1033:. As the community is in close proximity to the site who has the labor power and other means to prevent destructive activities and their presence is on 24/7 basis, it became all the more important to utilize their potential power for the protection of the forest lot. In this connection, they need to be fully made aware of the purpose of forest management, they be provided with education and other skills development opportunities for forest management, they be allowed to reap some benefits such as the collection of non-timber forest products. The community is also able to provide labor for forest management activities at a cheaper rate compared to the work being done by people brought from elsewhere. It is unrealistic to think about any nature forestry initiative without considering the needs, aspirations, customs of the local community.
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476:, the efficiency and dynamics of the natural processes can be replicated. These quasi-natural forests are designed to mimic the structural and functional aspects of indigenous forests and are referred to as analog forests. In addition to their ecological characteristics, analog forests are also designed to provide economic benefits. However, it is not until all the ecological requirements of the location are satisfied that economic values of species are considered. Therefore, an analog forest may comprise natural and exotic species in any proportion, the contribution to structure and function being the overriding factor that determines its use.
66:, converts sunlight to sugars for respiration to keep the tree alive. The remains of the converted sugars is left in roots for consumption by the organisms surrounding the tree in the habitat. This shows the productivity of an ecosystem with its inhabitants. Productivity within the ecosystem cannot come to fruition unless the forest is sustainable enough to be harvested. If most individual organisms of the ecosystem vanish, the ecosystem itself is at risk. Once that happens, there is no longer any forest to harvest from. The overall productivity of a system can be found in an equation where the
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environmental agencies. All of the principles relate to the idea that in ecoforestry, less should be harvested, and diversity must be managed. Through harvesting less, there is enough biomass left in the forest, so that the forest may stay healthy and still stay maintained. It will grow at a sustainable level annually, and thus it will be able to still be harvested the following year. Through management of the diversity, species may cohabitate in an ecosystem where the forest may feed off of other species in its growth and production. The
Principles of Ecoforestry may be found below.
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651:) was established in Germany in 1950. In recent years this association has increased a lot its membership. The main reasons being the increase of ecological consciousness, the growing demand for forest products or services other than wood, the damages suffered by regular forest stands, the forest death fear. Another term often used to describe a close to nature approach to forest management, especially in Britain and Ireland, is
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913:, the regeneration periods are chosen by the forester, and therefore it is possible to establish some control over fauna action, particularly domesticated fauna, avoiding grazing during regeneration. The un-even aged forest is continuously regenerating, and therefore it is difficult to make it compatible with grazing, and does not admit a high density of wild herbivore fauna. The pressure of herbivore fauna, mainly
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carbon for a longer time than plantation forestry. Analogue forestry has the potential to produce very high values of photosynthetic biomass as its design calls for the inclusion of all the growth forms that occupy the three-dimensional space of the mature indigenous forest. By including many species of crops in one area analog forestry helps spread the risk of
1025:, poles and the like and, prevention of animals especially browsers entering the reserve. The trio activities are heavily influenced by the people who live around the forest block being managed. It is therefore of paramount importance that the local people should be included in any program leading to the management of nature forestry initiative. The purpose of
58:, tree damage, disease, fire, and blow down that also directly affect the ecosystem. These factors have to be taken into account when determining the sustainability of a forest. If these factors are added to the harvesting and production that comes out of the forest, then the forest will become less likely to survive, and will then become less sustainable.
78:, or R. The formula is the NPP = GPP - R. The NPP is the overall efficiency of the plants in the ecosystem. Through having a constant efficiency in NPP, the ecosystem is then more sustainable. The GPP refers to the rate of energy stored by photosynthesis in plants. The R refers to the maintenance and reproduction of plants from the energy expended.
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Social and community aspects entail the management of the forestry block with the minimum disturbance caused from outside. This is important as nature forestry is taking place not in complete isolation from human activities and animals grazing/browsing but within the same landscape where communities
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Analog forestry always considers the inclusion of non-crop native species to be considered in the design and thus addresses the inclusion of native biodiversity in the design. As analog forestry also requires the inclusion of long-lived species of trees in the design it has the capacity to sequester
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that seeks to design, plan and manage ecosystems dominated by woody perennials. It has been primarily employed in tropical or subtropical areas, but can be used in temperate areas too. The design seeks to mimic the architectural structure and ecological function of the preexisting climax vegetation
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has evolved to include multifunctional management, like close to nature forestry does. Nevertheless there is a distinction between them since the first seeks a compromise between competing interests, while close to nature forestry uses biodiversity improvement as a tool to improve forestry itself.
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tries to achieve the management objectives with minimum necessary human intervention aimed at accelerating the processes that nature would do by itself more slowly. It works with natural populations of trees, ongoing processes and existing structures using cognitive approach, as in the case of so
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Ecoforestry has many principles within the existence of itself. It covers sustainable development and the fair harvesting of the organisms living within the forest ecosystem. There have been many proposals of principles outlined for ecoforestry. They are covered over books, articles, and
602:) performing multiple functions. It is developing in the peri-alpine coutries of Europe (such as Switzerland, France, Germany and Slovenia) for more than 70 years, based on certain sustainable forest management practices from the late 19th century. Close to nature
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The composition and structures should be upheld so that forests may fully function. This may be subject to large old trees, snags, and large fallen trees. These pieces of the ecosystem are upheld through letting them grow and die out into a timber extraction area.
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Forestry's economic profitability has progressively diminished in developed countries, beginning at the end of the 20th century. This has been the result of lower lumber prices and higher operating costs. Because it requires less human intervention, the
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Since the forest is considered an ecosystem, it is dependent on all of the living and non-living factors within itself. This is a major part of why the forest needs to be sustainable before it is harvested. For example, a tree, by way of
111:. It must be the first consideration in any planned removal of trees from a stand. By placing retention at the beginning of a planned removal, one makes sure that they know what must be left to ensure the protection of such things as
686:, which recommends forestry practices similar to those of the "close to nature" movement. He thinks that the precursors of this type of forestry are to be found in Europe, mainly in Germany, and particularly makes mention of
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system. Pro Silva makes some distinctions, based on species and conditions. Natural forest systems are to be preserved, but the enrichment with certain introduced species may be positive, depending on circumstances.
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Don’t do wrong. If it feels wrong, then it is probably wrong. Don’t allow ignorance to persevere. Recognize that the ecosystem needs tending to. If the forest is not preserved, then it cannot be harvested forever.
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system, in which the ages, and consequently sizes, of trees in a forest are different. It has the advantage to offer a stable structure regarding natural disasters and plagues, and is very adequate for fauna
828:. It has to be directed to favor the trees that show good prospect for the future. The operations have to be done in a way that will avoid soil compaction or damage to the trees that will remain standing.
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to the climatic conditions, shorter production delay, etc. It may be that there is information available about the behavior of this species in the habitat, or the forester is ready to make a trial.
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Select trees as candidates for removal by considering how abundant and redundant their structures and functions are to the rest of the forest as a whole, leaving potential wildlife trees (to become
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in its management is basically to ensure forest protection against activities either introduced such as illegal removal of timber, driving of animals into the forest or natural such as control of
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of the forest also comes with uncertainties. There are other factors that may affect the forest furthermore than that of the harvesting. There are internal conditions such as effects of soil
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It aims at overcoming the divorce between forester and ecologist. As an important consequence, it concludes that if properly applied, it would render the segregation of forest lands into "
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ratio. Analogue forestry uses a synthesis of traditional and scientific knowledge to optimize the productive potential of the restoration design rather than maximise the production of one
252:. They are essential parts of a fully functioning forest, even though they involve the forest’s decay in some cases. They are natural parts that allow the ecosystem to operate as a whole.
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The forest should be allowed to regenerate trees through the seeds from the trees in the logged areas. This allows tree planting to be taken out of the ecoforestry principles, allowing a
172:. The watershed zone plan designates areas where tree removal is not permitted. It also designates the areas where removal is possible, and the different types of removal available.
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consists on educational, non profit and non governmental organizations operating in US and Canada. They propose a forestry based on ecological principles, very similar to those of
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Always look at the forest as a whole. Each part of the forest contributes to its overall needs and health. That is how the forest would have survived without human interference.
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The management has to obtain healthy and stable forest systems that produce wood with a minimum human intervention. The products to obtain, other than wood, are fauna
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that produces wood. The sought after solution is not to segregate the territory into areas devoted to either forestry or ecology, but to integrate all functions.
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has lower labor costs. Also, it encourages the evolution of forests toward higher ecologic and landscape value structures. This is in demand by society, and the
236:. Fire may be used as a tool in landscapes that have a history of naturally occurring fires. Although this may be true, fire should still be used with caution.
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Proposed thinning frequency is about ten years, and intensity low, in order to limit the ingress of excessive light, which could promote too much
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135:. Water quality is protected by not altering the drainage pattern of the zones. No tree removal should take place in the most sensitive areas.
753:, recreational, aesthetics, and water management. The human action has the object of accelerating natural processes, but not substitute them.
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Rely more on people and markets. Use accounting and budgeting as a solution to rely less on the destruction or harvesting from the forests.
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The natural vegetation systems for each region are an asset to maintain, and constitute an important basis for the silvicultural planning.
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The introduction of exotic species should only be permitted after trials conducted from the qualitative and quantitative point of view.
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The damage to the standing trees may be reduced if the works are done during the period of low biological activity, fall and winter.
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small or no roads if at all possible. This takes away the disturbance that would be done to the foundation of the forest’s grounds.
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McEvoy considers that in spite of being the most close to nature system, it is difficult to implement, and proposes to use the
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Riparian zones should not be touched. It is a sensitive area, thus tree removal should not occur there. This protects the
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From the ecological point of view, the introducing species is considered as a threat. The introduced species risks being
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has many forests managed according to the principles of close to nature forestry. In 1989 ANW promoted a meeting at
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La Futaie irreguilière. Théorie et pratique de la sylviculture irreguilière, continue et proche de la nature
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Dregson, A. R., & Taylor, D. M. (1997). Ecoforestry. Gabriola Island, BC : New
Society Publishers.
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Senanayake, R. 1987. Analog
Forestry as a Conservation Tool, Tiger Paper, vol XIV no2 PP25–29 FAO, Bangkok
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Introduced species can, depending on circumstances, supplement natural species, and add economical revenue.
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to standards where the forest may still be harvested for products on a sustainable basis. Ecoforestry is
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Analogue forestry draws design input not only from traditional models but also from the natural forest
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1459:"Pro Silva » Integrated forest management for resilience and sustainability across 25 countries"
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The theoretical underpinnings began in 1978 in San Diego and
Guatemala. It was first implemented in
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are present. The people around should be well-integrated into the forest lot in order to ensure its
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The
Ecoforestry Institute, similarly to Pro Silva, recommends multi-aged and multi-species forests.
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including extinguishing any fires that may occur during forest growth, prevention of all types of
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McEvoy is very clear and strict: introduced species can not be used at all when working in a
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of the area, and can be designed to provide economic, social and environmental benefits.
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qualities in the visual, sound, and odor landscapes. This includes not taking away the
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formation and the functioning of forest services to be critical in establishing a
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advantages linked to this choice, be they the wood quality, ease of management,
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approach intends to bridge the discrepancies, or even antagonisms between the
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model, in which all trees are of the same age/size, but recommends using a
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dynamics. When an ecosystem is designed to be analogous to the indigenous
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In the United States, professor Thomas J. McEvoy has published the book
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1194:. Monash University Publications. Monash Univ.Clayton, Vic. Australia.
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615:) or other types of uneven-aged forests. Its theory and practice takes
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357: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
249:
43:
1143: – Social and political advocacy for protecting natural resources
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visions on the single reality of forest, considering the forest as an
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When removing trees, the lowest impact should be used. This means not
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The forest species that are introduced to a region are termed exotic.
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Forest with irregular structure and mixed composition, in NE Germany.
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around 1981 by Ranil
Senanayake as an alternative to monocultures of
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Ecological succession should be kept at all times. This will protect
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forestry. The main idea of ecoforestry is to maintain or restore the
1373:"Continuous cover forestry in Britain: challenges and opportunities"
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863:. Invasives displace local species, resulting in a reduction of
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1161: – Management practice for protecting types of environments
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224:. This even means eliminating the process of brush control.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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use. The forest needs disease, insects, and shrub/herb
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1155: – Practice of protecting the natural environment
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291:, the plants, or structural layout of the ecosystem.
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3461:
United
Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
1332:Turckheim, Brice de, et Bruciamacchie, Max (2005).
598:approach treating forest as an ecological system (
1260:Ecosystem-based management is high-yield forestry
1165:Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
585:Mixed and irregular deciduous forest in Catalonia
3531:
1400:
1149: – Study of organisms and their environment
1119: – Study of threats to biological diversity
267:. This can be done through leaving sufficiently
941:
1493:"The question of non-indigenous forestspecies"
1125: – Controlled-growth land use development
649:Working Group for the Close to Nature Forestry
42:practices which strive to protect and restore
3209:
2715:
1646:
1609:Both ENDS Analog Forestry Information Package
1037:Close to nature forestry/sustainable forestry
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1356:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1551:Ecoforestry in Papua New Guinea case study
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562:(IAFN) is currently hosted in Costa Rica.
16:Selection forestry or restoration forestry
1457:
1134: – Movement to protect the biosphere
1000:Learn how and when to remove this message
417:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Plan in terms of the needs of the larger
2815:Environmentally healthy community design
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1292:
1113: – Indian forest research institute
815:
760:
580:
1564:"International Analog Forestry Network"
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1252:
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786:protection, since there is a permanent
756:
3532:
3497:Land use, land-use change and forestry
1188:Senanayake, R.; John, J, Jack (1998).
1167: – Autonomous governmental agency
717:Forest management/ecosystem management
3197:
2703:
1634:
617:forest as a self regulating ecosystem
560:International Analog Forestry Network
3446:Managed intensive rotational grazing
1371:Helliwell, R.; E. R. Wilson (2012).
978:adding citations to reliable sources
945:
355:adding citations to reliable sources
326:
180:Avoid the ecologically questionable
2578:
924:
90:The principles of ecoforestry are:
13:
3322:Soil retrogression and degradation
2952:waste-water treatment technologies
441:ecosystem characterised by a high
429:Analog forestry is an approach to
322:
283:Maintain beauty and other natural
14:
3586:
3560:Environmental issues with forests
2937:agricultural wastewater treatment
1927:Global Forest Information Service
1529:
3477:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
3288:
3255:Deforestation and climate change
2890:
2683:
2674:
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1191:Analog Forestry: An Introduction
1095:
1081:
1067:
950:
801:with a generous cover, to avoid
782:promotion. It provides a better
769:Pro Silva recommends to use the
677:
331:
3492:Land surface effects on climate
3018:List of energy storage projects
2942:industrial wastewater treatment
2795:Environmental impact assessment
2765:Environmental impact assessment
2684:
1593:(in Portuguese). Archived from
1507:
1476:
565:Analog forestry is a system of
342:needs additional citations for
3397:Arid Lands Information Network
1541:Trust for Sustainable Forestry
1419:
1364:
1336:(in French). Éditions Édusud.
1236:An introduction to ecoforestry
1111:Arid Forest Research Institute
936:payment for ecosystem services
658:Because of a 1948 forest law,
594:Close to nature forestry is a
433:that considers the process of
22:has been defined as selection
1:
3550:Sustainable forest management
1536:Ecoforestry Institute Society
1377:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
1178:
1042:Sustainable forest management
607:called (individual or group)
1660:
1426:The Forest History Society.
942:Social and community aspects
740:
7:
3426:Farmer-managed regeneration
2800:Environmental impact design
1591:Mennonite Central Committee
1048:
840:trees, they may use either
10:
3591:
3158:High-performance buildings
2038:Growth and yield modelling
1275:Copland M. (Spring 2003).
1234:Rastogi J. (Summer 2003).
898:Herbivore fauna management
633:
70:, or NPP, is equal to the
3469:
3436:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3385:
3297:
3286:
3235:
3153:Heat recovery ventilation
3138:Environmental remediation
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2966:
2899:
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2755:Climate smart agriculture
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2612:Earth sciences portal
2598:Climate change portal
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2450:
2282:
2179:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2124:
1815:
1725:
1668:
1621:The Ecoforestry Institute
1546:Living Forest Communities
1401:Thomas J. McEvoy (2004).
1055:Continuous cover forestry
1023:illegal removal of timber
879:Pro Silva recommendations
832:Native/introduced species
653:Continuous Cover Forestry
638:
86:Principles of ecoforestry
3441:Great Green Wall (China)
3312:Historic desertification
3143:Glass in green buildings
3087:sustainable architecture
2731:Environmental technology
2184:Great Green Wall (China)
1757:Close to nature forestry
1519:23 December 2007 at the
1403:Positive Impact Forestry
1258:Hammond H. (Fall 2003).
1153:Environmental protection
1123:Conservation communities
932:close to nature forestry
919:close to nature forestry
872:close to nature forestry
684:Positive Impact Forestry
619:and manages it as such.
590:Close to nature forestry
72:Gross Primary Production
3570:Sustainable agriculture
3487:Intact forest landscape
3260:Deforestation by region
2218:Million Tree Initiative
275:on the forest grounds.
3421:Ecological engineering
3133:Environmental movement
2830:Sustainability science
2820:Public interest design
2745:Appropriate technology
2640:Environment portal
2072:Sustainable management
1967:Trillion Tree Campaign
1556:"What is ecoforestry?"
1015:sustainable management
766:
648:
586:
68:Net Primary Production
3575:Forestry in Sri Lanka
3502:List of global issues
3012:hydrogen technologies
2926:Solid waste treatment
2565:Wood process engineer
2269:Urban forest inequity
1626:Forest Vision Germany
1141:Conservation movement
1027:community involvement
816:Recommended practices
764:
707:Ecoforestry Institute
584:
431:ecosystem restoration
260:Maintain and restore
48:economic productivity
46:rather than maximize
3406:Conservation grazing
3183:Water heat recycling
3113:Efficient energy use
3103:Conservation biology
3040:Sustainable lighting
2976:Efficient energy use
2790:Environmental Design
2760:Environmental design
2228:Shifting cultivation
2169:Forest fragmentation
2139:Carbon sequestration
2009:Woodland Carbon Code
1974:Forest certification
1882:Even-aged management
1797:Sustainable forestry
1159:Habitat conservation
1117:Conservation biology
974:improve this section
938:is being considered
911:high regular forests
824:, or the growing of
757:Silvicultural models
666:in Slovenia, in the
351:improve this article
222:biological diversity
210:natural regeneration
74:, or GPP, minus the
3565:History of forestry
3431:Flexible Mechanisms
3270:Mountaintop removal
3168:Nature conservation
3163:Land rehabilitation
3118:Energy conservation
3007:carbon-neutral fuel
2915:dispersion modeling
2033:Formally designated
1877:Ecological thinning
1787:Plantation forestry
1695:Research institutes
799:regeneration system
795:high regular forest
198:coarse woody debris
154:compacting the soil
3545:Forestry in Europe
3317:Moisture recycling
2986:Energy development
2968:Sustainable energy
2957:water purification
2921:Industrial ecology
2626:Ecology portal
2159:Forest degradation
2154:Ecosystem services
1762:Community forestry
1281:2007-06-28 at the
1241:2007-08-03 at the
1132:Conservation ethic
1089:Environment portal
846:introduced species
771:uneven-aged forest
767:
587:
578:on a single crop.
533:Dominican Republic
495:and has spread to
457:by increasing the
455:ecosystem services
156:in the forest and
107:One must consider
3527:
3526:
3507:Natural landscape
3191:
3190:
3028:commercialization
2697:
2696:
2654:Plants portal
2440:green woodworking
1587:"Analog Forestry"
1514:Malawi Principles
1428:"Cotta's Preface"
1010:
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735:ecological system
690:, and his famous
596:forest management
427:
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3128:Energy recycling
3049:electric vehicle
3023:Renewable energy
2997:alternative fuel
2947:sewage treatment
2931:Waste management
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2785:Energy recycling
2780:Electric vehicle
2750:Clean technology
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2259:Timber recycling
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2094:Tree measurement
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959:This section
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378:
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368: –
367:
366:"Ecoforestry"
363:
362:Find sources:
356:
352:
346:
345:
340:This section
338:
334:
329:
328:
314:
311:
310:
306:
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234:slash burning
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182:clear cutting
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176:
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148:
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134:
133:water quality
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91:
83:
79:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3511:
3451:Oasification
3415:
3173:Permaculture
3107:
3092:New Urbanism
3064:Conservation
2856:food systems
2841:architecture
2659:
2645:
2631:
2617:
2603:
2589:
2582:
2560:Tree planter
2540:Resin tapper
2520:Truck driver
2515:River driver
2264:Tree hugging
2249:
2232:
2199:timber mafia
2189:High grading
2174:Ghost forest
2144:Clearcutting
2067:Silviculture
2043:Horticulture
1887:Fire ecology
1802:Urban forest
1777:Mycoforestry
1766:
1737:
1733:Agroforestry
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1681:Forest areas
1679:
1672:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1590:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1567:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1465:. 2017-08-03
1462:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1421:
1402:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1333:
1289:18(1), 3–10.
1287:Ecoforestry,
1286:
1271:
1264:Ecoforestry,
1263:
1254:
1247:Ecoforestry,
1246:
1190:
1075:Trees portal
1040:
1011:
996:
990:October 2021
987:
972:Please help
960:
931:
928:
918:
910:
901:
878:
877:
871:
869:
865:biodiversity
858:
835:
819:
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803:soil erosion
794:
792:
780:biodiversity
770:
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751:biodiversity
744:
730:
726:
722:
720:
706:
704:
700:Aldo Leopold
691:
683:
681:
657:
642:
621:
604:silviculture
593:
572:
567:silviculture
564:
557:
555:at present.
490:
484:
478:
474:climax state
470:successional
467:
461:mass of the
443:biodiversity
428:
413:
404:
394:
387:
380:
373:
361:
349:Please help
344:verification
341:
273:small debris
113:rare species
89:
80:
60:
19:
18:
3513:Terra preta
3416:Ecoforestry
3340:Gobi Desert
3331:By region:
3108:Ecoforestry
2866:procurement
2851:development
2836:agriculture
2584:WikiProject
2508:smokejumper
2488:Firefighter
2451:Occupations
2435:Woodworking
2016:Forestation
1947:restoration
1902:informatics
1767:Ecoforestry
1568:IAFN / RIFA
1499:October 12,
1266:18(3), 6–8.
1249:18(2), 1–4.
807:understorey
668:Julian Alps
664:Robanov Kot
613:Plenterwald
505:Philippines
465:component.
439:sustainable
115:, sites of
76:Respiration
28:restoration
20:Ecoforestry
3534:Categories
3519:Wilderness
3386:Mitigation
3360:Mauritania
3077:insulation
3070:Building (
3033:transition
2876:technology
2861:industries
2530:Lumberjack
2525:Log scaler
2408:engineered
2359:non-timber
2332:sawmilling
2284:Industries
2251:svedjebruk
1962:transition
1942:protection
1932:old-growth
1917:governance
1872:Dendrology
1822:management
1688:Ministries
1601:2018-02-22
1578:2018-02-22
1495:. ProSilva
1469:2018-02-16
1444:2011-02-20
1179:References
1031:bush fires
854:adaptation
822:understory
788:tree cover
731:ecological
624:productive
529:Costa Rica
492:Eucalyptus
459:volumetric
407:March 2019
377:newspapers
250:vegetation
99:Principle
56:compaction
44:ecosystems
3245:Assarting
3178:Recycling
2901:Pollution
2881:transport
2478:Ecologist
2391:Tree farm
2292:Coppicing
2234:chitemene
2134:Acid rain
2082:allometry
2004:SmartWood
1952:secondary
1937:pathology
1912:inventory
1850:driftwood
1716:Arbor Day
1463:Pro Silva
1352:cite book
1210:cite book
961:does not
904:herbivore
741:Objective
711:Pro Silva
628:protected
609:selection
600:ecosystem
509:Australia
481:Sri Lanka
285:aesthetic
246:pesticide
170:watershed
109:retention
3540:Forestry
3482:Forestry
3365:Mongolia
2679:Category
2493:handcrew
2463:Arborist
2458:Forester
2418:mahogany
2364:palm oil
2354:charcoal
2339:Products
2274:Wildfire
2087:breeding
2048:GM trees
1897:dynamics
1709:Journals
1702:Colleges
1662:Forestry
1517:Archived
1279:Archived
1239:Archived
1049:See also
861:invasive
747:habitats
696:forester
660:Slovenia
553:Zimbabwe
537:Honduras
521:Colombia
289:wildlife
158:building
40:holistic
36:forestry
24:forestry
3401:Biochar
3345:Lebanon
3082:natural
3002:biofuel
2935:Water (
2910:control
2738:General
2689:Outline
2503:lookout
2498:hotshot
2379:tanbark
2349:biomass
2344:biochar
2322:plywood
2307:Logging
2211:wilding
1860:log jam
1817:Ecology
1147:Ecology
982:removed
967:sources
915:cervids
776:habitat
634:History
626:" and "
517:Ecuador
501:Vietnam
447:biomass
391:scholar
265:quality
262:topsoil
96:Number
2995:Fuel (
2846:design
2535:Ranger
2483:Feller
2468:Bucker
2374:rubber
2317:lumber
2127:topics
2114:volume
2109:height
2055:i-Tree
1892:Forest
1845:coarse
1840:Debris
1739:dehesa
1409:
1340:
1198:
842:native
672:Alsace
645:German
639:Europe
545:Canada
541:Mexico
525:Brazil
435:forest
393:
386:
379:
372:
364:
269:coarse
32:forest
3375:Yemen
3370:Sahel
3350:Libya
3335:China
3072:green
2369:rayon
2104:girth
2099:crown
2060:urban
1957:stand
1865:slash
1855:large
1726:Types
1674:Index
1438:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1019:fires
907:fauna
838:plant
549:Kenya
497:India
486:Pinus
398:JSTOR
384:books
194:snags
3355:Mali
3227:and
2428:teak
2413:fuel
2403:Wood
2223:REDD
2077:Tree
1994:PEFC
1979:ATFS
1501:2012
1407:ISBN
1358:link
1338:ISBN
1216:link
1196:ISBN
965:any
963:cite
902:The
784:soil
778:and
729:and
721:The
705:The
558:The
551:and
513:Peru
489:and
451:crop
370:news
271:and
196:and
1999:SFI
1989:FSC
1984:CFS
1922:law
1907:IPM
1819:and
1381:106
976:by
844:or
445:to
353:by
312:16
304:15
296:14
280:13
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241:11
232:No
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