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maturity ages maybe comparable, this would be at the forest rather than the stand level. This silvicultural method also protects forest soils from the adverse effects of many types of even-aged silviculture, including nutrient loss, erosion and soil compaction and the rapid loss of organic material from a forested system. Selection silviculture is especially adept at regenerating shade-tolerant species of trees (those able to function under conditions of low solar energy, both cooler and less light), but can also be modified to suit the regeneration and growth of intolerant and mid-tolerant species. This is one of many different ways of harvesting trees. Selection cutting as a silvicultural system can be modified in many ways and would be so done be a forester to take into account varied ownership goals, local site conditions and the species mix found from past forest conditions.
88:(the removal of the most economically profitable trees in a forest, often with a disregard for the future of the residual stand). Often the latter term is used by foresters or loggers to imply the former (which has a generally positive connotation in forestry circles) and mislead landowners into stripping their woodlot of its most valuable timber. Used correctly, the term 'selection cutting', 'selection system', or 'selection silviculture' implies the implementation of specific silvicultural techniques—usually either 'single tree selection', 'group selection' or a combination of the two—to create an uneven-aged or all-aged condition in a forest stand, one more akin to a late
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clear cut régime (that is stands collectively are balanced on yield flow). The reasoning is based on the
Normalwald concept, which is a model of a forest over 100 years that will produce an amount of money that is consistent over time with treatments being consistent over time rather than big expenses or big profits at one time and low expenses and low profits at another.
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The goal of the use of a BDq curve is to ensure the continued development of trees in each age class, and the continued availability of mature timber to harvest on a relatively short cutting cycle (8–15 years). Longer cutting cycles may be used depending on species mix, silvicultural goals and if the
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even though strictly it should be a size class. The comparison of these two curves tells the forester how many trees of each age-class should remain in the stand. Surplus trees are marked for harvest. If there are too few trees in a class, the forester will determine if it is necessary to reduce the
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Another variation of selection silviculture is group selection. Under this system, a number of 'groups', or small openings created by the removal of several adjacent trees, are created in complement to the harvest of scattered individual trees. If the groups created are large enough, and if seed-bed
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The most common type of selection system is single-tree selection, in which scattered individual trees of multiple age classes, whose canopies are not touching, are harvested. This type of selection system generally produces small canopy openings especially conducive to the establishment and growth
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In any case
Plenterwald can operate in a small areas of 1/3 - 1/2 hectare, whereas other systems need a bigger area. Behind this is the philosophical idea that a stand should be balanced (that is equal amounts of land cover for each age class) in the same way that a forest would be balanced under a
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When the Q is plotted on semi-log paper it gives a straight slope for uneven aged stands. However, in reality this slope can be seen to vary from what is called an S-curve in old growth forests to cut off the older trees giving a reverse-J curve in a managed stand. The curve is also an ideal curve
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generally exhibit higher levels of vertical structure (key for many species of birds and mammals), have higher levels of carbon sequestration, and produce a more constant flow of market and non-market forest resources than even-aged stands. Although a forest composed of many stands with varied
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Given the BDq, a curve representing the state of the residual stand is computed. This curve is compared to the inventory data from a stand, specifically the curve of the diameter classes of the trees in the stand against the number of trees in each diameter (age) class. Diameter is used as a
57:, selection cutting, also known as 'selection system', or 'selection silviculture', manages the establishment, continued growth and final harvest of multiple age classes (usually three, but 5 or even 10 are possible) of trees within a stand. A closely related approach to forest management is
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should see the right amount of cutting. However, reality has shown about a third of forests are overcut and a third are undercut. It appears that the model also departs from reality in many cases, and so cannot be solely relied on. The judgement of an experienced forester is also needed.
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Group-selection-Problems and possibilities for the more shade-intolerant species. Murphy et al. in
Gillespie et al (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Central Hardwood Forest Conference pg 229-247 USFS Gen. Tech, Report
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The maximum size of a group (before it becomes a patch, or clearcut) is debatable. Some say it may be up to 2 acres (0.8 hectares) in size, whereas others limit it to a maximum of 0.5 acres (0.1 hectares).
181:). The q-ratio is the ratio of the number of trees in a diameter class to the number of trees in the next larger class. Typically diameter classes are either 4 centimeters or 2 inches.
103:, which is the German term for selection cutting, is being more commonly used as the standard term in English. Increasingly, especially in Britain, Ireland and elsewhere in Europe, the term
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growing on trunks of surrounding trees such that they lead to knotty wood, if timber production is desired. It is also challenging to visualize the groups with cuttings over time.
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In North
America, trees are selected for harvest in a selection system with reference to the Arbogast Method (named after the method's creator). This is also known as the
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and there may be variations to some extent, particularly in earlier number of trees where there are many more seedlings and saplings than the model Q-ratio would suggest.
107:(CCF) has been adopted to embrace an approach to stand management that most often employs selection systems to achieve a permanently irregular stand structure.
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to regenerate. Group selection is designed to mimic larger, multi-tree mortality events, which in some environments may represent natural disturbance regimes.
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Die
Plenterung und ihre unterschiedlichen Formen Skript zu Vorlesung Waldbau II und Waldbau IV J.-Ph. Schütz; Professur Waldbau ETH Zentrum 8092 Zürich 2002
68:, due to the difficulty of managing multiple age classes in a shared space, but there are significant ecological benefits associated with it. Uneven-aged
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C.R. Webster and C.G. Lorimer (2002). "Single-tree versus group selection in hemlock-hardwood forests: are smaller openings less productive?".
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McEvoy, T.J. 2004. Positive Impact
Forestry - A Sustainable Approach to Managing Woodlands. Island Press, New York, DC. 268p.
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Silviculture: Concepts and
Applications Chapter 10. Selection system and its application 2nd Edition by Ralph D. Nyland
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Silviculture: Concepts and
Applications Chapter 10. Selection system and its application 2nd Edition by Ralph D. Nyland
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Tech study questions whether forestry standards are followed May 30, 2014 Dan Roblee, The Daily Mining
Gazette
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towards an uneven-aged or all-aged condition, or 'structure'. Using stocking models derived from the study of
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is often (sometimes deliberately) confused with "selective" cutting, a term synonymous with the practice of
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Selection cutting or systems are generally considered to be more challenging to implement and maintain than
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Pond, Nan C.; Froese, Robert E. (2015). "Interpreting Stand
Structure through Diameter Distributions".
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6 TECHNICAL CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
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Marking Guides for Northern Hardwoods Under the Selection System
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Marking Guides for Northern Hardwoods Under the Selection System
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R.D. Nyland (1998). "Selection System in Northern Hardwoods".
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1027:High grading
1012:Ghost forest
982:Clearcutting
905:Silviculture
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725:Fire ecology
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854:Forestation
785:restoration
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328:(7): 18–21.
216:Ecoforestry
101:Plenterwald
86:highgrading
1368:Lumberjack
1363:Log scaler
1246:engineered
1197:non-timber
1170:sawmilling
1122:Industries
1089:svedjebruk
800:transition
780:protection
770:old-growth
755:governance
710:Dendrology
660:management
526:Ministries
232:References
1316:Ecologist
1229:Tree farm
1130:Coppicing
1072:chitemene
972:Acid rain
920:allometry
842:SmartWood
790:secondary
775:pathology
750:inventory
688:driftwood
554:Arbor Day
221:Patch cut
191:age class
45:, is the
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1331:handcrew
1301:Arborist
1296:Forester
1256:mahogany
1202:palm oil
1192:charcoal
1177:Products
1112:Wildfire
925:breeding
886:GM trees
735:dynamics
547:Journals
540:Colleges
500:Forestry
210:See also
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1341:lookout
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1217:tanbark
1187:biomass
1182:biochar
1160:plywood
1145:Logging
1049:wilding
698:log jam
655:Ecology
1373:Ranger
1321:Feller
1306:Bucker
1212:rubber
1155:lumber
965:topics
952:volume
947:height
893:i-Tree
730:Forest
683:coarse
678:Debris
577:dehesa
384:NC-161
161:method
94:climax
70:stands
1207:rayon
942:girth
937:crown
898:urban
795:stand
703:slash
693:large
564:Types
512:Index
1266:teak
1251:fuel
1241:Wood
1061:REDD
915:Tree
832:PEFC
817:ATFS
92:or '
837:SFI
827:FSC
822:CFS
760:law
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