1999:
1855:. The Bureau leads the day-to-day activities of the Senate and convenes every two weeks in order to manage the work of the Senate. The Bureau determines the legislative agenda and the order of business in the plenary assembly and the committees, and manages the internal affairs of the Senate. A member of the Federal Government is usually invited to attend the discussions about the legislative agenda. The Bureau also assists the président in the conduct of parliamentary business. In addition, the Bureau also appoints, promotes, and dismisses the staff of the Senate.
2713:
2585:
1498:
1804:
89:
397:
350:
470:
160:
990:
1858:
The Senate is served by a number of civil servants. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general of the Senate, who is appointed by the assembly and heads the Senate's legislative services. He is assisted by the director-general who heads the administrative services and replaces
1817:
The president of the Senate is elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliamentary term. The president is assisted by two vice presidents, who are also elected at the beginning of each parliamentary term. The president of the Senate is usually a member of a party of the majority with a great
1057:
and the state structure. Belgium would become a unitary state. A bicameral
Parliament was chosen over a unicameral one. The Senate was seen as a more conservative and elite body that served as a counterweight to the more progressive Chamber of representatives. Senators were directly elected, but only
1597:
The voters in the
Flemish constituency belonged to the Dutch electoral college and the voters in the Walloon constituency (which also includes the people living in the German-speaking Community) belonged to the French electoral college, whereas the voters in Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde could choose for
1493:
Whereas the German-speaking senator is chosen by plurality of votes in the
Parliament of the German-speaking community, the seats of the senators of the federated entities are distributed proportionally between parties based on the results for the latest election for the federated entities, i.e. the
1526:
as a new category of senators. It was intended to allow the senators to elect a number of experts or members of representative organizations to join them to enhance the quality of debate and legislation; however, political parties sometimes use it as a means of rewarding loyal members that were not
452:
members. It is a chamber of the communities and regions and serves as a platform for discussion and reflection about matters between these federated entities. The Senate today plays a minor role in the federal legislative process. However, the Senate, together with the
Chamber, has full competence
1877:
and legislation on the organization and functioning of the
Federal State and the federated entities. Depending on the type of law, different procedures are possible that require, among others, special majorities (i.e. a two-thirds majority in the Senate, combined with a majority in each language
1061:
In 1893 the principal of universal multiple voting right was introduced for men. This was combined with the principle of compulsory voting and the principle of proportional representation. For the Senate, candidates still needed to pay ground taxes, but the threshold was lowered. Moreover, a new
1933:
Before a dossier or topic for debate is dealt with in plenary, it is prepared in one of the committees of the Senate. In addition to the standing committees, the Senate can set up special committees, working groups, advisory committees or joint committees (together with the
Chamber). A standing
1518:
Ten senators are co-opted, meaning they are elected by their peers: six by the Dutch-language group of the Senate and four by the French-language group of the Senate. These seats are distributed proportionally between parties based on the results of the latest direct election of the
Chamber of
1832:
The president of the Senate presides over the plenary assembly of the Senate, manages and controls debates in the assembly, is responsible for ensuring the democratic functioning of the Senate, maintains order and security in the assembly and enforces the rules of the Senate. The president
1779:, members appointed by the French language group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region, and the members co-opted by the three aforementioned groups. There are 35 senators in the Dutch language group, 24 in the French language group, and one in the German language group.
1833:
represents the Senate at both the national (to the other institutions) and the international level. Additionally, the president chairs the Bureau, which determines the order of business, supervises the administrative services of the Senate, and leads the Senate's activities.
1735:. A senator cannot also be a civil servant or a member of the judiciary at the same time. However, a civil servant who is elected to the Senate is entitled to political leave and does not have to resign as a civil servant. It is also not possible to be a member of the
1106:
from 1970 until 2014. In 1993, the competences of the Senate were redefined during the fourth State Reform. In 2014, during the sixth State Reform, the Senate transformed in the assembly it is today, with important reforms concerning composition and competences.
1677:. Originally, the minimum age to be elected senator was 40; this was reduced to 21 in 1993 and eventually to 18 in 2014. A senator can only enter into office after having taken the constitutional oath, in either of the three official languages in Belgium:
1896:
The Senate sends parliamentary delegations to different interparliamentary conferences and organizations. Through their representatives in the Senate, the federated entities have access to this interparliamentary cooperation.
1731:. A senator who is appointed as a minister ceases to sit in the Senate and is replaced for as long as he is a minister. However, if he resigns as a minister, he may return to the Senate, in accordance with Article 50 of the
1672:
sets forth four qualifications for senators: each senator must be at least 18 years old, must possess the
Belgian nationality, must have the full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and must be resident in
1076:
1921 saw a new reform for the Senate. The prerequisite of taxes was abolished and 4 categories of senators were created: directly elected senators, provincial senators, co-opted senators and senators by right.
1973:
Given its limited legislative power, since the reform of 2014, the Senate holds about ten plenary sessions a year. The standing committees of the Senate, however, determine their own meeting schedule.
1598:
which electoral college they wanted to vote: they had the lists of both electoral colleges on one ballot. In each electoral college, the seats were divided by proportional representation, using the
1641:
by taking the oath of office. Senators by right over the age of 21 were in theory entitled to vote, but in practice they did not cast their vote. They were not taken into account for the required
398:
1535:
Prior to the
Belgian federal election of May 21, 1995, there were 184 senators, the largest part of which were directly elected, some appointed by the Provincial Councils and others co-opted.
453:
for the
Constitution and legislation on the organization and functioning of the Federal State and the federated entities. Since the reform of 2014, it holds about ten plenary sessions a year.
1941:
Institutional Affairs Committee: deals mainly with issues related to the Constitution and the legislation on the organization and functioning of the Federal State and the federated entities.
1660:). When the function of senators by right was abolished in 2014 as part of the sixth state reform, there were no senators by right, as King Philippe's children were all under the age of 18.
444:" of the Federal Parliament. Created in 1831 as a chamber fully equal to the Chamber of Representatives, it has undergone several reforms in the past, most notably in 1993 and 2014. The
2924:
3714:
2749:
1637:
Before the sixth state reform, the children of the King, older than 18, or if there were none, the Belgian descendants of the main branch of the royal house, were entitled to be
590:
336:
1058:
those who paid ground taxes were eligible. Only men who paid taxes were allowed to vote. There was also the possibility for the heir to the throne to become senator by right.
2677:
1609:
and roughly reflect the ratio of Dutch-speakers to French-speakers by population. The directly elected senators were always elected on the same day as the members of the
1474:(which itself is composed of all members of the Parliament of Wallonia and several members of the French language group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region)
1550:
Until the elections of 25 May 2014, the Senate contained 40 directly elected members. To elect these members, the electorate was divided into two electoral colleges: a
1964:
Parliamentary Concertation Committee: this committee deals with all issues relating to the legislative processes where both the Senate and the Chamber are involved in.
2883:
3599:
1982:
2729:
1605:
Of the total of 40 directly elected senators, 25 were elected by the Dutch electoral college and 15 by the French electoral college. These numbers were in the
1907:
does not take an initiative on an issue that is better dealt with at another level. This is the so-called early warning mechanism concerning subsidiarity.
3589:
2910:
1085:
913:
906:
2735:
3554:
1884:: The Senate may draw up information reports, in particular concerning topics that are governed by rules and regulations of different state levels.
1851:
The Bureau of the Senate is composed of the president, the two vice presidents, and the leaders of the political groups that are represented in the
2612:
1934:
committee consists of 20 senators. The political strength of the committees reflects the strength of the political groups in the plenary session.
3193:
2986:
448:
were the first without a direct election of senators. Instead, the new Senate is composed of members of community and regional parliaments and
3804:
1027:
1653:
788:
783:
778:
773:
2918:
2904:
1752:
1487:
574:
1890:
Within the logic of federalism, the Senate mediates in possible conflicts of interest between the different parliaments of the country.
3534:
3035:
2869:
2326:
1812:
3208:
2842:
2801:
2743:
1768:
1465:
2696:
3843:
3488:
2465:
2443:
3468:
537:
3649:
2356:
1000:
1944:
Transversal Affairs Committee: deals mainly with issues that are governed by rules and regulations of different state levels.
1724:
at the same time and representatives must give up their seats in the Chamber of Representatives in order to join the Senate.
1771:, and the members co-opted by the two aforementioned groups. The French language group consists of members appointed by the
2896:
2671:
2605:
1837:
1563:
1211:
696:
585:
437:
3684:
3639:
2979:
1629:. The number was dependent on a province's population, and increased along with the increase in a province's population.
219:
132:
3724:
2877:
2863:
2316:
1772:
1721:
1610:
1471:
1453:
1441:
2712:
3569:
3158:
1922:
1740:
1020:
3223:
1992:
1494:
Flemish Parliament, the Parliament of Wallonia and the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (regional level).
968:
958:
280:
3790:
3739:
3669:
3604:
3473:
3403:
3263:
3110:
3100:
3070:
2598:
2470:
2448:
1559:
852:
847:
842:
837:
495:
201:
3858:
3853:
3785:
3704:
3674:
3506:
3323:
3273:
3213:
3148:
2972:
2828:
2787:
2652:
2621:
1988:
1914:
1720:
Certain offices are incompatible with the office of senator. A member of the Senate may not be a member of the
1614:
1171:
976:
744:
549:
445:
1951:
The Senate also has an Equal Opportunities Advisory Committee that focuses on equality between women and men.
3559:
3514:
3393:
3173:
2639:
2532:
2511:
1566:
were a part of the French electoral college. Even though there were two electoral colleges, there were three
1542:, reduced the number of senators to 71. The change took effect following the May 21, 1995, federal election.
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
963:
821:
816:
811:
806:
324:
3143:
1903:
Following the EU Treaties, the Senate has the right as chamber of the federal parliament to ensure that the
3496:
3413:
3218:
3138:
2948:
2243:
1483:
2 senators appointed by and from the French-language group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
1050:
1013:
941:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
662:
271:
237:
2403:
3388:
3090:
2855:
1452:
Starting with the elections of 25 May 2014, 50 senators are appointed by and from the parliaments of the
1073:
was only applicable to men, women had no right to vote. They however could be a candidate in elections.
349:
3679:
3333:
3233:
2662:
2321:
2078:
1918:
1736:
1437:
1251:
1243:
923:
720:
691:
650:
562:
429:
108:
3699:
1818:
deal of political experience, while the virst vice president is a member of the other language group.
3848:
3363:
3338:
3168:
3105:
3075:
3025:
2681:
2647:
1657:
953:
928:
739:
679:
674:
621:
192:
3283:
3539:
3519:
1579:
948:
544:
519:
2101:
183:
3729:
3694:
3524:
3348:
3040:
2174:
1874:
1792:
1791:
determines that at least one of the senators in the Dutch language group must be resident in the
1788:
1732:
1669:
1606:
1591:
1583:
1539:
1523:
1103:
483:
228:
2553:
2490:
1625:
Between 1894 and 1991, a number of senators were elected by each provincial council of the nine
3719:
3654:
3644:
2836:
2822:
1776:
1478:
715:
3478:
3458:
3433:
3383:
3133:
1795:
on the date of their election, as well as six of the senators in the French language group.
3664:
3634:
3579:
3428:
3343:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3115:
2953:
1728:
1689:. They may also choose to take the oath in more than one language. The oath is as follows:
1626:
1502:
1054:
918:
760:
640:
253:
2382:
1998:
1090:
8:
3749:
3744:
3448:
3318:
3050:
2943:
2331:
1845:
1822:
1649:
578:
525:
515:
508:
490:
460:
128:
2964:
2584:
3529:
3438:
3408:
3358:
3238:
3203:
3153:
3085:
2795:
2781:
1954:
The Senate and the Chamber of Representatives have established three joint committees:
1852:
1764:
1461:
1070:
1046:
616:
609:
532:
173:
3734:
2474:
2452:
3689:
3619:
3584:
3463:
3423:
3373:
3313:
3308:
3188:
3183:
3095:
3080:
3020:
2769:
1638:
1599:
1440:
of 2014, the Senate consists of 60 members. 50 are elected by the parliaments of the
625:
312:
3268:
3709:
3564:
3544:
3368:
3253:
3178:
3055:
3045:
3015:
1841:
1069:, the single vote system - "one man, one vote" - was introduced. This principle of
306:
2429:
1590:. The constituency of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde ceased to exist following the 2014
88:
3780:
3659:
3398:
3378:
3353:
3328:
3303:
3293:
3248:
3243:
3198:
3163:
1760:
1710:
1702:
1686:
1682:
1555:
669:
594:
418:
413:
404:
66:
51:
1497:
469:
3629:
3624:
3609:
3594:
3418:
3258:
3228:
2765:
1904:
1756:
1694:
1678:
1652:
became King in July 2013, there were three senators by right (Prince Philippe,
1587:
1567:
1551:
994:
391:
382:
36:
1562:, there was no German-speaking electoral college. Instead, the members of the
3837:
3819:
3806:
3775:
3770:
3125:
2055:
1803:
657:
262:
1613:, for a term of 4 years, except if the Chambers were dissolved earlier. The
3765:
3614:
3549:
3065:
1096:
426:
1848:. The elder of the two takes the second place in the order of precedence.
159:
3574:
3060:
2999:
2995:
2590:
1081:
1066:
686:
441:
1099:, women received the same rights as men as far as voting was concerned.
3007:
1617:
that had directly elected senators took place on Sunday June 13, 2010.
1873:: The Senate, together with the Chamber, has full competence for the
1763:
group. The Dutch language group consists of members appointed by the
449:
1913:
The Senate participates in a number of appointments to high courts (
1464:
from the Flemish Parliament or from the Dutch language group of the
2814:
2762:
2721:
2147:
1826:
1575:
1571:
1506:
1214:, which number was determined by the population figure until 1949)
2630:
2124:
1674:
433:
2466:
Esquisse de l'évolution de la législation électorale en Belgique
1836:
The president of the Senate, together with the president of the
1642:
1538:
The fourth state reform, which took place in 1993, revised the
2512:"Mission and responsibilities of the President of the Senate"
2170:
210:
1509:, home to both Chambers of the Federal Parliament of Belgium
2197:
2032:
2994:
2578:
2279:* Including the senator of the German-speaking community
2220:
1767:, members appointed by the Dutch language group of the
1755:, all senators are divided into two language groups: a
1447:
1987:
This is the composition of the Senate following the
2485:
2483:
2002:
Senate of Belgium - current composition (2020–2021)
1983:
List of members of the Senate of Belgium, 2019–2024
1751:With the exception of the senator appointed by the
1522:In 1921, the co-opted members were included in the
366:
1727:Another important incompatibility is based on the
1947:Committee for Democratic Renewal and Citizenship.
1431:
3835:
2480:
1530:
1062:category of provincial senators was introduced.
2383:"Introduction in Belgian Parliamentary History"
1821:The current president of the Belgian Senate is
2980:
2606:
2408:Rosa - Kenniscentrum voor gender en feminisme
1021:
16:Upper house of the Belgian Federal Parliament
1545:
348:
87:
72:
57:
2433:. The Belgian Senate. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
1867:The Senate mainly has the following tasks:
1753:Parliament of the German-speaking Community
1488:Parliament of the German-speaking Community
1102:The post-World War era saw a series of six
42:
2987:
2973:
2620:
2613:
2599:
2583:
2473:- Directorate of Elections. Archived from
2451:- Directorate of Elections. Archived from
1961:Parliamentary Committee for Law Evaluation
1937:The Senate had three standing committees:
1894:International parliamentary organizations:
1813:List of presidents of the Senate (Belgium)
1028:
1014:
2491:"Incompatibilities and disqualifications"
1769:Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
1466:Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
2327:List of presidents of the Belgian Senate
1997:
1958:Federal Advisory Committee on EU Affairs
1802:
1496:
1351:(half the number of provincial senators)
2444:Schets evolutie Belgische kieswetgeving
1715:Ich schwöre, die Verfassung zu befolgen
1095:became the first women senators. After
3836:
1976:
1859:the secretary-general in his absence.
1620:
1470:10 senators appointed by and from the
2968:
2594:
1968:
1691:"I swear to observe the Constitution"
1578:constituency and the constituency of
1477:8 senators appointed by and from the
1313:(depending on provinces' populations)
1294:(depending on provinces' populations)
412:
390:
2477:on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
2455:on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
1632:
1513:
1486:1 senator appointed by and from the
1258:1 Dutch + 1 French electoral college
425:) is one of the two chambers of the
1807:Seat of the president of the Senate
1210:(half the number of members of the
152:(10 of which are co-opted senators)
13:
2317:Belgian Chamber of Representatives
1773:Parliament of the French Community
1746:
1707:Je jure d'observer la Constitution
1472:Parliament of the French Community
1448:Senators of the federated entities
14:
3870:
2570:
1741:Member of the European Parliament
1663:
1519:Representatives (federal level).
1180:Senators directly elected by the
3209:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2711:
1699:Ik zweer de Grondwet na te leven
1586:and the surrounding part of the
988:
959:Belgium-United Kingdom relations
468:
158:
3791:List of legislatures by country
2546:
1840:, ranks immediately behind the
1444:, and 10 are co-opted members.
3844:1831 establishments in Belgium
3786:List of abolished upper houses
2525:
2504:
2458:
2436:
2422:
2396:
2375:
2344:
1862:
1558:electoral college. Unlike for
1432:Current categories of senators
1395:plus senators by right, if any
1260:(proportional representation)
1255:(proportional representation)
1110:
977:Politics of the European Union
440:. It is considered to be the "
1:
2430:The composition of the Senate
2369:
1928:
1560:European Parliament elections
1531:Former categories of senators
1460:29 senators appointed by the
964:Belgium-Netherlands relations
710:Sentence enforcement tribunal
647:Administrative jurisdictions
2949:Political parties in Belgium
1247:(two-round majority system)
969:Belgium–Luxembourg relations
707:Family and juvenile tribunal
7:
2404:"Eerste feministische golf"
2310:
1798:
1782:
1775:, members appointed by the
1115:
10:
3875:
2672:Chamber of Representatives
2554:"The Assemblies' Services"
2322:Belgian Federal Parliament
1980:
1838:Chamber of Representatives
1810:
1722:Chamber of Representatives
1611:Chamber of Representatives
1212:Chamber of representatives
1040:
697:Tribunal of first instance
586:Chamber of Representatives
438:Chamber of Representatives
3758:
3505:
3487:
3447:
3124:
3006:
2936:
2897:German-speaking Community
2895:
2854:
2813:
2761:
2720:
2709:
2689:
2670:
2661:
2638:
2628:
2263:
2008:
1564:German-speaking Community
1546:Directly elected senators
1404:
1373:
1354:
1332:
1316:
1278:
1249:
1241:
1223:
1187:
954:Belgium-Germany relations
364:
359:
347:
342:
330:
318:
304:
299:
289:
174:Government (demissionary)
166:
157:
146:
141:
121:
116:
102:
97:
86:
31:
21:
3474:Northern Mariana Islands
2337:
1580:Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde
1570:for Senate elections: a
1391:Total number of senators
1365:Senators elected by the
1267:Senators elected by the
949:France-Belgium relations
2722:Brussels-Capital Region
1923:High Council of Justice
1911:Appointments to courts:
1793:Brussels-Capital Region
1584:Brussels-Capital Region
1386:(29 NL + 20 FR + 1 DE)
914:Communities and regions
3036:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2622:Governments of Belgium
2003:
1888:Conflicts of interest:
1808:
1777:Parliament of Wallonia
1714:
1706:
1698:
1582:, which comprised the
1510:
1479:Parliament of Wallonia
1380:(10 NL + 10 FR + 1 DE)
436:, the other being the
422:
408:
386:
354:
136:since 13 October 2020
92:
73:
58:
43:
3859:Federalism in Belgium
3854:National upper houses
3214:Republic of the Congo
2774:(merged institutions)
2297:Christian-democrats 7
2001:
1806:
1615:last federal election
1500:
1328:by the other senators
1104:Belgian state reforms
704:Correctional tribunal
352:
91:
3820:50.84667°N 4.36472°E
2954:Elections in Belgium
2556:. The Belgian Senate
2535:. The Belgian Senate
2514:. The Belgian Senate
2493:. The Belgian Senate
2471:FPS Interior Belgium
2449:FPS Interior Belgium
2385:. The Belgian Senate
1915:Constitutional Court
1789:Belgian Constitution
1733:Belgian Constitution
1729:separation of powers
1670:Belgian Constitution
1607:Belgian Constitution
1540:Belgian Constitution
1503:Palace of the Nation
1055:Belgian Constitution
745:Justice of the peace
538:Elisabeth of Belgium
496:Constitutional Court
3816: /
3414:Trinidad and Tobago
3139:Antigua and Barbuda
2944:Politics of Belgium
2332:Politics of Belgium
2283:By political family
1977:Current composition
1882:Information reports
1853:standing committees
1846:order of precedence
1621:Provincial senators
1234:Electoral districts
1206:(from 1949 to 1991)
721:Enterprise tribunal
461:Politics of Belgium
3635:Kingdom of Ireland
3580:Dominican Republic
3224:Dominican Republic
2911:Minister-President
2870:Minister-President
2829:Minister-President
2788:Minister-President
2736:Minister-President
2653:Cabinet of Belgium
2004:
1993:regional elections
1969:Non-permanent body
1809:
1787:Article 67 of the
1765:Flemish Parliament
1743:at the same time.
1737:Federal Parliament
1668:Article 69 of the
1592:sixth State Reform
1511:
1462:Flemish Parliament
1454:federated entities
1442:federated entities
1438:sixth state reform
1367:community/regional
1071:universal suffrage
1047:Belgian Revolution
995:Belgium portal
663:Court of Cassation
617:De Croo Government
563:Federal Parliament
533:Duchess of Brabant
430:Federal Parliament
355:
93:
3825:50.84667; 4.36472
3799:
3798:
3451:other territories
3289:Japan (post-1947)
3234:Equatorial Guinea
2962:
2961:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2277:
2276:
1995:of May 26, 2019.
1639:senators by right
1633:Senators by right
1514:Co-opted senators
1429:
1428:
1396:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1051:National Congress
1038:
1037:
942:Foreign relations
894:Political parties
626:Alexander De Croo
392:[səˈnaːt]
375:
374:
353:senate of belgium
337:On or before 2029
313:Indirect election
80:
79:
3866:
3849:Senate (Belgium)
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3680:Northern Ireland
3645:Japan (pre-1947)
3640:Irish Free State
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2856:French Community
2775:
2715:
2668:
2667:
2636:
2635:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2579:Official website
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2440:
2434:
2426:
2420:
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2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2006:
2005:
1919:Council of State
1823:Stephanie D'Hose
1574:constituency, a
1394:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1120:
1119:
1094:
1030:
1023:
1016:
993:
992:
991:
692:Court of assizes
670:Appellate courts
651:Council of State
579:Stephanie D'Hose
472:
456:
455:
416:
402:
401:
400:
394:
371:
368:
279:
270:
261:
252:
236:
227:
218:
209:
200:
191:
182:
168:Political groups
162:
153:
129:Stephanie D'Hose
76:
61:
46:
29:
28:
19:
18:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3781:Multicameralism
3754:
3501:
3483:
3450:
3443:
3120:
3002:
2993:
2963:
2958:
2932:
2891:
2850:
2809:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2716:
2699:
2685:
2678:Representatives
2657:
2624:
2619:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2538:
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2509:
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2313:
2019:& Regional
2018:
2013:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1931:
1865:
1815:
1801:
1785:
1761:French language
1749:
1747:Language groups
1666:
1654:Princess Astrid
1650:Prince Philippe
1635:
1623:
1548:
1533:
1516:
1450:
1434:
1392:
1349:
1311:
1292:
1259:
1254:
1252:arrondissements
1246:
1244:arrondissements
1221:(25 NL + 15 FR)
1208:
1118:
1113:
1088:
1053:decided on the
1043:
1034:
1005:
1001:Other countries
989:
987:
982:
981:
973:
944:
934:
933:
924:Arrondissements
909:
899:
898:
888:
857:
826:
795:
763:
752:
751:
740:Police tribunal
736:
716:Labour tribunal
680:Court of labour
675:Court of appeal
643:
633:
632:
612:
610:Federal Cabinet
602:
601:
595:Eliane Tillieux
565:
555:
554:
511:
501:
500:
486:
463:
414:[seˈna]
396:
395:
365:
333:
321:
309:
292:
277:
268:
259:
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245:Opposition (23)
234:
225:
216:
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198:
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169:
151:
137:
135:
124:
112:
111:
82:
81:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3750:Weimar Germany
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:Russian Empire
3702:
3697:
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3587:
3582:
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3570:Czechoslovakia
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:British Guiana
3522:
3517:
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3500:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
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3459:American Samoa
3455:
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3419:United Kingdom
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3271:
3266:
3261:
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3246:
3241:
3236:
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3226:
3221:
3219:Czech Republic
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
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3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
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2852:
2851:
2849:
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2846:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2819:
2817:
2815:Walloon Region
2811:
2810:
2808:
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2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2778:
2776:
2759:
2758:
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2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:Constituencies
2676:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:Prime Minister
2644:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2571:External links
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2291:Conservative 9
2289:
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2255:
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2027:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1927:
1905:European Union
1864:
1861:
1811:Main article:
1800:
1797:
1784:
1781:
1757:Dutch language
1748:
1745:
1665:
1664:Qualifications
1662:
1658:Prince Laurent
1634:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1600:D'Hondt method
1588:Flemish Region
1568:constituencies
1547:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1515:
1512:
1491:
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1484:
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1409:
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1397:
1388:
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1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1358:(6 NL + 4 FR)
1353:
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1331:
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1329:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1274:
1273:
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1086:Odile Maréchal
1042:
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1007:
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1004:
1003:
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929:Municipalities
926:
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910:
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891:
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834:
829:
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809:
803:
798:
797:
796:
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793:
786:
781:
776:
770:
764:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
735:
734:
731:
727:
725:
724:
723:
718:
713:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:Civil tribunal
694:
684:
683:
682:
677:
667:
666:
665:
655:
654:
653:
644:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
622:Prime Minister
613:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
583:
582:
581:
566:
561:
560:
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556:
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541:
540:
530:
529:
528:
512:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
465:
464:
459:
446:2014 elections
373:
372:
362:
361:
357:
356:
345:
344:
340:
339:
334:
331:
328:
327:
322:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
293:
291:Length of term
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
275:
266:
257:
242:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
170:
167:
164:
163:
155:
154:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
127:
125:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
107:
106:
104:
100:
99:
95:
94:
84:
83:
78:
77:
70:
63:
62:
55:
48:
47:
40:
33:
32:
27:
26:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Tricameralism
3774:
3772:
3771:Unicameralism
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
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3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
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3691:
3688:
3686:
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3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
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3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
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3623:
3621:
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3489:Non-UN states
3486:
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3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3449:Dependent and
3446:
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3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
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3405:
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3390:
3387:
3385:
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3365:
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3337:
3335:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
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3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
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3262:
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3255:
3252:
3250:
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3165:
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3157:
3155:
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3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:United States
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3005:
3001:
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2472:
2469:(in French).
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2320:
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2302:
2300:Socialists 11
2299:
2296:
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2285:
2284:
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2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
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2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:Dutch/French
2247:
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2240:
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2227:
2224:
2222:
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2207:
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2179:French/Dutch
2178:
2176:
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2077:
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2068:
2065:
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2057:
2056:Vlaams Belang
2054:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:Subsidiarity:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1849:
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1830:
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1824:
1819:
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1805:
1796:
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1425:
1422:
1419:
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1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
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1364:
1363:
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1361:
1357:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1250:21 electoral
1245:
1242:38 electoral
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
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1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:of 1830, the
1048:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
986:
985:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
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952:
950:
947:
946:
943:
938:
937:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
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912:
911:
908:
903:
902:
895:
892:
885:
882:
880:
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867:
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863:
861:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
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836:
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833:
832:
830:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
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785:
782:
780:
777:
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762:
756:
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746:
743:
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732:
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689:
688:
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681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:Highest court
656:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
642:
637:
636:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
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605:
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592:
589:
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587:
584:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
545:Crown Council
543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
521:
517:
514:
513:
510:
505:
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420:
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393:
388:
384:
380:
370:
363:
358:
351:
346:
343:Meeting place
341:
338:
335:
332:Next election
329:
326:
323:
320:Last election
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:Voting system
303:
298:
294:
288:
282:
276:
273:
267:
264:
258:
255:
249:
248:
247:
246:
239:
233:
230:
224:
221:
215:
212:
206:
203:
197:
194:
188:
185:
179:
178:
177:
175:
171:
165:
161:
156:
149:
145:
140:
134:
130:
126:
120:
115:
110:
105:
101:
96:
90:
85:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
20:
3801:
3766:Bicameralism
3730:Soviet Union
3720:South Africa
3585:East Germany
3535:Burkina Faso
3394:South Africa
3030:
3000:legislatures
2998:of national
2996:Upper houses
2923:
2909:
2882:
2868:
2841:
2827:
2800:
2786:
2748:
2734:
2690:
2558:. Retrieved
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:"The Bureau"
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:the original
2464:
2460:
2453:the original
2447:(in Dutch).
2442:
2438:
2428:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2407:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2377:
2346:
2303:Ecologists 9
2282:
2281:
2278:
2257:
2234:
2211:
2188:
2161:
2138:
2115:
2092:
2069:
2046:
2009:Affiliation
1986:
1972:
1953:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:Constitution
1870:
1869:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1786:
1759:group and a
1750:
1726:
1719:
1690:
1667:
1647:
1645:for voting.
1636:
1624:
1604:
1596:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1524:Constitution
1521:
1517:
1492:
1451:
1435:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1355:
1343:
1336:
1325:
1305:
1298:
1286:
1279:
1268:
1233:
1218:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1101:
1097:World War II
1079:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1044:
907:Subdivisions
789:
733:Minor claims
730:Minor crimes
687:Trial courts
569:
550:Royal Family
484:Constitution
378:
376:
244:
243:
172:
3823: /
3725:South Korea
3670:New Zealand
3600:El Salvador
3530:British Raj
3515:Afghanistan
3479:Puerto Rico
3469:Isle of Man
3384:Saint Lucia
3364:Philippines
3344:Netherlands
3279:Ivory Coast
3111:Switzerland
3101:South Sudan
2294:Liberals 12
2288:Far-right 7
1871:Legislation
1863:Competences
1369:parliaments
1111:Composition
1089: [
1082:Maria Baers
1067:World War I
442:upper house
325:9 June 2024
109:Upper house
3838:Categories
3808:50°50′48″N
3665:Mauritania
3555:Costa Rica
3497:Somaliland
3429:Uzbekistan
3404:Tajikistan
3319:Madagascar
3299:Kazakhstan
2919:Parliament
2905:Government
2878:Parliament
2864:Government
2837:Parliament
2823:Government
2796:Parliament
2782:Government
2744:Parliament
2730:Government
2663:Parliament
2640:Government
2560:2006-11-19
2539:2006-11-19
2518:2006-11-19
2497:2007-06-29
2410:(in Dutch)
2389:2007-06-21
2370:References
2306:Far-left 5
1981:See also:
1929:Committees
1436:Since the
1269:provincial
1045:After the
117:Leadership
3811:4°21′53″E
3745:Venezuela
3675:Nicaragua
3264:Indonesia
3021:Australia
3016:Argentina
2770:Community
2022:Co-opted
2017:Community
1627:provinces
1527:elected.
1324:Senators
1080:In 1936,
919:Provinces
831:Regional
767:European
761:elections
641:Judiciary
591:President
575:President
427:bicameral
300:Elections
142:Structure
123:President
74:der Senat
44:de Senaat
3700:Rhodesia
3690:Portugal
3655:Maldives
3605:Ethiopia
3439:Zimbabwe
3409:Thailand
3389:Slovenia
3359:Paraguay
3239:Eswatini
3204:Colombia
3189:Cameroon
3184:Cambodia
3154:Barbados
3086:Pakistan
3066:Malaysia
3051:Ethiopia
2940:See also
2697:Senators
2629:Federal
2311:See also
2244:PVDA-PTB
2148:Open Vld
2125:CD&V
2012:Language
1878:group).
1827:Open VLD
1799:Officers
1783:Brussels
1507:Brussels
1326:co-opted
1271:councils
1116:Overview
800:Federal
526:Philippe
509:Monarchy
491:Taxation
450:co-opted
272:PVDA-PTB
202:CD&V
133:Open VLD
59:le Sénat
3759:Related
3710:Senegal
3695:Prussia
3620:Hungary
3590:Ecuador
3575:Denmark
3560:Croatia
3520:Austria
3507:Defunct
3464:Bermuda
3424:Uruguay
3374:Romania
3334:Namibia
3329:Myanmar
3324:Morocco
3314:Liberia
3309:Lesotho
3284:Jamaica
3269:Ireland
3254:Grenada
3179:Burundi
3174:Bolivia
3159:Belarus
3149:Bahrain
3144:Bahamas
3134:Algeria
3126:Unitary
3096:Somalia
3081:Nigeria
3056:Germany
3031:Belgium
3026:Austria
3008:Federal
2925:members
2884:members
2843:members
2802:members
2763:Flemish
2750:members
2631:Belgium
2225:French
2106:French
2083:French
1989:federal
1844:in the
1825:of the
1675:Belgium
1576:Walloon
1572:Flemish
1412:153–184
1406:102–120
1041:History
759:Recent
516:Monarch
434:Belgium
360:Website
295:5 years
238:Vooruit
3740:Turkey
3735:Sweden
3715:Serbia
3615:Greece
3545:Ceylon
3379:Rwanda
3369:Poland
3294:Jordan
3244:France
3169:Bhutan
3164:Belize
3091:Russia
3071:Mexico
3046:Canada
3041:Brazil
2766:Region
2691:Senate
2414:17 May
2354:
2264:Total
2202:Dutch
2152:Dutch
2129:Dutch
2060:Dutch
2037:Dutch
2025:Total
2014:group
1739:and a
1711:German
1703:French
1687:German
1683:French
1648:Until
1643:quorum
1556:French
1554:and a
1347:(1991)
1340:(1921)
1309:(1991)
1302:(1921)
1290:(1919)
1283:(1894)
1199:(1946)
1192:(1831)
1182:voters
1170:since
1065:After
862:Local
570:Senate
419:German
405:French
387:Senaat
379:Senate
367:senate
278:
269:
260:
251:
235:
226:
217:
208:
199:
190:
181:
131:,
67:German
52:French
23:Senate
3660:Malta
3650:Libya
3595:Egypt
3550:China
3540:Burma
3434:Yemen
3399:Spain
3354:Palau
3339:Nepal
3304:Kenya
3274:Italy
3259:Haiti
3249:Gabon
3229:Egypt
3199:Chile
3106:Sudan
3076:Nepal
3061:India
2338:Notes
2175:Groen
2171:Ecolo
1695:Dutch
1679:Dutch
1552:Dutch
1400:51–76
1093:]
423:Senat
409:Sénat
383:Dutch
229:Groen
211:Ecolo
147:Seats
37:Dutch
3685:Peru
3630:Iraq
3625:Iran
3610:Fiji
3565:Cuba
3349:Oman
3194:Chad
2768:and
2416:2021
2198:sp.a
2033:N-VA
1991:and
1842:King
1656:and
1501:The
1172:2014
1166:2010
1162:1995
1157:1991
1153:1921
1148:1919
1144:1900
1139:1898
1135:1894
1130:1892
1126:1831
1084:and
884:2024
879:2018
874:2012
869:2006
853:2024
848:2019
843:2014
838:2009
822:2024
817:2019
812:2014
807:2010
790:2024
784:2019
779:2014
774:2009
520:list
377:The
254:N-VA
176:(37)
103:Type
98:Type
2359:(1)
2357:PFF
2273:60
2221:cdH
1925:).
1693:. (
1685:or
1505:in
1203:106
1196:101
432:of
369:.be
283:(2)
274:(5)
265:(7)
256:(9)
240:(4)
231:(4)
222:(5)
220:VLD
213:(5)
204:(5)
195:(7)
186:(7)
150:60
3840::
2482:^
2406:.
2270:10
2267:50
2109:6*
2102:MR
2079:PS
1921:,
1917:,
1829:.
1717:)
1713::
1709:,
1705::
1701:,
1697::
1681:,
1602:.
1594:.
1456::
1424:60
1418:71
1393:*
1384:50
1378:21
1356:10
1344:26
1342:–
1337:20
1317:—
1306:52
1304:–
1299:40
1287:27
1285:–
1280:26
1224:—
1219:40
1201:–
1194:–
1189:51
1091:nl
624::
593::
577::
522:)
421::
417:;
411:,
407::
403:;
389:,
385::
281:LE
263:VB
193:PS
184:MR
69::
54::
39::
2988:e
2981:t
2974:v
2684:)
2680:(
2614:e
2607:t
2600:v
2563:.
2542:.
2521:.
2500:.
2418:.
2392:.
2258:5
2254:1
2251:4
2235:2
2231:0
2228:2
2212:4
2208:1
2205:3
2189:9
2185:2
2182:7
2173:-
2162:5
2158:1
2155:4
2139:5
2135:1
2132:4
2116:7
2112:1
2093:7
2089:1
2086:6
2070:7
2066:1
2063:6
2047:9
2043:1
2040:8
1420:*
1414:*
1408:*
1402:*
1374:—
1333:—
1276:—
1164:–
1155:–
1146:–
1137:–
1128:–
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
518:(
381:(
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