional Music Library
2493:, (1972), Dublin, pp 64â5
1920:Threlkeld, Caleb (1726).
1621:The German football club
1610:The Danish football club
1509:Saint Patrick's Battalion
1308:Irish Farmers Association
1301:Royal Ulster Constabulary
1233:
1211:
1199:
497:
394:
391:
388:
32:Shamrock (disambiguation)
2452:Dineley, Thomas (1857).
2171:Stokes, Whitley (1890).
1595:and Cypriot sports club
893:The Wearing of the Green
809:Trifolium pratense album
44:Not to be confused with
4717:Prostitution (Republic)
2269:. Glasgow. p. 200.
2263:Moryson, Fynes (1617).
1572:a British officer Col.
1366:Flag of Cricket Ireland
18:Shamrock (Irish symbol)
4797:Irish-American culture
3586:List of Irish kingdoms
3084:Anti-Defamation League
2410:Santino, Jack (1995).
2014:: 453â458 – via
1972:Kelly, Fergus (1997).
1926:. Dublin. p. 186.
1634:Anti-Defamation League
1591:, Greek football club
1496:, which contained the
1243:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1008:
919:
898:
859:
840:
834:
818:
800:
718:
675:Lord Deputy of Ireland
667:
635:
625:
612:
584:
566:
560:
380:
349:
308:James Ebenezer Bicheno
299:
290:
280:
273:
260:
221:". The Irish botanist
198:
143:
141:(white clover, Irish:
131:
123:
110:
94:
69:, used as a symbol of
58:
4693:Mass media (Republic)
4637:National coat of arms
3525:IRA Northern Campaign
3008:. thecelticwiki.com.
2437:Homan, Roger (2006).
2292:Taylor, John (1630).
1900:Gerard, John (1597).
1806:. Bruce Publishing Co
1803:Symbols in the Church
1563:Melbourne Celtic Club
1550:The basketball team,
1336:Lough Derg Yacht Club
1248:Government of Ireland
1230:
1032:
1024:
1013:
981:With Wit, the sprite,
968:
914:
857:
836:
832:
813:
795:
716:
662:
643:The Frenzy of Sweeney
602:
572:Metrical Dindshenchus
374:
343:
270:
192:
56:
4615:County coats of arms
4507:List of Irish people
3581:List of Irish tribes
3431:Cromwellian conquest
3417:Plantation of Ulster
3348:Ireland (since 1922)
2385:. Ebury Publishing.
2099:The Irish Naturalist
2062:The Irish Naturalist
1845:www.luontoportti.com
1623:SpVgg Greuther FĂŒrth
1318:(Northern Ireland),
1277:Royal Irish Regiment
1042:building in Dublin,
975:Through Erin's Isle,
916:British two-shilling
699:Sir Gregory Nonsence
101:[ËÊamË ÉŸË oËÉĄ]
4730:in Northern Ireland
4721:in Northern Ireland
4462:Legendary creatures
4375:Traditional singing
4211:Saint Patrick's Day
3846:Republic of Ireland
3775:Tourist attractions
3760:ROI–UK border
3745:of Northern Ireland
3698:in Northern Ireland
3530:IRA Border Campaign
3505:War of Independence
3475:Second Great Famine
3460:Act of Union (1800)
3412:Flight of the Earls
3269:Lordship of Ireland
3204:Republic of Ireland
3080:"Aryan Brotherhood"
2733:on 17 November 2015
1975:Early Irish farming
1519:, a medieval Irish
1490:Army of the Potomac
1432:Use outside Ireland
1285:Saint Patrick's Day
1219:air traffic control
1183:Republic of Ireland
1171:Republic of Ireland
1040:Kildare Street Club
987:Where'er they pass,
983:Whose quiver bright
844:Saint Patrick's Day
709:Link to St. Patrick
677:. In his 1617 work
603:Three "wild Irish"
385:
294:, and the name for
4822:Plant common names
4802:Culture of Ireland
4767:Ireland portal
4085:Skirts and kidneys
3591:List of High Kings
3510:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3450:First Great Famine
3435:Settlement of 1652
3407:Tyrone's Rebellion
3397:Desmond Rebellions
3286:Kingdom of Ireland
3118:. Boethius Press.
2698:. idaireland.com.
2238:www.luminarium.org
1776:St. Patrick's blue
1717:Panathinaikos F.C.
1589:Panathinaikos A.O.
1561:In Australia, the
1532:four leaved clover
1515:, uses an angelic
1494:American Civil War
1275:. Soldiers of the
1244:
1060:O'Connell Monument
1058:Monument, and the
1035:
1027:
1019:
1003:Of Bard and Chief,
956:The Shamrock Shore
924:1800 Acts of Union
920:
860:
835:
719:
613:
532:Trifolium pratense
446:Trifolium pratense
383:
381:
364:, Director of the
350:
281:
252:Trifolium pratense
235:Trifolium pratense
211:Trifolium pratense
199:
160:Trifolium pratense
147:). However, other
108:of the Irish word
59:
4787:Christian symbols
4774:
4773:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4159:
4158:
4050:Bacon and cabbage
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3869:Foreign relations
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3719:Notable buildings
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3042:on 16 April 2015.
2659:, pp. 90â120
2516:978-0-9539604-1-5
2423:978-0-252-06516-3
2392:978-1-4481-4039-8
2363:978-0-8160-4524-2
2000:Bicheno, James E.
1638:Aryan Brotherhood
1632:According to the
1578:Karelian Regiment
1570:Russian Civil War
1262:Waterford Crystal
1016:Buckingham Palace
948:Buckingham Palace
850:Symbol of Ireland
744:Patricia Monaghan
654:Desmond Rebellion
540:Oxalis acetosella
536:Medicago lupulina
520:
519:
482:Oxalis acetosella
464:Medicago lupulina
377:Medicago lupulina
362:E. Charles Nelson
335:St. Patrick's Day
312:Oxalis acetosella
244:in his 1737 work
185:Botanical species
166:Oxalis acetosella
154:Medicago lupulina
39:Three Leaf Clover
16:(Redirected from
4829:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4442:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4007:
3943:Northern Ireland
3921:
3911:
3901:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3495:Home Rule crisis
3325:Northern Ireland
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3212:Northern Ireland
3183:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3129:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3060:on 17 April 2017
3050:
3044:
3043:
3038:. Archived from
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2729:. Archived from
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2676:on 12 April 2013
2670:"Corporate Logo"
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2556:. Archived from
2555:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2500:
2494:
2489:Danaher, Kevin,
2487:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2383:Story of Ireland
2378:
2372:
2371:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2324:. coins.nd.edu.
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:Internet Archive
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:Internet Archive
1996:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1875:ipm.missouri.edu
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1797:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1713:
1697:
1682:
1671:Flag of Montreal
1666:
1654:
1593:Acharnaikos F.C.
1556:Shaquille O'Neal
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1312:Scouting Ireland
1266:Washington, D.C.
1238:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1207:series of stamps
1204:
1203:
1191:Northern Ireland
1175:Northern Ireland
1154:
1135:
1119:
1103:
1087:
1064:O'Connell Street
995:As emeralds seen
977:To sport awhile,
903:
869:Irish Volunteers
764:triple goddesses
640:
628:
587:
569:
563:
554:Early references
538:(black medick),
528:Trifolium repens
524:Trifolium dubium
428:Trifolium repens
410:Trifolium dubium
386:
384:Shamrock survey
382:
354:Nathaniel Colgan
346:Trifolium repens
327:Trifolium dubium
302:
293:
278:
275:Oxalis regnellii
263:
195:Trifolium dubium
146:
138:Trifolium repens
134:
128:
125:Trifolium dubium
113:
104:), which is the
103:
97:
46:Four-leaf clover
21:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4712:outside Ireland
4683:Historic houses
4651:
4632:Irish Wolfhound
4603:Brighid's Cross
4589:
4560:Gaelic handball
4555:Gaelic football
4526:
4497:Hiberno-Normans
4466:
4379:
4327:
4282:
4263:Hiberno-English
4249:
4194:
4155:
4109:
4015:
3994:
3937:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3840:
3831:Ulster loyalism
3805:
3784:
3702:
3626:
3605:
3564:
3490:Dublin lock-out
3426:Confederate War
3377:Norman invasion
3364:Battles of Tara
3352:
3308:1801–1923
3296:1691–1800
3291:1536–1691
3279:1169–1536
3232:
3219:
3195:
3187:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2789:The Irish Times
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2563:on 14 July 2014
2560:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2379:
2375:
2364:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2204:"Buile Suibhne"
2202:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2053:
2049:
2027:
2023:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1545:motorcycle club
1466:of the city of
1450:Emerald Society
1434:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1340:Shamrock Rovers
1328:Cricket Ireland
1255:Charles Haughey
1224:is "SHAMROCK".
1179:Tourism Ireland
1165:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1124:Belleek Pottery
1120:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1092:Mountjoy Square
1088:
1076:Belleek Pottery
1052:Mountjoy Square
1007:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
993:As softly green
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
971:Oh The Shamrock
964:Oh the Shamrock
881:United Irishmen
852:
805:Caleb Threlkeld
711:
691:Edward Sharpham
574:, a poem about
556:
389:Botanical name
333:as shamrock on
247:Flora Lapponica
223:Caleb Threlkeld
187:
151:plantsâsuch as
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Irish folklore
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:Trinitarianism
4789:
4772:
4771:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Heritage Sites
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Irish diaspora
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4490:Gaelic Ireland
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4233:
4231:Rose of Tralee
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:List of dishes
4036:
4034:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:D'Hondt method
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3917:Seanad Ăireann
3913:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Extreme points
3654:
3649:
3647:Climate change
3644:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:1803 Rebellion
3462:
3457:
3455:1798 Rebellion
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Williamite War
3437:
3428:
3422:1641 Rebellion
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Spanish Armada
3399:
3394:
3392:Tudor conquest
3389:
3384:
3382:Bruce campaign
3379:
3374:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3327:(1921âpresent)
3322:
3317:
3315:Irish Republic
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:800–1169
3265:Gaelic Ireland
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3135:External links
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3071:
3045:
3023:
2997:
2971:
2945:
2934:on 1 July 2017
2919:
2893:
2867:
2837:
2807:
2774:
2744:
2713:
2687:
2661:
2649:
2634:
2604:
2574:
2541:
2529:
2515:
2495:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2429:
2422:
2402:
2391:
2373:
2362:
2339:
2313:
2284:
2272:
2255:
2225:
2195:
2180:
2163:
2133:
2121:
2106:(8): 207â211.
2084:
2047:
2030:Britten, James
2021:
1991:
1984:
1961:
1949:
1938:LinnĂŠi, Caroli
1929:
1909:
1892:
1862:
1832:
1820:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:Ireland portal
1742:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1700:Emblem of the
1699:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1601:Platanias F.C.
1581:
1566:
1559:
1552:Boston Celtics
1548:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1501:
1482:
1475:
1460:
1457:Arms of Canada
1453:
1446:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1289:Queen Victoria
1209:. The airline
1167:
1166:
1159:Airbus A321neo
1156:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:, County Kerry
1105:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1082:
989:A triple grass
969:
888:Knight of Glin
851:
848:
740:evangelisation
736:triple deities
731:Christianising
710:
707:
650:Edmund Spenser
637:Buile Shuibhne
619:. In his work
617:Edmund Campion
609:Albrecht DĂŒrer
594:scoth-shemrach
555:
552:
534:(red clover),
518:
517:
514:
511:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
423:
422:
419:
416:
415:Lesser clover
413:
405:
404:
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
285:Edmund Spenser
186:
183:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4834:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4769:
4768:
4755:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Public houses
4733:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3991:
3990:Peace process
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3920:(upper house)
3918:
3914:
3912:
3910:(lower house)
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Republicanism
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Peace process
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:The Emergency
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Easter Rising
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Fenian Rising
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Early history
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3125:0-86314-199-4
3121:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2907:
2904:. scouts.ie.
2903:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2855:
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2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1985:1-85500-180-2
1981:
1977:
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1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:Nelson (1991)
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1828:Nelson (1991)
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1761:Guernsey lily
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1526:The crest of
1525:
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1505:Erin Go Bragh
1502:
1499:
1498:Irish Brigade
1495:
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940:British coins
938:for Wales in
937:
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925:
917:
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909:
907:
902:
901:
900:Erin go bragh
895:
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728:
724:
723:Saint Patrick
715:
706:
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688:
682:
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671:Fynes Moryson
666:
665:therewithall.
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469:Black medick
468:
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433:White clover
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331:Covent Garden
328:
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319:James Britten
315:
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242:Carl Linnaeus
240:The botanist
238:
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117:At most times
115:
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107:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Saint Patrick
72:
68:
65:is a type of
64:
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
4758:
4728: /
4719: /
4710: /
4688:Homelessness
4646:
4607:
4575:Road bowling
4570:Martial arts
4517:Ulster Scots
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4398:Mythological
4345:
4305:
4278:Ulster Scots
4238: /
4177:
4105:Three-in-One
3916:
3907:DĂĄil Ăireann
3906:
3896:
3854:Constitution
3743: /
3714:Architecture
3696: /
3569:Other topics
3550:Celtic Tiger
3535:The Troubles
3433: /
3424: /
3370: /
3366: /
3267: /
3255:Protohistory
3115:
3107:Bibliography
3092:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3048:
3040:the original
3035:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:the original
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2664:
2652:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2586:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2544:
2539:, p. 55
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2505:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2352:
2330:. Retrieved
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2294:
2287:
2282:, p. 22
2275:
2265:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2237:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2183:
2173:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2097:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2069:(5): 95â97.
2066:
2060:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
2007:
2002:(May 1831).
1994:
1974:
1959:, p. 34
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1902:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1830:, p. 14
1823:
1815:
1808:. Retrieved
1802:
1795:
1704:, New Jersey
1584:
1583:A shamrock (
1577:
1538:London Irish
1513:Mexican Army
1486:Second Corps
1472:fleur-de-lis
1435:
1324:Swim Ireland
1305:
1281:British Army
1273:Irish Guards
1270:
1259:
1245:
1168:
1139:
1090:Lamppost in
1036:
970:
963:
960:Thomas Moore
955:
952:
921:
905:
891:
885:
861:
841:
837:
819:
814:
808:
801:
796:
792:
788:The MorrĂgan
756:
748:Jack Santino
727:Holy Trinity
720:
701:by the poet
698:
694:
693:in his play
683:
678:
668:
663:
657:
656:in his work
647:
642:
620:
614:
593:
557:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
505:
499:
487:Wood sorrel
480:
462:
444:
426:
408:
392:Common name
375:
351:
344:
326:
322:
316:
311:
305:
282:
255:
251:
245:
239:
234:
230:
226:
218:
214:
210:
200:
193:
164:
158:
152:
149:three-leaved
144:seamair bhĂĄn
136:
132:seamair bhuĂ
118:
116:
86:
83:Holy Trinity
62:
60:
50:
4708:Place names
4585:Rugby union
4480:Anglo-Irish
4365:Instruments
4221:The Twelfth
4185:Set dancing
3985:LGBT rights
3891:LGBT rights
3821:Nationalism
3387:Black Death
3064:13 November
2982:. aoh.com.
2800:13 November
2720:Use of the
1770:Isle of Man
1568:During the
1240:Airbus A320
1187:IDA Ireland
1001:Chosen leaf
918:coin (1949)
906:The Shamroc
703:John Taylor
631:wood sorrel
451:Red clover
395:Percentage
296:wood sorrel
207:John Gerard
89:comes from
85:. The name
4781:Categories
4609:ClĂĄirseach
4512:Travellers
4370:Rock music
4353:Folk music
4288:Literature
4090:Soda bread
3973:Government
3900:parliament
3897:Oireachtas
3874:Government
3814:Ideologies
3445:Penal Laws
3336:since 1922
3250:Prehistory
3094:26 October
2956:. ika.ie.
2878:. ifa.ie.
2767:29 October
2737:2015-11-13
2627:29 October
2597:10 January
2306:29 October
2298:. London.
2248:5 February
2218:5 February
2208:www.ucc.ie
2156:6 February
2146:www.ucc.ie
2114:14 January
2077:14 January
2034:"Shamrock"
1855:28 January
1787:References
1574:P.J. Woods
1517:ClĂĄirseach
1479:Montserrat
1330:, and the
1235:Aer Lingus
1213:Aer Lingus
1163:Aer Lingus
1072:Irish lace
1062:, both in
922:Since the
780:Badb Catha
695:The Fleire
590:St. Brigid
561:seamair Ăłg
219:Shamrockes
119:, Shamrock
106:diminutive
57:A shamrock
4740:Squatting
4456:Fomorians
4385:Mythology
4255:Languages
4240:Halloween
4216:Bealtaine
4199:Festivals
4190:Stepdance
4095:Spice Bag
4080:Irish fry
4070:Colcannon
4045:Barmbrack
3968:Education
3926:President
3864:Education
3780:Transport
3755:Provinces
3677:Mountains
3652:Coastline
3624:Geography
3515:Civil War
3470:Tithe War
2522:3 October
1612:Viborg FF
1597:AC Omonia
1297:partition
1252:Taoiseach
1222:call sign
1193:(such as
1185:(such as
742:efforts.
544:Trifolium
501:Trifolium
256:Chambroch
203:botanical
179:Victorian
171:medicinal
4698:Monastic
4663:Calendar
4647:Shamrock
4642:Red Hand
4580:Rounders
4245:Wren Day
4179:Sean-nĂłs
4131:Guinness
4075:Drisheen
3951:Assembly
3933:Taxation
3836:Unionism
3803:Politics
3736:Counties
3480:Land War
3372:Clontarf
3368:Glenmama
3242:Timeline
3088:Archived
3010:Archived
2984:Archived
2958:Archived
2906:Archived
2880:Archived
2854:Archived
2824:Archived
2794:Archived
2761:Archived
2700:Archived
2621:Archived
2591:Archived
2587:WorldCat
2326:Archived
2300:Archived
2242:Archived
2212:Archived
2150:Archived
2108:Archived
2071:Archived
1940:(1737).
1879:Archived
1849:Archived
1810:13 March
1725:See also
1642:swastika
1585:Trifylli
1468:Montreal
1293:Boer War
1122:Work by
1108:Listowel
1048:Listowel
758:triskele
498:Various
87:shamrock
63:shamrock
4668:Castles
4595:Symbols
4565:Hurling
4550:Camogie
4449:Firbolg
4435:Immrama
4428:Echtrai
4358:session
4341:Ballads
4318:Theatre
4307:Gaeilge
4301:Fiction
4236:Samhain
4151:Whiskey
4025:Cuisine
4013:Culture
3963:Economy
3859:Economy
3667:Islands
3642:Climate
3635:Natural
3230:History
3190:Ireland
2860:20 July
1885:25 June
1781:Trefoil
1766:Ragwort
1511:of the
1492:in the
1488:of the
1279:of the
1201:An Post
1142:Ireland
1140:Map of
1056:Parnell
932:thistle
873:Ireland
798:breath.
687:whiskey
626:seamsĂłg
580:Teltown
576:Tailtiu
300:seamsĂłg
291:seamrĂłg
181:times.
111:seamair
95:seamrĂłg
79:used it
71:Ireland
4673:Cinema
4472:People
4421:Aos SĂ
4408:Ulster
4403:Fenian
4393:Cycles
4323:Triads
4313:Poetry
4296:Annals
4273:Shelta
4226:LĂșnasa
4206:Imbolc
4141:PoitĂn
4121:Coffee
4114:Drinks
4065:Coddle
3731:Cities
3682:Rivers
3672:Loughs
3357:Events
3215:topics
3207:topics
3193:topics
3122:
3016:4 July
2990:4 July
2964:4 July
2938:4 July
2912:4 July
2886:4 July
2830:3 June
2706:4 July
2680:4 July
2567:4 July
2513:
2479:: 443.
2460:: 183.
2420:
2389:
2360:
2332:4 July
1982:
1636:, the
1616:Viborg
1605:Chania
1189:) and
1068:poplin
962:whose
944:stamps
865:emblem
778:; and
611:(1521)
567:semair
548:Oxalis
507:Oxalis
504:spp.,
358:Dublin
163:, and
67:clover
4703:Names
4656:Other
4620:Flags
4532:Sport
4485:Gaels
4413:Kings
4347:CĂ©ilĂ
4333:Music
4268:Irish
4165:Dance
4126:Cream
4060:Champ
4055:Boxty
3978:local
3879:local
3765:Towns
3750:Ports
3707:Human
3662:Fauna
2954:"IKA"
2820:DCist
2561:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
1719:shirt
1627:FĂŒrth
784:Macha
776:Banba
772:FĂłdla
753:cross
729:when
605:kerns
510:spp.
403:1988
400:1893
175:motif
135:) or
91:Irish
4522:Yola
4136:Mist
4100:Stew
4033:Food
3687:list
3120:ISBN
3096:2016
3066:2015
3018:2014
2992:2014
2966:2014
2940:2014
2914:2014
2888:2014
2862:2008
2832:2023
2802:2015
2769:2023
2722:harp
2708:2014
2682:2014
2629:2023
2599:2024
2569:2014
2524:2009
2511:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2334:2014
2308:2023
2250:2013
2220:2013
2158:2013
2116:2018
2079:2018
1980:ISBN
1887:2022
1857:2013
1812:2015
1688:logo
1669:The
1521:harp
1503:The
1464:flag
1462:The
1448:The
1173:and
1070:and
936:leek
823:Lent
786:and
774:and
768:Ăriu
546:and
439:35%
436:34%
421:46%
418:51%
4173:Jig
4146:Tea
3886:Law
1686:AOH
1231:An
1161:of
1138:2d
629:or
607:by
578:or
516:5%
513:3%
493:3%
475:7%
472:6%
457:4%
454:6%
229:or
213:or
177:in
4783::
3086:.
3082:.
3034:.
2852:.
2848:.
2818:.
2792:.
2786:.
2759:.
2755:.
2619:.
2615:.
2589:.
2585:.
2475:.
2456:.
2395:.
2366:.
2342:^
2240:.
2236:.
2210:.
2206:.
2148:.
2144:.
2102:.
2096:.
2065:.
2059:.
2036:.
2010:.
2006:.
1964:^
1912:^
1877:.
1873:.
1847:.
1843:.
1814:.
1342:.
1326:,
1322:,
1074:.
950:.
883:.
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782:,
770:,
490:_
303:.
157:,
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3182:e
3175:t
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3128:.
3098:.
3068:.
3020:.
2994:.
2968:.
2942:.
2916:.
2890:.
2864:.
2834:.
2804:.
2771:.
2740:.
2710:.
2684:.
2631:.
2601:.
2571:.
2526:.
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2336:.
2310:.
2252:.
2222:.
2160:.
2118:.
2104:2
2081:.
2067:1
2044:.
2018:.
2012:1
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1772:)
1768:(
1644:.
1629:.
1618:.
1607:.
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641:(
279:.
98:(
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41:.
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20:)
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