568:
245:
809:
829:
482:
688:
528:
47:
424:
383:, one of his three sons, did much to help the local cultures. Like his father, he learned the languages of the various groups and tried to provide the natives with some space in which to live their customary lives as "lords of their own land." However the forces of change were against the indigenous tribes, who continued to have high fatality rates as their cultures were disrupted. Lucas Bridges' book,
560:
474:) strove to hide their actions towards native tribes from the public. This was both a means for the company to avoid questioning and a strategy to lower its controversial profile. Special attention was paid to these events after the intervention of the Salesian missionaries, who condemned the actions of the ranchers while themselves unintentionally contributing to the extermination of native cultures.
313:
461:
their own judgement, including the financing of violent campaigns. Considerable numbers of foreign men were hired, and quantities of arms were imported for these campaigns, with the goal of eliminating the Selk'nam, who were perceived as a major obstacle to the success of colonists' investments. Farm employees later confirmed the routine nature of such campaigns.
723:. In a related story, they were told that in the past women used to be disguised as spirits to control men. When the men discovered the masquerade, they, in turn, would threaten women as spirits. According to the men, the women never learned that the masked men were not truly spirits, but the males found out at the initiation rite.
305:(ranches), depriving the natives of their ancestral hunting areas. The Selk'nam, who did not have a concept of private property, considered the sheep herds to be game and hunted the sheep. The ranch owners regarded this as poaching, and paid armed groups or militia to hunt down and kill the Selk'nam, in what is now called the
861:
was formed in the 1980s to fight for recognition and the rights of Selk'nam in
Argentina, and in 1994 were recognised as an indigenous people by the government. The 2010 National Population Census in Argentina revealed the existence of 2,761 people who recognized themselves as Selk'nam throughout the
523:
only served to worsen, rather than improve, conditions for the Selk'nam. Long disputes between civil authorities and priests did not allow a satisfactory solution to the indigenous issue. Governor Señoret favored the ranchers' cause, and took little interest in the incidents that took place in Tierra
493:
against them, with the complicity of the
Argentine and Chilean governments. Large companies paid sheep farmers or militia a bounty for each Selk'nam dead, which was confirmed by the presentation of a pair of hands or ears or, later, a complete skull. They were given more for the death of a woman than
477:
Beginning in the 1890s, the situation of the Selk'nam became severe. As the territories of the north began to be largely occupied by farms and ranches, many indigenous people, beset by hunger and persecuted by colonists, started to flee towards the extreme south of the island. This region was already
794:
After the death of an individual, it was the duty of their family to light a large fire and engage in singing and dancing. The individual would then be wrapped in a guanaco cape, and buried as soon as possible. There was also a tradition of specifically burying individuals in the hollows or roots of
726:
The contemporary ceremonies used this interplay in somewhat of a joking way. After the first day, related ceremonies and rituals took place. Males showed their strength in front of women by fighting spirits (who were other men but the women supposedly did not know it) in some theatrical fights. Each
714:
Young males were called to a dark hut. There they would be attacked by "spirits", who were men dressed as supernatural beings. Children were taught to believe in and fear these spirits during childhood and were threatened by them in case they misbehaved. The boys' task in this rite of passage was to
593:
s. The guanaco of Tierra del Fuego were recorded as being larger than their
Patagonian counterparts. The hide of the guanaco hunted by Selk'nam were then used in the construction of shelters, bags, and clothing. The Selk'nam were also known to engage in fishing during low tides using spears, where
460:
Ranching became the center of controversy in the
Magellanic colony. The colonial authorities were aware of the indigenous group's plight, but sided with the ranchers' cause over the Selk'nam, who were excluded from their worldview based on "progress" and "civilization." Ranchers typically exercised
456:
In 1879, the presence of significant gold deposits in the sands of the main rivers of Tierra del Fuego were reported. Hundreds of colonialists and foreign newcomers came to the island in search of fortune, conflicting with the indigenous population. However, resources of the metal depleted rapidly.
2612:
Torres, Jimena E. (2009). "La Pesca Entre Los
Cazadores Recolectores Terrestres de la Isla Grande de Tierra Del Fuego, Desde la Prehistoria a Tiempos Etnográficos" [Fishing Among the Terrestrial Hunter-Gatherers of the Big Island of Tierra Del Fuego, From Prehistory to Ethnographic Times].
1755:
Censo
Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 Censo del Bicentenario: Pueblos Originarios: Región Patagonia [National Census of Population, Households and Housing 2010 Bicentennial Census: Native Peoples: Patagonia Region] (Report) (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Instituto Nacional de
876:
campaigned for an amendment to
Indigenous Law 19.253, and on 27 June 2020 the Chamber of Deputies of Chile adjusted the law, recognizing the Selk'nam as one of the indigenous peoples of Chile. Then on 5 September 2023 the National Congress of Chile recognized the Selk’nam as one of the 11 original
2307:
Azócar-Avendaño, Alonso; Nitrihual-Valdebenito, Luis; Flores-Chávez, Jaime (2012). "La
Patagonia en postales fotográficas: Misioneros salesianos y construcción de imaginarios sobre selk'nam, kaweskar y yámanas entre 1880 y 1920" [Patagonia in photographic postcards: Salesian missionaries and
539:
were established to preach to the Selk'nam. They were intended to provide housing and food for the natives, but closed due to the small number of Selk'nam remaining; they had numbered in the thousands before
Western colonization, but by the early twentieth century only a few hundred remained.
613:
did not observe the dogs being of use in hunts, Antonio
Coiazzi did record their use in hunting and this has been supported by later research. All sources agree that the dogs also provided a source of warmth in shelters as they would arrange themselves to sleep tightly against and around the
849:. There are also a few books on the subject, including Selk'nam tales, collected by the missions, and a dictionary of the Selk'nam (Ona) language. Due to early contact by missionaries, much more information was collected about the Selk'nam people than about other people of the region.
852:
Austrian priest and ethnologist Gusinde tried also to collect information about other local people, but he found their numbers much reduced. He was able to write more about traditional Selk'nam culture because it was still being lived by the Selk'nam people into the 20th century.
452:
of the Selk'nam people from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. The genocide spanned a period of between ten and fifteen years. The Selk'nam had an estimated population of 4,000 people around the 1880s but saw their numbers reduced to 500 by the early 1900s.
790:
Beyond decorating the faces of the individuals marrying, another tradition observed by Gusinde among the Selk'nam was related to marriage proposals, where a man would have a bow made and silently present it to the woman he wished to marry in front of the elders of her family.
1579:"Documentos inéditos Para la Historia de Magallanes "Rogelio Figueroa en Última Esperanza (1905-1919)" (Memorias de Un Buscapleitos)" [Unpublished Documents for the History of Magallan "Rogelio Figueroa in Última Esperanza (1905-1919)" (Memoirs of a Pleibuster)].
869:
In the 2017 Chilean census 1,144 people declared themselves to be Selk'nam. The descendants of the previously considered extinct Selk'nam people are in the process of cultural reappropriation and recreation and do not consider themselves or their people as extinct. The
758:
was washed onto the coast), a time when all the Selk'nam from all the groups would gather at one place, in male and female camps. "Spirits" sometimes went to female encampments to scare them, as well as moving around and acting in ways that related to their characters.
337:
explored the region and studied the native Patagonian cultures and languages between 1881 and 1924. He compiled a 4,000-word vocabulary of the Selk'nam language, and 1,400 phrases and sentences, which was published in 1915. He included a comparative list of 150
2337:
Casali, Romina (2008). "Contacto Interétnico en el Norte de Tierra de Fuego: Primera Aproximación a Las Estrategias de Resistencia Selk'nam" [Interethnic Contact in the North of Tierra del Fuego: First Approach to Selk'nam Resistance Strategies].
742:
involved tests for young males for courage, resourcefulness, resisting temptation, resisting pain and overcoming fear. It also included prolonged instructional courses to train the young men in the tasks for which they would be responsible.
219:
While the Selk'nam are closely associated with living in the northeastern area of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, they are believed to have originated as a people on the mainland. Thousands of years ago, they migrated by canoe across the
877:
peoples of Chile, accepting them as a living community of Chile. Members of parliament issued a statement declaring their regret over the role the Chilean and Argentinean states played in the massacres of Indigenous people.
2221:
640:
For special occasions, such as initiation ceremonies, weddings, and funerals, Selk'nam would decorate their bodies with paint, especially their faces. The main colors employed in decoration are red, black, and white.
551:, the last full-blood Selk'nam, died. There are surviving descendants of partial Selk'nam ancestry. According to the Argentine census of 2010, there were 294 Selk'nam (Ona) living in the island of Tierra del Fuego.
987:
494:
a man. The predicament of the Selk'nam worsened with the establishment of religious missions, which disrupted their livelihood through forcible relocation, and inadvertently brought with them deadly epidemics.
395:
It is plain that the Ona is an aggressive warrior toward the whites only because of ill-treatment. Damnable ill-treatment on the part of the whites is at the bottom of all the Ona aggressiveness – and Ona
547:, an Austrian priest and ethnologist who studied them in the early 20th century, wrote in 1919 that only 279 Selk'nam remained. In 1945 the Salesian missionary, Lorenzo Massa, counted 25. In May 1974
2714:
598:
were more valued. In the south of the island birds made up a portion of the Selk'nam diet. Later research has brought the proportionality of food resources in these early accounts into question.
346:
published the first scholarly studies of the Selk'nam, although he was later criticized for having studied members of the Selk'nam people who had been abducted and were exhibited in circuses.
297:
The Selk'nam had little contact with ethnic Europeans until settlers arrived in the late 19th century. These newcomers developed a great part of the land of Tierra del Fuego as large
294:, indicating potentially several early contacts. Glass arrowheads became an ever more common occurrence among the Selk'nam as their interactions with Europeans became more common.
2231:
1689:
509:
387:(1948), provides sympathetic insight into the lives of the Selk'nam and Yahgan. In recording the stories of a multitude of Europeans living in Tierra del Fuego, the journalist
2759:
575:
The missions and early 20th-century anthropologists collected information about Selk'nam culture, religion and traditions while trying to help them preserve their culture.
995:
327:
290:
described meeting a people in Tierra del Fuego in 1769 that used pieces of glass in their arrowheads. Cook believed the glass had been a gift from the French explorer
1193:
256:
people who relied on hunting for survival, though they were also recorded as engaging in occasional fishing during low tides. They dressed sparingly despite the cold
3435:
659:. Temáukel was the name of the great supernatural entity who they believed kept the world order. The creator deity of the world was called Kénos or Quénos.
632:. Missionary José María Beauvoir compiled a dictionary of the Selk'nam language. One source states that the last fluent native speakers died in the 1980s.
205:
estimated there were about 800 Selk'nam living in Tierra del Fuego; with Walter Gardini stating that by 1919 there were 279, and by 1930 just over 100.
2752:
349:
A common comment about the Selk'nam from Europeans was on their height, where in early records they were recorded as "giants", with the ethnographer
520:
770:. It was a shorter and smaller ceremony than used to be held. The photographs show the "spirit" costumes the Selk'nam created and wore. Gusinde's
3884:
2184:
478:
inhabited by indigenous groups who had a strong sense of ownership over the land. Consequently, the fights for control of territory intensified.
2457:
2675:
2604:
2299:
284:
and had a hostile encounter with Selk'nam which left about forty Selk'nam dead. It was the bloodiest recorded event in the strait until then.
3428:
2105:
1018:
954:
2745:
567:
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spirit was played with traditional actions, words and gestures, so that everyone could identify it. The best spirit actors from previous
3879:
2945:
1722:
2390:(March 1917). "Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the Fuegians, Comprising Nomenclature, Etymology, Philology, and Populations".
1697:
2804:
1329:
3421:
3255:
3039:
497:
Repression against the Selk'nam persisted into the early twentieth century. Chile moved most of the Selk'nam in their territory to
470:
201:
to be encountered by migrant Europeans in the late 19th century. In the mid-19th century, there were about 4,000 Selk'nam; in 1916
3059:
3250:
2965:
1237:
505:
to aid the Selk'nam and attempt to assimilate them, with their traditional culture and livelihoods then completely interrupted.
3761:
3602:
2514:
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lasted a very long time, perhaps even a year on occasion. It would end with the last fight against the "worst" spirit. Usually
2588:
2283:
1978:
1761:
842:
3836:
3776:
3771:
3054:
2731:
2060:
795:
trees, and making sure the deceased could not be seen once they had been place there. There is no tradition of grave goods.
1654:
863:
715:
unmask the spirits; when the boys saw that the spirits were human, they were told a story of world creation related to the
361:
342:
words, as he believed that there were connections to the Tehuelche people and language to the north. German anthropologist
3816:
3756:
2473:"The resurgence of the Selk'nam. Dynamics of ethnoheterogenesis, ethnicity, and legal recognition in the Tierra del Fuego"
1203:
3781:
1657:["Journey of Dr. E. Festa in Palestine, Lebanon and neighboring regions. XI Description of a new Campanotus".].
2377:
1066:
208:
Until 2020, they were considered extinct as a tribe in Chile, and much of the English language literature. Settlement,
178:
3751:
2707:
2022:
353:
writing in 1897–1899 that their average height was six foot, with instances of individuals six and a half foot tall.
3724:
3306:
3094:
1448:
3644:
3612:
514:
3855:
2826:
3394:
3074:
990:[Study confirms the Selk'nam people as a living ethnic group and facilitates their legal recognition].
360:
area in the southern area of the island of Tierra del Fuego were somewhat more cordial than with the ranchers.
957:[National Census of Population, Households and Housing 2010: Final results: Series B No. 2: Volume 1]
2689:
2126:
1655:""Viaggio del Dr. E. Festa in Palestina, nel Libano e regioni vicine. XI Descrizione di un nuove Campanotus""
881:
291:
1877:(in Spanish). Ecuador: Instituto Geográfico Militar – via Biblioteca Virtual, Museo del Fin del Mundo.
3811:
3801:
2524:"Osteobiographical re-individualisation of the Selk'nam human remains at the Natural History Museum Vienna"
2432:
375:, retired from that service. He was given a large land grant by the Argentine government, where he founded
159:
3874:
1194:"The Enigma of the Natives of Tierra del Fuego – Are Alacaluf and Yahgan the last Native Black Americans?"
17:
3457:
1883:
332:
264:(Manek'enk), another related nomadic culture who lived in the south-eastern part of the island, and the
3285:
2768:
2369:
2090:
418:
2194:
955:"Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010: Resultados definitivos: Serie B N 2: Tomo 1"
779:
2809:
2134:
2006:
2549:
Olivares, Fernanda; Schattke, Constanze; Molina, Hema'ny; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine (2023b).
2522:
Olivares, Fernanda; Schattke, Constanze; Molina, Hema'ny; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine (2023a).
2113:
3766:
3089:
2980:
2506:
1032:
962:
244:
1622:
2935:
2799:
880:
As of 2023, the ancestral remains of 14 Selk'nam individuals are kept in the collection of the
536:
343:
320:
1885:
Atlanta – Proyecto para la creación de un pueblo marítimo en Tierra del Fuego y otros escritos
1875:
Expedición Popper: Conferencia dada en en Instituto Geográfico Argentino el 5 de Marzo de 1887
1413:
766:
was held in one of the missions in the early 20th century, and was photographed by missionary
583:
A large part of the traditional diet of Selk'nam according to early accounts, was made of the
3739:
3275:
3206:
3167:
2985:
2970:
1965:
Adelaar, Willem (2010). "South America". In Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre (eds.).
1361:
650:
1890:
Atlanta – Project for the creation of a maritime town in Tierra del Fuego and other writings
3584:
3316:
3270:
3177:
3136:
3049:
3034:
2960:
2950:
2576:
2308:
construction of imaginary about Selk'nam, kaweskar, and yámana between 1880 and 1920].
1730:
501:
in the mid-1890s, confining them to a Salesian mission. Argentina finally allowed Salesian
437:
412:
388:
306:
213:
2270:
Alonso Marchante, José Luis (2019). "Cazadores del viento" [Hunters of the Wind].
934:
8:
3746:
3669:
3260:
3196:
3126:
3121:
3044:
3012:
2975:
2940:
2424:
2399:
1339:
1123:
2699:
9 August 2015, review includes early 20th-century photographs of the Selk'nam by Gusinde
2551:"Re-telling the story of Selk'nam ancestors: From Karokynká/Tierra del Fuego to Austria"
2222:"'We are alive and we are here': Chile's lost tribe celebrates long-awaited recognition"
1873:(1887). "Exploración de la Tierra del Fuego" [Exploration of Tierra del Fuego].
1121:
Gardini, Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu".
988:"Estudio confirma al pueblo Selk'nam como etnia viva y facilita su reconocimiento legal"
3831:
3826:
3821:
3353:
3348:
3323:
3280:
3172:
3146:
3064:
3029:
3024:
2955:
2669:
2598:
2411:
2387:
2321:
2293:
1659:
Bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della Reale Università di Torino
1409:
1222:
1132:
909:
775:
376:
339:
281:
221:
202:
2737:
594:
the majority of seafood procured were eels, though more rarely caught seafood such as
3796:
3734:
3639:
3627:
3370:
3232:
3221:
3201:
3017:
2794:
2703:
2584:
2494:
2373:
2325:
2279:
2018:
1974:
1757:
1062:
808:
277:
2879:
2854:
2628:
2353:
1245:
544:
3806:
3791:
3786:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3622:
3617:
3556:
3495:
3480:
3311:
3265:
3216:
3151:
3141:
3131:
2999:
2914:
2884:
2624:
2562:
2535:
2484:
2441:
2403:
2349:
2317:
1666:
629:
465:
441:
194:
139:
100:
82:
3413:
2834:
2445:
485:
Julius Popper (on left) shooting, with a Selk'nam corpse visible in the foreground
229:
3684:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3607:
3546:
3536:
3375:
3365:
3007:
2786:
2581:
The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn: A study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia
2306:
2189:
2068:
1628:
1600:
1598:
1596:
846:
696:
543:
Alejandro Cañas estimated that in 1896 there was a population of 3,000 Selk'nam.
2839:
2366:
European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin
1674:
3699:
3674:
3649:
3632:
3541:
3526:
3505:
2904:
2899:
2690:
Glenn H. Shepard Jr., "Specters of a Civilization:" review of Martin Gusinde's
2453:
2127:
Glenn H. Shepard Jr., "Specters of a Civilization:" review of Martin Gusinde's
2038:
1441:
Los espacios de la antropología en la obra de Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, 1894-1938
1387:
1325:
1023:
767:
357:
350:
2159:
2157:
1593:
841:
Photographs of Selk'nam people taken by the missionaries are displayed at the
548:
3868:
3729:
3719:
3561:
3521:
2859:
2657:
2498:
2329:
2220:
Pimenta, Marcio; Radovic Fanta, Nina; Barretto Briso, Caio (3 October 2023).
1870:
1353:
1054:
905:
901:
828:
704:
656:
610:
498:
489:
The large ranchers tried to drive out the Selk'nam, then began a campaign of
427:
380:
265:
257:
198:
152:
88:
1028:
2864:
2489:
2472:
2361:
2246:
2226:
2154:
2082:
1445:
The spaces of anthropology in the work of Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, 1894-1938
623:
502:
481:
323:
135:
123:
104:
2722:
1670:
1338:] (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. pp. 73–74. Archived from
1099:
464:
The shareholders of the Company for the Exploitation of Tierra del Fuego (
268:(Yámana), an unrelated group who could be found along the southern coast.
2894:
2889:
602:
595:
209:
1136:
929:
687:
2778:
2615:
2340:
1581:
368:
287:
233:
2844:
2567:
2550:
2540:
2523:
2415:
2087:
Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: the Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego
2513:. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian. Vol. X.
1198:
527:
186:
182:
74:
46:
2874:
1418:
Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists
423:
3531:
3500:
3444:
3358:
2849:
2425:""Condemned to Disappear": Indigenous Genocide in Tierra del Fuego"
2407:
675:
490:
449:
432:
365:
300:
225:
212:
and farming in the region of Tierra del Fuego were followed by the
2219:
1892:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Eudeba. Archived from
430:
during a manhunt of the Selk'nam people. In the late 19th century
3490:
3485:
2919:
2869:
913:
584:
372:
253:
248:
Distribution of the pre-Hispanic people in the Southern Patagonia
143:
119:
1061:(2022 ed.). Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. p. 62.
3475:
3301:
1987:
1970:
1629:
Azócar-Avendaño, Nitrihual-Valdebenito & Flores-Chávez 2012
663:
606:
2047:
North Wind-South Wind. Myths and Fables of the Fuegian Indians
1969:(3rd entirely revised, enlarged and updated ed.). Paris:
1930:
1893:
1692:[Livestock exploitation and extermination of the Ona]
738:
Apart from these dramatic re-enactments of mythic events, the
559:
2548:
2521:
2252:
2163:
1604:
1105:
755:
708:
261:
190:
78:
1770:
312:
1559:
1557:
720:
2142:
2043:
Nordwind—Südwind. Mythen und Märchen der Feuerlandindianer
1530:
1520:
1518:
679:) had supernatural capabilities, e.g. to control weather.
655:
Selk'nam religion was a complex system of beliefs, with a
1848:
1414:"The Haush And Ona, Primitive Tribes Of Tierra Del Fuego"
1303:
754:
s were started when there was enough food (for example a
716:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1574:
1572:
1554:
1542:
1455:
1368:
1281:
1279:
1175:
1173:
904:, the people called themselves Selk'nam (Shilknum); the
587:
which they hunted using bows and arrows as well as with
326:
worked to protect and preserve Selk'nam culture. Father
2767:
1782:
1515:
864:
Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands
1491:
1160:
1158:
2201:
1836:
1821:
1806:
1794:
1610:
1569:
1291:
1276:
1219:
Proceedings: Held at Washington, December 27–31, 1915
1170:
1087:
1075:
2724:
Selk'nam (Ona) Chants of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
1879:
Text also available in this collected-writings book:
1634:
1503:
1479:
1467:
1264:
1143:
746:
Before European encounter, the various rites of the
731:
s were called again to impersonate spirits in later
197:
islands. They were one of the last native groups in
3443:
1252:
1238:"Cueva del Milodon - Cave or Rock Shelter in Chile"
1155:
785:
691:
Male painted for initiation rite of Selk'nam people
2278:] (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile; Catalonia.
2061:"About the Ona Indian Culture in Tierra Del Fuego"
1690:"Explotación ganadera y exterminio de la raza ona"
1320:
1318:
1019:"A loss for words: Can a dying language be saved?"
3866:
2732:About the Ona Indian Culture in Tierra Del Fuego
2715:"The young man who is reviving a dying language"
2269:
2182:
2017:] (in Spanish). Editorial Kier. p. 65.
1936:
961:(in Spanish). INDEC. p. 281. Archived from
2727:(Streamed tracks on Napster from the audio CD).
2185:"The Selk'nam's Quest for Recognition in Chile"
1315:
699:ceremony, the passage to adulthood, was called
1756:Estadística y Censos. April 2015. p. 87.
1750:
1748:
798:
27:Ethnic group in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
3429:
2753:
1865:
1863:
1346:
1236:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Burnham, A. (ed.).
871:
856:
815:
588:
298:
2470:
1548:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2031:
1745:
834:Flag used by current Selk'nam in Argentina.
601:The Selk'nam were also known to employ the
271:
3436:
3422:
2760:
2746:
2674:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2652:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Galerna.
2603:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1913:
1911:
1860:
1438:
45:
2566:
2539:
2488:
2477:Runas: Journal of Education & Culture
2011:Cosmogonia y Mitología Indígena Americana
1116:
1114:
994:(in Spanish). 6 June 2022. Archived from
276:In late 1599, a small Dutch fleet led by
2169:
2139:9 August 2015, accessed 9 September 2015
2120:
1967:Atlas of the world's languages in danger
1926:] (in Spanish). Punta Arenas: Atelí.
1386:
1324:
862:country, 294 of them in the province of
686:
682:
566:
558:
526:
480:
471:Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego
422:
311:
260:. They shared Tierra del Fuego with the
243:
2656:
2643:
2505:
2452:
2386:
2360:
2207:
2148:
2103:
2081:
2037:
2015:Cosmogony and Native American Mythology
1993:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1917:
1908:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1776:
1616:
1563:
1536:
1497:
1461:
1408:
1402:
1374:
1309:
1297:
1217:Hodge, Frederick Webb (December 1915),
1149:
1120:
1093:
1081:
1053:
1016:
554:
14:
3885:Indigenous peoples in Tierra del Fuego
3867:
3456:
2611:
2575:
2422:
2336:
2183:Pimenta, Marcio; Radovic Fanta, Nina.
2005:
1948:
1924:The Indians of the Fuegian Archipelago
1869:
1854:
1842:
1788:
1640:
1524:
1509:
1485:
1473:
1285:
1270:
1258:
1191:
1179:
1164:
1111:
674:
662:The Selk'nam had individuals who took
3582:
3455:
3417:
2741:
1652:
1352:
1235:
1216:
843:Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum
711:, had similar initiation ceremonies.
519:and the head of the Salesian mission
1920:Los indios del Archipiélago Fueguino
947:
406:
69:Regions with significant populations
2769:Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina
2049:] (in German). Kassel: E. Röth.
1687:
1331:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
774:(2015) was published in English by
772:The Lost Tribes of Tierra Del Fuego
578:
24:
2704:"Documentary about Joubert Yanten"
2637:
2322:10.5209/rev_ARIS.2013.v25.n2.39040
1881:
635:
440:against the indigenous peoples of
25:
3896:
3880:Hunter-gatherers of South America
3395:European immigration to Argentina
2708:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2683:
2276:Selk'nam: Genocide and Resistance
2272:Selk'nam: Genocidio y resistencia
1336:History of the Strait of Magellan
1017:Thurman, Judith (23 March 2015).
703:. Nearby indigenous peoples, the
508:Later conflicts between governor
252:Traditionally, the Selk'nam were
1449:Universidad Nacional de La Plata
1192:Anitei, Stefan (11 March 2008).
827:
807:
786:Marriage and mourning traditions
436:and gold prospectors launched a
356:Relations with Europeans in the
3856:Category:Ethnic groups in Chile
3583:
3445:Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile
2692:Lost Tribes of Tierra del Fuego
2629:10.4067/S0718-22442009000200007
2511:The Indians of Tierra del Feugo
2354:10.4067/S0718-22442008000200003
2213:
2129:Lost Tribes of Tierra del Fuego
2106:"Art and Survival in Patagonia"
2097:
2075:
2053:
1999:
1942:
1715:
1681:
1646:
1432:
1398:] (in Spanish). p. 93.
1380:
1229:
1210:
1185:
778:, and in French and Spanish by
224:. Their territory in the early
2644:Borrero, Luis Alberto (2007).
2262:
1358:Captain James Cook A Biography
1047:
1010:
980:
916:as "Shilk'e'num" and "Ch'on".
894:
448:The Selk'nam genocide was the
228:probably ranged as far as the
13:
1:
2515:Museum of the American Indian
2471:Lastra-Bravo, Javier (2021).
2446:10.1080/14623528.2020.1853359
1729:. 27 May 1975. Archived from
940:
882:Natural History Museum Vienna
605:, a domesticated form of the
292:Louis Antoine de Bougainville
2433:Journal of Genocide Research
1696:(in Spanish). Archived from
609:, in hunting efforts. While
62:2,761 (Argentina, 2010 est.)
7:
2662:Uttermost Part of the Earth
1410:Furlong, Charles Wellington
1059:Uttermost Part of the Earth
923:
799:Heritage and current status
644:
617:
385:Uttermost Part of the Earth
10:
3901:
2555:Human Remains and Violence
2528:Human Remains and Violence
2370:Cambridge University Press
2310:Arte, Individuo y Sociedad
2091:Cambridge University Press
1918:Coiazzi, Antonio (1997) .
1447:] (PhD) (in Spanish).
1439:Ballestero, Diego (2013).
648:
621:
419:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
416:
410:
401:John Randolph Spears, 1895
239:
157:
150:
3853:
3725:Americans & Canadians
3712:
3595:
3591:
3578:
3514:
3468:
3464:
3451:
3387:
3335:
3294:
3243:
3186:
3160:
3114:
3103:
3082:
3073:
2998:
2928:
2825:
2818:
2785:
2775:
2717:, BBC News, 2 August 2015
2697:New York Review of Books,
2110:Journal of Art in Society
2007:Grasso, Dick Edgar Ibarra
1688:Álvarez, Gerardo Rafael.
438:campaign of extermination
236:mountain range in Chile.
160:Selk'nam (disambiguation)
134:
129:
118:
113:
99:
94:
73:
68:
61:
56:
44:
2777:Ancestral background of
2507:Lothrop, Samuel Kirkland
2135:New York Review of Books
2104:McCouat, Philip (2014).
1996:, pp. 113–114, 144.
887:
858:Comunidad Rafaela Ishton
272:Relations with Europeans
151:Not to be confused with
2423:Gigoux, Carlos (2022).
1392:La tierra de los Fuegos
531:Selk'nam people in 1930
51:Selk'nam children, 1898
2490:10.46652/runas.v2i4.38
1362:Hodder & Stoughton
872:
857:
816:
780:Éditions Xavier Barral
692:
589:
572:
564:
532:
486:
469:
445:
404:
344:Robert Lehmann-Nitsche
317:
299:
249:
2253:Olivares et al. 2023a
2164:Olivares et al. 2023a
1937:Alonso Marchante 2019
1779:, pp. 31–32, 45.
1727:Thereedfoundation.org
1671:10.5962/bhl.part.8049
1653:Emery, Carlo (1894).
1605:Olivares et al. 2023b
1242:The Megalithic Portal
1106:Olivares et al. 2023b
814:Flag used by current
690:
683:Initiation ceremonies
628:The Selk'nam spoke a
570:
562:
530:
484:
426:
393:
315:
247:
130:Related ethnic groups
109:One speaker in Chile.
3083:By religious beliefs
2400:Taylor & Francis
2197:on 10 December 2023.
1733:on 14 September 2023
1677:on 27 November 2023.
873:Corporación Selk'nam
817:Corporación Selk'nam
666:-like roles. Such a
555:Culture and religion
389:John Randolph Spears
258:climate of Patagonia
169:, also known as the
158:For other uses, see
87:At least 11 live in
2650:The Selk’nam (Onas)
2646:Los Selk'nam (Onas)
2466:] (in Spanish).
2392:Geographical Review
2388:Furlong, Charles W.
2151:, pp. 143–144.
2116:on 2 December 2023.
1857:, pp. 114–115.
1589:(1): 139–155. 2007.
1539:, pp. 185–187.
998:on 17 February 2023
776:Thames & Hudson
328:José María Beauvoir
185:region of southern
64:1,144 (Chile, 2017)
41:
3458:Indigenous peoples
2779:Argentine citizens
2734:, Victory Cruises.
2517:, Heye Foundation.
2234:on 15 January 2024
1973:. pp. 86–94.
1248:on 13 August 2023.
1223:Harvard University
968:on 8 December 2015
910:Charles W. Furlong
693:
651:Selk'nam mythology
573:
565:
537:Christian missions
533:
487:
446:
377:Estancia Harberton
364:, who had been an
318:
282:Strait of Magellan
250:
222:Strait of Magellan
203:Charles W. Furlong
33:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
2994:
2993:
2590:9-7805-4834-724-9
2568:10.7227/HRV.9.1.4
2541:10.7227/HRV.9.1.3
2285:978-956-324-749-7
1980:978-92-3-104096-2
1791:, pp. 35–36.
1763:978-950-896-460-1
1607:, pp. 55–56.
1566:, pp. 22–24.
1549:Lastra-Bravo 2021
1527:, pp. 71–72.
1464:, pp. 32–33.
1412:(December 1915).
1396:The Land of Fires
1377:, pp. 76–77.
1364:. pp. 78–79.
1312:, p. 14, 27.
1206:on 27 April 2023.
1055:Bridges, E. Lucas
1035:on 14 August 2023
935:Kawésqar language
908:called them Ona.
413:Selk'nam genocide
407:Selk'nam genocide
307:Selk'nam genocide
278:Olivier van Noort
214:Selk'nam genocide
179:indigenous people
149:
148:
16:(Redirected from
3892:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3112:
3111:
3080:
3079:
2823:
2822:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2711:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2653:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2572:
2570:
2545:
2543:
2518:
2502:
2492:
2467:
2449:
2429:
2419:
2383:
2368:(1st ed.).
2357:
2333:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2193:. Archived from
2180:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:. Archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:on 14 June 2015.
2067:. Archived from
2057:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1962:
1956:
1955:, pp. 59–60
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1896:on 28 March 2023
1882:Popper, Julio .
1878:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1673:. Archived from
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1342:on 4 April 2023.
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:. Archived from
1233:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:. Archived from
1189:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1131:(4/6): 645–647.
1118:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
967:
960:
951:
917:
898:
875:
860:
831:
819:
811:
678:
673:
592:
579:Hunting and diet
518:
442:Tierra del Fuego
402:
336:
304:
195:Tierra del Fuego
193:, including the
83:Tierra del Fuego
57:Total population
49:
42:
40:
32:
21:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3875:Selk'nam people
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3841:
3708:
3587:
3566:
3510:
3460:
3447:
3442:
3412:
3399:
3383:
3331:
3290:
3239:
3182:
3156:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3069:
2990:
2924:
2814:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2720:
2702:
2686:
2667:
2666:
2640:
2638:Further reading
2635:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2454:Gusinde, Martín
2427:
2380:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2190:Pulitzer Center
2181:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2125:
2121:
2102:
2098:
2080:
2076:
2065:Victory Cruises
2059:
2058:
2054:
2039:Gusinde, Martin
2036:
2032:
2025:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1916:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1880:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1703:on 5 March 2012
1700:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1388:Martinic, Mateo
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1351:
1347:
1326:Martinic, Mateo
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1234:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1182:, pp. 1–2.
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
965:
958:
953:
952:
948:
943:
926:
921:
920:
912:recorded their
899:
895:
890:
847:Puerto Williams
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
832:
823:
822:
821:
812:
801:
788:
697:male initiation
685:
671:
653:
647:
638:
636:Body decoration
626:
620:
581:
571:Selk'nam family
563:Bow and arrows.
557:
512:
421:
415:
409:
403:
400:
330:
316:Selk'nam people
274:
242:
163:
156:
108:
86:
63:
52:
38:
36:
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2929:Non Indigenous
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2718:
2712:
2710:. 2 July 2001.
2700:
2685:
2684:External links
2682:
2681:
2680:
2658:Bridges, Lucas
2654:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2623:(2): 109–138.
2619:(in Spanish).
2609:
2589:
2573:
2546:
2519:
2503:
2468:
2450:
2420:
2408:10.2307/207659
2384:
2379:978-0521513791
2378:
2358:
2334:
2316:(2): 271–288.
2312:(in Spanish).
2304:
2284:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2212:
2200:
2168:
2153:
2141:
2119:
2096:
2074:
2052:
2030:
2023:
1998:
1986:
1979:
1957:
1951:, p. 73;
1941:
1929:
1907:
1871:Popper, Julio
1859:
1847:
1845:, p. 115.
1835:
1820:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1762:
1744:
1714:
1680:
1661:(in Italian).
1645:
1633:
1631:, p. 286.
1621:
1609:
1592:
1585:(in Spanish).
1568:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1500:, p. 544.
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1431:
1401:
1379:
1367:
1354:Hough, Richard
1345:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1288:, p. 113.
1275:
1263:
1251:
1228:
1209:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1110:
1098:
1096:, p. 175.
1086:
1084:, p. 181.
1074:
1068:978-1648372810
1067:
1046:
1024:The New Yorker
1009:
979:
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833:
826:
825:
824:
813:
806:
805:
804:
803:
802:
800:
797:
787:
784:
768:Martin Gusinde
684:
681:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
637:
634:
622:Main article:
619:
616:
580:
577:
556:
553:
545:Martín Gusinde
510:Manuel Señoret
411:Main article:
408:
405:
398:
362:Thomas Bridges
358:Beagle Channel
351:Frederick Cook
273:
270:
241:
238:
147:
146:
132:
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127:
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29:
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9:
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3:
2:
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3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:Luxembourgian
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
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3327:
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3308:
3305:
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3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
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3287:
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3279:
3277:
3274:
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3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3231:
3228:
3225:
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3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
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3192:
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3189:
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3179:
3176:
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3169:
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3159:
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3145:
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3138:
3135:
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3128:
3125:
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3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3102:
3096:
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3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
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3078:
3076:
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3066:
3063:
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3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
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3009:
3006:
3005:
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2997:
2987:
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2898:
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2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:South African
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:Lola Kiepja.
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2483:(4): e21038.
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:Los Fueguinos
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:Chapman, Anne
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2255:, p. 28.
2254:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2210:, p. 16.
2209:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2166:, p. 31.
2165:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:Chapman, Anne
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2024:9789501700640
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1939:, p. 75.
1938:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1833:, p. 32.
1832:
1827:
1825:
1818:, p. 31.
1817:
1812:
1810:
1803:, p. 10.
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:"Angela Loij"
1718:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1643:, p. 47.
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1619:, p. 92.
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1512:, p. 86.
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1488:, p. 75.
1487:
1482:
1476:, p. 51.
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1300:, p. 17.
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1273:, p. 74.
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1108:, p. 55.
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
997:
993:
989:
983:
964:
956:
950:
946:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
915:
911:
907:
906:Yahgan people
903:
902:Lucas Bridges
900:According to
897:
893:
885:
883:
878:
874:
867:
865:
859:
854:
850:
848:
844:
830:
818:
810:
796:
792:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
753:
749:
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:The Selk'nam
689:
680:
677:
676:[xon]
669:
665:
660:
658:
657:creation myth
652:
642:
633:
631:
630:Chon language
625:
615:
612:
611:Julius Popper
608:
604:
599:
597:
591:
586:
576:
569:
561:
552:
550:
546:
541:
538:
529:
525:
522:
516:
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:Dawson Island
495:
492:
491:extermination
483:
479:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
458:
454:
451:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
428:Julius Popper
425:
420:
414:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:Lucas Bridges
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
334:
329:
325:
322:
314:
310:
308:
303:
302:
295:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
237:
235:
231:
230:Cerro Benítez
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:South America
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:
154:
153:Selkup people
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
117:
112:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
89:United States
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
19:
18:Selk'nam
3551:
3055:Roma (Gypsy)
2909:
2800:Cape Verdean
2723:
2696:
2691:
2661:
2649:
2645:
2620:
2614:
2583:. New York.
2580:
2577:Spears, John
2561:(1): 49–69.
2558:
2554:
2534:(1): 28–48.
2531:
2527:
2510:
2480:
2476:
2464:The Fuegians
2463:
2458:
2437:
2431:
2395:
2391:
2365:
2348:(2): 45–61.
2345:
2339:
2313:
2309:
2275:
2271:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2227:The Guardian
2225:
2215:
2208:Gusinde 2003
2203:
2195:the original
2188:
2149:Gusinde 2003
2144:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2114:the original
2109:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2069:the original
2064:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1994:Gusinde 2003
1989:
1966:
1960:
1953:Lothrop 1928
1944:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1889:
1884:
1874:
1850:
1838:
1831:Lothrop 1928
1816:Lothrop 1928
1801:Gusinde 2003
1796:
1784:
1777:Lothrop 1928
1772:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1683:
1675:the original
1662:
1658:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1617:Adelaar 2010
1612:
1586:
1580:
1564:Lothrop 1928
1544:
1537:Furlong 1917
1532:
1505:
1498:Chapman 2010
1493:
1481:
1469:
1462:Gusinde 2003
1457:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1375:Lothrop 1928
1370:
1357:
1348:
1340:the original
1335:
1330:
1310:Gusinde 2003
1305:
1298:Lothrop 1928
1293:
1266:
1261:, p. 6.
1254:
1246:the original
1241:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1204:the original
1197:
1187:
1167:, p. 2.
1152:, p. ?.
1150:Chapman 2010
1145:
1128:
1122:
1101:
1094:Furlong 1917
1089:
1082:Furlong 1917
1077:
1058:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1022:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:the original
992:El Mostrador
991:
982:
970:. Retrieved
963:the original
949:
896:
879:
868:
855:
851:
840:
793:
789:
771:
763:
761:
751:
747:
745:
739:
737:
732:
728:
725:
713:
700:
694:
667:
661:
654:
639:
627:
624:Ona language
600:
582:
574:
542:
534:
521:José Fagnano
507:
503:missionaries
496:
488:
476:
463:
459:
455:
447:
431:
394:
391:wrote that:
384:
355:
348:
324:missionaries
319:
296:
286:
280:entered the
275:
251:
232:area of the
218:
207:
174:
170:
166:
164:
124:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
3740:Palestinian
3585:Immigration
3276:Montenegrin
3107:and country
2440:(1): 1–22.
2402:: 169–187.
2263:Works cited
1949:Spears 1895
1855:Torres 2009
1843:Torres 2009
1789:Spears 1895
1641:Casali 2008
1525:Spears 1895
1510:Spears 1895
1486:Spears 1895
1474:Spears 1895
1286:Torres 2009
1271:Spears 1895
1259:Gigoux 2022
1226:, 649 pages
1180:Gigoux 2022
1165:Gigoux 2022
1002:10 February
603:Fuegian dog
549:Ángela Loij
524:del Fuego.
513: [
433:estancieros
331: [
210:gold mining
103:, formerly
3869:Categories
3837:Venezuelan
3817:Paraguayan
3747:Argentines
3469:Araucanian
3317:Portuguese
3271:Macedonian
3207:Lithuanian
3168:Belarusian
2986:Venezuelan
2971:Paraguayan
2827:Indigenous
2805:Senegalese
2616:Magallania
2341:Magallania
2238:15 January
1707:3 December
1582:Magallania
1360:. London:
1039:15 October
1029:Condé Nast
972:5 December
941:References
614:Selk'nam.
417:See also:
396:suffering.
369:missionary
288:James Cook
234:Cerro Toro
183:Patagonian
175:Ona people
3832:Uruguayan
3777:Dominican
3772:Colombian
3762:Brazilian
3670:Hungarian
3557:Tehuelche
3537:Kaweshkar
3527:Atacameño
3496:Pehuenche
3481:Huilliche
3256:Bulgarian
3244:Southeast
3229:Norwegian
3226:Icelandic
3178:Ukrainian
3137:Hungarian
3105:By region
3090:Mennonite
3060:Taiwanese
2981:Uruguayan
2961:Dominican
2951:Colombian
2946:Brazilian
2915:Tehuelche
2885:Pehuenche
2670:cite book
2664:. London.
2599:cite book
2499:2737-6230
2330:1131-5598
2294:cite book
1424:16 August
1420:: 445–446
1199:Softpedia
1124:Anthropos
820:in Chile.
762:The last
340:Tehuelche
338:Selk'nam-
301:estancias
187:Argentina
177:, are an
140:Tehuelche
95:Languages
75:Argentina
3822:Peruvian
3797:Japanese
3782:Filipino
3757:Bolivian
3752:Armenian
3735:Lebanese
3640:Croatian
3628:Scottish
3603:Austrian
3596:European
3552:Selk'nam
3542:Quechuas
3532:Diaguita
3501:Picunche
3354:Scottish
3345:British
3295:Southern
3281:Romanian
3261:Croatian
3251:Albanian
3197:Estonian
3187:Northern
3122:Austrian
3045:Japanese
3025:Armenian
3013:Lebanese
2976:Peruvian
2941:Bolivian
2936:American
2910:Selk'nam
2850:Diaguita
2819:Americas
2660:(1948).
2579:(1895).
2509:(1928).
2456:(2003).
2364:(2010).
2085:(1982).
2041:(1966).
2009:(1997).
1390:(1998).
1356:(1994).
1328:(1977).
1137:40461884
1057:(1948).
930:Kawésqar
924:See also
645:Religion
618:Language
450:genocide
399:—
366:Anglican
321:Salesian
226:Holocene
167:Selk'nam
114:Religion
105:Selk'nam
81:(294 in
34:Selk'nam
3812:Mexican
3787:Haitian
3767:Chinese
3720:African
3695:Spanish
3690:Russian
3680:Italian
3623:English
3618:British
3613:Belgian
3547:Rapanui
3506:Puelche
3491:Moluche
3486:Mapuche
3349:English
3342:Belgian
3336:Western
3328:Maltese
3324:Italian
3307:Spanish
3286:Serbian
3233:Swedish
3222:Finnish
3213:Nordic
3202:Latvian
3193:Baltic
3173:Russian
3161:Eastern
3147:Slovene
3115:Central
3065:Turkish
3040:Israeli
3030:Chinese
2966:Mexican
2956:Chilean
2920:Teushen
2905:Quilmes
2900:Quechua
2880:Nivaclé
2870:Mapuche
2855:Guaraní
2845:Capayán
2795:Angolan
1900:5 March
1665:: 1–2.
914:endonym
596:róbalos
585:guanaco
466:Spanish
373:Ushuaia
254:nomadic
240:History
181:in the
144:Teushen
120:Animism
107:(Ona),
101:Spanish
3827:Romani
3807:Korean
3802:Jewish
3792:Indian
3713:Others
3685:Polish
3660:German
3655:French
3608:Basque
3562:Yaghan
3522:Aimara
3515:Others
3371:French
3312:Basque
3302:Iberic
3217:Danish
3142:Polish
3132:German
3095:Jewish
3075:Europe
3050:Korean
3035:Indian
3018:Syrian
2875:Mocoví
2860:Huarpe
2835:Abipón
2787:Africa
2587:
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2414:
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2328:
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1977:
1971:UNESCO
1760:
1737:1 June
1135:
1065:
705:Yahgan
664:shaman
607:culpeo
266:Yahgan
3700:Swiss
3675:Irish
3665:Greek
3650:Dutch
3645:Czech
3633:Welsh
3476:Cunco
3376:Irish
3366:Dutch
3359:Welsh
3266:Greek
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3127:Czech
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262:Haush
191:Chile
171:Onawo
136:Haush
79:Chile
37:Onawo
3730:Arab
3008:Arab
3000:Asia
2890:Poya
2676:link
2605:link
2585:ISBN
2495:ISSN
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2326:ISSN
2300:link
2280:ISBN
2240:2024
2019:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1902:2024
1758:ISBN
1739:2011
1709:2010
1426:2009
1063:ISBN
1041:2022
1004:2022
974:2015
764:Hain
752:Hain
748:Hain
740:Hain
733:Hain
729:Hain
721:moon
719:and
707:and
701:Hain
672:IPA:
590:bola
535:Two
189:and
165:The
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