Hirohito - Knowledge

1022: 1944: 2358: 2620:. I heard Tsukuba acted cautiously." Tsukuba is believed to refer to Fujimaro Tsukuba, the former chief Yasukuni priest at the time, who decided not to enshrine the war criminals despite having received in 1966 the list of war dead compiled by the government. "What's on the mind of Matsudaira's son, who is the current head priest?" "Matsudaira had a strong wish for peace, but the child didn't know the parent's heart. That's why I have not visited the shrine since. This is my heart." Matsudaira is believed to refer to Yoshitami Matsudaira, who was the grand steward of the Imperial Household immediately after the end of World War II. His son, Nagayoshi, succeeded Fujimaro Tsukuba as the chief priest of Yasukuni and decided to enshrine the war criminals in 1978. Nagayoshi Matsudaira died in 2006, which some commentators have speculated is the reason for release of the memo. 3017:, in the aftermath of the war, conservative Japanese elites created self-whitewashing, self-glorifying national myths that minimized the scope of Japan's war responsibility, which included presenting the emperor as a peace-seeking diplomat and a narrative that separated him from the militarists, whom they described as people who hijacked the Japanese government and led the country into war, shifting the responsibility from the ruling class to only a few military leaders. This narrative also narrowly focuses on the U.S.–Japan conflict, completely ignores the wars Japan waged in Asia, and disregards the atrocities committed by Japanese troops during the war. Japanese elites created the narrative in an attempt to avoid tarnishing the national image and regain the international acceptance of the country. 1057: 4107: 4085: 4140: 4124: 1483: 4201: 2080: 894: 1114: 3890: 2299: 824: 1041: 4176: 1606: 769: 487:). As the grandson of Emperor Meiji, Hirohito was raised away from the court, but returned following his caregiver's death. His education emphasized physical health due to his frailty, alongside values of frugality and devotion to duty. Hirohito's early military commissions and education under influential figures shaped his perspective on Japan's divine imperial lineage, and its role in modernization and diplomacy. His father acceded to the throne in 1912 upon the death of his father Emperor Meiji, making the eleven-year-old Prince Hirohito the 3543:"A man of stronger personality than Hirohito might have tried more strenuously to check the growing influence of the military in Japanese politics and the drift of Japan toward war with the western powers." "The contemporary diary evidence suggests that Hirohito was uncomfortable with the direction of Japanese policy." "The consensus of those who have studied the documents of the period is that Hirohito was consistent in attempting to use his personal influence to induce caution and to moderate and even obstruct the growing impetus toward war." 2042:

damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." The speech also noted that "the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage" and ordered the Japanese to "endure the unendurable." The speech, using formal, archaic Japanese, was not readily understood by many commoners. According to historian Richard Storry in

1053:

traditional Japanese bathhouse. However, in anticipation of Hirohito's visit an additional residential wing was added to the earlier building, this time in the style of an Edwardian country house. The new building was subsequently opened to the public and was deemed the largest public bathhouse in the Japanese Empire. Crown Prince Hirohito was a student of science, and he had heard that Beitou Creek was one of only two hot springs in the world that contained a rare radioactive mineral. So, he decided to walk into the creek to investigate.

64: 2335: 1564: 10281: 2174:, "This successful campaign to absolve Hirohito of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal, he was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war." According to Bix, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." 3931: 1621:, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution, and asked him to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences. On 2 November Tōjō, Sugiyama, and Nagano reported to Hirohito that the review of eleven points had been in vain. Emperor Hirohito gave his consent to the war and then asked: "Are you going to provide justification for the war?" The decision for war against the United States was presented for approval to Hirohito by General Tōjō, Naval Minister Admiral 4154: 622: 614: 2558: 10459: 4052: 4026: 4008: 3987: 3612: 3587: 3848: 1959:, Emperor Hirohito began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but ex-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe advised continuing the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and urged a negotiated surrender. In February 1945, during the first private audience with Hirohito he had been allowed in three years, Konoe advised Hirohito to begin negotiations to end the war. According to Grand Chamberlain 11086: 8659: 8639: 8616: 8600: 1049:

foreign dishes other than Western cuisine abroad, thus exceptional preparations were required: The eight chefs and other cooking staff were purified for a week (through fasting and ritual bathing) before the cooking of the feast could begin. This tasting of “Taiwanese cuisine” of the Prince Regent should be understood as part of an integration ceremony of incorporating the colony into the empire, which can be seen as the context and purpose of Hirohito’s Taiwanese visit.

2943:, gave full power to the Emperor. Article 4 prescribed that, "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution." Likewise, according to article 6, "The Emperor gives sanction to laws and orders them to be promulgated and executed," and article 11, "The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and the Navy." The Emperor was thus the leader of the 1758: 10338: 2502: 1819:

Victory." Only gradually did it become apparent to the Japanese people that the situation was very grim due to growing shortages of food, medicine, and fuel as U.S. submarines began wiping out Japanese shipping. Starting in mid 1944, American raids on the major cities of Japan made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort,

9081: 3948: 3809: 3788: 2279:–officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as "the symbol of the state and the unity of the people." His role was redefined as entirely ceremonial and representative, without even nominal governmental powers. He was limited to performing matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet. 3683: 3746: 2154:, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and Japanese officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the Imperial family from being indicted, but also to influence the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated Hirohito. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied General Headquarters in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as 2318:. He and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts and making public appearances at special events and ceremonies. For example, in 1947, the Emperor made a public visit to Hiroshima and held a speech in front of a massive crowd encouraging the city's citizens. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including Queen 1327: 1847: 1430: 4070: 9069: 3704: 4217: 2178: 3969: 3827: 3665: 1815:

quoted that he approved of such since if they won in that campaign, they would be finally having a room to negotiate with the Americans. As high as their spirits could go, the reality check for the Japanese would also come into play since the forces they have sent in Leyte, was practically the ones that would efficiently defend the island of Luzon, hence the Japanese had struck a huge blow in their own military planning.

3725: 3869: 3767: 9221: 3538:"By personality and temperament, Hirohito was ill-suited to the role assigned to him by destiny. The successors of the men who had led the Meiji Restoration yearned for a charismatic warrior king. Instead, they were given an introspective prince who grew up to be more at home in the science laboratory than on the military parade ground. But in his early years, every effort was made to cast him in a different mould." 3910: 1207: 392: 2635: 9057: 3116:(In 1941,) we thought we could achieve a draw with the US, or at best win by a six to four margin; but total victory was nearly impossible ... When the war actually began, however, we gained a miraculous victory at Pearl Harbor and our invasions of Malaya and Burma succeeded far quicker than expected. So, if not for this (agreement), we might have achieved peace when we were in an advantageous position. 3344:

circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses". He added that conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since. Pal supported the acquittal of all of the defendants. He considered the Japanese military operations as justified, because

2818:

Historians have said that Hirohito wielded more power than previously believed, and he was actively involved in the decision to launch the war as well as in other political and military decisions. Over the years, as new evidence surfaced, historians were able to arrive at the conclusion that he was culpable for the war, and was reflecting on his wartime role.

3249:"Over the years, these different pieces of evidence have trickled out and historians have amassed this picture of culpability and how he was reflecting on that. This is another piece of the puzzle that very much confirms that the picture that was taking place before, which is that he was extremely culpable, and after the war he was devastated about this." 740:. He was the one who inculcated in the mind of the young Hirohito that there is a connection between the divine origin of the imperial line and the aspiration of linking it to the myth of the racial superiority and homogeneity of the Japanese. The emperors were often a driving force in the modernization of their country. He taught Hirohito that the 2248:. Hirohito was however persistent in the idea that the Emperor of Japan should be considered a descendant of the gods. In December 1945, he told his vice-grand-chamberlain Michio Kinoshita: "It is permissible to say that the idea that the Japanese are descendants of the gods is a false conception; but it is absolutely impermissible to call 1381:, about the time it could take to crush Chinese resistance and how could they prepare for the eventuality of a Soviet incursion. Based on Bix's findings, Hirohito was displeased by Prince Kan'in's evasive responses about the substance of such contingency plans but nevertheless still approved the decision to move troops to North China. 1385:

Japan as wars), and the Deputy Minister of the Japanese Army instructed the chief of staff of Japanese China Garrison Army on 5 August not to use the term "prisoners of war" for Chinese captives. This instruction led to the removal of the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners. The works of

1753:

responsibilities as per the prime minister's directives ... In times of intense activities, typed drafts were presented to the Emperor with corrections in red. First draft, second draft, final draft and so forth, came as deliberations progressed one after the other and were sanctioned accordingly by the Emperor.

3422:"It is true that I had received information on military operations in advance. However, I only received those reports after the military commanders made detailed decisions. Regarding issues of political character and military command, I believe that I acted in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." 1818:

The media, under tight government control, repeatedly portrayed him as lifting the popular morale even as the Japanese cities came under heavy air attack in 1944–45 and food and housing shortages mounted. Japanese retreats and defeats were celebrated by the media as successes that portended "Certain

1695:

With the nation fully committed to the war, Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale. According to Akira Yamada and Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito made major interventions in some military operations. For example, he pressed Sugiyama four times, on 13 and 21 January and

1064:

Naturally, concerned for a royal family member’s safety, his entourage scurried around, seeking flat rocks to use as stepping stones. After that, these stones were carefully mounted and given the official name: “His Imperial Highness Crown Prince of Japan’s Stepping Stones for River Crossing,” with a

3000:

The view promoted by the Imperial Palace and American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a purely ceremonial figure who behaved strictly according to protocol while remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. This view was endorsed by Prime

2992:

overlook the importance of numerous "behind the chrysanthemum curtain" meetings where the real decisions were made between the Emperor, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. Using primary sources and the monumental work of Shirō Hara as a basis, Fujiwara and Wetzler have produced evidence suggesting

2660:

The Emperor died at 6:33 am on 7 January 1989 at the age of 87. The announcement from the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Hirohito was survived by his wife, his five surviving children, ten grandchildren, and

2611:

in Yasukuni was the reason for the boycott. Tomita recorded in detail the contents of his conversations with Hirohito in his diaries and notebooks. According to the memorandum, in 1988, Hirohito expressed his strong displeasure at the decision made by Yasukuni Shrine to include Class-A war criminals

2488:

and referred to him as "Hirohitler", and prompted a wider comparative discussion of the memory and perception of Axis war crimes. The protests against Hirohito's visit also condemned and highlighted what they perceived as mutual Japanese and West German complicity in and enabling of the American war

2090:

After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, there was a large amount of pressure that came from both Allied countries and Japanese leftists that demanded Hirohito step down and be indicted as a war criminal. Australia, Britain and 70 percent of the American public wanted Hirohito tried as a Class-A

1021: 3529:

A January 1989 declassified British government assessment of Hirohito said the Emperor was "uneasy with Japan's drift to war in the 1930s and 1940s but was too weak to alter the course of events." The dispatch by John Whitehead, former ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan, to Foreign Secretary

2963:

The last two elements of Hirohito's power were the strongest, while the first element was the weakest. Hirohito had the ultimate authority to shape the country's policies by either agreeing or disagreeing with it. He even used his authority to disagree with policies shaped by the army. Hirohito was

2897:

not only in terms of numbers, but in brutality as well as "These military operations caused death and suffering on a scale incomparably greater than the totally unplanned orgy of killing in Nanking, which later came to symbolize the war". While the Nanking Massacre was unplanned, Bix said "Hirohito

2548:

adorned the newspapers, and there was talk about the purchase of a Mickey Mouse watch. Two types of commemorative stamps and stamp sheets were issued on the day of their return to Japan which demonstrated that the visit had been a significant undertaking. This was the last visit of Emperor Shōwa to

2095:

did not like the idea, as he thought that an ostensibly cooperating emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan. MacArthur saw Hirohito as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. As a result, any possible evidence that would incriminate Hirohito

1640:

and had many meetings with the military and Tōjō until the end of the month. He initially showed hesitance towards engaging in war, but eventually approved the decision to strike Pearl Harbor despite opposition from certain advisors. In the period leading up to Pearl Harbor, he expanded his control

1593:

Of course His Majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war was a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much." Thus, gradually, he began to lean toward

1396:

Later in his life, Hirohito looked back on his decision to give the go-ahead to wage a 'defensive' war against China and opined that his foremost priority was not to wage war with China but to prepare for a war with the Soviet Union, as his army had reassured him that the China war would end within

4908:

These were further enhanced by high-level visits, including the visit to Tokyo by President of Malta George Vella who attended the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Naruhito last October. He noted that the then Crown Prince of Japan Hirohito visited Malta in April 1921 as part of his first European

3148:

As the war front progressed northward, Hirohito persistently hoped for the Japanese military to deliver a "good bashing" at some point during the war, which meant securing a decisive victory and then leveraging that success to negotiate the most favorable terms possible for Japan. In the autumn of

2252:

the idea that the Emperor is a descendant of the gods." In any case, the "renunciation of divinity" was noted more by foreigners than by Japanese, and seems to have been intended for the consumption of the former. The theory of a constitutional monarchy had already had some proponents in Japan. In

2189:

presented evidence supporting Hirohito's responsibility in the war, noting that had he been prosecuted as some judges and others advocated, a compelling case could have been constructed against him. However, the Americans were apprehensive that removing the emperor from power and subjecting him to

2041:

was broadcast over the radio (the first time Hirohito was heard on the radio by the Japanese people) announcing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. During the historic broadcast Hirohito stated: "Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do

1970:

With each passing week victory became less likely. In April, the Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the

1404:

to capture and occupy the enemy capital of Nanking. He was very eager to fight this battle since he and his council firmly believed that all it would take is a one huge blow to bring forth the surrender of Chiang Kai-Shek. He even gave an Imperial Rescript to Iwane when he returned to Tokyo a year

1088:

devastated Tokyo on 1 September 1923, killing some 100,000 people and leveling vast areas. The city could be rebuilt drawing on the then massive timber reserves of Taiwan. In the aftermath of the tragical disaster, the military authorities saw an opportunity to annihilate the communist movement in

728:

After learning about the death of his instructor, General Nogi, he along with his brothers were reportedly overcome with emotions. He would later acknowledge the lasting influence of Nogi in his life. At that time he was still two years away from completing primary school, henceforth his education

3555:

defined Hirohito as "sacred" and all-powerful, but according to Whitehead, Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military. Whitehead explained after World War II that Hirohito's humility was fundamental for the Japanese people to accept the new 1947 constitution and allied occupation.

3237:

Shinobu Kobayashi was the Emperor's chamberlain from April 1974 until June 2000. Kobayashi kept a diary with near-daily remarks of Hirohito for 26 years. It was made public on Wednesday 22 August 2018. According to Takahisa Furukawa, a professor of modern Japanese history at Nihon University, the

2971:

Also as a matter of course, he wanted to keep what his generals conquered -- though he was less greedy than some of them. None of this should surprise us. Hirohito would be no more have granted independence Korea independence or returned Manchuria to China than Roosevelt would have granted Hawaii

2817:

dictators. After the war, since the U.S. thought that the retention of the emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan, and help the U.S. achieve their postwar objectives, they depicted Hirohito as a "powerless figurehead" without any implication in wartime policies.

1989:

On 22 June, Hirohito met with his ministers saying, "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them." The attempt to negotiate a peace via the Soviet Union came to nothing. There was always the threat that

1602:, one of Hirohito's uncles, as prime minister. According to the Shōwa "Monologue", written after the war, Hirohito then said that if the war were to begin while a member of the imperial house was prime minister, the imperial house would have to carry the responsibility and he was opposed to this. 1534:

On 5 September, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to Hirohito, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. On this evening, Hirohito had a meeting with the chief of staff of the army, Sugiyama, chief of staff of the

3200:

newspaper a memo by Yuzawa that Hatano had kept for nine years since he received it from Yuzawa's family. The bookseller said: "It took me nine years to come forward, as I was afraid of a backlash. But now I hope the memo would help us figure out what really happened during the war, in which 3.1

2935:

that during 1944, he compiled a thorough report detailing the wartime atrocities perpetrated by Japanese soldiers in China. He clarified that he didn't directly discuss the report with Hirohito;however, he added that "when I met with him, I did report on the China situation in bits and pieces."

2492:

Regarding these protests and opposition, Emperor Hirohito was not surprised to have received a report in advance at a press conference on 12 November after returning to Japan and said that "I do not think that welcome can be ignored" from each country. Also, at a press conference following their

1578:

On 8 October, Sugiyama signed a 47-page report to the Emperor (sōjōan) outlining in minute detail plans for the advance into Southeast Asia. During the third week of October, Sugiyama gave Hirohito a 51-page document, "Materials in Reply to the Throne," about the operational outlook for the war.

1384:

According to Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito endorsed the policy of qualifying the invasion of China as an "incident" instead of a "war"; therefore, he did not issue any notice to observe international law in this conflict (unlike what his predecessors did in previous conflicts officially recognized by

3157:

wrote a proposal to Hirohito, urging him to quell extremist elements within the military and end the war. Konoe argued that although surrendering to America might preserve imperial rule, it would not survive a Communist revolution he believed was imminent. Hirohito was troubled by the ambiguity

2958:

First, he was a constitutional monarch subject to legal restrictions and binding conventions, as he has so often stressed. Second, he was supreme commander of Japanese armed forces, though his orders were often ignored and sometimes defied. Third, he wielded absolute moral authority in Japan by

2418:

The talks between Emperor Hirohito and President Nixon were not planned at the outset, because initially the stop in the United States was only for refueling to visit Europe. However, the meeting was decided in a hurry at the request of the United States. Although the Japanese side accepted the

1814:

On October 18, 1944, the Imperial headquarters had resolved that the Japanese must make a stand in the vicinity of Leyte to prevent the Americans from landing in the Philippines. This view was widely frowned upon and disgruntled the policymakers from both the army and navy sectors. Hirohito was

1810:

In September 1944, Hirohito declared that it must be his citizens' resolve to smash the evil purposes of the Westerners so that their imperial destiny might continue, but all along, it is just a mask for the urgent need of Japan to scratch a victory against the counter-offensive campaign of the

425: 2517:

In 1975, Hirohito and Nagako visited the United States for 14 days from 30 September to 14 October, at the invitation of President Gerald Ford. The visit was the first such event in US–Japanese history. The United States Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard

1748:, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. The chief of staff of the General Affairs section of the Prime Minister's office, Shuichi Inada, remarked to Tōjō's private secretary, Sadao Akamatsu: 1369:

A diary by chamberlain Kuraji Ogura says that he was reluctant to start war against China in 1937 because they had underestimated China's military strength and Japan should be cautious in its strategy. In this regard, Ogura writes Hirohito said that "once you start (a war), it cannot easily be

1048:

It was widely reported in Taiwanese newspapers that famous high-end restaurants served typical Chinese luxury dishes for the Prince, such as swallow’s nest and shark fin, as Taiwanese cuisine. This was the first time an Emperor or a Crown Prince has ever eaten local cuisine on a colony, or had

3330:

The declassified January 1989 British government assessment of Hirohito describes him as "too weak to alter the course of events" and Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Hitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military and if he

2461:

and civilian victims of the brutal occupation there. In the Netherlands, raw eggs and vacuum flasks were thrown. The protest was so severe that Empress Nagako, who accompanied the Emperor, was exhausted. In the United Kingdom, protestors stood in silence and turned their backs when Hirohito's

2064:

In his first ever press conference given in Tokyo in 1975, when he was asked what he thought of the bombing of Hiroshima, Hirohito answered: "It's very regrettable that nuclear bombs were dropped and I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima but it couldn't be helped because that happened in

1752:

There has never been a cabinet in which the prime minister, and all the ministers, reported so often to the throne. In order to effect the essence of genuine direct imperial rule and to relieve the concerns of the Emperor, the ministers reported to the throne matters within the scope of their

1052:

Having visited several sites outside of Taipei, Hirohito returned to the capital on the 24th and on the 25th of April, just one day before his departure, he visited the Beitou hotspring district of Taipei and its oldest facility. The original structure had been built in 1913 in the style of a

697:

to be the Gakushūin's tenth president as well as the one in-charge on educating his grandson. The main aspect that they focused was on physical education and health, primarily because Hirohito was a sickly child, on par with the impartment or inculcation of values such as frugality, patience,

426: 3005:

in a speech on the day of Hirohito's death in which Takeshita asserted that the war "had broken out against wishes." Takeshita's statement provoked outrage in nations in East Asia and Commonwealth nations such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. According to historian

1641:

over military matters and participated in the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual of him. Additionally, he sought additional information regarding the attack plans. An aide reported that he openly showed joy upon learning of the success of the surprise attacks.

8144: 417: 1781:

in August. Hirohito played an increasingly influential role in the war; in eleven major episodes he was deeply involved in supervising the actual conduct of war operations. Hirohito pressured the High Command to order an early attack on the Philippines in 1941–42, including the fortified

3343:

opposed the International Military Tribunal and made a 1,235-page judgment. He found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war with brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. Pal said there is "no evidence, testimonial or

3100:

published the Showa tenno dokuhaku roku (Dokuhaku roku), which recorded conversations Hirohito held with five Imperial Household Ministry officials between March and April 1946, containing twenty-four sections.The Dokuhaku roku recorded Hirohito speaking retroactively on topics arranged

3220:"If His Majesty had any regret over negotiations with Britain and the U.S., he would have looked somewhat grim. There was no such indication, which must be a result of his determination. I'm completely relieved. Given the current conditions, I could say we have practically won already." 588:

and reintegration into the international community, though his wartime role remained controversial. His legacy is a complex blend of tradition, militarism, and modernization, reflecting the challenges and transformations Japan faced during the 20th century. Hirohito died aged 87 at

420: 418: 416: 422: 421: 414: 2257:), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life. Not until 1946 was the tremendous step made to alter the Emperor's title from "imperial sovereign" to " 424: 415: 423: 419: 3061:, the president of the tribunal, declared: "This immunity of the Emperor is contrasted with the part he played in launching the war in the Pacific, is, I think, a matter which the tribunal should take into consideration in imposing the sentences." Likewise, the French judge, 2905:

to closely monitor Japan's military activities. The extensive resources required for regular updates to the Emperor often drew complaints from military officials. To celebrate significant military victories, he rode his white horse in parades in front of the Imperial Palace.

3348:

supported the boycott of trade operations by the Western Powers, particularly the United States boycott of oil exports to Japan. Pal argued the attacks on neighboring territories were justified to protect the Japanese Empire from an aggressive environment, especially the

2657:. Hirohito appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. 3120:

The passage in the Dokuhaku roku refutes the theory that Hirohito wanted an early conclusion to the war due to his value for peace. Instead, it provides evidence that he desired its end because of Japan's early military victories in Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia.

2430:, who promoted talks, saying, "that will cause me a great deal of trouble. We want to correct the perceptions of the other party." At that time, Foreign Minister Fukuda was worried that President Nixon's talks with Hirohito would be used to repair the deteriorating 2128:, even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged Hirohito to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. According to Minister of Welfare Ashida's diary, "Everyone seemed to ponder Mikasa's words. Never have I seen His Majesty's face so pale." 1530:

The objectives to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and Southeast Asia, no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire."

413: 1594:

war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: my prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more. In short, the Emperor had absorbed the view of the army and navy high commands.

1986:" incident. By mid-June 1945, the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator for a negotiated surrender but not before Japan's bargaining position had been improved by repulse of the anticipated Allied invasion of mainland Japan. 4636:

The first foreign trip by the Crown Prince was made in 1907 by the Crown Prince Yoshihito to the then Korean Empire. During that time, while it was considered a foreign country, it had become a colonial protectorate of Japan and would eventually be

8148: 2100:. MacArthur created a plan that separated Hirohito from the militarists, retained Hirohito as a constitutional monarch but only as a figurehead, and used Hirohito to retain control over Japan to help achieve American postwar objectives in Japan. 2964:

the supreme military commander in Imperial Japan, and pursued armed expansionist policies against weaker Asian neighbors. He never opposed war or expansion, but he opposed war with the US and Britain because of his fear that Japan would lose.

1309:

to suppress the rebellion within the hour. He asked for reports from Honjō every 30 minutes. The next day, when told by Honjō that the high command had made little progress in quashing the rebels, the Emperor told him "I Myself, will lead the

3143:

I hoped to give the enemy one good bashing somewhere, and then seize a chance for peace. Yet I didn't want to ask for peace before Germany did because then we would lose trust in the international community for having violated that corollary

2880:

and sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians. His works and those of Akira Fujiwara about the details of the operation were commented by

1715:, say that throughout the war, Hirohito was "outraged" at Japanese war crimes and the political dysfunction of many societal institutions that proclaimed their loyalty to him, and sometimes spoke up against them, others, such as historians 1198:, which have been handed down through the centuries. However, his enthronement events were planned and staged under the economic conditions of a recession whereas the 55th Imperial Diet unanimously passed $ 7,360,000 for the festivities. 12311: 4667: 2993:

that the Emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military and was neither bellicose nor a pacifist but an opportunist who governed in a pluralistic decision-making process. American historian

1740:

As the tide of war began to turn against Japan (around late 1942 and early 1943), the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that Hirohito worked closely with

4679:

Former member of section 20 of War operations of the Army high command, Hara has made a detailed study of the way military decisions were made, including the Emperor's involvement published in five volumes in 1973–74 under the title

3228:"Tojo is a bureaucrat who was incapable of making own decisions, so he turned to the Emperor as his supervisor. That's why he had to report everything for the Emperor to decide. If the Emperor didn't say no, then he would proceed." 1559:

Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague, "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."

1013:) on 25 November 1921, in place of his ailing father, who was affected by mental illness. In 1923 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army and Commander in the navy, and army Colonel and Navy Captain in 1925. 3083:

According to notebooks by Michiji Tajima, a top Imperial Household Agency official who took office after the war, Emperor Hirohito privately expressed regret about the atrocities that were committed by Japanese troops during the

1671:

and China. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo said to his cabinet, "This is an ultimatum." On 1 December an Imperial Conference sanctioned the "War against the United States, United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands."

3316:"The archives available so far, including his biography compiled by the Imperial Household Agency, contained no detailed descriptions that his aides expressed concerns about Hirohito leaning toward Japan's entry into the war." 1998:. The Japanese government council, the Big Six, considered that option and recommended to Hirohito that it be accepted only if one to four conditions were agreed upon, including a guarantee of Hirohito's continued position in 12306: 1652:

the severe likelihood that Japan was about to launch a surprise attack and that the question had been "how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."

3162:, who advocated for continuing the fight to the bitter end, believing that the Americans could be lured into a trap on Taiwan, where they could be defeated. However, the Americans avoided Taiwan. Despite the defeat at the 2030:(national polity) could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied "Of course." On 14 August, Hirohito made the decision to surrender "unconditionally" and the Suzuki government notified the Allies that it had accepted the 5386:

Emperor Hirohito, in whose name Japanese soldiers fought in World War Two, was reluctant to start a war with China in 1937 and had believed in stopping it earlier, media reported on Friday, citing a diary by his former

3436: 3136:. Hirohito rejected the proposal and did not want to give concessions to China because he feared it would signal Japanese weakness, create defeatism at home, and trigger independence movements in occupied countries. 3033:

said that post-war Japanese public opinion supporting protection of the Emperor was influenced by U.S. propaganda promoting the view that the Emperor together with the Japanese people had been fooled by the military.

1575:, President of the Imperial Council and Hirohito's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would be considered only as a last resort from some, and silence from others. 3065:, wrote about Hirohito's accountability that the declaration of war by Japan "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices." 3041:

reported, "Scholars who have spoken out against the late Emperor have received threatening phone calls from Japan's extremist right wing." One example of actual violence occurred in 1990 when the mayor of Nagasaki,

2107:

as the Prime Minister to replace Kantarō Suzuki, who resigned due to responsibility for the surrender, to assist the American occupation, there were attempts by numerous leaders to have him put on trial for alleged

411: 1397:

three months, but that decision of his had haunted him since he forgot that the Japanese forces in China were drastically fewer than that of the Chinese, hence the shortsightedness of his perspective was evident.

1551:, the army told me that we could achieve peace immediately after dealing them one blow with three divisions ... but you can't still beat Chiang Kai-shek even today! Sugiyama, you were army minister at that time. 7614: 1136:

The daughters who lived to adulthood left the imperial family as a result of the American reforms of the Japanese imperial household in October 1947 (in the case of Princess Shigeko) or under the terms of the

1981:

prepared a draft document which summarized the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. Extremists in Japan were also calling for a death-before-dishonor mass suicide, modeled on the

1798:

and demanded naval battles against the Americans for the losses they had inflicted in the Aleutians. The battles were disasters. Finally, it was at his insistence that plans were drafted for the recapture of

808:(then a protectorate of the British Empire). This was the first visit to Western Europe by the Crown Prince. Despite strong opposition in Japan, this was realized by the efforts of elder Japanese statesmen ( 557:, has been a subject of historical debate regarding his responsibility for war crimes. Despite initial successes, Japan's strategic miscalculations under his reign led to devastating consequences for Japan. 3166:

and acknowledging Japan's imminent unconditional surrender following this defeat, Hirohito persisted in seeking another battlefield where a decisive victory could be achieved, considering locations such as

2326:(1975). He was not only the first reigning Japanese emperor to visit foreign countries, but also the first to meet an American president. His status and image became strongly positive in the United States. 1174:

to by his given name but rather was referred to simply as "His Majesty the Emperor" which may be shortened to "His Majesty." In writing, the Emperor was also referred to formally as "The Reigning Emperor."

2585:

after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined after its post-war rededication. This boycott lasted from 1978 until his death and has been continued by his successors,

6375: 2898:

knew of and approved annihilation campaigns in China that included burning villages thought to harbor guerrillas." Top U.S. government officials understood the emperor's intimate role during the war.

3280:(Emperor Hirohito's Grand Chamberlain from 1936 to 1944) deposited by his relatives to the library of the University of Tokyo's graduate schools for law and politics became available to the public. 412: 12276: 2529:

on 30 September 1975, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako stayed in the United States for two weeks. The official meeting with President Ford occurred on 2 October. On 3 October, Hirohito visited

7106: 576:

and the U.S. achieve its postwar objectives. As a result, MacArthur did everything in his power to exclude any possible evidence that would have incriminated Hirohito and his family during the

3204:

Takahisa Furukawa, expert on wartime history from Nihon University, confirmed the authenticity of the memo, calling it "the first look at the thinking of Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister

2569:

contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field under his personal name "Hirohito". His contributions included the description of several dozen species of

1943: 4684:(Imperial Headquarters war history; General history of beginning hostilities in the Greater East Asia War; Leadership and political strategy with respect to the beginning of hostilities). 3551:

are "ridiculously wide off the mark." If Hirohito acted too insistently with his views he could have been isolated or replaced with a more pliant member of the royal family. The pre-war

3353:. He considered that to be self-defense operations which are not criminal. Pal said "the real culprits are not before us" and concluded that "only a lost war is an international crime". 3312:

Seiichi Chadani, professor of modern Japanese history with Shigakukan University who has studied Hirohito's actions before and during the war said on the discovery of Hyakutake's diary:

6767: 3403:"(Omission) At the start of the war, a cabinet decision was made, and I could not reverse that decision. We believe this is consistent with the provisions of the Imperial Constitution." 12336: 12316: 12281: 7851: 729:

was compensated by Fleet Admiral Togo Heihachiro and Naval Captain Ogasawara Naganari, wherein later on, would become his major opponents with regards to his national defense policy.

3075:

Since his death in 1989, historians have discovered evidence that prove Hirohito's culpability for the war, and that he was not a passive figurehead manipulated by those around him.

1405:

later, despite the brutality that his officers had inflicted on the Chinese populace in Nanking; thus Hirohito had seemingly turned a blind eye to and condoned these monstrosities.

3050:. A year before, in 1989, Motoshima had broken what was characterized as "one of most sensitive taboos" by asserting that Emperor Hirohito bore responsibility for World War II. 12100: 2540:

In a speech at the White House state dinner, Hirohito read, "Thanks to the United States for helping to rebuild Japan after the war." During his stay in Los Angeles, he visited

12321: 7419: 1555:—You say the interior of China is huge; isn't the Pacific Ocean even bigger than China? ... Didn't I caution you each time about those matters? Sugiyama, are you lying to me? 1373:

Nonetheless, according to Herbert Bix, Hirohito's main concern seems to have been the possibility of an attack by the Soviet Union given his questions to his chief of staff,

5693: 3439:.) Does your majesty feel responsibility for the war itself, including the opening of hostilities? Also, what does your majesty think about so-called war responsibility?" ( 3308:"I requested the Emperor to say things to give the impression that Japan will exhaust all measures to pursue peace when the Foreign Minister is present." (20 November 1941) 12331: 11373: 11291: 8789: 8313: 732:

Shiratori Kurakichi, one of his middle-school instructors, was one of the personalities who deeply influenced the life of Hirohito. Kurakichi was a trained historian from

7545: 2917:

and authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the chief of staff of the army. Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas 375 times during the

2603:

published a front-page article about the discovery of a memorandum detailing the reason that Hirohito stopped visiting Yasukuni. The memorandum, kept by former chief of

1370:

stopped in the middle ... What's important is when to end the war" and "one should be cautious in starting a war, but once begun, it should be carried out thoroughly."

7607: 12095: 5547:

Prange, G. W., Dillon, K. V., Goldstein, D. M. (1991). At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor; Revised Edition. United Kingdom: Penguin Publishing Group.

3112:

in 1940 and another agreement in December 1941 that forbade Japan from signing a separate peace treaty with the United States. In the Dokuhaku roku, Hirohito said:

1737:

strategy implemented in China from 1942 to 1945 and which was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.

10441: 404: 11496: 10429: 10412: 6028: 3088:. In addition to feeling remorseful about his own role in the war, he "fell short by allowing radical elements of the military to drive the conduct of the war." 8700:

A controversial book that posited Hirohito as a more active protagonist of World War II than publicly portrayed; it contributed to the re-appraisal of his role.

3283:

Hyakutake's diary quotes some of Hirohito's ministers and advisers as being worried that the Emperor was getting ahead of them in terms of battle preparations.

913:. George V said that he treated his father like Hirohito, who was nervous in an unfamiliar foreign country, and that relieved his tension. The next day, he met 4941: 2457:

in 1936 and was virtually in exile, and they chatted for a while. However, protests were held in Britain and the Netherlands by veterans who had served in the

2518:

honored the state visit. Before and after the visit, a series of terrorist attacks in Japan were caused by anti-American left-wing organizations such as the

3321:"(Hyakutake's diary) is a significant record penned by one of the close aides to the Emperor documenting the process of how Japan's leaders led to the war." 11526: 11033: 8207: 8028: 4670:

had not yet been put into law. Despite this, visits to the United States had been planned in 1973 and 1974, but never occurred due to lack of coordination.

4058: 2357: 577: 5780:

Felton, Mark (2019). "Chapter 8: The Perfect Storm: Japanese military brutality during World War Two". In Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (eds.).

11984: 3382:

I asked for a decision. I decided to end the war on my own. (...) I thought that the continuation of the war would only bring more misery to the people."

534: 10850: 12296: 6789: 4871: 4505: 2061:), but the physical recording of Hirohito's speech was hidden and preserved overnight. The coup failed, and the speech was broadcast the next morning. 1511:

in Europe, Hirohito consented to the alliance. On 27 September 1940, ostensibly under Hirohito's leadership, Japan became a contracting partner of the

3397:"(Abbreviation) How do you answer those who claim that your Majesty was also involved in the decision-making process that led Japan to start the war?" 3020: 4933: 3674: 3268:

An entry dated 7 April 1987 said the Emperor was haunted by discussions of his wartime responsibility and, as a result, was losing his will to live.

8083: 6467: 2314:

For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional

12130: 3102: 3037:

In the years immediately after Hirohito's death, scholars who spoke out against the emperor were threatened and attacked by right-wing extremists.

2159: 2097: 1589:

found himself increasingly isolated, and he resigned on 16 October. He justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita, by stating:

6653: 2493:

golden wedding anniversary three years later, along with the Empress, he mentioned this visit to Europe as his most enjoyable memory in 50 years.

2381:

again since 1921 (Taishō 10) as crown prince, for 17 days from 27 September to 14 October with his wife, Nagako. In this case, a special aircraft

2190:

trial could trigger widespread chaos and collapse of Japan, given his revered status among the Japanese populace. Additionally, the advent of the

12326: 11060: 3797: 3054: 12301: 12291: 8370: 2218:

as an ally and strategic partner. As a result, ensuring Japan's strength and stability became imperative for securing a reliable postwar ally.

2158:

suspects and incarcerated solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. Thus, "months before the

2017:" following Hirohito's indications that the declaration did not compromise any demand which prejudiced his prerogatives as a sovereign ruler. 8334: 3238:

diary reveals that the emperor "gravely took responsibility for the war for a long time, and as he got older, that feeling became stronger."

2268:

thought him probable to be a useful partner to get the Japanese to accept the occupation and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuvering by

1769:

In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Japanese advances were stopped in the summer of 1942 with the

1358:

and made a false accusation against Chinese dissidents as a pretext to invade Manchuria, Japan occupied Chinese territories and established

12002: 7958: 2131:

Historians have criticized the decision to protect Hirohito and all members of the imperial family who were implicated in the war, such as

545:. During Hirohito's reign, Japan waged a war across Asia in the 1930s and '40s. His involvement in military decisions, particularly in the 9187: 5042:""Travelling in Tainan with Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" Learn about the culture and history of Taijiang and take a salt industry tour" 2549:

the United States. The official press conference held by the Emperor and Empress before and after their visit also marked a breakthrough.

499:

marked a significant step towards international diplomacy for Japan, despite domestic opposition. His experiences abroad, particularly in

12286: 12271: 12135: 11516: 11447: 9209: 8946: 3898: 2959:

granting imperial honors that conveyed incontestable prestige and by issuing imperial rescripts that had coercive power greater than law.

2836:

in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II. They have said that he and some members of the imperial family, such as his brother

1794:, which was duly carried out but failed badly. Unhappy with the navy's conduct of the war, he criticized its withdrawal from the central 1412:, from August to October 1938, Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions, despite the resolution adopted by the 874:. In April, Hirohito was present in Malta for the opening of the Maltese Parliament. After sailing for two months, the Katori arrived in 781: 7996: 6147: 10374: 8053: 7030: 2170:" by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that Hirohito would be spared from indictment." According to 1680:

On 8 December (7 December in Hawaii), 1941, in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the Hong Kong Garrison, the US Fleet in

9091: 3211:

In this document, Yuzawa details a conversation he had with Tojo a few hours before the attack. The Vice Minister quotes Tojo saying:

2120:, and Higashikuni, pressured Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until his eldest son, Crown Prince 1971:

last man. This strategy was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, at which, as was normal, Hirohito did not speak.

12181: 11850: 11460: 11342: 10970: 3486: 3460: 2006: 518:, and their marriage further solidified his position within the imperial family and Japanese society. The couple had seven children. 2253:

1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the

1807:. With the Army and Navy bitterly feuding, he settled disputes over the allocation of resources. He helped plan military offenses. 12226: 11243: 11233: 4181: 2673: 2458: 2264:

Although the Emperor had supposedly repudiated claims to divinity, his public position was deliberately left vague, partly because

744:

was created and governed through diplomatic actions (taking into accounts the interests of other nations benevolently and justly).

12206: 7350: 12261: 12176: 8708: 2290:, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor." 2151: 977: 11038: 8807: 2713:, effective at midnight the following day. From 7 January until 31 January, Hirohito's formal appellation was "Departed Emperor" 1233:

power over the formation of cabinets since 1900. Between 1921 and 1944, there were 64 separate incidents of political violence.

12341: 12048: 12022: 4145: 3919: 3534:

in London. The letter was written shortly after Hirohito's death. Britain's ambassador to Japan John Whitehead stated in 1989:

3531: 1975: 12211: 5076:"How Taiwanese, Korean and Manchurian Cuisines Were Designed: A Comparative Study on Colonial Cuisines of the Japanese Empire" 11992: 8989: 8898: 8877: 8854: 8801: 8777: 8718: 7930: 7835: 5814: 4992: 3372:"How far has your Majesty been involved in Japan's decision to end the war in 1945? What was the motivation for your launch?" 1700:. On 9 February 19 March, and 29 May, Hirohito ordered the Army Chief of staff to examine the possibilities for an attack on 2997:

said that Emperor Hirohito might have been the prime mover behind most of Japan's military aggression during the Shōwa era.

1154:

On 25 December 1926, Yoshihito died and Hirohito became emperor. The Crown Prince was said to have received the succession (

12266: 11820: 11576: 11452: 11352: 11337: 11248: 11208: 9119: 2691: 2420: 1723:, as well as the expert on China's international relations Michael Tai, point out that Hirohito personally sanctioned the " 1292: 1190:); but this formal event would have been more accurately described as a public confirmation that he possessed the Japanese 1179: 1056: 92: 2389:

was used unlike the previous visit by ship. Although not counted as a visit, at that time, Hirohito and Nagako stopped by

1093:

an estimated 6000 people, mainly ethnic Koreans, were annihilated. The backlash culminated in an assassination attempt by

12221: 12120: 12115: 11835: 11332: 8725:

Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 2000 National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography.

7271: 6533: 4891: 2629: 461: 10594: 12216: 11687: 11682: 11581: 11521: 11312: 11302: 10993: 8895: 8740: 5789: 3815: 3692: 2513:

at the White House before a state dinner held in honor of the Japanese head of state for the first time, 2 October 1975

1911: 1315: 1298:

informed him of the revolt, Hirohito immediately ordered that it be put down and referred to the officers as "rebels" (

510:

Hirohito assumed regency in 1921 due to his father's health issues, navigating Japan through significant treaties, the

6032: 5566: 3425:

On 31 October 1975, a press conference was held immediately after returning to Japan after visiting the United States.

1636:

to Hirohito. On 5 November Emperor Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the

11003: 10998: 10446: 10434: 10417: 10326: 8920: 8916: 8823: 8693: 7884:(in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1930, pp. 995–996 – via runeberg.org 5921: 5752: 5498: 5235: 3776: 2877: 2665: 2431: 1930: 1883: 1469: 1284:, one of Hirohito's brothers. This revolt was occasioned by a loss of political support by the militarist faction in 9061: 7136: 6493: 2480:, the Japanese monarch's visit was met with hostile far-left protests, participants of which viewed Hirohito as the 2013:: "The Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us." On 10 August, the cabinet drafted an " 878:

on 9 May, on the same day reaching the British capital, London. Hirohito was welcomed in the UK as a partner of the

12191: 12027: 12012: 12007: 11717: 11476: 11409: 11198: 11018: 11013: 10316: 8357:

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917)

6615: 4186: 2519: 2014: 1657: 1263: 8642: 7637:"SDHF Newsletter No. 18: "Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal" | Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact" 6299: 5041: 2664:

At the time of his death, he was both the oldest and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the

17: 12256: 12236: 11710: 10545: 9202: 8272: 6558: 4430: 3957: 2533:. On 6 October, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako visited Vice President and Mrs. Rockefeller at their home in 2401: 2343: 1685: 521:

When his father died in December 1926, Hirohito—then 25 years old—became emperor of Japan. Hirohito reigned as a

8035: 6511: 4754: 3068:

An account from the Vice Interior Minister in 1941, Michio Yuzawa, asserts that Hirohito was "at ease" with the

3027: 1890: 12090: 11732: 11433: 11203: 11008: 10367: 7080: 4949: 3621: 3006:

Fujiwara, "The thesis that the Emperor, as an organ of responsibility, could not reverse cabinet decision is a

2612:

in the list of war dead honored there by saying, "At some point, Class-A criminals became enshrined, including

2394: 1868: 1571:

Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favor of war rather than diplomacy. Baron

1451: 12251: 9073: 9009: 6115: 6100: 2046:, Hirohito typically used "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated" and to the more traditional 1967:(a great victory) in order to provide a stronger bargaining position, firmly rejected Konoe's recommendation. 511: 12186: 12017: 11442: 11357: 11347: 10963: 7992: 4524:

A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan.

3158:

surrounding America's commitment to upholding imperial rule. He considered the advice of Army Chief of Staff

2944: 2275:

Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the

2211: 1610: 8386:

A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan

6554:"Hirohitler on the Rhine: Transnational Protest Against the Japanese Emperor's 1971 West German State Visit" 4970: 1044:

Bowls and utensils used by Hirohito on April 24 in Taipei during feast on local cuisine (Ntl. Taiwan Museum)

991:

and others, attended official international banquets, and visited places such as the fierce battlefields of

12241: 12231: 11997: 11868: 11322: 11263: 11253: 9217: 2534: 2038: 1241: 6471: 5268:("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley) 2086:'s photograph of General MacArthur and Hirohito at Allied General Headquarters in Tokyo, 27 September 1945 2020:

On 12 August 1945, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles,

1897: 1539:, and Prime Minister Konoe. Hirohito questioned Sugiyama about the chances of success of an open war with 11672: 11491: 11362: 10561: 9115: 7048: 5349: 5075: 4976: 3878: 2857: 2530: 2140: 2104: 1599: 1249: 6837: 6720: 5369: 4731: 3139:

As the war shifted unfavorably for Japan, his sentiments were recorded in the Dokuhaku roku as follows:

12161: 11959: 11928: 10483: 10341: 10062: 9195: 5522: 4966: 4095: 3940: 3062: 2765: 2639: 2117: 1030: 910: 836: 710: 633: 212: 8619: 8603: 6640: 12246: 11918: 11913: 11840: 11795: 11586: 11273: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10478: 10360: 9230: 7664: 3290:"The Emperor appears to have been prepared for war in the face of the tense times." (13 October 1941) 3262: 2849: 2669: 2604: 2454: 2132: 2113: 1879: 1864: 1447: 1374: 1281: 1191: 1141:

at the moment of their subsequent marriages (in the cases of Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko, and Takako).

675: 637: 602: 542: 465: 31: 12196: 11775: 11065: 5207: 2925:, who was the head of the medical experimentation unit and Unit 731, with a special service medal. 1218: 1085: 507:, influenced his understanding of international relations and Japan's position on the global stage. 12032: 11815: 11757: 11705: 11327: 11155: 10956: 10509: 5556:

Pike, F. (2016). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.

5180: 5121:"Entrance of Oldest Bathhouse (瀧乃湯) of Taipei, Once Visited by then Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" 4777: 4470: 4445: 3596: 3254: 2841: 2412: 2307: 1990:

extremists would carry out a coup or foment other violence. On 26 July 1945, the Allies issued the

1827:—each with the formal approval of Hirohito. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing disaster. 1548: 1303: 1102: 546: 282: 12201: 8331: 8162: 7786: 7766: 6686: 4892:"PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER Speaker Farrugia receives the new Japanese ambassador" 3185: 2936:

Additionally, he recalled showing Hirohito a Chinese-produced film depicting Japanese atrocities.

2162:

commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for

1553:—China is a vast area with many ways in and ways out, and we met unexpectedly big difficulties ... 11855: 11727: 11657: 11466: 11218: 11145: 10488: 10331: 10321: 10033: 9133: 4163: 3836: 3509: 2845: 2258: 2207: 2144: 2125: 1995: 1857: 1742: 1583: 1440: 1256: 1221:

and increasing military power within the government through both legal and extralegal means. The

973: 953: 942: 879: 670:

Ten weeks after he was born, Hirohito was removed from the court and placed in the care of Count

629: 522: 350: 10587: 7967: 7960:แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์แด่สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิแห่งประเทศญี่ปุ่น 6432:

Brands, Hal (2006). "The Emperor's New Clothes: American Views of Hirohito after World War II".

3128:

proposed that a settlement and concessions, such as the return of Hong Kong, should be given to

2462:

carriage passed them while others wore red gloves to symbolize the dead. The satirical magazine

2415:. Hirohito and Nagako became the first Japanese emperor and empress to visit foreign countries. 1482: 1166:'s beginning (Enlightened Peace) were proclaimed. The deceased Emperor was posthumously renamed 980:, for three days. On his stay with Stuart-Murray, the prince was quoted as saying, "The rise of 597:. By 1979, Hirohito was the only remaining monarch in the world with the title "Emperor", after 11805: 11567: 11531: 11507: 11404: 11389: 11238: 11150: 10161: 10038: 4965:

Tipton, Elise K. (2018). "Royal symbolism: Crown Prince Hirohito's tour to Europe in 1921". In

4347: 4315: 3413: 3331:

asserted his views too much he would have been replaced by another member of the royal family.

3069: 2802: 2526: 2287: 2163: 1681: 1633: 1311: 1226: 1222: 1195: 1138: 706: 702: 262: 9969: 8961: 5911: 3182:

because he thought that the American occupation of Japan would uphold imperial rule in Japan.

1667:, which as one of its conditions demanded the complete withdrawal of all Japanese troops from 1113: 960:

lecture on "Relationship between the British Royal Family and its People", and was awarded an

893: 11591: 11053: 10699: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10644: 10639: 10126: 8260: 8236: 8112: 8003: 5996: 5744: 5120: 5100: 4764: 4132: 3996: 3978: 3755: 3734: 2989: 2902: 2695: 2566: 2276: 2136: 2021: 1649: 1648:, United States Secretary of War, noted in his diary that he had discussed with US President 1126: 988: 785: 10603: 10305: 8106: 8061: 7806: 6553: 5265: 1008: 598: 122: 12171: 12166: 11722: 11546: 11536: 11048: 10888: 10825: 10797: 10782: 10709: 10694: 10689: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 9855: 9796: 8126: 6811: 6086:

The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since World War II

4584: 4287: 4112: 3894: 3513: 3150: 3058: 2608: 2599: 2298: 2227: 1355: 1288:

elections. The coup resulted in the murders of several high government and Army officials.

1276: 1267: 957: 934: 780:

From 3 March to 3 September 1921 (Taisho 10), the Crown Prince made official visits to the

581: 515: 504: 9751: 8662: 6978: 2057:

on the evening of 14 August, prior to the broadcast. They seized the Imperial Palace (the

1622: 823: 8: 11954: 11901: 11874: 11864: 11810: 11800: 11785: 11662: 11486: 11165: 11160: 11043: 10166: 10151: 10141: 10028: 10013: 10003: 9885: 9870: 9865: 9028:

Brands, Hal. "The Emperor's New Clothes: American Views of Hirohito after World War II."

8182: 6745: 6304: 4666:

The reason a visit had not occurred prior to this was, in part, due to the fact that the

4271: 4225: 4090: 4032: 3713: 3179: 2833: 2827: 2079: 2058: 2031: 1991: 1626: 1500: 1306: 1040: 683: 573: 565: 538: 257: 11737: 10772: 10111: 10082: 10077: 10048: 9964: 9766: 9731: 8790:"Chasing a Decisive Victory: Emperor Hirohito and Japan's War with the West (1941–1945)" 7752:"Chapter V: The Imperial Court – The Imperial House and The Reigning Sovereign", p. 46. 3277: 3271: 2764:

manner. A large number of world leaders attended the funeral. Hirohito is buried in the

2434:, and he was concerned that the premise of the symbolic emperor system could fluctuate. 1504: 1362:. Such aggression was recommended to Hirohito by his chiefs of staff and prime minister 11923: 11860: 11677: 11647: 11188: 10669: 10146: 10116: 10023: 10018: 9974: 9954: 9905: 9282: 9085: 8866: 8364: 8167: 7811: 7791: 7771: 6857: 6575: 6449: 5516: 5141: 4998: 4876: 4654: 4560:

A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.

4331: 4128: 3552: 3517: 3512:. But I was too particular about it to prevent the war. I made my own decisions twice ( 3468: 2653:

after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had

2283: 2237: 1836: 1790:

campaign. Following Japan's withdrawal from Guadalcanal he demanded a new offensive in

1689: 1605: 1098: 887: 768: 671: 561: 530: 433: 267: 177: 10893: 10868: 10747: 10580: 9910: 9534: 9524: 9430: 7420:"Newly released 1941 memo says Emperor Hirohito 'at ease' with attack on Pearl Harbor" 3378:"Originally, this should be done by the Cabinet. I heard the results, but at the last 3190:

In late July 2018, the bookseller Takeo Hatano, an acquaintance of the descendants of

3159: 2769: 2643: 2613: 1904: 1025:

Cavalry welcome Prince Hirohito in Taipei, in front of the Office of the Gov.-General.

12156: 11964: 11652: 11632: 11399: 11028: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9701: 9106: 8985: 8912: 8891: 8873: 8850: 8844: 8819: 8797: 8773: 8766: 8736: 8730: 8714: 8689: 8570: 8520:

A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n.sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama

8500: 7926: 7831: 6842: 6694: 6661: 6579: 6453: 6445: 6309: 5917: 5810: 5785: 5748: 5504: 5494: 5354: 5101:"Fine (Japanese) Meiji Era Brick&Wood Architecture in Taipei's Hot-spring Valley" 5002: 4988: 4945: 4816: 4205: 4014: 3857: 3242: 3163: 3043: 3014: 2865: 2801:

The issue of Emperor Hirohito's war responsibility is contested. During the war, the

2749:, was determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Prime Minister 2706: 2390: 2265: 2236:, i.e., an incarnate divinity. This was motivated by the fact that, according to the 2199: 2092: 1983: 1804: 1724: 1413: 946: 938: 906: 773: 737: 664: 569: 249: 12312:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

11108: 10908: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10845: 10840: 10830: 10792: 10621: 10424: 10220: 10171: 10121: 10008: 9806: 9741: 9681: 9602: 9529: 9162: 6116:"Select Documents on Japanese War Crimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 1934–2006" 2901:

Deeply engaged in military operations, Hirohito commissioned a war room beneath the

2777: 2760:, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was formal but not conducted in a strictly 2334: 2054: 1824: 1167: 1101:, but the attempt failed. During interrogation, the failed assassin claimed to be a 1090: 1034: 718: 656: 625: 480: 479:. He was the first child of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Crown Princess Sadako (later 468:

in the world, with his reign of 62 years being the longest of any Japanese emperor.

360: 105: 12105: 11825: 11541: 11213: 10817: 10719: 10301: 10156: 9988: 9920: 9915: 9890: 9811: 9776: 9721: 9225: 9169: 8216: 6912: 6567: 6441: 6387: 5988: 4980: 4221: 4209: 4200: 3889: 3646: 3472: 3286:

Thus, Hyakutake quotes Tsuneo Matsudaira, the Imperial Household Minister, saying:

3253:

An entry dated 27 May 1980 said the Emperor wanted to express his regret about the

3085: 3002: 2894: 2750: 2617: 2408: 2167: 2083: 1999: 1770: 1668: 1645: 1563: 1520: 1386: 1060:

Stele of Hirohito’s April 25 “river crossing” at Longnice bathhouse in Beitou, 2024

817: 813: 797: 457: 74: 12080: 10923: 10903: 10807: 10802: 10762: 10737: 10308: 10181: 10176: 9949: 9875: 9746: 9696: 9627: 9622: 9612: 9607: 9544: 9504: 9440: 9420: 9410: 9357: 9351: 9341: 9321: 9316: 8472: 8432: 8408: 8384: 7895: 5166: 5060: 4240:

Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun had seven children (two sons and five daughters).

3547:

Whitehead concludes that ultimately Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with

2565:

Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the

1762: 1295: 1122: 678:

were returned to court when Kawamura died – first to the imperial mansion in

12125: 11830: 11747: 11667: 11140: 10979: 10835: 10777: 10767: 10742: 10729: 10714: 10397: 10200: 10043: 9900: 9880: 9860: 9850: 9835: 9821: 9686: 9499: 9450: 9405: 9111: 8982:

Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan

8935: 8338: 8198: 7920: 7164: 7141: 6538: 6300:"Review | A riveting history of the Japanese war crimes trial after World War II" 4417: 3345: 3196: 3129: 3109: 2951: 2932: 2918: 2837: 2757: 2730: 2654: 2582: 2469: 2427: 2269: 2244:

belief that the Japanese Imperial Family were the descendants of the sun goddess

1960: 1956: 1795: 1572: 1512: 1496: 1409: 1378: 1351: 1259: 961: 930: 926: 741: 316: 11742: 10918: 10757: 9959: 9801: 9554: 9425: 9400: 9287: 9247: 9097: 8518: 7323: 6790:"Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy" 6405: 4984: 3097: 2249: 12075: 11969: 11790: 11780: 11637: 11601: 11023: 10913: 10704: 10280: 10136: 10131: 9934: 9895: 9816: 9786: 9726: 9716: 9666: 9617: 9597: 9564: 9509: 9494: 9455: 9445: 9435: 9415: 9336: 9267: 8456: 8434:

Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

6883: 6391: 6010: 5732: 4682:

Daihon'ei senshi; Daitōa Sensō kaisen gaishi; Kaisen ni itaru seisentyaku shidō

4480: 4216: 4159: 3992: 3617: 3592: 3482: 3449:"I can't answer that kind of question because I haven't thoroughly studied the 3340: 3186:

Vice Interior Minister Yuzawa's account on Hirohito's role in Pearl Harbor raid

3154: 2994: 2981: 2882: 2873: 2785: 2781: 2386: 2370: 2067: 1734: 1716: 1708: 1586: 1363: 1274:, followed in February 1936. It was carried out by junior Army officers of the 1245: 922: 918: 660: 621: 590: 572:

thought that an ostensibly cooperative emperor would help establish a peaceful

564:, despite it waging the war in the name of Hirohito, he was not prosecuted for 500: 496: 484: 370: 287: 198: 12110: 12085: 10787: 7573: 3298:"I occasionally have to try to stop him from going too far." (13 October 1941) 2557: 2010: 1978: 674:, who raised him as his grandchild. At the age of 3, Hirohito and his brother 613: 12307:

Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

12150: 11596: 11317: 11307: 11135: 11100: 10393: 10215: 10186: 9791: 9736: 9711: 9691: 9676: 9661: 9632: 9559: 9549: 9539: 9519: 9514: 9465: 9460: 9376: 9346: 9331: 9326: 9277: 9272: 9262: 8761: 8574: 8504: 8203:"His Majesty Emperor Hirohito of Japan, K. G. 29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989" 7877: 7636: 7546:"Diary tells of Emperor Hirohito's anguish in final years over blame for war" 7308: 6746:"The brief career of the Emperor Showa (Imperial Household Agency, Japanese)" 6698: 6665: 6571: 6313: 5807:

China and Her Neighbours: Asian Diplomacy from Ancient History to the Present

5736: 5465: 4647: 4435: 3191: 3125: 3046:, was shot and critically wounded by a member of the ultranationalist group, 2940: 2928: 2426:

made a public telephone call to the Japanese ambassador to the United States

2397: 2369:

In 1971 (Shōwa 46), Hirohito visited seven European countries, including the

2339: 2315: 2215: 2171: 1820: 1712: 1637: 1567:

Emperor Hirohito riding Shirayuki during an Army inspection on 8 January 1938

1540: 1285: 1271: 1094: 883: 753: 722: 714: 694: 648: 585: 526: 488: 476: 472: 181: 11697: 1159: 972:, from 19 to 20 May, and was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws at the 63: 11193: 11070: 10898: 10752: 10631: 10613: 9781: 9671: 9646: 9479: 9385: 9301: 8221: 8202: 4359: 3629: 3625: 3600: 3548: 3505: 3416:

did your Majesty know about the attack plan? And did you approve the plan?"

3350: 3294:

Likewise, Koichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, is quoted as saying:

2985: 2853: 2545: 2485: 2477: 2423: 2382: 2319: 2186: 1660: 1536: 1516: 1401: 1359: 1171: 898: 801: 652: 554: 492: 460:

according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1926 until

272: 11767: 11384: 5508: 2988:

assert that post-war arguments favoring the view that Hirohito was a mere

2864:. In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta said that the 2702: 2240:, Hirohito had a divine power over his country which was derived from the 1389:

and Seiya Matsuno show that Hirohito also authorized, by specific orders (

1186:) which are conventionally identified as "enthronement" and "coronation" ( 1163: 690: 580:. On 1 January 1946, under pressure from the Allies, the Emperor formally 306: 11845: 11394: 10293: 9706: 9582: 9038:

Wilson, Sandra. "Enthroning Hirohito: Culture and Nation in 1920s Japan"

8704: 8145:"Tonga Royalty Posing with Japanese Leaders Pictures | Getty Images" 7267: 6654:"At Arlington Cemetery, a Wreath From 'the Emperor and Empress of Japan'" 5984: 5980: 4889: 4566:

The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.

3853: 3453:

in this field, and so don't really appreciate the nuances of your words."

3432: 3379: 3334: 3258: 3205: 3133: 3038: 3013:

According to Yinan He, associate professor of international relations at

2977: 2922: 2814: 2607:

Tomohiko Tomita, confirms for the first time that the enshrinement of 14

2510: 2464: 2450: 2378: 2374: 2362: 2323: 2232: 1787: 1774: 1745: 1720: 1618: 1524: 1069: 992: 914: 789: 757: 550: 452:(29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989), posthumously honored as 229: 9043: 9033: 8542: 6148:"Should the United States be Blamed for Japan's Historical Revisionism?" 5860: 3325: 3215:"The Emperor seemed at ease and unshakable once he had made a decision." 1757: 921:, and a banquet was held every day thereafter. In London, he toured the 835:

The departure of Prince Hirohito was widely reported in newspapers. The

216: 11642: 11258: 10860: 10289: 10096: 9102: 8902: 7826:

Peterson, James W. (2001). Weaver, Barry C; Quigley, Michael A (eds.).

5488: 4651: 3485:

was dropped, but because of this war, I feel sorry for the citizens of

3450: 3303:"The Emperor's resolve appears to be going too far." (20 November 1941) 2710: 2541: 2506: 2501: 2203: 2195: 2194:

brought about harsh political circumstances. Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese

2109: 1871: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1791: 1454: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1314:

and subdue them." The rebellion was suppressed following his orders on

981: 875: 11551: 5490:

Japan's decision for war : records of the 1941 policy conferences

2009:

and the Soviet declaration of war. On 9 August, Emperor Hirohito told

1696:

9 and 26 February, to increase troop strength and launch an attack on

1400:

On December 1, 1937, Hirohito had given formal instruction to General

1217:

The first part of Hirohito's reign took place against a background of

1029:

Over 12 days in April 1923, Hirohito visited Taiwan, which had been a

752:

On 2 November 1916, Hirohito was formally proclaimed crown prince and

11974: 11949: 11944: 11752: 11623: 11556: 11228: 9010:"Aide's Diary Suggests Hirohito Agonized over His War Responsibility" 8296: 4646:

Many foreigners, including those from the occupying power, were from

3570:

Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Empire of Japan,

3464: 3440: 3435:

banquet you said, 'I deeply deplore that unfortunate war.' (See also

3272:

Hirohito's preparations for war described in Saburō Hyakutake's diary

3047: 2861: 2810: 2481: 2404: 2350: 2346: 2303: 2245: 1701: 1664: 1508: 1280:

faction who had the sympathy of many high-ranking officers including

1210:

Emperor Hirohito after his enthronement ceremony in 1928, dressed in

1068:

Crown Prince Hirohito handed his Imperial Notice to Governor-General

965: 871: 855: 851: 828: 10933: 7239:

Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (The Shōwa Emperor fifteen years war)

1846: 1429: 1326: 324: 12053: 11481: 11172: 10540: 10352: 10264: 9080: 8794:

In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army

4909:

tour and was present for the opening of the new Maltese Parliament.

4425: 4013:

United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable

3953: 3793: 3387: 2914: 2910: 2650: 2591: 2570: 2191: 2177: 969: 843: 10948: 8474:

Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea / by Hirohito

7574:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack" 6652:

Times, Philip Shabecoff Special to The New York (4 October 1975).

3261:

who visited at the time, but was stopped by senior members of the

2832:

Historians have stated that Hirohito was directly responsible for

809: 701:

During 1912, at the age of 11, Hirohito was commissioned into the

11223: 10504: 10259: 9179: 9068: 8816:

Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (Shōwa Emperor's Fifteen-year War)

8104: 5993:

The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind

5688: 5686: 5684: 5373: 5125: 5105: 4392: 3936: 3751: 3688: 3670: 2680: 2587: 2442: 2438: 2121: 2047: 2026: 1366:, and Hirohito did not voice objection to the invasion of China. 1237: 1211: 1073: 859: 793: 733: 594: 345: 277: 115: 12277:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7324:"The Tokyo Tribunal, War Responsibility and the Japanese People" 5855:

Herbert P. Bix "Japan's Delayed Surrender: a Reinterpretation."

5289: 3406:

22 September 1975 – Press conference with Foreign Correspondents

1206: 1129:, on 26 January 1924. They had two sons and five daughters (see 1033:

since 1895. This was a voyage his father, the then Crown Prince

709:

as an Ensign. He was also bestowed with the Grand Cordon of the

30:

This article is about the emperor of Japan. For other uses, see

11906: 11075: 9056: 8673: 8650: 8630: 8355:

Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies".

7830:. San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America. 5493:. Nobutaka Ike. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1967. 4139: 4123: 4075: 3874: 3772: 3730: 3709: 3530:

Geoffrey Howe was declassified on Thursday 20 July 2017 at the

3498:"What was the most enjoyable of your memories of eighty years?" 3492:

17 April 1981 Press conference with the presidents of the press

3337: 3194:(Japanese Vice Interior Minister in 1941), released to Japan's 3168: 2954:, Hirohito's authority up to 1945 depended on three elements: 2806: 2761: 2634: 2449:, they were warmly welcomed. In France, Hirohito reunited with 2446: 2241: 2124:

came of age. On 27 February 1946, Hirohito's youngest brother,

1800: 1783: 1778: 1697: 1004: 679: 391: 380: 7031:"Japan's Wartime Emperor Showed Remorse Over Nanjing Massacre" 6406:"Hirohito | Biography, Full Name, Surrender, & Facts" 5681: 2103:

As Hirohito appointed his uncle and daughter's father-in-law,

1786:

peninsula. He secured the deployment of army air power in the

11268: 10239: 9220: 7991: 7521: 7485: 7454: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7175: 5898:

Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media

5167:"The Takao Club: Crown Prince Hirohito's 1923 Visit to Takao" 5061:"The Takao Club: Crown Prince Hirohito's 1923 Visit to Takao" 3974: 3915: 3832: 3276:

In September 2021, 25 diaries, pocket notebooks and memos by

3172: 2773: 2668:

in the world at that time, a distinction which passed to the

867: 805: 644: 8923:, The first full-length biography, it gives his basic story. 7444: 7442: 7440: 5321:

Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-de-camp, The Honjō Diary

5277: 4031:

United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Most Noble

3524: 3132:, so that Japanese troops in China could be diverted to the 2272:

to thwart attempts to cast him as a European-style monarch.

1170:

within days. Following Japanese custom, the new Emperor was

514:, and an assassination attempt. In January 1924, he married 6968:, edited by Peter B. Lane and Ronald E. Marcello, pp. 94–96 4742: 3504:"Since I saw the constitutional politics of Britain as the 3007: 2053:

A faction of the army opposed to the surrender attempted a

1230: 863: 847: 698:

manliness, self-control, and devotion to the duty at hand.

8544:

The Hydroids of Sagami Bay / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

7509: 7497: 7218: 7206: 7187: 5669: 4890:

Malta Government Services and Information (24 July 2020).

4668:

Act for Extraordinary Vicarious Execution of State Affairs

1632:

On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the

1097:

on the Prince Regent on 27 December 1923 in the so-called

693:(Peers School). Emperor Mutsuhito, then appointed General 12337:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

12317:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

12282:

Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class

10572: 7608:"Hirohito "uncomfortable" with war but powerless to stop" 7437: 5657: 5142:"Long Nice Hot Spring and Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" 3363: 2796: 2756:

On 24 February, Hirohito's state funeral was held at the

2473: 2322:

of the United Kingdom (1971) and United States President

1543:. As Sugiyama answered positively, Hirohito scolded him: 1486:

Political-military map of the Asia-Pacific region in 1939

984:

won't happen if you live a simple life like Duke Athol."

7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 6812:"Hirohito visits to Yasukuni stopped over war criminals" 6327: 6031:. The Air Force Association. August 2012. Archived from 5633: 5584: 5208:"TW's List of 7: Notorious Assassination Plots in Japan" 2649:

On 22 September 1987, Hirohito underwent surgery on his

2338:

Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako with U.S. President

1178:

In November 1928, Hirohito's accession was confirmed in

1003:

After returning (from Europe) to Japan, Hirohito became

643:

Hirohito was born on 29 April 1901, at Aoyama Palace in

8354: 7925:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 6362:

Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography

6344: 6342: 5961: 5609: 5529: 5330: 4078:: Member of the Order of the Crown of Brunei, 1st Class 2230:

the quasi-official claim that Hirohito of Japan was an

1255:

Another notable case was the assassination of moderate

1079: 721:

assumed the throne and his eldest son, Hirohito became

8735:(Book) (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. 6884:"Akihito | Biography, Reign, & Facts | Britannica" 5866: 5370:"Diary shows Hirohito didn't want war in China: media" 2437:

There was an early visit with deep royal exchanges in

1117:

Prince Hirohito and his wife, Princess Nagako, in 1924

593:

in January 1989, and was succeeded by his eldest son,

12322:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

8098: 7966:(in Thai). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th. Archived from 7591: 6957: 6955: 6494:"外交文書公開に関する備忘録｜教員からのメッセージ｜教員・院生からのメッセージ｜東洋英和女学院大学大学院" 6172: 6170: 6168: 5567:"Chapter III: Politico-Military Evolution Toward War" 5055: 5053: 5051: 4548:

Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.

3326:

Documents that suggest limited wartime responsibility

3053:

Regarding Hirohito's exemption from trial before the

2939:

Officially, the imperial constitution, adopted under

1598:

The army and the navy recommended the appointment of

8297:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" 8208:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

7245: 6339: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6208: 6206: 6056: 4846: 4144:

Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Royal Family

3241:

Jennifer Lind, associate professor of government at

3208:

on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."

3101:

chronologically from 1919 to 1946, right before the

2676:, until his own death in November of the same year. 2361:

Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako arriving in the

2226:

Hirohito was not put on trial, but he was forced to

1495:

In July 1939, Hirohito quarrelled with his brother,

1393:), the use of chemical weapons against the Chinese. 1330:

The Emperor on his favorite white horse, Shirayuki (

659:) and 16-year-old Crown Princess Sadako, the future 12332:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

8947:"Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China" 8768:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

8058:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

7946:

Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008

7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7005: 4972:

Royals on Tour: Politics, pageantry and colonialism

4796: 3559: 2821: 2150:Before the war crime trials actually convened, the 736:, imbibing the positivist historiographic trend by 8865: 8765: 8461:. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1974. 6952: 6165: 6141: 6139: 5878: 5761: 5621: 5441: 5429: 5392: 5301: 5048: 5009: 4872:File:Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4226:Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called 4111:Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished 3153:, but Japan suffered defeat. On 14 February 1945, 2024:, asked whether the war would be continued if the 1236:Hirohito narrowly escaped assassination by a hand 760:ceremony was not required to confirm this status. 8863: 8842: 8523:. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1984 7663:"The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking", by 6203: 5722:Yamada, pp. 180, 181, 185; Fujiwara, pp. 135–138. 4834: 3675:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 3224:Historian Furukawa concluded from Yuzawa's memo: 3078: 12148: 12131:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 7828:Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States 7552: 7533: 7024: 7022: 7020: 6971: 6721:"Image-Building a Goal of Japan Emperor's Visit" 6367: 5731: 4936:(September 2001). "（97）昭和天皇". In 朝日新聞社編 (ed.). 4732:"Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)" 4536:Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer. 3578: 2931:, the younger brother of Hirohito, informed the 2098:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1955:In early 1945, in the wake of the losses in the 1416:on 14 May condemning Japanese use of toxic gas. 584:. Hirohito played a crucial role in recovery of 475:, during the reign of his paternal grandfather, 12101:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 8934:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959). 8784:awarded Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award. 8332:The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia 7918: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 6934: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6136: 5414:, Kikan Sensō Sekinin Kenkyū 9, 1995, pp. 20–21 4703: 3356: 3265:due to fear of backlash from far right groups. 3055:International Military Tribunal of the Far East 2834:the atrocities committed by the imperial forces 2742: 2722: 2581:Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the 2411:, at the Alaska District Army Command House at 2112:. Many members of the imperial family, such as 495:in 1916, Hirohito's overseas visits in 1921 to 11085: 8868:Hirohito and His Times: A Japanese Perspective 8810:on 12 November 2018 – via Archived copy. 8585: 8465: 8425: 8401: 8377: 7852:"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen" 7330:. Timothy Amos trans. The Asia-Pacific Journal 6941: 6924: 6911: 6598: 6596: 5949:, Chûô Kôronsha, 1987, pp. 66–67, Bix, p. 489. 5916:. Cornell University Press. pp. 117–118. 5909: 4817:"Pacific Wrecks - Emperor Hirohito 裕仁 (Shōwa)" 4621: 4604: 3245:and a specialist in Japanese war memory said: 2736: 2716: 1728: 1617:Instead, Hirohito chose the hard-line General 331: 161: 49: 10964: 10588: 10368: 10288:Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in 9203: 8933: 7262: 7260: 7017: 6225: 6223: 6221: 5913:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War 5654:, Robert B. Stinnett, New York, 2000, p. 143. 5295: 5283: 5271: 4928: 4926: 4864: 4814: 4748: 2679:The Emperor was succeeded by his eldest son, 2496: 9309: 9255: 8559: 8511: 8489: 8449: 7756:, The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book Co., Tokyo. 7400: 6902: 5606:, 1991, p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary. 5230: 5228: 4325: 4172: 3508:, I felt strongly that I must adhere to the 3437:Emperor Shōwa's Theory of War Responsibility 3232: 3091: 2805:frequently depicted Hirohito to equate with 689:In 1908, he began elementary studies at the 11448:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 10247: 8944: 8127:"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana" 7997:"ส่งเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์ไปพระราชทาน" 7527: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7448: 7272:"Post-Hirohito, Japan Debates His War Role" 7224: 7212: 7200: 7181: 7131: 7129: 7127: 6838:"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83" 6593: 6512:"Nine controversial state visits to the UK" 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 5336: 5259: 5257: 3899:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 3798:Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn 1675: 1663:presented the Japanese ambassador with the 1331: 1321: 1121:Prince Hirohito married his distant cousin 1016: 897:Prince Hirohito and British Prime Minister 663:. He was the grandson of Emperor Meiji and 608: 10971: 10957: 10595: 10581: 10375: 10361: 9210: 9196: 8928:Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945 8796:. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 8369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7900:(in Swedish), vol. 2, 1940, p. 7 7393:Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945 7257: 6964:Warriors and Scholars: A Modern War reader 6218: 5709:December 8, 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor 4923: 4516: 2623: 1773:and the landing of the American forces on 62: 12297:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12) 11851:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11461:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 8911:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1966. 8220: 7659: 7657: 7417: 7309:"Yinan He | International Relations" 7107:"Hirohito, the war criminal who got away" 6551: 6470:. MSN産経ニュース. 7 March 2013. Archived from 6101:"Hirohito, the war criminal who got away" 5225: 5181:"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito" 4778:"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito" 3814:Thailand: Knight of the Most Illustrious 3525:British government assessment of Hirohito 2972:independence or returned Texas to Mexico. 2921:from August to October 1938. He rewarded 2705:. On the next day, 8 January 1989, a new 2561:Emperor Hirohito in his laboratory (1950) 2181:Hirohito signing constition of Japan 1947 2007:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1931:Learn how and when to remove this message 1470:Learn how and when to remove this message 1037:had planned in 1911 but never completed. 11234:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 10208: 10104: 10070: 9996: 9942: 9843: 9094:at the Imperial Household Agency website 8829: 8273:"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III" 8161: 7878:"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden" 7870: 7825: 7805: 7785: 7775:(Supplement). 13 May 1921. p. 3917. 7765: 7236: 7137:"New Hirohito Revelations Startle Japan" 7124: 7074: 7072: 7070: 6995: 6068: 6021: 5967: 5615: 5471: 5254: 3564: 2950:According to Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi of 2633: 2556: 2500: 2459:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 2356: 2333: 2297: 2176: 2078: 1942: 1756: 1656:On the following day, 26 November 1941, 1604: 1562: 1481: 1325: 1205: 1112: 1055: 1039: 1020: 892: 822: 772:The Crown Prince watches a boat race at 767: 667:. His childhood title was Prince Michi. 620: 612: 9654: 9098:Reflections on Emperor Hirohito's death 8979: 8752:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8732:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 8710:Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan 8625:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8606:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8567:The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II, Thecata 8535: 8171:(Supplement). 9 May 1921. p. 3747. 7985: 7795:(Supplement). 9 May 1921. p. 3737. 7251: 7028: 6818:. Search.japantimes.co.jp. 21 July 2006 6348: 5842:Herbert Bix, "Emperor Hirohito's war," 5830: 5706: 5663: 5639: 5590: 5475: 4530:Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands. 4081: 3178:In August 1945, Hirohito agreed to the 2887:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 2152:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1704:in China, which led to Operation Gogo. 978:John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl 909:, where Hirohito met with George V and 14: 12327:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 12149: 12049:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 10392:The generations indicate descent from 9590: 9487: 9393: 8838:] (in Japanese). Bungei Shūnjusha. 8410:Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands 8197: 8108:Calendario generale del regno d'Italia 8105:Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). 8084:"Viagem do Presidente Geisel ao Japão" 7740: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7654: 7571: 7374: 7348: 6961: 6948:. Tōkyō: Fuji Shuppan. pp. 27–29. 6718: 6602: 6431: 6376:"The Divinity of the Japanese Emperor" 6009: 5779: 5460:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu 5424:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu 5412:Nitchū Sensō ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu 5205: 4964: 4146:Order of Saints George and Constantine 3920:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 2797:Accountability for Japanese war crimes 2096:and his family were excluded from the 12302:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 12292:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 10952: 10576: 10356: 9191: 8760: 8547:. National Library of Australia. 1988 7617:from the original on 14 December 2018 7321: 7266: 7067: 6651: 6373: 6333: 6294: 6292: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6212: 6146:Gady, Franz-Stefan (15 August 2015). 6062: 5979: 5139: 5073: 5027:"Hirohito Is Named Regent of Japan", 4542:Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands. 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 3995:: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 3712:: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian 2489:effort against communism in Vietnam. 2472:to refer to Hirohito's visit ("nasty 2002:. Hirohito decided not to surrender. 1765:and their children on 7 December 1941 1707:While some authors, like journalists 1503:, and reprimanded the army minister, 1248:, in Tokyo on 9 January 1932, in the 647:during the reign of his grandfather, 11453:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 11209:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 10382: 9007: 8787: 8683: 8497:Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima 8458:Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands 7922:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 7390: 7351:"Mayor Who Faulted Hirohito Is Shot" 7104: 7078: 6858:"Hirohito - WWII, Death & Facts" 6552:Macartney, Alex F. (27 April 2020). 6145: 6113: 6029:"Hirohito's "Jewel Voice Broadcast"" 4718: 4554:Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima. 2791: 2694:was held on 12 November 1990 at the 1869:adding citations to reliable sources 1840: 1803:and, later, for an offensive in the 1452:adding citations to reliable sources 1423: 1080:Earthquake and assassination attempt 905:That evening, a banquet was held at 12121:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 11363:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 10978: 8749: 8728: 8703: 8477:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1977 8437:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1971 8413:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1969 8389:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1967 8034:. 27 September 2015. Archived from 7882:Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930 7754:The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book 1938 7629: 7572:Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021). 7322:Awaya, Kentarō (16 February 2006). 7081:"Five Myths About Emperor Hirohito" 7011: 6616:"1975 saw Hirohito in Williamsburg" 6176: 5884: 5872: 5804: 5767: 5694:"Emperor Hirohito - Nuclear Museum" 5675: 5627: 5535: 5447: 5435: 5398: 5307: 5074:Iwama, Kazuhiro (20 January 2021). 5015: 4944:. Vol. 下. 朝日新聞社. p. 445. 4932: 4920:小田部雄次『天皇・皇室を知る事典』211頁（東京堂出版・2007年） 4852: 4840: 4802: 4760: 3639: 3362:8 September 1975 TV interview with 3057:, opinions were not unanimous. Sir 2630:Death and state funeral of Hirohito 1947:Emperor Hirohito on the battleship 1065:stele alongside to tell the story. 747: 24: 12287:Recipients of the Order of Culture 12272:Deaths from small intestine cancer 10279: 9174:25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 9112:Newspaper clippings about Hirohito 9022: 6534:"A love affair at work turns sour" 6289: 6083: 5725: 4393:Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan 3816:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 3693:Order of the White Rose of Finland 3656: 3124:In September 1944, Prime Minister 2576: 2509:, Emperor Hirohito, and President 2329: 2221: 2071:, meaning "it cannot be helped"). 1302:). Shortly thereafter, he ordered 763: 705:as a Second Lieutenant and in the 686:, then back to the Aoyama Palace. 27:Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989 25: 12353: 9049: 8945:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). 8888:Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God 8846:Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man 8184:List of the Knights of the Garter 8051: 7349:Sanger, David (19 January 1990). 7029:Landers, Peter (19 August 2019). 6998:Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God 5782:The Routledge History of Genocide 5140:Chung, Wen-Ping (16 March 2018). 3489:, but I think it is unavoidable." 3459:"How did you understand that the 2552: 945:. He also enjoyed theater at the 311:25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 12182:20th-century Japanese zoologists 11821:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11084: 10457: 10337: 10336: 9219: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9000: 8657: 8637: 8614: 8598: 8348: 8324: 8306: 8290: 8265: 8253: 8229: 8191: 8175: 8155: 8147:. 6 October 2016. Archived from 8137: 8119: 8076: 8045: 8029:"NEPAL: Order of Ojaswi Rajanya" 8021: 7951: 7939: 7912: 7888: 7844: 7819: 7799: 7779: 7759: 7746: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7418:Yamaguchi, Mari (27 July 2018). 7384: 7368: 7342: 7315: 7301: 7289: 7230: 7157: 7105:Pike, Francis (22 August 2020). 7098: 7041: 6989: 6876: 6850: 6830: 6804: 6782: 6760: 6738: 6712: 6679: 6645: 6634: 6608: 6545: 6526: 6504: 6486: 6460: 6446:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2006.00133.x 6425: 6416: 6398: 4673: 4660: 4474: 4386: 4215: 4199: 4187:Order of the Yugoslav Great Star 4174: 4152: 4138: 4122: 4105: 4083: 4068: 4050: 4024: 4006: 3985: 3967: 3946: 3929: 3908: 3888: 3867: 3846: 3825: 3807: 3786: 3765: 3744: 3723: 3702: 3681: 3663: 3610: 3585: 3560:Titles, styles, honours and arms 3149:1944, he hoped for a victory at 2822:Evidence for wartime culpability 2520:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front 2293: 2074: 2015:Imperial Rescript ending the War 1963:, Hirohito, still looking for a 1845: 1625:, and Japanese Foreign Minister 1428: 1354:in 1931 in which Japan staged a 1264:civilian control of the military 976:. He stayed at the residence of 628:'s four sons in 1921: Hirohito, 409: 390: 12227:Japanese people of World War II 11836:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 10546:Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino 9092:Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun 9042:37#2 (2011), pp. 289–323. 9008:Rich, Motoko (24 August 2018). 8604:Presentation by Herbert Bix on 8301:Czech Medals and Orders Society 8279:(in Spanish), 1930, p. 221 7049:"Detail All of Hirohito's Role" 6559:Journal of Contemporary History 6354: 6280: 6198:Ashida Hitoshi Nikki, Dai Ikkan 6191: 6182: 6107: 6093: 6047: 6003: 5973: 5952: 5939: 5930: 5903: 5890: 5849: 5836: 5823: 5798: 5773: 5716: 5700: 5645: 5596: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5481: 5453: 5417: 5404: 5362: 5350:"Detail All of Hirohito's Role" 5342: 5313: 5206:Hernon, Matthew (15 May 2021). 5199: 5173: 5159: 5133: 5113: 5093: 5067: 5034: 5021: 4958: 4914: 4898:. Office of the Speaker (Malta) 4883: 4858: 4640: 4630: 4431:Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan 3958:Order of the Crown of the Realm 3072:"once he had made a decision." 2685: 2666:longest-reigning living monarch 2286:and the end of the short-lived 1856:needs additional citations for 1761:Emperor Hirohito with his wife 1582:As war preparations continued, 1507:. But after the success of the 1490: 1439:needs additional citations for 1419: 651:, the first son of 21-year-old 238: 12262:World War II political leaders 12177:20th-century Japanese monarchs 12091:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 11204:Imperial Rescript on Education 8984:. University of Hawaii Press. 8826:(based on the primary sources) 8772:. W. W. Norton & Company. 8643:Presentation by John Dower on 8623:interview with Herbert Bix on 7296:Shōwa tennō no Jū-go nen sensō 7079:Pike, Francis (26 July 2015). 6962:Divine, Dr. Robert A. (2005). 6936:Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryoshu 6719:Moffat, Susan (20 June 1994). 6542:. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 6468:"米側の昭和天皇政治利用に外相が「迷惑千万」外交文書公開" 6200:, Iwanami Shoten, 1986, p. 82. 4808: 4770: 4724: 4612: 4597: 4572:The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. 4057:United Kingdom: Fellow of the 3877:: Grand Cross of the National 3835:: Member of the Most Glorious 3079:Michiji Tajima's notes in 1952 2544:, and a smiling photo next to 2310:can be seen in the background. 2147:, from criminal prosecutions. 1499:, over whether to support the 1201: 13: 1: 12342:Military personnel from Tokyo 11537:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 11443:Imperial General Headquarters 11034:Foreign commerce and shipping 8666:interview with John Dower on 8345:. Retrieved 7 September 2020. 8343:The Crown Council of Ethiopia 7993:Royal Thai Government Gazette 7815:. 27 June 1930. p. 4028. 6996:Laquerre, Paul-Yanic (2013). 6532:Popham, Peter (15 May 1996). 5604:Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō 5263:Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). 4691: 4353:Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted) 3579:Foreign military appointments 3201:million people were killed." 2945:Imperial General Headquarters 2860:, should have been tried for 2848:, and his uncles the princes 2238:Japanese constitution of 1889 2037:On 15 August, a recording of 1976:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 1611:Imperial General Headquarters 617:Hirohito as an infant in 1902 12207:People of Shōwa-period Japan 11869:Hirohito surrender broadcast 11264:Greater East Asia Conference 10311:is not traditionally listed. 8940:. Ponsonby Memorial Society. 8237:"Boletín Oficial del Estado" 7669:The Journal of Asian Studies 7613:. Kyodo News. 20 July 2017. 7377:Hirohito: Guilty or Innocent 7298:, Aoki Shoten, 1991, p. 122. 7165:"1889 Japanese Constitution" 6919:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II 6422:『皇族天皇家の近現代史』小田部雄次中公新書 2011 5707:Bartsch, William H. (2003). 4696: 3357:The Emperor's own statements 2909:Poison gas weapons, such as 2776:alongside his late parents, 2638:Emperor Shōwa's tomb in the 2535:Westchester County, New York 2421:Minister for Foreign Affairs 2393:as a stopover, and met with 1830: 1262:in 1932, marking the end of 1149: 917:(the future Edward VIII) at 842:was used, and departed from 7: 12267:Deaths from cancer in Japan 11249:Supreme Court of Judicature 10562:Prince Hisahito of Akishino 9116:20th Century Press Archives 9040:Journal of Japanese Studies 8937:The Imperial House of Japan 8830:Hidenari, Terasaki (1991). 8586:Books and academic journals 8314:"PREDSJEDNIK TITO U JAPANU" 7375:Fleury, Jean Sénat (2019). 6935: 6918: 5958:Kido Kōichi Nikki, p. 1223. 4985:10.7765/9781526109392.00016 4977:Manchester University Press 4578: 4298:Princess Fumiko Higashikuni 4295:Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni 4288:Prince Morihiro Higashikuni 3879:Order of the Southern Cross 3574:– upon ascending the throne 3010:fabricated after the war." 2743: 2723: 2701:Hirohito's death ended the 2531:Arlington National Cemetery 2505:Empress Nagako, First Lady 2105:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2039:Hirohito's surrender speech 1609:The Emperor as head of the 1600:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1108: 987:In Italy, he met with King 956:, he listened to Professor 941:, Army University, and the 543:involvement in World War II 535:Japanese imperial expansion 512:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 464:in 1989. He was one of the 10: 12358: 12222:Japanese marine biologists 12212:Children of Emperor Taishō 11960:Second Philippine Republic 11733:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 10602: 10484:Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu 8909:Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 8864:Toshiaki Kawahara (1990). 8843:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (1992). 8303:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 6983:Atomic Heritage Foundation 6392:10.1177/003231875801000201 5784:. Routledge. p. 114. 5743:(1st ed.). New York: 4969:; McCreery, Cindy (eds.). 4426:Naruhito, Emperor of Japan 4096:Order of the Golden Fleece 3257:to former Chinese Premier 2967:Wakabayashi further adds: 2840:, his cousins the princes 2825: 2766:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 2640:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 2627: 2497:Visit to the United States 2302:Emperor Hirohito visiting 2214:to consider the potential 1834: 1130: 998: 911:Prince Arthur of Connaught 711:Order of the Chrysanthemum 213:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 29: 12217:Sons of Japanese emperors 12068: 12041: 11983: 11937: 11894: 11887: 11841:Japan during World War II 11796:Pacification of Manchukuo 11766: 11696: 11688:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 11683:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 11621: 11614: 11565: 11552:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 11505: 11431: 11424: 11371: 11289: 11282: 11274:Imperial Japanese Airways 11181: 11128: 11093: 11082: 10986: 10932: 10859: 10816: 10728: 10630: 10612: 10554: 10533: 10525:Norihito, Prince Takamado 10520:Yoshihito, Prince Katsura 10515:Prince Tomohito of Mikasa 10497: 10479:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 10466: 10455: 10425:Yoshihito, Emperor Taishō 10405: 10390: 10277: 10238: 10199: 10095: 10061: 9987: 9933: 9834: 9645: 9581: 9478: 9384: 9375: 9300: 9246: 9239: 9176: 9167: 9159: 9154: 9127: 8960:(1): 4–27. Archived from 8836:Emperor Showa's Monologue 8686:Hirohito: Behind the Myth 8656: 8636: 8613: 8597: 8592: 8187:– via heraldica.org 8002:(in Thai). Archived from 6942: 6925: 6915:; Matsuno, Seiya (1997). 6792:. Reuters. 15 August 2021 6770:. World Hydrozoa Database 6364:, p. 60; Routledge, 1992. 6015:A History of Modern Japan 5995:. Vol. 2. New York: 5809:. Zed Books. p. 28. 4605: 4479: 4449:(Masahito, Prince Yoshi) 4444: 4391: 4358: 4330: 4314: 4275:(Shigeko, Princess Teru) 4270: 4265: 4262: 4206:Ethiopian Imperial Family 3956:: Honorary Member of the 3263:Imperial Household Agency 3233:Shinobu Kobayashi's diary 3092:Showa Tenno Dokuhaku Roku 2737: 2717: 2605:Imperial Household Agency 2044:A History of Modern Japan 1282:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 1125:, the eldest daughter of 603:Emperor of Central Africa 578:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 466:longest-reigning monarchs 398: 386: 376: 366: 356: 344: 332: 322: 315: 305: 300: 296: 278:Akihito, Emperor of Japan 248: 223: 205: 188: 162: 154: 150: 142: 131: 121: 111: 101: 91: 80: 73: 61: 50: 41: 32:Hirohito (disambiguation) 11816:Second Sino-Japanese War 11758:Racial Equality Proposal 11338:Agriculture and Commerce 10510:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 10505:Emperor Emeritus Akihito 8832:Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku 8788:Drea, Edward J. (1998). 8729:Bix, Herbert P. (2001). 8337:26 December 2012 at the 8320:(7187): 5. 9 April 1968. 7959: 7919:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 7908:– via runeberg.org 7424:Honolulu Star-Advertiser 7237:Fujiwara, Akira (1991). 6572:10.1177/0022009420907666 5031:, 26 November 1921, p. 4 4590: 4484:(Takako, Princess Suga) 4446:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 4396:(Akihito, Prince Tsugu) 4363:(Atsuko, Princess Yori) 4335:(Kazuko, Princess Taka) 4235: 4017:(civil division) (GCB), 3777:Order of the White Eagle 3737:(RSerafO), with Collar, 3716:(StkStOO), with Collar, 3391:, USA, 20 September 1975 2413:Elmendorf Air Force Base 2308:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 1676:War: advance and retreat 1322:Second Sino-Japanese War 1144: 1017:Visit of colonial Taiwan 949:and the Delhi Theatre. 935:Lloyd's Marine Insurance 827:In May 1921, he visited 713:. When his grandfather, 609:Early life and education 547:Second Sino-Japanese War 432:Hirohito announcing the 405:Emperor Hirohito's voice 283:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 12192:20th-century Shintoists 11728:Washington Naval Treaty 11673:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 11658:First Sino-Japanese War 11477:Nuclear weapons program 11219:Great Japan Youth Party 11146:National seals of Japan 10489:Takahito, Prince Mikasa 10474:Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa 9134:Imperial House of Japan 8980:Wetzler, Peter (1998). 8054:"The Order of Sikatuna" 7035:The Wall Street Journal 6514:. Sky News. 4 June 2019 6410:Encyclopedia Britannica 5910:Robert A. Pape (2014). 5678:, pp. 424, 430–31. 4517:Scientific publications 4222:Russian Imperial Family 4164:Order of the White Lion 3837:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya 3677:, Special Class (GCBVO) 3510:constitutional politics 3461:atomic bomb was dropped 3431:"Your majesty, at your 3103:Tokyo War Crimes Trials 2670:Prince of Liechtenstein 2624:Death and state funeral 2208:Chinese Communist Party 2145:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 2005:That changed after the 1996:unconditional surrender 974:University of Edinburgh 954:University of Cambridge 880:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 537:particularly in China, 438:Recorded 14 August 1945 351:Imperial House of Japan 301:Era name and dates 12257:British field marshals 12237:Japanese war criminals 11806:Motherland controversy 11776:Shōwa financial crisis 11568:Imperial Japanese Navy 11508:Imperial Japanese Army 11239:Peace Preservation Law 10442:Teruhito, Prince Mitsu 10284: 9072:Quotations related to 8849:. Praeger Publishers. 8277:Guía Oficial de España 8222:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 7897:Sveriges statskalender 7391:Pike, Francis (2015). 6816:The Japan Times Online 5521:: CS1 maint: others ( 5236:"Hirohito's survivors" 4622: 4348:Toshimichi Takatsukasa 4316:Sachiko, Princess Hisa 3939:: Grand Cordon of the 3856:: Grand Collar of the 3733:: Knight of the Royal 3545: 3540: 3414:attack on Pearl Harbor 3323: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3251: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3146: 3118: 3096:In December 1990, the 3070:attack on Pearl Harbor 2974: 2961: 2661:one great-grandchild. 2646: 2562: 2514: 2366: 2354: 2311: 2288:Central African Empire 2259:constitutional monarch 2182: 2091:war criminal. General 2087: 1952: 1766: 1755: 1729: 1634:attack on Pearl Harbor 1614: 1596: 1568: 1557: 1487: 1375:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 1347: 1227:Imperial Japanese Navy 1223:Imperial Japanese Army 1214: 1196:Three Sacred Treasures 1139:Imperial Household Law 1118: 1086:Great Kantō earthquake 1061: 1045: 1026: 902: 832: 777: 717:died on 30 July 1912, 707:Imperial Japanese Navy 703:Imperial Japanese Army 655:Yoshihito (the future 640: 618: 582:renounced his divinity 523:constitutional monarch 263:Sachiko, Princess Hisa 158:Hirohito, Prince Michi 11718:Siberian Intervention 11527:Railways and Shipping 11343:Commerce and Industry 11039:Industrial production 10940:Crown Prince Hirohito 10700:Fujiwara no Tadamichi 10685:Fujiwara no Yorimichi 10680:Fujiwara no Michinaga 10675:Fujiwara no Michitaka 10645:Fujiwara no Mototsune 10640:Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 10430:Michihito, Prince Aki 10413:Yukihito, Prince Take 10283: 8954:Sino-Japanese Studies 8886:Laquerre, Paul-Yanic 8818:, Aoki Shoten, 1991. 8750:Bix, Herbert (2016). 8688:. New York: Villard. 8684:Behr, Edward (1989). 8041:on 27 September 2015. 6768:"Hydrozoa Taxon List" 6374:Kawai, Kazuo (1958). 6114:Cunliffe, William H. 5859:1995 19(2): 197–225. 5829:Akamatsu's diary, in 5805:Tai, Michael (2019). 4133:Order of the Redeemer 4131:: Grand Cross of the 3997:Royal Victorian Order 3979:Royal Order of Pouono 3977:: Grand Cross of the 3922:(OMRI), with Collar, 3918:: Grand Cross of the 3756:Order of the Elephant 3735:Order of the Seraphim 3691:: Grand Cross of the 3673:: Grand Cross of the 3565:Military appointments 3541: 3536: 3481:"I am sorry that the 3412:"How long before the 3319: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3247: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3141: 3114: 2984:, Peter Wetzler, and 2969: 2956: 2903:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2889:, who wrote that the 2696:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2692:enthronement ceremony 2637: 2609:Class-A war criminals 2567:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2560: 2504: 2360: 2337: 2301: 2212:Truman administration 2180: 2082: 2022:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka 1946: 1760: 1750: 1658:US Secretary of State 1650:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1608: 1591: 1566: 1545: 1485: 1377:, and army minister, 1329: 1209: 1188:Shōwa no tairei-shiki 1127:Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni 1116: 1059: 1043: 1024: 989:Vittorio Emanuele III 896: 826: 771: 624: 616: 471:Hirohito was born in 68:Formal portrait, 1935 12187:20th-century regents 12136:Political dissidence 11985:Occupied territories 11723:General Election Law 11547:Taiwan Army of Japan 10889:Takatsukasa Fusasuke 10826:Takatsukasa Fuyuhira 10798:Takatsukasa Kanetada 10783:Takatsukasa Kanehira 10710:Fujiwara no Motofusa 10695:Fujiwara no Tadazane 10690:Fujiwara no Morozane 10665:Fujiwara no Koretada 10660:Fujiwara no Saneyori 10655:Fujiwara no Tadahira 10650:Fujiwara no Tokihira 10317:Imperial family tree 9064:at Wikimedia Commons 9032:68#1 pp. 1–28. 8872:. Kodansha America. 7085:History News Network 6035:on 10 September 2013 5538:, pp. 411, 745. 5474:, pp. 106–108; 4655:Abrahamic traditions 4585:Japanese nationalism 4304:Hidehiko Higashikuni 4113:Order of Charles III 3981:(KGCCP), with Collar 3895:Italian Royal Family 3514:February 26 Incident 3151:Battle of Leyte Gulf 2788:, who died in 2000. 2600:Nihon Keizai Shimbun 2432:Japan–U.S. relations 1865:improve this article 1547:—At the time of the 1448:improve this article 1356:False flag operation 1268:February 26 incident 1250:Sakuradamon Incident 1123:Princess Nagako Kuni 837:Japanese battleship 516:Princess Nagako Kuni 12242:Nobility from Tokyo 12232:Japanese Shintoists 11955:Wang Jingwei regime 11865:Potsdam Declaration 11856:Soviet–Japanese War 11811:Anti-Comintern Pact 11801:January 28 incident 11786:London Naval Treaty 11663:Triple Intervention 11492:Supreme War Council 11376:deliberative bodies 10327:Order of succession 8754:. Harper Perennial. 8608:, 15 September 2000 7995:(31 January 1925). 7973:on 31 December 2014 7270:(22 January 1989). 7169:history.hanover.edu 6846:. 15 November 1989. 6641:Ford Library Museum 6360:Large, Stephen S.; 6336:, pp. 308–318. 6308:. 19 October 2023. 6305:The Washington Post 5875:, pp. 480–481. 5478:, pp. 25, 231. 5327:, Hara Shobō, 1975. 5298:, pp. 136–137. 5146:Undiscovered Taipei 4815:PacificWrecks.com. 4301:Naohiko Higashikuni 4272:Shigeko Higashikuni 4033:Order of the Garter 3714:Order of Saint Olav 3518:end of World War II 3180:Potsdam Declaration 2976:Historians such as 2913:, were produced by 2828:Chrysanthemum taboo 2353:(27 September 1971) 2306:in 1947. The domed 2032:Potsdam Declaration 1992:Potsdam Declaration 1974:The following day, 1501:Anti-Comintern Pact 1350:Beginning from the 1307:Yoshiyuki Kawashima 1242:Korean independence 964:degree. He visited 886:and Prime Minister 258:Shigeko Higashikuni 135:25 November 1921 – 84:25 December 1926 – 12252:Sesshō and Kampaku 11678:Russo-Japanese War 11648:Two Lords Incident 11303:Imperial Household 10670:Fujiwara no Kaneie 10396:, who founded the 10285: 9014:The New York Times 8627:, 2 September 2001 8318:Slobodna Dalmacija 8168:The London Gazette 8151:on 6 October 2016. 7812:The London Gazette 7792:The London Gazette 7772:The London Gazette 7381:Prologue, p. xxvi. 7355:The New York Times 7276:The New York Times 6979:"Emperor Hirohito" 6888:www.britannica.com 6693:. 6 October 1975. 6691:The New York Times 6658:The New York Times 6498:www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp 6084:He, Yinan (2015). 5896:David C. Earhart, 5857:Diplomatic History 5666:, pp. 29, 35. 5296:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5284:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5272:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5029:The New York Times 4880:. 3 December 1916. 4877:The New York Times 4865:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 4749:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 4510:Yoshihisa Shimazu 4467:30 September 1964 4338:30 September 1929 4332:Kazuko Takatsukasa 4320:10 September 1927 4129:Greek Royal Family 3830: 3553:Meiji Constitution 2876:policy adopted in 2647: 2563: 2525:After arriving in 2515: 2367: 2355: 2312: 2284:Iranian Revolution 2183: 2141:Prince Higashikuni 2088: 1953: 1837:Surrender of Japan 1767: 1690:invasion of Malaya 1615: 1569: 1488: 1360:puppet governments 1348: 1215: 1194:, also called the 1119: 1105:and was executed. 1099:Toranomon incident 1089:Japan. During the 1076:on 26 April 1923. 1072:and departed from 1062: 1046: 1027: 962:honorary doctorate 947:New Oxford Theatre 903: 888:David Lloyd George 833: 778: 776:in the UK in 1921. 672:Kawamura Sumiyoshi 641: 619: 599:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 562:surrender of Japan 531:Meiji Constitution 434:surrender of Japan 268:Kazuko Takatsukasa 12162:Emperors of Japan 12144: 12143: 12116:Socialist thought 12064: 12063: 12003:Dutch East Indies 11965:Empire of Vietnam 11883: 11882: 11653:Satsuma Rebellion 11633:Meiji Restoration 11610: 11609: 11420: 11419: 11358:Greater East Asia 11244:Political parties 11199:Foreign relations 10946: 10945: 10570: 10569: 10350: 10349: 10273: 10272: 10234: 10233: 10195: 10194: 10091: 10090: 10057: 10056: 9983: 9982: 9929: 9928: 9830: 9829: 9641: 9640: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9474: 9473: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9296: 9295: 9226:Emperors of Japan 9186: 9185: 9177:Succeeded by 9060:Media related to 8991:978-0-8248-1925-5 8879:978-0-87011-979-8 8856:978-0-275-94069-0 8814:Fujiwara, Akira, 8803:978-0-8032-1708-9 8779:978-0-393-32027-5 8720:978-0-06-019314-0 8679: 8678: 8064:on 25 August 2019 7932:978-87-7674-434-2 7837:978-1-890974-09-1 7741:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7717:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7705:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7693:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7681:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7578:The Asahi Shimbun 7548:. 23 August 2018. 7530:, pp. 17–19. 7494:, pp. 15–16. 7482:, pp. 17–18. 7184:, pp. 19–20. 7053:Los Angeles Times 6913:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki 6843:Los Angeles Times 6725:Los Angeles Times 6603:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 6380:Political Science 6188:Bix, pp. 571–573. 6103:. 20 August 2020. 5989:Postgate, Raymond 5945:Fujita Hisanori, 5846:(Dec 1991), 41#12 5816:978-1-786997-79-1 5739:(November 1998). 5642:, pp. 47–50. 5593:, pp. 52–54. 5426:, 1997, pp. 25–29 5358:. 14 August 2000. 5355:Los Angeles Times 5240:Los Angeles Times 5044:. 7 October 2022. 4994:978-1-5261-0939-2 4855:, pp. 70–74. 4821:pacificwrecks.com 4805:, pp. 36–37. 4648:Western countries 4514: 4513: 4015:Order of the Bath 3862:28 September 1966 3858:Order of Sikatuna 3718:26 September 1922 3532:National Archives 3255:Sino-Japanese war 3243:Dartmouth College 3164:Battle of Okinawa 3108:Japan signed the 3044:Hitoshi Motoshima 3031: 3015:Lehigh University 2866:Three Alls policy 2792:Legacy and honors 2729:. His definitive 2597:On 20 July 2006, 2476:in the air"). In 2391:Anchorage, Alaska 2277:1947 Constitution 2266:General MacArthur 2255:tennō kikan setsu 2228:explicitly reject 2200:Chinese Civil War 2093:Douglas MacArthur 1941: 1940: 1933: 1915: 1805:Battle of Okinawa 1725:Three Alls policy 1623:Shigetarō Shimada 1480: 1479: 1472: 1414:League of Nations 1410:invasion of Wuhan 943:Naval War College 939:Oxford University 907:Buckingham Palace 774:Oxford University 738:Leopold von Ranke 665:Yanagiwara Naruko 574:Allied occupation 570:Douglas MacArthur 505:European monarchs 503:and meeting with 447: 446: 427: 340: 339: 16:(Redirected from 12349: 12247:Regents of Japan 12106:Shinmin no Michi 12096:Internment camps 12008:French Indochina 11892: 11891: 11738:Taishō Democracy 11619: 11618: 11542:Japanese holdout 11429: 11428: 11353:Colonial Affairs 11287: 11286: 11214:Yokusan Sonendan 11120: 11112: 11104: 11088: 11087: 11014:Economic history 10973: 10966: 10959: 10950: 10949: 10818:Muromachi period 10773:Ichijō Sanetsune 10720:Matsudono Moroie 10597: 10590: 10583: 10574: 10573: 10541:Emperor Naruhito 10461: 10460: 10450: 10438: 10421: 10385: 10384:Japanese princes 10377: 10370: 10363: 10354: 10353: 10340: 10339: 10302:Imperial Consort 10299: 10245: 10244: 10206: 10205: 10102: 10101: 10068: 10067: 9994: 9993: 9940: 9939: 9841: 9840: 9652: 9651: 9588: 9587: 9485: 9484: 9391: 9390: 9382: 9381: 9307: 9306: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9243: 9234: 9224: 9223: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9189: 9188: 9170:Emperor of Japan 9160:Preceded by 9150: 9143: 9125: 9124: 9084:Data related to 9083: 9071: 9059: 9017: 8995: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8951: 8941: 8907:Mosley, Leonard 8883: 8871: 8860: 8839: 8811: 8806:. Archived from 8783: 8771: 8755: 8746: 8724: 8699: 8668:Embracing Defeat 8661: 8660: 8645:Embracing Defeat 8641: 8640: 8618: 8617: 8602: 8601: 8590: 8589: 8579: 8578: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8346: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8310: 8304: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8131:www.quirinale.it 8123: 8117: 8116: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8086:. September 1976 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8060:. Archived from 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8001: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7641:www.sdh-fact.com 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7612: 7604: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7569: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7531: 7528:Wakabayashi 1991 7525: 7519: 7516:Wakabayashi 1991 7513: 7507: 7504:Wakabayashi 1991 7501: 7495: 7492:Wakabayashi 1991 7489: 7483: 7480:Wakabayashi 1991 7477: 7452: 7449:Wakabayashi 1991 7446: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7415: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7264: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7234: 7228: 7225:Wakabayashi 1991 7222: 7216: 7213:Wakabayashi 1991 7210: 7204: 7201:Wakabayashi 1991 7198: 7185: 7182:Wakabayashi 1991 7179: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7133: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7076: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7055:. 14 August 2000 7045: 7039: 7038: 7026: 7015: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6921: 6909: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6748:. Kunaicho.go.jp 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6687:"A Rare Glimpse" 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6649: 6643: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6622:. 7 January 1989 6612: 6606: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6549: 6543: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6474:on 10 March 2013 6464: 6458: 6457: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6412:. 25 April 2023. 6402: 6396: 6395: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6296: 6287: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6216: 6210: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5947:Jijûchô no kaisô 5943: 5937: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5571:history.army.mil 5563: 5557: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5485: 5479: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5346: 5340: 5337:Wakabayashi 1991 5334: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5242:. 7 January 1989 5232: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4930: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4658: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4506:Hisanaga Shimazu 4497: 4493: 4491: 4462: 4459:28 November 1935 4458: 4456: 4409: 4406:23 December 1933 4405: 4403: 4381:10 October 1952 4376: 4372: 4370: 4307:Yūko Higashikuni 4284:10 October 1943 4278:9 December 1925 4243: 4242: 4224:: Knight of the 4220: 4219: 4210:Order of Solomon 4208:: Collar of the 4204: 4203: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4162:: Collar of the 4158: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4127: 4126: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4094:: Knight of the 4093: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3941:Order of Leopold 3935: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3897:: Knight of the 3893: 3892: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3796:: Knight of the 3792: 3790: 3789: 3775:: Knight of the 3771: 3769: 3768: 3754:: Knight of the 3750: 3748: 3747: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3651:11 February 1937 3647:Order of Culture 3640:National honours 3616: 3614: 3613: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3572:25 December 1926 3473:RCC Broadcasting 3278:Saburō Hyakutake 3086:Nanjing Massacre 3032: 3025: 3003:Noboru Takeshita 2895:Nanking Massacre 2784:, and his wife, 2751:Noboru Takeshita 2748: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2689: 2688: 1989–2019 2687: 2573:new to science. 2365:(8 October 1971) 2210:, prompting the 2198:were losing the 2114:Princes Chichibu 2084:Gaetano Faillace 2000:Japanese society 1936: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1873: 1849: 1841: 1771:battle of Midway 1732: 1688:, and began the 1669:French Indochina 1646:Henry L. Stimson 1613:on 29 April 1943 1505:Seishirō Itagaki 1475: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1432: 1424: 1387:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1219:financial crisis 1192:Imperial Regalia 818:Saionji Kinmochi 814:Yamagata Aritomo 748:Crown Prince era 458:emperor of Japan 456:, was the 124th 436:to Allied forces 429: 428: 394: 335: 334: 298: 297: 242: 240: 209:24 February 1989 195: 174: 172: 165: 164: 138: 137:25 December 1926 97:10 November 1928 87: 75:Emperor of Japan 66: 54: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12126:Yasukuni Shrine 12060: 12037: 11979: 11933: 11879: 11831:Tripartite Pact 11826:Rape of Nanking 11762: 11748:Tapani incident 11692: 11668:Boxer Rebellion 11626: 11606: 11570: 11561: 11510: 11501: 11436: 11416: 11410:Representatives 11378: 11375: 11374:Legislative and 11367: 11333:Foreign Affairs 11296: 11293: 11278: 11177: 11156:Government Seal 11141:Rising Sun Flag 11124: 11118: 11110: 11102: 11089: 11080: 10982: 10980:Empire of Japan 10977: 10947: 10942: 10928: 10894:Ichijō Kaneteru 10869:Ichijō Akiyoshi 10855: 10836:Konoe Kanetsugu 10812: 10778:Konoe Kanetsune 10768:Konoe Kanetsune 10748:Kujō Yoshitsune 10743:Konoe Motomichi 10730:Kamakura period 10724: 10715:Konoe Motomichi 10626: 10608: 10601: 10571: 10566: 10550: 10529: 10493: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10444: 10432: 10415: 10401: 10398:Empire of Japan 10386: 10383: 10381: 10351: 10346: 10297: 10269: 10230: 10201:Empire of Japan 10191: 10087: 10063:Azuchi-Momoyama 10053: 10034:Go-Tsuchimikado 9979: 9925: 9826: 9637: 9569: 9470: 9363: 9292: 9235: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9182: 9173: 9165: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9052: 9025: 9023:Further reading 9020: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8970: 8968: 8967:on 21 July 2011 8964: 8949: 8926:Pike, Francis. 8880: 8857: 8804: 8780: 8743: 8721: 8705:Bix, Herbert P. 8696: 8670:, 26 March 2000 8658: 8638: 8615: 8599: 8593:External videos 8588: 8583: 8582: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8541: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8362: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8339:Wayback Machine 8329: 8325: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8295: 8291: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8261:Hirohito Showa. 8259:Naval History: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8196: 8192: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8009:on 4 March 2016 8006: 7999: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7859: 7856:ritarikunnat.fi 7850: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7824: 7820: 7804: 7800: 7784: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7662: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7570: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7455: 7447: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7416: 7401: 7389: 7385: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7320: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7142:Chicago Tribune 7135: 7134: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7027: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6994: 6990: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6960: 6953: 6939: 6922: 6910: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6550: 6546: 6539:The Independent 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6372: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6219: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6082: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6011:Storry, Richard 6008: 6004: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747:. p. 252. 5733:Jennings, Peter 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5514: 5513: 5501: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5262: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5212:Tokyo Weekender 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5187:. 13 March 2018 5179: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 4995: 4979:. p. 201. 4967:Aldrich, Robert 4963: 4959: 4952: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4901: 4899: 4888: 4884: 4867:, p. 338; 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4784:. 13 March 2018 4776: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4581: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4384:Takamasa Ikeda 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4334: 4310: 4274: 4238: 4214: 4198: 4175: 4173: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4121: 4115:, with Collar, 4106: 4104: 4084: 4082: 4069: 4067: 4051: 4049: 4025: 4023: 4007: 4005: 3986: 3984: 3968: 3966: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3928: 3909: 3907: 3903:31 October 1916 3887: 3868: 3866: 3847: 3845: 3826: 3824: 3820:30 January 1925 3808: 3806: 3787: 3785: 3766: 3764: 3760:24 January 1923 3745: 3743: 3724: 3722: 3703: 3701: 3695:, with Collar, 3682: 3680: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657:Foreign honours 3645:Founder of the 3642: 3611: 3609: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3567: 3562: 3527: 3385:Interview with 3359: 3346:Chiang Kai-shek 3328: 3274: 3235: 3197:Yomiuri Shimbun 3188: 3160:Yoshijirō Umezu 3130:Chiang Kai Shek 3110:Tripartite Pact 3094: 3081: 3024: 2952:York University 2933:Yomiuri Shimbun 2919:Battle of Wuhan 2838:Prince Chichibu 2830: 2824: 2799: 2794: 2758:Shinjuku Gyo-en 2734: 2733:, Emperor Shōwa 2731:posthumous name 2714: 2684: 2674:Franz Joseph II 2655:duodenal cancer 2644:Hachiōji, Tokyo 2632: 2626: 2583:Yasukuni Shrine 2579: 2577:Yasukuni Shrine 2555: 2499: 2470:double entendre 2428:Nobuhiko Ushiba 2332: 2330:Visit to Europe 2296: 2270:Shigeru Yoshida 2224: 2222:Imperial status 2133:Prince Chichibu 2077: 1961:Hisanori Fujita 1957:Battle of Leyte 1937: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1874: 1872: 1862: 1850: 1839: 1833: 1811:Allied Forces. 1796:Solomon Islands 1678: 1644:On 25 November 1573:Yoshimichi Hara 1554: 1552: 1513:Tripartite Pact 1497:Prince Chichibu 1493: 1476: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1445: 1433: 1422: 1379:Hajime Sugiyama 1352:Mukden Incident 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1324: 1270:, an attempted 1260:Inukai Tsuyoshi 1204: 1162:'s end and the 1152: 1147: 1111: 1082: 1031:Japanese colony 1019: 1001: 931:Bank of England 927:Tower of London 766: 764:Overseas travel 750: 742:Empire of Japan 611: 605:, was deposed. 551:Pacific Theater 443: 442: 441: 440: 439: 437: 430: 410: 407: 330:Emperor Shōwa ( 329: 317:Posthumous name 310: 292: 244: 241: 1924) 236: 232: 219: 210: 197: 193: 176: 170: 168: 167: 159: 136: 85: 69: 57: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12355: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11970:State of Burma 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11898: 11896: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11791:Musha Incident 11788: 11783: 11781:Jinan incident 11778: 11772: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11702: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11638:Beipu uprising 11635: 11629: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11602:Treaty Faction 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11573: 11571: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11532:Imperial Guard 11529: 11524: 11519: 11513: 11511: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11439: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11292:Administration 11290: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11114: 11106: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10976: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10953: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10914:Konoe Uchisaki 10911: 10909:Ichijō Michika 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10884:Nijō Mitsuhira 10881: 10879:Kujō Michifusa 10876: 10874:Nijō Yasumichi 10871: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10851:Nijō Kaneyoshi 10848: 10846:Nijō Mochimoto 10843: 10841:Nijō Yoshimoto 10838: 10833: 10831:Nijō Yoshimoto 10828: 10822: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10793:Ichijō Ietsune 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10705:Konoe Motozane 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10636: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10622:Prince Umayado 10618: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10600: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10577: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10555:5th generation 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10534:4th generation 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10498:3rd generation 10495: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10467:2nd generation 10464: 10463: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10439: 10427: 10422: 10409: 10407: 10406:1st generation 10403: 10402: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10380: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10357: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10334: 10332:Imperial tombs 10329: 10324: 10322:Imperial House 10319: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10212: 10210: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10162:Go-Sakuramachi 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10106: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10039:Go-Kashiwabara 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10000: 9998: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9937: 9935:Northern Court 9931: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9250: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9215: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9192: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9175: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9155:Regnal titles 9152: 9151: 9149:7 January 1989 9131: 9128: 9123: 9122: 9109: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9088:at Wikispecies 9077: 9065: 9051: 9050:External links 9048: 9047: 9046: 9036: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8977: 8942: 8931: 8930:(2016) 1208pp. 8924: 8905: 8896:978-1729431597 8884: 8878: 8861: 8855: 8840: 8827: 8812: 8802: 8785: 8778: 8762:Dower, John W. 8758: 8757: 8756: 8747: 8742:978-0060931308 8741: 8719: 8701: 8694: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8654: 8653: 8647:, 1 April 1999 8634: 8633: 8611: 8610: 8595: 8594: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8558: 8534: 8510: 8488: 8464: 8448: 8424: 8400: 8376: 8347: 8323: 8305: 8289: 8264: 8252: 8228: 8199:Corner, E.J.H. 8190: 8174: 8154: 8136: 8118: 8097: 8075: 8044: 8020: 7984: 7950: 7948:(2008), p. 298 7938: 7931: 7911: 7887: 7869: 7843: 7836: 7818: 7798: 7778: 7758: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7671:, August 2001. 7653: 7628: 7590: 7551: 7532: 7520: 7518:, pp. 18. 7508: 7506:, pp. 16. 7496: 7484: 7453: 7436: 7399: 7383: 7367: 7341: 7314: 7300: 7288: 7256: 7244: 7229: 7227:, pp. 17. 7217: 7215:, pp. 19. 7205: 7203:, pp. 20. 7186: 7174: 7156: 7123: 7097: 7066: 7040: 7016: 7014:, p. 365. 7004: 6988: 6970: 6951: 6901: 6890:. 4 April 2023 6875: 6849: 6829: 6803: 6781: 6759: 6737: 6711: 6678: 6644: 6633: 6607: 6592: 6566:(3): 622–644. 6544: 6525: 6503: 6485: 6459: 6424: 6415: 6397: 6366: 6353: 6338: 6326: 6288: 6279: 6277:, p. 326. 6267: 6265:, p. 583. 6255: 6253:, p. 585. 6243: 6241:, p. 325. 6231: 6217: 6202: 6190: 6181: 6179:, p. 545. 6164: 6135: 6106: 6092: 6067: 6065:, p. 606. 6055: 6046: 6020: 6002: 5999:. p. 991. 5972: 5970:, p. 129. 5960: 5951: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5902: 5889: 5887:, p. 481. 5877: 5865: 5848: 5844:History Today, 5835: 5822: 5815: 5797: 5791:978-0367867065 5790: 5772: 5770:, p. 365. 5760: 5753: 5737:Brewster, Todd 5724: 5715: 5699: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5630:, p. 421. 5620: 5618:, p. 118. 5608: 5595: 5583: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5528: 5499: 5480: 5464: 5462:, 1997, p. 28. 5452: 5450:, p. 339. 5440: 5438:, p. 320. 5428: 5416: 5403: 5401:, p. 319. 5391: 5376:. 9 March 2007 5361: 5341: 5329: 5312: 5310:, p. 186. 5300: 5288: 5286:, p. 349. 5276: 5253: 5224: 5198: 5172: 5158: 5132: 5112: 5092: 5066: 5047: 5033: 5020: 5018:, p. 123. 5008: 4993: 4957: 4950: 4922: 4913: 4882: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4807: 4795: 4769: 4753: 4751:, p. 337. 4741: 4723: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4672: 4659: 4639: 4629: 4611: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4502:10 March 1960 4500: 4498: 4485: 4481:Takako Shimazu 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471:Hanako Tsugaru 4468: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414:10 April 1959 4412: 4410: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4230:September 1916 4212: 4196: 4170: 4160:Czechoslovakia 4149: 4135: 4119: 4102: 4100:6 October 1928 4079: 4065: 4047: 4021: 4003: 3993:United Kingdom 3982: 3964: 3943: 3926: 3905: 3885: 3864: 3843: 3822: 3804: 3783: 3762: 3741: 3720: 3699: 3678: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3618:United Kingdom 3607: 3593:United Kingdom 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3476: 3469:end of the war 3454: 3444: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3355: 3341:Radhabinod Pal 3327: 3324: 3273: 3270: 3234: 3231: 3187: 3184: 3155:Fumimaro Konoe 3093: 3090: 3080: 3077: 2995:Herbert P. Bix 2982:Akira Fujiwara 2893:far surpassed 2883:Herbert P. Bix 2874:scorched earth 2872:), a Japanese 2823: 2820: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2786:Empress Nagako 2782:Empress Teimei 2778:Emperor Taishō 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2578: 2575: 2554: 2553:Marine biology 2551: 2498: 2495: 2484:equivalent of 2468:used a racist 2409:Washington, DC 2395:U.S. President 2387:Japan Airlines 2371:United Kingdom 2331: 2328: 2295: 2292: 2282:Following the 2223: 2220: 2160:Tokyo tribunal 2076: 2073: 2068:shikata ga nai 2059:Kyūjō incident 1951:, 24 June 1943 1939: 1938: 1853: 1851: 1844: 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1825:Kantarō Suzuki 1743:Prime Minister 1735:scorched earth 1717:Herbert P. Bix 1709:Peter Jennings 1677: 1674: 1627:Shigenori Tōgō 1587:Fumimaro Konoe 1584:Prime Minister 1549:China Incident 1492: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1436: 1434: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1364:Fumimaro Konoe 1323: 1320: 1312:Konoe Division 1257:Prime Minister 1246:Lee Bong-chang 1203: 1200: 1172:never referred 1168:Emperor Taishō 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1110: 1107: 1091:Kantō Massacre 1081: 1078: 1018: 1015: 1000: 997: 958:J. R. Tanner's 923:British Museum 919:Windsor Castle 782:United Kingdom 765: 762: 749: 746: 661:Empress Teimei 657:Emperor Taishō 626:Emperor Taishō 610: 607: 591:Fukiage Palace 568:, for General 539:militarization 497:Western Europe 485:Empress Teimei 481:Emperor Taishō 445: 444: 431: 408: 403: 402: 401: 400: 399: 396: 395: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 373: 368: 364: 363: 361:Emperor Taishō 358: 354: 353: 348: 342: 341: 338: 337: 320: 319: 313: 312: 303: 302: 294: 293: 291: 290: 288:Takako Shimazu 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 252: 246: 245: 234: 228: 227: 225: 221: 220: 211: 207: 203: 202: 201:, Tokyo, Japan 199:Fukiage Palace 196:(aged 87) 192:7 January 1989 190: 186: 185: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 86:7 January 1989 82: 78: 77: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 56: 55: 46: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12354: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197:Shōwa Statism 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12081:Fukoku kyōhei 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938:Puppet states 11936: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11597:Fleet Faction 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11577:General Staff 11575: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11564: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11517:General Staff 11515: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11470:military code 11469: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11400:Imperial Diet 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11390:Privy Council 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11308:Home Ministry 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11151:Imperial Seal 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:Flag of Japan 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11107: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10969: 10967: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10941: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10924:Nijō Nariyuki 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10904:Kujō Sukezane 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10808:Kujō Moronori 10806: 10804: 10803:Nijō Kanemoto 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10763:Kujō Norizane 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10738:Kujō Kanezane 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10598: 10593: 10591: 10586: 10584: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10448: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10395: 10394:Emperor Meiji 10389: 10378: 10373: 10371: 10366: 10364: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10343: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309:Empress Jingū 10307: 10303: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10282: 10276: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310:290 BC–269 AD 9308: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256:660 BC–291 BC 9254: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9213: 9208: 9206: 9201: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9142:29 April 1901 9141: 9136: 9135: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9062:Shōwa Emperor 9058: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9001:News articles 8993: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921:1-199-99760-9 8918: 8917:1-111-75539-6 8914: 8910: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8825: 8824:4-250-91043-1 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8695:9780394580722 8691: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8596: 8591: 8576: 8572: 8569:. World Cat. 8568: 8562: 8546: 8545: 8538: 8522: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8499:. World Cat. 8498: 8492: 8476: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8412: 8411: 8404: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8372: 8366: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8238: 8232: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8186: 8185: 8178: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8101: 8085: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7915: 7899: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7755: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7665:Timothy Brook 7660: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7616: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7451:, pp. 5. 7450: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7394: 7387: 7378: 7371: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7253: 7248: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7145:. 7 July 1994 7144: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7112: 7111:The Spectator 7108: 7101: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7013: 7008: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6965: 6958: 6956: 6937: 6932: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6864:. 25 May 2021 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6791: 6785: 6769: 6763: 6747: 6741: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6642: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6513: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6330: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6209: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6140: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6090:, pp. 125–126 6087: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6059: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5968:Hidenari 1991 5964: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5933: 5925: 5923:9780801471513 5919: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5833:, p. 50. 5832: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5756: 5754:0-385-48327-9 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5652:Day of Deceit 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5616:Hidenari 1991 5612: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5500:0-8047-0305-1 5496: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5472:Hidenari 1991 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5322: 5319:Mikiso Hane, 5316: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5274:, p. 350 5273: 5269: 5267: 5266:Jinnō Shōtōki 5260: 5258: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4910: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4843:, p. 43. 4842: 4837: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496:(age 85) 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461:(age 88) 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4436:Sayako Kuroda 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4418:Michiko Shōda 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408:(age 90) 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375:(age 93) 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323:8 March 1928 4322: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4281:23 July 1961 4280: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4244: 4241: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4150: 4148:, with Collar 4147: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4080: 4077: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059:Royal Society 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3844: 3842: 3841:19 April 1960 3838: 3834: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622:Field Marshal 3619: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3583: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3192:Michio Yuzawa 3183: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126:Koiso Kuniaki 3122: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3063:Henri Bernard 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3021:Kentarō Awaya 3018: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2941:Emperor Meiji 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929:Prince Mikasa 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891:Sankō Sakusen 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Sankō Sakusen 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2813:as the three 2812: 2808: 2804: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2745: 2732: 2725: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398:Richard Nixon 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340:Richard Nixon 2336: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:head of state 2309: 2305: 2300: 2294:Public figure 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2216:loss of China 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2172:John W. Dower 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2126:Prince Mikasa 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2075:Postwar reign 2072: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1932: 1924: 1921:December 2017 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: – 1881: 1877: 1876:Find sources: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1854:This section 1852: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821:Kuniaki Koiso 1816: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1763:Empress Kōjun 1759: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1730:Sankō Sakusen 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Todd Brewster 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1463: 1460:November 2019 1453: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1437:This section 1435: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1304:Army Minister 1301: 1297: 1296:Shigeru Honjō 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272:military coup 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1142: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Daisuke Namba 1092: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1006: 996: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Prince Edward 912: 908: 900: 895: 891: 889: 885: 884:King George V 882:and met with 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840: 830: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 775: 770: 761: 759: 755: 754:heir apparent 745: 743: 739: 735: 730: 726: 724: 723:heir apparent 720: 716: 715:Emperor Meiji 712: 708: 704: 699: 696: 695:Nogi Maresuke 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:Emperor Meiji 646: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 586:postwar Japan 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:head of state 524: 519: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491:. Proclaimed 490: 489:heir apparent 486: 482: 478: 477:Emperor Meiji 474: 473:Aoyama, Tokyo 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454:Emperor Shōwa 451: 435: 406: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 372: 369: 365: 362: 359: 355: 352: 349: 347: 343: 327: 326: 321: 318: 314: 308: 304: 299: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 253: 251: 247: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 208: 204: 200: 191: 187: 183: 182:Aoyama, Tokyo 179: 175:29 April 1901 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 134: 130: 127: 125: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 96: 94: 90: 83: 79: 76: 72: 65: 60: 47: 45:Emperor Shōwa 44: 43: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Shōwa Emperor 12202:Shōwa period 12069:Other topics 11905: 11743:Taishō Roman 11497:Conscription 11467: 11459: 11434:Armed Forces 11294:(ministries) 11194:Charter Oath 11189:Constitution 11116: 11071:State Shinto 11054:Essentialism 11004:Demographics 10939: 10919:Kujō Naozane 10899:Konoe Iehiro 10758:Kujō Michiie 10753:Konoe Iezane 10632:Heian period 10614:Asuka period 10604: 10473: 10300: 10292: / 10287: 10286: 10254: 10248:1947–present 10225: 9856:Tsuchimikado 9797:Go-Shirakawa 9356: 9168: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9076:at Wikiquote 9039: 9029: 9013: 8981: 8969:. Retrieved 8962:the original 8957: 8953: 8936: 8927: 8908: 8887: 8867: 8845: 8835: 8831: 8815: 8808:the original 8793: 8767: 8751: 8731: 8709: 8685: 8667: 8663: 8644: 8624: 8620: 8605: 8566: 8561: 8549:. Retrieved 8543: 8537: 8525:. Retrieved 8519: 8513: 8496: 8491: 8479:. Retrieved 8473: 8467: 8457: 8451: 8439:. Retrieved 8433: 8427: 8415:. Retrieved 8409: 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8385: 8379: 8356: 8350: 8342: 8326: 8317: 8308: 8300: 8299:(in Czech), 8292: 8281:, retrieved 8276: 8267: 8255: 8243:. Retrieved 8231: 8212: 8206: 8193: 8183: 8177: 8166: 8157: 8149:the original 8139: 8130: 8121: 8107: 8100: 8088:. Retrieved 8078: 8066:. Retrieved 8062:the original 8057: 8047: 8036:the original 8023: 8011:. Retrieved 8004:the original 7987: 7975:. Retrieved 7968:the original 7953: 7945: 7941: 7921: 7914: 7902:, retrieved 7896: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7860:. Retrieved 7858:(in Finnish) 7855: 7846: 7827: 7821: 7810: 7801: 7790: 7781: 7770: 7761: 7753: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7668: 7644:. Retrieved 7640: 7631: 7619:. Retrieved 7581:. Retrieved 7577: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7427:. Retrieved 7423: 7392: 7386: 7376: 7370: 7358:. Retrieved 7354: 7344: 7332:. Retrieved 7327: 7317: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7279:. Retrieved 7275: 7268:Chira, Susan 7252:Wetzler 1998 7247: 7238: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7147:. Retrieved 7140: 7114:. Retrieved 7110: 7100: 7088:. Retrieved 7084: 7057:. Retrieved 7052: 7043: 7034: 7007: 6997: 6991: 6982: 6973: 6963: 6926:毒ガス戦関係資料. II 6916: 6892:. Retrieved 6887: 6878: 6866:. Retrieved 6861: 6852: 6841: 6832: 6820:. Retrieved 6815: 6806: 6794:. Retrieved 6784: 6772:. Retrieved 6762: 6750:. Retrieved 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6724: 6714: 6702:. Retrieved 6690: 6681: 6669:. Retrieved 6657: 6647: 6636: 6624:. Retrieved 6619: 6610: 6583:. Retrieved 6563: 6557: 6547: 6537: 6528: 6516:. Retrieved 6506: 6497: 6488: 6476:. Retrieved 6472:the original 6462: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6351:, p. 3. 6349:Wetzler 1998 6329: 6317:. Retrieved 6303: 6286:Bix, p. 585. 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6197: 6193: 6184: 6157:12 September 6155:. Retrieved 6152:The Diplomat 6151: 6128:12 September 6126:. Retrieved 6123:archives.gov 6122: 6109: 6095: 6085: 6058: 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6033:the original 6023: 6014: 6005: 5992: 5985:Wells, G. P. 5981:Wells, H. G. 5975: 5963: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5936:Bix, p. 756. 5932: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5831:Wetzler 1998 5825: 5806: 5800: 5781: 5775: 5763: 5740: 5727: 5718: 5708: 5702: 5671: 5664:Wetzler 1998 5659: 5651: 5647: 5640:Wetzler 1998 5635: 5623: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5591:Wetzler 1998 5586: 5574:. Retrieved 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5531: 5489: 5483: 5476:Wetzler 1998 5467: 5459: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5394: 5387:chamberlain. 5385: 5378:. Retrieved 5364: 5353: 5344: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5264: 5244:. Retrieved 5239: 5215:. Retrieved 5211: 5201: 5189:. Retrieved 5185:Pearl Harbor 5184: 5175: 5161: 5149:. Retrieved 5145: 5135: 5124: 5115: 5104: 5095: 5083:. Retrieved 5079: 5069: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5011: 4971: 4960: 4937: 4916: 4907: 4900:. Retrieved 4895: 4885: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824:. Retrieved 4820: 4810: 4798: 4786:. Retrieved 4782:Pearl Harbor 4781: 4772: 4756: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4652:monotheistic 4642: 4632: 4614: 4599: 4574:(posthumous) 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4494:2 March 1939 4373:7 March 1931 4360:Atsuko Ikeda 4352: 4344:20 May 1950 4341:26 May 1989 4239: 4229: 4193: 4190: 4167: 4116: 4099: 4062: 4061:(ForMemRS), 4044: 4043:; restored, 4040: 4036: 4018: 4000: 3961: 3924:9 March 1982 3923: 3902: 3882: 3861: 3840: 3819: 3801: 3780: 3759: 3738: 3717: 3696: 3650: 3633: 3630:British Army 3626:Regular Army 3604: 3601:British Army 3571: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3528: 3506:Crown Prince 3501: 3495: 3478: 3456: 3446: 3428: 3419: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3351:Soviet Union 3333: 3329: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3177: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3098:Bungeishunjū 3095: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3059:William Webb 3052: 3036: 3019: 3012: 2999: 2986:Akira Yamada 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2938: 2927: 2908: 2900: 2890: 2886: 2869: 2831: 2800: 2755: 2700: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2598: 2596: 2580: 2564: 2546:Mickey Mouse 2539: 2527:Williamsburg 2524: 2516: 2491: 2486:Adolf Hitler 2478:West Germany 2463: 2436: 2424:Takeo Fukuda 2417: 2383:Douglas DC-8 2368: 2320:Elizabeth II 2313: 2281: 2274: 2263: 2254: 2231: 2225: 2196:nationalists 2187:Gary J. Bass 2184: 2164:Pearl Harbor 2155: 2149: 2137:Prince Asaka 2130: 2102: 2089: 2066: 2063: 2052: 2043: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2004: 1988: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1927: 1918: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1875: 1863:Please help 1858:verification 1855: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1768: 1751: 1739: 1706: 1694: 1682:Pearl Harbor 1679: 1661:Cordell Hull 1655: 1643: 1631: 1616: 1597: 1592: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1541:the Occident 1537:Osami Nagano 1533: 1529: 1523:forming the 1494: 1491:Preparations 1466: 1457: 1446:Please help 1441:verification 1438: 1420:World War II 1407: 1402:Iwane Matsui 1399: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1372: 1368: 1349: 1299: 1293:Aide-de-camp 1290: 1275: 1254: 1240:thrown by a 1235: 1216: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1155: 1153: 1135: 1120: 1083: 1067: 1063: 1051: 1047: 1028: 1009: 1002: 986: 951: 904: 899:Lloyd George 846:, sailed to 838: 834: 802:Vatican City 779: 751: 731: 727: 700: 688: 669: 653:Crown prince 642: 559: 555:World War II 525:and was the 520: 509: 493:crown prince 470: 453: 449: 448: 323: 273:Atsuko Ikeda 194:(1989-01-07) 123: 93:Enthronement 36: 12172:1989 deaths 12167:1901 births 12111:Shōwa Modan 12086:Hakkō ichiu 12023:Philippines 11910:after 1943) 11888:Territories 11846:Pacific War 11706:World War I 11582:Air Service 11522:Air Service 11395:Gozen Kaigi 11111:(Yoshihito) 11103:(Mutsuhito) 11049:Nationalism 10994:Agriculture 10788:Kujō Tadaie 10445: [ 10433: [ 10416: [ 10167:Go-Momozono 10152:Sakuramachi 10142:Higashiyama 10029:Go-Hanazono 10014:Go-Kameyama 10004:Go-Murakami 9886:Go-Fukakusa 9871:Go-Horikawa 8551:25 December 8527:25 December 8481:25 December 8441:25 December 8417:25 December 8393:25 December 8215:: 242–272. 8163:"No. 32318" 7977:31 December 7807:"No. 33619" 7787:"No. 32317" 7767:"No. 32324" 7729:昭和天皇語録 2004 7719:pp. 226–227 7621:23 February 7429:26 February 7328:Japan Focus 7059:24 November 6704:28 November 6671:28 November 6626:27 November 6620:Daily Press 6440:(1): 1–28. 6386:(2): 3–14. 6053:Bix, p. 676 5741:The Century 5576:25 November 5325:Honjō Nikki 5217:24 November 5191:24 November 4902:25 February 4826:27 November 4788:12 November 4763:, pp. 4736:BBC History 4650:steeped in 4623:Shōwa-tennō 4117:4 June 1923 4045:22 May 1971 4039:; revoked, 3854:Philippines 3802:27 May 1963 3595:: Honorary 3483:atomic bomb 3433:White House 3259:Hua Guofeng 3206:Hideki Tojo 3134:Pacific War 3039:Susan Chira 2978:Herbert Bix 2923:Shiro Ishii 2858:Higashikuni 2744:Shōwa-tennō 2724:Taikō-tennō 2709:began: the 2511:Gerald Ford 2465:Private Eye 2451:Edward VIII 2379:Switzerland 2375:Netherlands 2363:Netherlands 2324:Gerald Ford 2233:arahitogami 2168:Hideki Tōjō 2055:coup d'état 2011:Kōichi Kido 1979:Kōichi Kido 1788:Guadalcanal 1775:Guadalcanal 1746:Hideki Tojo 1721:Mark Felton 1686:Philippines 1684:and in the 1619:Hideki Tōjō 1525:Axis powers 1408:During the 1316:29 February 1291:When Chief 1202:Early reign 1070:Den Kenjiro 993:World War I 831:, Scotland. 790:Netherlands 758:investiture 371:Sadako Kujō 230:Nagako Kuni 178:Tōgū Palace 102:Predecessor 12151:Categories 11875:Occupation 11698:Taishō era 11643:Boshin War 11487:War crimes 11283:Government 11259:Tonarigumi 11166:Privy Seal 11161:State Seal 11119:(Hirohito) 11044:Militarism 10999:Censorship 10934:Taishō era 10861:Edo period 10147:Nakamikado 10117:Go-Mizunoo 10019:Go-Komatsu 9975:Go-Komatsu 9906:Go-Fushimi 8971:3 February 8903:B00H6W4TYI 8713:. Harper. 8245:3 December 8111:. p. 8068:3 December 7583:30 January 6943:十五年戦争極秘資料集 6931:, Kaisetsu 6730:3 February 6585:27 January 6334:Dower 1999 6275:Dower 1999 6263:Dower 1999 6251:Dower 1999 6239:Dower 1999 6213:Dower 1999 6063:Dower 1999 6017:. Penguin. 5602:Fujiwara, 5410:Fujiwara, 5270:, p. 44. 5246:3 December 4951:4022613513 4896:doi.gov.mt 4692:References 4490:1939-03-02 4455:1935-11-28 4402:1933-12-23 4369:1931-03-07 4182:Yugoslavia 4037:3 May 1929 3739:8 May 1919 3451:literature 3144:agreement. 2990:figurehead 2862:war crimes 2826:See also: 2711:Heisei era 2542:Disneyland 2507:Betty Ford 2482:East Asian 2453:, who had 2402:First Lady 2344:First Lady 2250:chimerical 2204:Mao Zedong 2185:Historian 2110:war crimes 2065:wartime" ( 2050:families. 1994:demanding 1891:newspapers 1880:"Hirohito" 1792:New Guinea 1341:white-snow 1244:activist, 1180:ceremonies 1160:Taishō era 1007:of Japan ( 982:Bolsheviks 876:Portsmouth 812:) such as 566:war crimes 560:After the 529:under the 171:1901-04-29 12076:Sonnō jōi 12028:Singapore 12013:Hong Kong 11975:Azad Hind 11950:Mengjiang 11945:Manchukuo 11919:Kantō-shū 11861:Surrender 11768:Shōwa era 11753:Truku War 11624:Meiji era 11592:Tokkeitai 11557:Kempeitai 11468:Senjinkun 11385:Daijō-kan 11348:Munitions 11229:Mokusatsu 11019:Education 10209:1868–1947 10105:1603–1868 10071:1573–1603 9997:1333–1573 9989:Muromachi 9943:1333–1392 9844:1185–1333 9772:Shirakawa 9762:Go-Reizei 9757:Go-Suzaku 9752:Go-Ichijō 9240:Legendary 9129:Hirohito 9030:Historian 8664:Booknotes 8621:Booknotes 8575:154263373 8505:647103657 8365:cite book 8359:. Moscow. 7904:6 January 7611:(website) 7397:, p. 120. 7002:, Preface 6862:Biography 6822:3 October 6774:6 January 6752:3 October 6699:0362-4331 6666:0362-4331 6580:219066676 6454:145812761 6434:Historian 6314:0190-8286 6039:14 August 5997:Doubleday 5745:Doubleday 5517:cite book 5003:198656306 4938:100人の20世紀 4719:Rich 2018 4697:Citations 4258:Children 4255:Marriage 3818:(KMChk), 3800:(KRMBh), 3634:June 1930 3496:Reporter: 3487:Hiroshima 3475:Reporter) 3465:Hiroshima 3457:Question: 3443:reporter) 3441:The Times 3429:Question: 3410:Reporter: 3395:Reporter: 3370:Reporter: 3048:Seikijuku 3001:Minister 2811:Mussolini 2703:Shōwa era 2690:), whose 2618:Shiratori 2455:abdicated 2445:, and in 2419:request, 2405:Pat Nixon 2351:Anchorage 2347:Pat Nixon 2304:Hiroshima 2246:Amaterasu 2118:Takamatsu 1831:Surrender 1702:Chongqing 1665:Hull note 1509:Wehrmacht 1391:rinsanmei 1164:Shōwa era 1150:Accession 1103:communist 1035:Yoshihito 966:Edinburgh 872:Gibraltar 856:Singapore 852:Hong Kong 829:Edinburgh 719:Yoshihito 691:Gakushūin 462:his death 387:Signature 112:Successor 12157:Hirohito 12054:Yen bloc 12042:Ideology 12033:Thailand 11902:Karafuto 11895:Colonies 11482:Kamikaze 11425:Military 11328:Treasury 11182:Policies 11173:Kimigayo 11094:Emperors 11061:Politics 11029:Eugenics 10987:Overview 10342:Category 10265:Naruhito 10157:Momozono 10127:Go-Kōmyō 10112:Go-Yōzei 10083:Go-Yōzei 10078:Ōgimachi 10049:Ōgimachi 9970:Go-En'yū 9965:Go-Kōgon 9921:Go-Daigo 9916:Hanazono 9891:Kameyama 9836:Kamakura 9812:Takakura 9777:Horikawa 9767:Go-Sanjō 9722:Murakami 9655:794–1185 9103:Hirohito 9086:Hirohito 9074:Hirohito 8764:(1999). 8707:(2000). 8335:Archived 8201:(1990). 7615:Archived 7360:10 April 7334:10 April 7281:10 April 7012:Bix 2001 6894:24 April 6868:24 April 6177:Bix 2000 6013:(1991). 5991:(eds.). 5983:(1971). 5885:Bix 2016 5873:Bix 2016 5768:Bix 2016 5676:Bix 2016 5628:Bix 2016 5536:Bix 2001 5448:Bix 2016 5436:Bix 2016 5399:Bix 2016 5380:29 April 5323:, 1983; 5308:Bix 2016 5085:24 April 5016:Bix 2001 4853:Bix 2016 4841:Bix 2016 4803:Bix 2016 4761:Bix 2001 4637:annexed. 4579:See also 4019:May 1921 4001:May 1921 3999:(GCVO), 3954:Malaysia 3794:Thailand 3605:May 1921 3516:and the 3502:Emperor: 3479:Emperor: 3447:Emperor: 3420:Emperor: 3401:Emperor: 3388:Newsweek 3376:Emperor: 3028:Wikidata 2915:Unit 731 2911:phosgene 2770:Hachiōji 2651:pancreas 2614:Matsuoka 2592:Naruhito 2571:Hydrozoa 2192:Cold War 1984:47 Ronin 1965:tennozan 1638:Occident 1109:Marriage 970:Scotland 844:Yokohama 684:Shizuoka 676:Yasuhito 638:Yasuhito 634:Nobuhito 630:Takahito 450:Hirohito 377:Religion 217:Hachiōji 126:of Japan 11615:History 11587:Marines 11224:Kokutai 11129:Symbols 11109:Taishō 11066:Statism 11009:Economy 10260:Akihito 10044:Go-Nara 9911:Go-Nijō 9901:Fushimi 9881:Go-Saga 9861:Juntoku 9851:Go-Toba 9822:Go-Toba 9687:Montoku 9623:Shōtoku 9591:710–794 9525:Kōgyoku 9500:Bidatsu 9488:539–710 9451:Buretsu 9431:Yūryaku 9406:Nintoku 9394:269–539 9180:Akihito 9118:of the 9114:in the 8052:GOVPH. 7646:17 June 7149:11 July 7116:11 July 7090:11 July 6796:11 July 6478:7 March 5900:(2015). 5713:p. 187. 5374:Reuters 5126:YouTube 5106:YouTube 5080:J-stage 4570:(1995) 4564:(1988) 4558:(1984) 4552:(1983) 4546:(1977) 4540:(1974) 4534:(1971) 4528:(1969) 4522:(1967) 4266:Spouse 4191:8 April 3960:(DMN), 3937:Belgium 3752:Denmark 3689:Finland 3671:Germany 3628:in the 3624:of the 3599:in the 3597:General 3467:at the 3380:meeting 2885:in his 2846:Fushimi 2681:Akihito 2588:Akihito 2443:Belgium 2439:Denmark 2156:Class A 2122:Akihito 2048:samurai 2027:kokutai 1949:Musashi 1905:scholar 1517:Germany 1335: 1238:grenade 1212:sokutai 1158:). The 1074:Keelung 999:Regency 952:At the 860:Colombo 794:Belgium 734:Germany 595:Akihito 533:during 501:Britain 309:: 243: 235: 184:, Japan 143:Monarch 132:Regency 116:Akihito 12018:Malaya 11993:Borneo 11929:Taiwan 11924:Nan'yō 11914:Chōsen 11907:naichi 11117:Shōwa 11101:Meiji 11076:Kazoku 11024:System 10605:Sesshō 10306:Regent 10298: 10221:Taishō 10172:Kōkaku 10137:Reigen 10132:Go-Sai 10122:Meishō 10009:Chōkei 9896:Go-Uda 9866:Chūkyō 9817:Antoku 9807:Rokujō 9787:Sutoku 9742:Ichijō 9727:Reizei 9717:Suzaku 9682:Ninmyō 9667:Heizei 9618:Junnin 9603:Genshō 9598:Genmei 9565:Genmei 9535:Saimei 9530:Kōtoku 9510:Sushun 9495:Kinmei 9456:Keitai 9446:Ninken 9436:Seinei 9416:Hanzei 9377:Yamato 9337:Suinin 9268:Suizei 9163:Taishō 9145: 9044:online 9034:online 8988: 8915: 8901: 8894: 8876: 8853: 8822: 8800: 8776: 8739: 8717: 8692: 8674:C-SPAN 8651:C-SPAN 8631:C-SPAN 8573: 8503: 8283:7 June 8090:15 May 7929: 7834: 7743:p. 313 7731:p. 332 7707:p. 216 7695:p. 212 7683:p. 209 6697: 6664: 6605:p. 193 6578: 6518:6 June 6452: 6319:23 May 6312: 5920: 5861:online 5813: 5788: 5751: 5509:236283 5507: 5497: 5151:21 May 5001: 4991: 4948: 4252:Death 4249:Birth 4179: 4157: 4088: 4076:Brunei 4073: 4055: 4035:(KG), 4029: 4011: 3990: 3972: 3951: 3934: 3913: 3875:Brazil 3872: 3851: 3812: 3791: 3773:Poland 3770: 3758:(RE), 3749: 3731:Sweden 3728: 3710:Norway 3707: 3686: 3668: 3615: 3590: 3549:Hitler 3338:jurist 3335:Indian 3169:Yunnan 3023: 2856:, and 2850:Kan'in 2842:Takeda 2807:Hitler 2803:Allies 2762:Shinto 2447:France 2377:, and 2373:, the 2242:Shinto 2143:, and 1907: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1878: 1801:Saipan 1784:Bataan 1779:Tulagi 1698:Bataan 1535:navy, 1277:Kōdōha 1266:. The 1010:Sesshō 1005:Regent 929:, the 925:, the 901:, 1921 870:, and 839:Katori 788:, the 786:France 680:Numazu 636:, and 541:, and 381:Shinto 367:Mother 357:Father 325:Tsuigō 224:Spouse 206:Burial 163:迪宮裕仁親王 146:Taishō 124:Sesshō 106:Taishō 11998:Burma 11711:Entry 11405:Peers 11269:Senbu 11254:Tokkō 10449:] 10437:] 10420:] 10255:Shōwa 10240:Japan 10226:Shōwa 10216:Meiji 10187:Meiji 10182:Kōmei 10177:Ninkō 10024:Shōkō 9955:Kōmyō 9950:Kōgon 9876:Shijō 9792:Konoe 9747:Sanjō 9737:Kazan 9732:En'yū 9712:Daigo 9697:Yōzei 9692:Seiwa 9677:Junna 9662:Kanmu 9647:Heian 9633:Kanmu 9628:Kōnin 9613:Kōken 9608:Shōmu 9560:Monmu 9550:Tenmu 9545:Kōbun 9540:Tenji 9520:Jomei 9515:Suiko 9505:Yōmei 9480:Asuka 9466:Senka 9461:Ankan 9441:Kenzō 9421:Ingyō 9411:Richū 9386:Kofun 9358:Jingū 9352:Chūai 9347:Seimu 9342:Keikō 9332:Sujin 9327:Kaika 9322:Kōgen 9317:Kōrei 9302:Yayoi 9283:Kōshō 9278:Itoku 9273:Annei 9263:Jimmu 9248:Jōmon 9147:Died: 9140:Born: 8965:(PDF) 8950:(PDF) 8834:[ 8240:(PDF) 8039:(PDF) 8032:(PDF) 8013:8 May 8007:(PDF) 8000:(PDF) 7971:(PDF) 7964:(PDF) 7862:7 May 6576:S2CID 6450:S2CID 6119:(PDF) 4999:S2CID 4765:22–23 4591:Notes 4475:None 4387:None 4326:None 4263:Date 4246:Name 4236:Issue 4091:Spain 3975:Tonga 3916:Italy 3833:Nepal 3366:, USA 3173:Burma 3030:] 3026:[ 2878:China 2854:Asaka 2774:Tokyo 2407:from 1912:JSTOR 1898:books 1733:), a 1521:Italy 1515:with 1229:held 1184:sokui 1156:senso 1145:Reign 1131:Issue 868:Cairo 810:Genrō 806:Malta 798:Italy 756:. An 645:Tokyo 346:House 307:Shōwa 250:Issue 237:( 233: 81:Reign 11323:Navy 11318:Army 10304:and 9960:Sukō 9802:Nijō 9782:Toba 9702:Kōkō 9672:Saga 9583:Nara 9555:Jitō 9426:Ankō 9401:Ōjin 9288:Kōan 9231:list 9107:IMDb 8986:ISBN 8973:2008 8913:ISBN 8899:ASIN 8892:ISBN 8874:ISBN 8851:ISBN 8820:ISBN 8798:ISBN 8774:ISBN 8737:ISBN 8715:ISBN 8690:ISBN 8571:OCLC 8553:2016 8529:2016 8501:OCLC 8483:2016 8443:2016 8419:2016 8395:2016 8371:link 8285:2020 8247:2016 8092:2018 8070:2016 8015:2019 7979:2014 7927:ISBN 7906:2018 7864:2020 7832:ISBN 7648:2018 7623:2020 7585:2022 7431:2020 7362:2009 7336:2009 7283:2009 7151:2024 7118:2024 7092:2024 7061:2023 6896:2023 6870:2023 6824:2010 6798:2023 6776:2016 6754:2010 6732:2023 6706:2022 6695:ISSN 6673:2022 6662:ISSN 6628:2022 6587:2023 6520:2020 6480:2013 6321:2024 6310:ISSN 6229:Bix. 6159:2022 6130:2022 6041:2013 5918:ISBN 5811:ISBN 5786:ISBN 5749:ISBN 5578:2022 5523:link 5505:OCLC 5495:ISBN 5382:2022 5248:2016 5219:2022 5193:2022 5153:2024 5087:2024 4989:ISBN 4946:ISBN 4942:朝日文庫 4904:2024 4828:2022 4790:2021 4618:昭和天皇 4194:1968 4168:1928 4063:1971 4041:1941 3962:1964 3883:1955 3781:1922 3697:1942 3471:?" ( 3008:myth 2844:and 2815:Axis 2809:and 2780:and 2738:昭和天皇 2718:大行天皇 2616:and 2590:and 2441:and 2400:and 2342:and 1884:news 1823:and 1777:and 1719:and 1711:and 1519:and 1332:lit. 1300:bōto 1286:Diet 1231:veto 1225:and 1084:The 864:Suez 848:Naha 816:and 804:and 549:and 483:and 333:昭和天皇 189:Died 155:Born 51:昭和天皇 11313:War 10097:Edo 9707:Uda 9120:ZBW 9105:at 8341:", 8217:doi 6568:doi 6442:doi 6388:doi 4981:doi 4934:早野透 4869:see 3520:)." 3463:on 3364:NBC 3171:or 2768:in 2707:era 2474:Nip 2385:of 2349:in 2261:." 2206:'s 2202:to 2166:to 1867:by 1727:" ( 1450:by 1133:). 553:of 12153:: 11867:, 10447:ja 10435:ja 10418:ja 10294:AD 10290:CE 9012:. 8956:. 8952:. 8919:, 8890:, 8792:. 8672:, 8649:, 8629:, 8367:}} 8363:{{ 8316:. 8275:, 8213:36 8211:. 8205:. 8165:. 8129:. 8113:58 8056:. 7880:, 7854:. 7809:. 7789:. 7769:. 7667:, 7656:^ 7639:. 7593:^ 7576:. 7554:^ 7535:^ 7456:^ 7439:^ 7422:. 7402:^ 7353:. 7326:. 7274:. 7259:^ 7189:^ 7167:. 7139:. 7126:^ 7109:. 7083:. 7069:^ 7051:. 7033:. 7019:^ 6981:. 6954:^ 6933:. 6904:^ 6886:. 6860:. 6840:. 6814:. 6723:. 6689:. 6660:. 6656:. 6618:. 6595:^ 6574:. 6564:55 6562:. 6556:. 6536:. 6496:. 6448:. 6438:68 6436:. 6408:. 6384:10 6382:. 6378:. 6341:^ 6302:. 6291:^ 6220:^ 6205:^ 6167:^ 6150:. 6138:^ 6121:. 6070:^ 5987:; 5735:; 5683:^ 5569:. 5519:}} 5515:{{ 5503:. 5384:. 5372:. 5352:. 5256:^ 5238:. 5227:^ 5210:. 5183:. 5144:. 5123:. 5103:. 5078:. 5050:^ 4997:. 4987:. 4975:. 4940:. 4925:^ 4906:. 4894:. 4874:, 4819:. 4780:. 4734:. 4705:^ 4606:裕仁 4492:) 4457:) 4404:) 4371:) 4228:, 4189:, 4185:: 4166:, 4098:, 3901:, 3881:, 3860:, 3839:, 3779:, 3649:, 3632:, 3620:: 3603:, 3175:. 3105:. 2980:, 2947:. 2852:, 2772:, 2753:. 2741:, 2721:, 2698:. 2686:r. 2672:, 2642:, 2594:. 2537:. 2522:. 2139:, 2135:, 2116:, 2034:. 1692:. 1629:. 1527:. 1318:. 1252:. 995:. 968:, 937:, 933:, 890:. 866:, 862:, 858:, 854:, 850:, 820:. 800:, 796:, 792:, 784:, 725:. 682:, 632:, 601:, 239:m. 215:, 180:, 11904:( 11871:) 11863:( 10972:e 10965:t 10958:v 10596:e 10589:t 10582:v 10400:. 10376:e 10369:t 10362:v 9233:) 9229:( 9211:e 9204:t 9197:v 9016:. 8994:. 8975:. 8958:4 8882:. 8859:. 8782:. 8745:. 8723:. 8698:. 8577:. 8555:. 8531:. 8507:. 8485:. 8445:. 8421:. 8397:. 8373:) 8330:" 8249:. 8225:. 8219:: 8133:. 8115:. 8094:. 8072:. 8017:. 7981:. 7935:. 7866:. 7840:. 7650:. 7625:. 7587:. 7433:. 7395:. 7379:. 7364:. 7338:. 7311:. 7285:. 7254:. 7241:. 7171:. 7153:. 7120:. 7094:. 7063:. 7037:. 7000:. 6985:. 6966:. 6946:) 6940:( 6929:) 6923:( 6898:. 6872:. 6826:. 6800:. 6778:. 6756:. 6734:. 6708:. 6675:. 6630:. 6589:. 6570:: 6522:. 6500:. 6482:. 6456:. 6444:: 6394:. 6390:: 6323:. 6215:. 6161:. 6132:. 6088:. 6043:. 5926:. 5863:. 5819:. 5794:. 5757:. 5711:. 5696:. 5580:. 5525:) 5511:. 5339:. 5250:. 5221:. 5195:. 5169:. 5155:. 5129:. 5109:. 5089:. 5063:. 5005:. 4983:: 4954:. 4830:. 4792:. 4767:. 4738:. 4721:. 4657:. 4626:) 4620:( 4488:( 4453:( 4400:( 4367:( 2868:( 2747:) 2735:( 2727:) 2715:( 2683:( 1982:" 1934:) 1928:( 1923:) 1919:( 1909:· 1902:· 1895:· 1888:· 1861:. 1473:) 1467:( 1462:) 1458:( 1444:. 1346:) 1344:' 1338:' 1182:( 336:) 328:: 173:) 169:( 166:) 160:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index