819:
166:
967:
31:
461:
1223:
1088:
574:
240:
317:, and in the Bay of Cartagena negatively impacted the environment. In 2013, Dutch company Royal HaskoningDHV designed a plan including two control structures on the canal. One control structure was built upstream to regulate the amount of water and sediment flowing from the Rio Magdalena into the Canal del Dique. The second control structure was built downstream of the canal at Puerto Badel to divert water and sediment toward a
1218:
that no longer receive water or sediment and therefore lose elevation. Additionally, due to the construction of polders in upstream parts of deltas, floodwater can no longer be stored on upstream floodplains, causing larger floods downstream. A strategy to restore the input of freshwater and sediment
1258:
in the soil, and reduced or eliminated sediment deposition contributing to accelerated land elevation loss. To ameliorate these negative impacts, steps are being taken in the upper Mekong delta to lower levees. This would allow flood water to enter the plains only during peak season. During the rest
881:
program. The
Biesbosch is a 9000-ha freshwater tidal wetland in the southwestern part of the Netherlands. Water and sediments were reintroduced to the Noordwaard, an agricultural polder in the Biesbosch, in 2008. The embankments were lowered by 2 meters to reconnect the Biesbosch wetlands with the
852:
incoming waves and encourages sediment deposition. The resulting rise in land elevation allows some wetlands to keep up with sea-level rise. Many wetlands have been converted to other land uses by constructing dikes, seawalls and embankments to prevent water encroachment. As a result, wetlands are
528:
of elevated land along the estuary, protecting the land behind the dikes against flooding. Exchange polders can be created by breaching the seaside embankment to allow tidal water to flow into the embanked area. A second embankment on the other side of the polder stops the tidal water from flowing
436:
measure due to its potential to raise land through sedimentation and allow residents to cope with changing environmental conditions. TRM involves temporarily breaching levees around low-lying polders to allow river water to flow in. When the water flows into embanked areas during high tide, water
524:, an area that lies outside of the embankments but has a higher elevation than other areas that are protected by embankments in Zeeland. Following this example, exchange polders, in Dutch called wisselpolders, are proposed. Exchange polders make use of natural sedimentation processes to create a
1338:
area and mimic the tidal conditions necessary to recruit and establish wetland vegetation. The site, which would have been inundated under natural conditions, has effectively re-established saltmarsh vegetation following the implementation of the novel method. Although the primary aim of this
1333:
To recreate desired natural tidal conditions, a strategy called the tidal replicate method was applied. The tidal replicate method creates an artificial tidal regime through an automated tidal control system which the authors call SmartGates. The gates manipulate the tidal flow reaching the
3516:
MacKenzie, Richard A.; Foulk, Patra B.; Klump, J. Val; Weckerly, Kimberly; Purbospito, Joko; Murdiyarso, Daniel; Donato, Daniel C.; Nam, Vien Ngoc (2016-04-01). "Sedimentation and belowground carbon accumulation rates in mangrove forests that differ in diversity and land use: a tale of two
268:(CPRA) developed a $ 50 billion, 50-year plan for the Mississippi delta, a central component of which is the reintroduction of river water and sediment to the delta plain through river diversions. Engineered river diversions have previously been implemented in the Mississippi delta at
193:
and other environmental changes in catchments caused by human activities means that less sediment is available in deltas for sedimentation enhancing strategies. The success of sedimentation enhancing strategies is highly context dependent and depends on, for example, river discharge,
533:
up as the tidal water slows down. Exchange polders have not been implemented yet, because the plan has been critiqued by local farmers. They question the idea of giving land back to nature as there is already a shortage of space in The
Netherlands, and are afraid of increased
1242:, an area that would normally flood during peak water discharge season from July to December. However, in many areas high levees have been constructed to protect against flooding year-round. With this full flood protection, farmers in the Mekong delta can produce more
272:
and Davis Pond. Although these diversions were not constructed with the primary goal of building land, land growth occurred at both sites. The 2 km wide
Caernarvon diversion resulted in sediment deposition of up to 42 cm in the receiving area, creating a
1100:
The construction of dams reduces the sediment load in rivers downstream. Levees and embankments also inhibit the deposition of sediment on the delta plain, resulting in the loss of land elevation. Research has shown that cutting and dredging of shallow, narrow
954:
rates of up to 5 cm per year have been found. Shallow flooding of land is a strategy used to reduce subsidence and restore wetlands in the delta. Adding a layer of water to the soil restores anaerobic conditions, which results in the accretion of new
853:
disconnected from hydrological input and no longer receive sediment, which inhibits land raising and can result in land elevation loss. One strategy to restore wetlands is depolderisation, which entails breaching dikes and reconnecting wetlands to rivers,
219:
In many deltas worldwide, rivers are disconnected from delta plains by embankments or levees which constrain water bodies and prevent hydrological exchange between water and land. River diversions, designed to correct the issue of disconnection caused by
228:. Diversion structures can range from simple gates to more complex siphon or pump systems. In addition to requiring the engineered structures at the point of river diversions, this strategy relies on natural land-building processes. River water loses
140:
Sedimentation enhancing strategies are also more flexible than conventional flood protection. Large-scale infrastructural flood defences are costly and rigid, requiring considerable investment to adapt infrastructural flood defences to changing
277:
of approximately 130 km within three months. The currently planned Mid- and Lower-Barataria and Breton diversions have been specifically designed to capture and divert sediment from the
Mississippi river and deposit it in the receiving
1020:
to climate change. However, almost 70 percent of mangroves are currently lost or degraded, and they are still rapidly deteriorating. Mangrove forests can be restored in several ways, for example through providing space for expansion or by
2667:
Triyanti, A.; Bavinck, M.; Gupta, J.; Marfai, M. A. (2017). "Social capital, interactive governance and coastal protection: The effectiveness of mangrove ecosystem-based strategies in promoting inclusive development in Demak, Indonesia".
1072:
also planted 819 ha of mangrove forests. Restoration programs funded by the government and the oil and gas industry focus on replanting mangroves in abandoned shrimp ponds and encouraging combined mangrove-shrimp aquaculture, also called
675:, but may also drown the Ems-Dollard system, so pilot sedimentation projects are being executed in the estuary. The aim is to trap silt particles on kwelders, which are land areas covered with vegetation that lie outside of the
1156:
constructions. It has been estimated that the average sediment flux in the Danube delta increased from 0.07 g/cm under natural conditions to 0.09-0.12 g/cm after the construction of shallow, narrow channels, which could mean a
516:, a strategy similar to TRM has been proposed to naturally raise the land. During high tide, the Western Scheldt delivers sediment to the areas outside of the embankments. As a result, these areas naturally rise with
453:) has been particularly successful. For example, land in beel Bhaina was raised by 1.5–2 meters near the cut point in the embankment and by 0.2 meters toward the other end of the beel. Due to the success of TRM, the
3197:
Powell, N.; Osbeck, M. (2010). "Approaches for understanding and embedding stakeholder realities in mangrove rehabilitation processes in
Southeast Asia: lessons learnt from Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan".
666:
and food for other aquatic animals. Reduced algae growth therefore impacts oxygen and food availability for the entire food chain. Climate change climate change-induced sea-level rise may negatively impact
2127:
Gain, A. K.; Benson, D.; Rahman, R.; Datta, D. K.; Rouillard, J. J. (2017). "Tidal river management in the south west Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in
Bangladesh: Moving towards a transdisciplinary approach?".
321:
area west of the canal. In this way, the mangrove area is restored, land is being built, and at the same time the amount of sediment input in the Bay of
Cartagena is reduced which promotes
1246:
per year compared to a system with lower or no levees. However, preventing floodwater and sediment from entering the
Vietnamese floodplains resulted in increased peak river discharges and
2898:
van
Staveren, M. F.; Warner, J. F.; van Tatenhove, J. P. M.; Wester, P. (2014). "Let's bring in the floods: de-poldering in the Netherlands as a strategy for long-term delta survival?".
792:
pass through, dampen waves, capture sediment and create sheltered, low-energy conditions near the shoreline for sediment accretion. The main idea behind this strategy is that mangroves
2861:
Borsje, B. W.; van
Wesenbeeck, B. K.; Dekker, F.; Paalvast, P.; Bouma, T. J.; van Katwijk, M. M.; de Vries, M. B. (2011). "How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection".
73:
gain to offset sea-level rise. Interest in sedimentation enhancing strategies has recently increased due to their ability to raise land elevation, which is important for the long-term
117:
and hinder natural sediment accumulation. In contrast, sedimentation enhancing strategies do not cause these problems and instead address multiple issues simultaneously: they reduce
1161:
rate of 0.5-0.8 mm per year. This suggests that the artificial channels function as sediment traps that can assist in preventing delta drowning due to sea-level rise. However,
1056:
Indonesia planted over 3.5 million trees in the delta, covering an area of 646 ha. Total E&P invest in mangrove rehabilitation for various reasons, for instance to reduce
757:. Mangrove restoration has been proposed as a strategy to halt coastal erosion in the district of Demak. Solely replanting mangroves in the area was not possible, because the
153:, sea-level rise and peak river discharges, rigid flood defences may not be the optimal choice. Sedimentation enhancing strategies are more flexible and adaptable to changing
2047:
457:
also formally implemented TRM in multiple beels, which has been less successful due to the top-down implementation causing conflict between locals and formal institutions.
2703:
Winterwerp, J. C.; Albers, T.; Anthony, E. J.; Friess, D. A.; Mancheño, A. G.; Moseley, K.; Muhari, A.; Naipal, S.; Noordermeer, J.; Oost, A.; Saengsupavanich, C. (2020).
1081:
of the delta is not destroyed: every year, hundreds of hectares of cleared areas in the Mahakam delta are naturally recolonised by mangrove vegetation, causing accretion.
449:
and navigability of the channels. TRM has been implemented in five beels in the south of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta. The implementation of TRM by local people (
3628:
Ibáñez, C.; Sharpe, P. J.; Day, J. W.; Day, J. N.; Prat, N. (2010). "Vertical Accretion and Relative Sea Level Rise in the Ebro Delta Wetlands (Catalonia, Spain)".
173:
One major obstacle to the implementation of sedimentation enhancing strategies is that they require space which may not be available, as deltas are among the most
3440:
Bunting, S. W.; Bosma, R. H.; van Zwieten, P. A.; Sidik, A. S. (2013). "Bioeconomic modelling of shrimp aquaculture strategies for the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia".
3755:"Stakeholders' assessment of dike-protected and flood-based alternatives from a sustainable livelihood perspective in An Giang Province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam"
265:
2223:
Auerbach, L. W.; Goodbred Jr, S. L.; Mondal, D. R.; Wilson, C. A.; Ahmed, K. R.; Roy, K.; Steckler, M. S.; Small, C.; Gilligan, J. M.; Ackerly, B. A. (2015).
3288:
1152:
in the lower Danube river reduced due to the construction of dams upstream. Interestingly, sediment deposition on the delta plain did not decrease after
17:
3913:
902:
rate was 5.1 mm per year. In February 2020, the Noordwaard polder flooded for the first time due to high water levels in the rivers caused by a
97:, sedimentation enhancing strategies provide various benefits. Firstly, flood protection structures can exacerbate environmental problems in deltas:
2076:
1065:
1008:
reduce the impact of incoming waves and capture sediment resulting in land elevation gain. Mangroves also play a role in mitigating the effects of
3673:"Not all breaks are equal: Variable hydrologic and geomorphic responses to intentional levee breaches along the lower Cosumnes River, California"
938:. However, wetlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta have been drained for agricultural purposes, so the soil is now situated at or above the
2473:
807:
structures captured considerable amounts of sediment raising bed levels behind the structures. Some locations were naturally recolonised by
412:
due to upstream dam construction, the embankments caused an increase in riverbed sedimentation and congestion, hampering water drainage and
2498:
737:. More than 3 kilometres of the Demak shoreline has already been lost to the sea. The main causes of coastal erosion are the conversion of
437:
flow velocities reduce and sediments deposit. During low tide, water flow velocity increases again as the water is pulled back through the
3411:"The changes of mangrove ecosystem in Mahakam Delta, Indonesia: A complex socio-environmental pattern of linkages in resource utilisation"
898:. The results of this restoration effort were that the Biesbosch area trapped approximately 46% of the incoming sediment, and the average
65:
enhancing strategies aim to increase sedimentation on the delta plain primarily by restoring the exchange of water and sediments between
186:
169:
Pearl river delta, one of the largest urban areas in the world, where city infrastructure leaves little room for sedimentation processes
1978:
2162:"Bringing in the tides. From closing down to opening up delta polders via Tidal River Management in the southwest delta of Bangladesh"
2161:
3949:
1773:"Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress"
3230:"Challenges of a transition to a sustainably managed shrimp culture agro-ecosystem in the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia"
3856:
Sadat-Noori, M.; Rankin, C.; Rayner, D.; Heimhuber, V.; Gaston, T.; Drummond, C.; Chalmers, A.; Khojasteh, D.; Glamore, W. (2021).
635:
Silt concentration in the Ems-Dollard estuary increased from 40 mg/L in 1954 to 80–100 mg/L currently, significantly reducing the
529:
further land inwards. The area between the embankments would be reconnected to the Western Scheldt and should therefore gradually
305:. The construction of this channel increased the flow of water and sediment into the Bay of Cartagena. Sediment deposition in the
1868:"Sediment Deposition at the Caernarvon Crevasse during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: Implications for Coastal Restoration"
1689:
van Wesenbeeck, B. K.; Mulder, J. P. M.; Marchand, M.; Reed, D. J.; de Vries, M. B.; de Vriend, H. J.; Herman, P. M. J. (2014).
3048:
2271:
1074:
919:
1219:
to floodplains is intentionally breaching or significantly lowering levees to allow flooding to occur during peak discharges.
1033:
and the ability of seeds to access degraded areas. In areas where seeds cannot easily migrate, replanting is the best option.
1747:
1429:
1064:, and because pipelines installed to transport oil and gas caused mangrove clearing. Additionally, between 2002 and 2007 the
815:. Elsewhere, they disappeared again after a few years because the bed level dropped below sea level again due to subsidence.
2272:"Rethinking sediments, tidal rivers and delta livelihoods: tidal river management as a strategic innovation in Bangladesh"
946:
and decompose quickly resulting in a loss of elevation. Many former wetlands in the area are now more than 6 meters below
818:
612:
that disconnect the land from the water. Additionally, channels in the area have been widened and deepened over time for
3387:. SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment: March 17–19, 2014. Long Beach, California, USA. SPE.
1311:
was prevented from entering the wetlands. Although tidal flows were already reintroduced in the early 2000s, the site's
404:, have been constructed in Bangladesh since the 1960s. The embankments provide flood protection and initially increased
1367:
509:. However, over time, the land behind dikes started to sink which is highly problematic in the face of sea-level rise.
454:
2837:
3381:
Dutrieux, E.; Proisy, C.; Fromard, F.; Walcker, R.; Ilman, M.; Pawlowski, F.; Ferdiansyah, H.; Ponthieux, O. (2014).
381:
42:
922:
are rapidly losing elevation. Under natural conditions, wetlands in the delta were frequently flooded. The soil was
232:
and slows down as it passes from the relatively narrow river into the wider receiving area, causing sediments to be
2423:
Dubbele dijken als robuuste waterkerende landschappen voor een welvarende Zuidwestelijke Delta. NIOZ Report 2021-01
878:
547:
57:
and therefore need sediment accumulation to maintain their elevation, particularly considering increasing rates of
3794:
Thanh, V. Q.; Roelvink, D.; van der Wegen, M. V. D.; Reyns, J.; Kernkamp, H.; Van Vinh, G.; Linh, V. T. P. (202).
1909:"Depositional dynamics in a river diversion receiving basin: The case of the West Bay Mississippi River Diversion"
693:
Another way in which silt sedimentation is stimulated in the Ems-Dollard estuary is by the construction of double
1557:
Paola, C.; Twilley, R. R.; Edmonds, D. A.; Kim, W.; Mohrig, D.; Parker, G.; Viparelli, E.; Voller, V. R. (2011).
762:
2793:
Erwin, K. L. (2009). "Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland restoration in a changing world".
1165:
along the Danube coast has increased since the construction of channels. Similar results have been found in the
1052:. Since 2000, private oil and gas companies have funded various mangrove replanting efforts. From 2001 to 2005,
686:, wooden posts connected with branches, in the ground along the kwelder, slowing down the water and encouraging
2951:"Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created "Kleine Noordwaard" wetland area in the Rhine–Meuse delta"
811:, in other locations mangroves were replanted. However, juvenile mangroves only survived in the best protected
2746:"Applying Uncertain Science to Nature-Based Coastal Protection: Lessons From Shallow Wetland-Dominated Shores"
2370:"Exploring institutional structures for Tidal River Management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh"
804:
450:
2421:
1339:
strategy is restoring saltmarsh vegetation, vegetation captures sediment and can therefore enhance natural
3384:
Mangrove Restoration in the Vicinity of Oil and Gas Facilities: Lessons Learned from a Large Scale Project
3944:
2621:
Tonneijck, F.; Winterwerp, H.; van Wesenbeeck, B.; Bosma, R.; Debrot, D.; Noor, Y. R.; Wilms, T. (2015).
473:
The first land reclamation efforts in the southwestern Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands date back to
165:
1558:
2581:
1410:
Nicholls, R. J.; Hutton, C. W.; Adger, W. N.; Hanson, S. E.; Rahman, Md. M.; Salehin, M., eds. (2018).
1292:
1259:
of the year, the lower embankments provide sufficient protection for farmers to cultivate their lands.
923:
874:
417:
224:, are engineered structures along a river that direct water and sediments from the river into adjacent
3149:"Subsidence reversal in a re-established wetland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA"
2643:
1105:
on the delta plain can be an effective strategy to increase the input of freshwater and sediments to
652:
433:
421:
2077:"Flood protection as a key-component of the environmental restoration of Canal del Dique, Colombia"
221:
3313:
Carugati, L.; Gatto, B.; Rastelli, E.; Martire, M. L.; Coral, C.; Greco, S.; Danovaro, R. (2018).
2550:
1044:. From the 1990s onwards, the mangrove forests in the delta have been under intense pressure from
3754:
2320:
1908:
1829:
1690:
1621:
Temmerman, S.; Meire, P.; Bouma, T. J.; Herman, P. M. J.; Ysebaert, T.; De Vriend, H. J. (2013).
1510:
1357:
1288:
1078:
1069:
498:
486:
253:
146:
546:
Some sedimentation enhancing strategies focus specifically on creating low energy conditions in
3493:"A socio economic and institutional analysis of mahakam delta stakeholders : Final report"
2623:
Building with Nature Indonesia: Securing eroding delta coastlines (Design and Engineering Plan)
1268:
1017:
773:
559:
256:
lost approximately 25% of its land. Currently, land is disappearing at a rate of almost 11,000
182:
142:
1772:
2529:
1247:
1145:
1133:
789:
269:
106:
2020:
1830:"Mississippi river diversions, coastal wetland restoration/creation and an economy of scale"
966:
550:. Sediment deposition occurs when the water flow slows down, as the water no longer has the
3807:
3766:
3684:
3576:
3449:
3326:
2962:
2907:
2677:
2236:
2225:"Flood risk of natural and embanked landscapes on the Ganges–Brahmaputra tidal delta plain"
1920:
1784:
1702:
1634:
1570:
1522:
1511:"Maintenance of large deltas through channelization: Nature vs. humans in the Danube delta"
1382:
1001:
980:
963:. Mean rates of land surface elevation gain in the study wetlands were 4 cm per year.
931:
233:
157:, which makes them more likely to perform satisfactorily under different future scenarios.
69:
and low-lying delta plains. Sedimentation enhancing strategies can be applied to encourage
1330:, resulting in a deeper tidal inundation similar to that experienced with sea-level rise.
8:
3097:"Understanding Tidal Marsh Sedimentation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California"
2075:
Sokolewicz, M.; Wijma, E.; Nomden, H.; Driessen, T.; van Agten, Q.; Carvajal, F. (2016).
1582:
1102:
927:
895:
832:
438:
322:
154:
3811:
3770:
3688:
3580:
3491:
Bourgeois, Robin; Gouyon, Anne; Jésus, Franck; Levang, Patrice; Langeraar, Wine (2002).
3453:
3330:
2966:
2911:
2681:
2240:
1924:
1788:
1771:
Dunn, F. E.; Darby, S. E.; Nicholls, R. J.; Cohen, S.; Zarfl, C.; Fekete, B. M. (2019).
1706:
1638:
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1526:
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time and sediment conditions were no longer optimal. Instead, a strategy similar to the
3890:
3857:
3833:
3702:
3653:
3610:
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3473:
3355:
3314:
3262:
3229:
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2397:
2350:
2301:
1810:
1753:
1666:
1482:
1435:
1387:
1377:
1323:. This created a situation in which mangroves expanded rapidly at the expense of other
1149:
668:
429:
425:
361:
174:
3796:"Flooding in the Mekong Delta: the impact of dyke systems on downstream hydrodynamics"
3070:
1845:
1413:
Ecosystem Services for Well-Being in Deltas: Integrated Assessment for Policy Analysis
3895:
3877:
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3477:
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3422:
3360:
3342:
3267:
3249:
3130:
3118:
3021:
2980:
2935:
2923:
2838:"Establishing a sediment budget in the 'Room for the River' area 'Kleine Noordwaard'"
2810:
2779:
2767:
2730:
2401:
2389:
2345:
2305:
2293:
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2183:
2098:
1959:
1947:
1889:
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1486:
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997:
989:
134:
27:
Environmental management projects aiming to restore land-building processes in deltas
3914:"Coastal wetlands can be saved from sea level rise by recreating past tidal regimes"
3858:"Coastal wetlands can be saved from sea level rise by recreating past tidal regimes"
3795:
3706:
3657:
3546:
3410:
3174:
3033:
2950:
2689:
2354:
236:, which raises the elevation of the land and may lead to the formation of new land.
3885:
3869:
3815:
3774:
3692:
3637:
3614:
3584:
3526:
3457:
3388:
3350:
3334:
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3241:
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3160:
3108:
3011:
2970:
2915:
2878:
2870:
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2802:
2757:
2716:
2685:
2427:
2381:
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2332:
2283:
2244:
2173:
2137:
2088:
1996:
1928:
1879:
1841:
1792:
1733:
1710:
1670:
1642:
1578:
1530:
1466:
1417:
1372:
750:
746:
702:
365:
178:
98:
3315:"Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning"
3165:
2874:
2721:
2704:
2593:
2336:
2321:"Sustainability impacts of tidal river management: Towards a conceptual framework"
2093:
558:
and so they sink. Examples of strategies that stimulate low energy conditions are
30:
3461:
3113:
3096:
2919:
2836:
van der Deijl, E. C.; Verschelling, E.; van der Perk, M.; Middelkoop, H. (2015).
2209:
2141:
1534:
1272:
1251:
1144:. The construction of the channel network in the Danube delta almost tripled the
1013:
734:
513:
482:
298:
290:
3779:
3753:
Tran, D. D.; van Halsema, G.; Hellegers, P. J.; Ludwig, F.; Seijger, C. (2018).
3382:
3289:"New guidelines aim to support mangrove restoration in the Western Indian Ocean"
2048:"Project Canal del Dique: bringing Dutch water management expertise to Colombia"
1948:"Sediment management for sustainable ecosystem restoration of coastal Louisiana"
185:, but delta inhabitants may not be willing to change land uses. Additionally, a
3873:
3338:
2835:
2705:"Managing erosion of mangrove-mud coasts with permeable dams – lessons learned"
1932:
1797:
1714:
1276:
1222:
1178:
1049:
1026:
1009:
890:. This project aimed to allow flooding during peak discharges of the Rhine and
812:
656:
602:
460:
333:
279:
274:
195:
150:
74:
58:
3641:
3530:
3245:
3016:
2999:
2806:
2575:
2224:
1738:
1559:"Natural Processes in Delta Restoration: Application to the Mississippi Delta"
1470:
1421:
505:, and the strengthening and raising of dikes in the area, initially increased
3938:
3881:
3829:
3820:
3649:
3598:
3538:
3469:
3426:
3346:
3253:
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3025:
2984:
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2927:
2814:
2771:
2762:
2745:
2449:"Het geheim van de wisselpolder: een alternatief voor het ophogen van dijken"
2393:
2297:
2256:
2187:
2102:
1963:
1893:
1806:
1691:"Damming deltas: A practice of the past? Towards nature-based flood defenses"
1654:
1622:
1590:
1478:
1340:
1158:
1037:
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events. For all these reasons, mangrove forests are one of the most powerful
687:
636:
606:
535:
506:
502:
357:
86:
62:
2431:
2270:
Seijger, C.; Datta, D. K.; Douven, W.; van Halsema, G.; Khan, M. F. (2019).
3899:
3606:
3364:
3271:
3148:
2385:
1662:
1598:
1255:
1231:
1190:
1121:
1048:: 60-75% of mangrove forests in the Mahakam delta have been converted into
718:
409:
373:
368:
processes. During the time the polder is flooded, the area can be used for
113:
further downstream. Embankments also exacerbate land elevation loss due to
3000:"Pathways of Water and Sediment in the Biesbosch Freshwater Tidal Wetland"
1728:
Nicholls, R. J.; Adger, W. N.; Hutton, C. W.; Hanson, S. E., eds. (2020).
1084:
There is also evidence of sedimentation in restored mangroves in Vietnam.
3564:
3228:
Bosma, R.; Sidik, A. S.; van Zwieten, P.; Aditya, A.; Visser, L. (2012).
2369:
2248:
1199:
1174:
1061:
1045:
939:
935:
907:
899:
849:
742:
628:, resulting in a surplus of silt being transported from the sea into the
591:
525:
517:
490:
474:
405:
385:
369:
199:
46:
3672:
2288:
2178:
1646:
1087:
356:
into the river system, which deposit and accrete within the polder when
1327:
1324:
1316:
1207:
1203:
1166:
1106:
951:
845:
754:
672:
613:
587:
521:
442:
413:
377:
54:
3392:
2883:
2620:
3697:
2897:
1884:
1867:
1312:
1296:
1284:
1041:
960:
947:
862:
841:
797:
726:
697:. The area in between the dikes is filled with water by a controlled
640:
352:. Tidal water can bring in large concentrations of sediment from the
349:
261:
130:
122:
70:
45:
projects aiming to restore and facilitate land-building processes in
3589:
3492:
2474:"Boeren zitten niet te wachten op wisselpolders: 'Een onzalig plan'"
1979:"Mississippi River diversions could save Louisiana's drowning coast"
424:
of the region. Tidal river management (TRM) emerged as a bottom-up,
372:. We distinguish between tidal river management, implemented in the
160:
3211:
2997:
2948:
2448:
2426:, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), p. 99,
1320:
1304:
1239:
1053:
985:
808:
738:
621:
605:. However, the silt cannot settle on the delta plains due to flood
581:
555:
446:
318:
302:
114:
53:
availability and deposition are important because deltas naturally
50:
2860:
573:
1335:
1280:
1235:
1162:
1129:
1125:
1057:
1025:. If relieved from human pressures, mangrove species can quickly
993:
883:
854:
837:
698:
629:
595:
225:
203:
126:
94:
80:
3855:
2530:
Startbeslissing Pilot Buitendijkse Slibsedimentatie Eems-Dollard
2319:
Al Masud, M. M.; Moni, N. N.; Azadi, H.; Van Passel, S. (2018).
2159:
1688:
1210:, and the support of healthy wetland ecosystems. Levees prevent
913:
3726:
3562:
2998:
van der Deijl, E. C.; van der Perk, M.; Middelkoop, H. (2019).
2949:
van der Deijl, E. C.; van der Perk, M.; Middelkoop, H. (2018).
2622:
2222:
2208:
de Mesel, I. G.; Ysebaert, T.; Kamermans, P. (September 2013).
2160:
van Staveren, M. F.; Warner, J. F.; Shah Alam Khan, M. (2017).
1215:
1141:
1114:
894:
rivers, with the restored tidal and flood dynamics encouraging
781:
769:
766:
683:
680:
663:
551:
401:
337:
239:
229:
3793:
3752:
3563:
Giosan, L.; Syvitski, J.; Constantinescu, S.; Day, J. (2014).
3071:"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: The Sinking heart of the state"
1623:"Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change"
391:
328:
209:
181:
to make space for sedimentation enhancing strategies requires
2702:
2269:
2074:
1508:
1300:
1230:
Plans are being made to lower and breach levees in the upper
1211:
1195:
943:
903:
891:
887:
777:
730:
694:
676:
648:
644:
609:
478:
341:
314:
306:
294:
118:
110:
102:
90:
66:
3439:
3380:
3312:
1509:
Giosan, L.; Constantinescu, S.; Filip, F.; Deng, B. (2013).
1132:
in the Danube delta were negatively impacted by the limited
541:
360:
reduce. Tidal flooding of polders is an alternative form of
3515:
3227:
2368:
Gain, A. K.; Ashik-Ur-Rahman, M.; Benson, D. (2019-09-25).
2318:
1866:
Day, J. W.; Cable, J. E.; Lane, R. R.; Kemp, G. P. (2016).
1308:
1243:
1170:
1137:
1110:
1030:
1005:
956:
793:
785:
758:
722:
706:
617:
599:
567:
563:
530:
397:
345:
310:
257:
3490:
2666:
247:
2367:
2207:
1727:
1620:
1409:
1362:
1153:
858:
709:
which is used to strengthen and raise dikes in the area.
625:
494:
353:
190:
364:
that makes use of natural tidal dynamics and associated
3147:
Miller, R.; Fram, M. S.; Fuji, R.; Wheeler; G. (2008).
2419:
1060:
and ecosystem degradation which is seen as a threat to
705:
water conditions. The settled silt can be used to make
701:, where silt can settle more easily due to low flow or
2548:
1770:
1556:
266:
Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority
34:
Gediz delta, showing a typical natural delta landscape
3146:
2126:
1946:
Khalil, S. M.; Freeman, A. M.; Raynie, R. C. (2018).
1907:
Kolker, A. S.; Miner, M. D.; Weathers, H. D. (2012).
1128:). The main reason for digging the channels was that
1036:
Mangrove restoration efforts have taken place in the
844:
temporarily or permanently flooded by water. Wetland
2212:(Report). IMARES Wageningen UR. p. 48. C072/13.
934:
accumulates faster than it decomposes, resulting in
616:, increasing the strength of the tidal inland flood
2210:
Klimaatbestendige dijken: het concept wisselpolders
1945:
1906:
1095:
1077:. Mangroves can recover rapidly in the area if the
468:
105:result in a loss of water storage area during peak
3627:
3068:
2549:van Maren, B.; Pierik, H. J.; Schmidt, C. (2020).
1173:deliver sediments to the delta plain resulting in
1148:toward the delta plain. However, at the same time
788:and other brushwood. These structures let sea and
1029:degraded areas, depending on the availability of
161:Limitations of sedimentation enhancing strategies
3936:
2420:van Belzen, J.; Rienstra, G.; Bouma, T. (2021),
1865:
873:Depolderisation has occurred in a polder in the
796:will colonise the area naturally when the shore
582:Ems-Dollard estuary, the Netherlands and Germany
477:. Since then, the area has experienced multiple
428:strategy to reduce waterlogging and solve river
3046:
3078:Land Subsidence in the United States. Circular
3049:"Ondergelopen Noordwaard: 'Dat is best uniek'"
1177:rates that may be fast enough to keep up with
1120:Shallow, narrow channels have been dug in the
432:problems in Bangladesh. TRM is also seen as a
206:of the country in which the delta is located.
81:Benefits of sedimentation enhancing strategies
914:Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, California, USA
868:
3670:
3565:"Climate change: Protect the world's deltas"
3196:
2025:Coastal Protection And Restoration Authority
2001:Coastal Protection And Restoration Authority
1206:, important for land elevation maintenance,
772:in the Ems-Dollard estuary was implemented.
285:
145:. Particularly considering uncertain future
3724:
3153:San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science
3069:Ingebritsen, S. E.; Ikehara, M. E. (1999).
1827:
1732:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1416:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
392:Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, Bangladesh
380:, and exchange polders, implemented in the
329:Tidal flooding of previously enclosed areas
210:Types of sedimentation enhancing strategies
865:and land-building capacities of wetlands.
647:that can penetrate the water and inhibits
643:the water is, which reduces the amount of
3889:
3819:
3778:
3696:
3588:
3354:
3261:
3164:
3112:
3015:
2974:
2882:
2761:
2720:
2535:(Report). Rijkswaterstaat. 31 March 2019.
2344:
2287:
2177:
2092:
1883:
1796:
1737:
1262:
712:
542:Creation of low energy aquatic conditions
260:per year. To combat these rapid rates of
198:in the water, land-use in the delta, the
1452:
1221:
1086:
965:
817:
690:, which may eventually create new land.
639:. The more silt water contains the more
572:
459:
238:
164:
29:
2551:"De verslibbing van het Eems-estuarium"
1976:
974:
408:. However, together with a decrease in
248:Mississippi River delta, Louisiana, USA
109:, which may cause an increased risk of
14:
3937:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3558:
3556:
3442:Aquaculture Economics & Management
3404:
3402:
3376:
3374:
3283:
3281:
3223:
3221:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3142:
3140:
2743:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2616:
2614:
2544:
2542:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2415:
2413:
2411:
826:
445:sediment to erode. This increases the
3727:"Breaching dykes in the Mekong Delta"
3671:Nichols, A. L.; Viers, J. H. (2017).
3408:
2792:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2070:
2068:
2042:
2040:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1307:in the area during the 20th century,
489:which led to the construction of the
348:to flow into an embanked area during
121:risks while simultaneously restoring
3094:
1913:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
1828:Turner, R. E.; Boyer, M. E. (1997).
1695:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
1684:
1682:
1680:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1583:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142856
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1405:
1403:
776:barriers were built along the Demak
3844:
3800:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
3741:
3713:
3553:
3399:
3371:
3278:
3218:
3181:
3137:
2629:
2611:
2539:
2515:
2499:"Sediment Transport and Deposition"
2437:
2408:
1184:
214:
24:
2750:Frontiers in Environmental Science
2194:
2148:
2130:Environmental Science & Policy
2109:
2065:
2037:
1852:
1764:
1493:
1368:Environmental impact of reservoirs
1279:has been implemented in a coastal
717:The Wulan delta is located in the
522:het verdronken land van Saefthinge
455:Bangladesh Water Development Board
441:toward the sea, causing deposited
202:, stakeholder engagement, and the
187:decline in river sediment delivery
39:Sedimentation enhancing strategies
25:
18:Sedimentation enhancing strategies
3961:
2503:Environmental Measurement Systems
1677:
1605:
1541:
1400:
590:is located on the border between
416:. Another issue in Bangladesh is
3950:Environmental management schemes
2644:"Building with Nature Indonesia"
1254:of floodplains, accumulation of
1096:Construction of channel networks
749:for coastal infrastructure, and
469:Western Scheldt, the Netherlands
340:entails (temporarily) breaching
3918:UNSW: Water Research Laboratory
3906:
3787:
3677:River Research and Applications
3664:
3621:
3519:Wetlands Ecology and Management
3509:
3484:
3433:
3306:
3234:Wetlands Ecology and Management
3088:
3062:
3040:
2991:
2942:
2891:
2854:
2829:
2795:Wetlands Ecology and Management
2786:
2737:
2696:
2690:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.017
2660:
2586:
2568:
2491:
2466:
2361:
2312:
2263:
2216:
2013:
1989:
1970:
1939:
1900:
1563:Annual Review of Marine Science
848:serves important functions: it
420:, which negatively impacts the
374:Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta
87:flood protection infrastructure
3047:Rijkswaterstaat (2020-02-12).
2670:Ocean & Coastal Management
1821:
1777:Environmental Research Letters
1721:
1446:
1271:solution to preserve existing
886:, a distributary of the lower
780:using local materials such as
679:. This can be done by placing
85:When compared to conventional
13:
1:
3759:Agricultural Water Management
3166:10.15447/sfews.2008v6iss3art1
2875:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.027
2722:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106078
2337:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.022
1846:10.1016/S0925-8574(97)00258-9
1393:
1299:. Due to the construction of
1289:Hunter Wetlands National Park
930:, and under these conditions
662:, water and light to produce
301:with the Bay of Cartagena in
125:, enhancing production (e.g.
3462:10.1080/13657305.2013.747226
3114:10.2112/1551-5036-36.sp1.605
2920:10.1080/02508060.2014.957510
2574:Provincie Groningen (2018).
2142:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.020
1535:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.001
920:Sacramento-San Joaquin delta
7:
3780:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.039
3101:Journal of Coastal Research
2598:Programma Eems-Dollard 2050
2577:Programma Eems-Dollard 2050
2094:10.1051/e3sconf/20160712005
1346:
10:
3966:
3874:10.1038/s41598-021-80977-3
3339:10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0
2021:"2017 Coastal Master Plan"
1997:"2012 Coastal Master Plan"
1933:10.1016/j.ecss.2012.04.005
1730:Deltas in the Anthropocene
1715:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.12.031
1319:favoured the expansion of
1188:
978:
869:Biesbosch, the Netherlands
830:
729:. Northern Java's deltaic
562:made of materials such as
483:extreme weather conditions
252:Over the 20th century the
3642:10.1007/s13157-010-0092-0
3531:10.1007/s11273-016-9481-3
3246:10.1007/s11273-011-9244-0
3017:10.1007/s13157-018-1071-0
2807:10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1
2447:Buiter, R. (2021-01-25).
2346:10067/1490390151162165141
2052:www.royalhaskoningdhv.com
1739:10.1007/978-3-030-23517-8
1471:10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3
1422:10.1007/978-3-319-71093-8
1169:: channels dug there for
822:Example wetland landscape
560:semi-permeable structures
520:. This is illustrated by
434:climate change adaptation
422:agricultural productivity
286:Canal del Dique, Colombia
183:stakeholder participation
3821:10.5194/hess-24-189-2020
3725:van Halsema, G. (2019).
2976:10.5194/esurf-6-187-2018
2763:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00049
1798:10.1088/1748-9326/ab304e
1453:Syvitski, J. P. (2008).
1252:flood retention capacity
988:provide a wide range of
222:hydrological engineering
155:environmental conditions
43:environmental management
3415:Borneo Research Journal
3200:Sustainable Development
1983:Engineering News Record
1977:Russell, P. R. (2018).
1358:Coastal sediment supply
1202:and sediment supply to
406:agricultural production
3293:UN Environment Program
2955:Earth Surface Dynamics
2863:Ecological Engineering
2709:Ecological Engineering
2594:"Project Dubbele Dijk"
2480:(in Dutch). 2021-01-25
2386:10.12854/erde-2019-434
2081:E3S Web of Conferences
1834:Ecological Engineering
1459:Sustainability Science
1263:Tidal replicate method
1227:
1092:
1066:Department of Forestry
1018:nature-based solutions
971:
861:, restore the natural
823:
800:accretes high enough.
751:groundwater extraction
713:Wulan delta, Indonesia
578:
493:. The construction of
487:flood disaster of 1953
465:
323:ecological restoration
244:
196:sediment concentration
177:regions in the world.
170:
35:
3409:Sidik, A. S. (2010).
2432:10.25850/nioz/7b.b.kb
2325:Ecological Indicators
2229:Nature Climate Change
1238:near the border with
1225:
1198:is a vital source of
1090:
1070:Indonesian government
969:
896:ecosystem restoration
821:
576:
463:
242:
168:
129:) and cultural (e.g.
33:
3095:Reed, D. J. (2002).
2249:10.1038/nclimate2472
1383:Wetland conservation
1250:downstream, reduced
1079:physical environment
1002:carbon sequestration
981:Mangrove restoration
975:Mangrove restoration
813:sedimentation basins
624:current back to the
503:storm surge barriers
485:, amongst which the
3812:2020HESS...24..189T
3771:2018AgWM..206..187T
3689:2017RivRA..33.1143N
3581:2014Natur.516...31G
3454:2013AqEM...17...51B
3331:2018NatSR...813298C
2967:2018ESuD....6..187C
2912:2014WatIn..39..686V
2900:Water International
2744:Möller, I. (2019).
2682:2017OCM...150....3T
2625:(Report). Ecoshape.
2289:10.2166/wp.2018.212
2241:2015NatCC...5..153A
2179:10.2166/wp.2016.029
1925:2012ECSS..106....1K
1789:2019ERL....14h4034D
1707:2014ECSS..140....1V
1647:10.1038/nature12859
1639:2013Natur.504...79T
1575:2011ARMS....3...67P
1527:2013Anthr...1...35G
1134:freshwater delivery
833:Wetland restoration
827:Wetland restoration
733:suffer from severe
721:district, northern
588:Ems-Dollard estuary
577:Ems-Dollard estuary
204:financial resources
143:boundary conditions
3945:Sedimentary basins
3862:Scientific Reports
3319:Scientific Reports
1388:Intertidal wetland
1378:Stream restoration
1228:
1208:soil fertilization
1093:
990:ecosystem services
972:
879:Room for the River
824:
669:primary production
620:and weakening the
579:
556:sediment particles
466:
396:Polders, known as
295:navigation channel
293:is a 400-year-old
245:
171:
135:ecosystem services
103:levee construction
36:
3497:agritrop.cirad.fr
3393:10.2118/168449-MS
1749:978-3-030-23516-1
1431:978-3-319-71092-1
1353:Beach nourishment
1150:sediment delivery
961:surface elevation
936:soil accumulation
653:primary producers
554:to carry heavier
447:drainage capacity
382:Rhine-Meuse delta
254:Mississippi delta
243:Mississippi delta
175:densely populated
16:(Redirected from
3957:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3823:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3731:Wageningen World
3722:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3698:10.1002/rra.3159
3683:(7): 1143–1155.
3668:
3662:
3661:
3625:
3619:
3618:
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3560:
3551:
3550:
3513:
3507:
3506:
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3310:
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3303:
3301:
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3265:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3194:
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3168:
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3135:
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3116:
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3086:
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3019:
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2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2858:
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2842:
2833:
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2826:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2765:
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2735:
2734:
2724:
2700:
2694:
2693:
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2658:
2657:
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2640:
2627:
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2618:
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2605:
2590:
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2513:
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2444:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2124:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1885:10.3390/w8020038
1863:
1850:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1455:"Deltas at risk"
1450:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1373:Soft engineering
1285:Kooragang Island
1185:Breaching levees
1171:rice cultivation
918:Wetlands in the
877:under the Dutch
838:Coastal wetlands
747:land reclamation
215:River diversions
191:dam construction
189:due to upstream
107:river discharges
99:land reclamation
21:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3854:
3845:
3792:
3788:
3751:
3742:
3723:
3714:
3669:
3665:
3626:
3622:
3590:10.1038/516031a
3575:(7529): 31–33.
3561:
3554:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3489:
3485:
3438:
3434:
3407:
3400:
3379:
3372:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3226:
3219:
3195:
3182:
3145:
3138:
3093:
3089:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3041:
2996:
2992:
2947:
2943:
2896:
2892:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2791:
2787:
2742:
2738:
2701:
2697:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2438:
2418:
2409:
2366:
2362:
2317:
2313:
2268:
2264:
2221:
2217:
2206:
2195:
2158:
2149:
2125:
2110:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1952:Shore and Beach
1944:
1940:
1905:
1901:
1864:
1853:
1826:
1822:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1726:
1722:
1687:
1678:
1633:(7478): 79–83.
1619:
1606:
1555:
1542:
1507:
1494:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1349:
1269:eco-engineering
1265:
1193:
1187:
1136:to the deltaic
1098:
1014:extreme weather
983:
977:
916:
871:
835:
829:
803:Initially, the
735:coastal erosion
715:
660:
598:and has a high
592:the Netherlands
584:
570:and brushwood.
544:
514:Western Scheldt
475:the Middle Ages
471:
464:Western Scheldt
394:
386:the Netherlands
362:coastal defence
358:flow velocities
331:
297:connecting the
291:Canal del Dique
288:
282:to build land.
250:
217:
212:
179:Land-use change
163:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3931:
3930:
3905:
3843:
3806:(1): 189–212.
3786:
3740:
3712:
3663:
3636:(5): 979–988.
3620:
3552:
3525:(2): 245–261.
3508:
3483:
3432:
3398:
3370:
3305:
3277:
3217:
3212:10.1002/sd.477
3206:(5): 260–270.
3180:
3136:
3087:
3061:
3039:
3010:(1): 197–215.
2990:
2961:(1): 187–201.
2941:
2906:(5): 686–700.
2890:
2869:(2): 113–122.
2853:
2828:
2785:
2736:
2695:
2659:
2628:
2610:
2585:
2567:
2538:
2514:
2490:
2478:Omroep Zeeland
2465:
2436:
2407:
2360:
2311:
2282:(1): 108–126.
2262:
2235:(2): 153–157.
2215:
2193:
2172:(1): 147–164.
2147:
2108:
2064:
2036:
2012:
1988:
1969:
1938:
1899:
1851:
1840:(2): 117–128.
1820:
1763:
1748:
1720:
1676:
1604:
1540:
1492:
1445:
1430:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1277:sea-level rise
1275:wetlands from
1264:
1261:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1179:sea-level rise
1175:land accretion
1097:
1094:
1062:gas operations
1010:climate change
979:Main article:
976:
973:
959:and increases
948:mean sea-level
932:organic carbon
915:
912:
870:
867:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
774:Semi-permeable
714:
711:
658:
583:
580:
543:
540:
470:
467:
393:
390:
334:Tidal flooding
330:
327:
287:
284:
275:crevasse splay
249:
246:
216:
213:
211:
208:
162:
159:
151:climate change
82:
79:
75:sustainability
71:land elevation
59:sea-level rise
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3962:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2846:September 27,
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:(8): 084034.
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341:sedimentation
1337:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:and internal
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1256:agrochemicals
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:sedimentation
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Total E&P
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Mahakam delta
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
968:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
942:where it can
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Merwede river
880:
876:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:causing land
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
688:sedimentation
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:water quality
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:concentration
601:
597:
593:
589:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:shallow water
539:
538:in the area.
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:morphological
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:and allowing
343:
339:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Rio Magdalena
296:
292:
283:
281:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:soil drainage
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:Sedimentation
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3922:. Retrieved
3920:. 2021-01-29
3917:
3908:
3865:
3861:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3734:
3730:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3572:
3568:
3522:
3518:
3517:mangroves".
3511:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:
3486:
3448:(1): 51–70.
3445:
3441:
3435:
3418:
3414:
3383:
3325:(1): 13298.
3322:
3318:
3308:
3297:. Retrieved
3295:. 2020-07-24
3292:
3240:(2): 89–99.
3237:
3233:
3203:
3199:
3156:
3152:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3053:. Retrieved
3042:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2831:
2801:(1): 71–84.
2798:
2794:
2788:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2602:. Retrieved
2597:
2588:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2482:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2452:
2422:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2279:
2276:Water Policy
2275:
2265:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2169:
2166:Water Policy
2165:
2133:
2129:
2084:
2080:
2056:. Retrieved
2051:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1875:
1871:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1729:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1630:
1626:
1569:(1): 67–91.
1566:
1562:
1518:
1515:Anthropocene
1514:
1465:(1): 23–32.
1462:
1458:
1448:
1412:
1332:
1266:
1232:Mekong delta
1229:
1226:Mekong delta
1194:
1191:Levee breach
1146:water influx
1122:Danube delta
1119:
1099:
1091:Danube delta
1083:
1075:silvofishery
1050:shrimp ponds
1035:
1006:root systems
1004:, and their
984:
917:
872:
836:
802:
716:
692:
651:. Algae are
649:algae growth
634:
585:
545:
536:salinisation
518:water levels
511:
507:flood safety
472:
418:waterlogging
410:water supply
395:
332:
309:, connected
289:
251:
218:
172:
139:
84:
38:
37:
3868:(1): 1196.
3765:: 187–199.
3569:Nature News
3107:: 605–611.
2380:: 184–195.
2331:: 451–467.
2136:: 111–120.
1343:processes.
1309:tidal water
1248:flood risks
1214:, creating
1204:floodplains
1200:fresh water
1117:in deltas.
1107:floodplains
1046:aquaculture
940:water table
924:waterlogged
908:spring tide
900:aggradation
790:river water
743:aquaculture
741:forests to
677:embankments
655:: they use
491:Delta Works
370:aquaculture
346:tidal water
200:tidal range
91:embankments
77:of deltas.
3939:Categories
3924:2021-03-03
3502:2021-03-12
3299:2021-03-03
3055:2021-03-02
3051:(in Dutch)
2884:2066/91900
2715:: 106078.
2653:2021-03-03
2604:2021-03-03
2600:(in Dutch)
2564:: 113–121.
2508:2021-02-25
2484:2021-03-02
2459:2021-03-02
2455:(in Dutch)
2058:2020-12-07
2054:(in Dutch)
2030:2021-03-02
2006:2021-03-02
1394:References
1328:vegetation
1317:topography
1273:intertidal
1244:rice crops
1167:Ebro delta
1027:recolonise
1023:replanting
992:, such as
952:subsidence
850:attenuates
846:vegetation
842:ecosystems
763:submersion
761:exposure,
755:subsidence
731:shorelines
673:food chain
614:navigation
430:congestion
426:indigenous
414:navigation
378:Bangladesh
270:Caernarvon
123:ecosystems
3882:2045-2322
3838:213580344
3830:1607-7938
3650:0277-5212
3599:0028-0836
3539:1572-9834
3478:154956644
3470:1365-7305
3427:2600-8645
3421:: 27–46.
3347:2045-2322
3254:0923-4861
3131:130849208
3123:0749-0208
3026:0277-5212
2985:2196-632X
2936:154347205
2928:0250-8060
2815:0923-4861
2780:128358438
2772:2296-665X
2731:228909166
2558:Landschap
2402:210639344
2394:0013-9998
2306:158355414
2298:1366-7017
2257:1758-678X
2188:1366-7017
2103:2267-1242
2087:: 12005.
1964:2641-7286
1958:: 17–27.
1894:2073-4441
1878:(2): 38.
1815:199280567
1807:1748-9326
1758:201782857
1655:0028-0836
1591:1941-1405
1521:: 35–45.
1487:128976925
1479:1862-4065
1440:135458360
1325:saltmarsh
1321:mangroves
1313:hydrology
1297:Australia
1293:Newcastle
1130:fisheries
1042:Indonesia
1000:species,
986:Mangroves
970:Mangroves
928:anaerobic
875:Biesbosch
863:hydrology
855:estuaries
809:mangroves
805:permeable
798:bed level
727:Indonesia
451:bottom-up
350:high tide
262:land loss
234:deposited
147:scenarios
131:landscape
127:fisheries
3900:33441972
3737:: 34–39.
3707:43005007
3658:10693641
3630:Wetlands
3607:25471866
3547:16739693
3365:30185918
3272:27656046
3175:55138018
3084:: 83–94.
3034:81981192
3004:Wetlands
2676:: 3–11.
2648:EcoShape
2374:Die ERDE
2355:84181903
1919:: 1–12.
1663:24305151
1599:21329199
1347:See also
1305:drainage
1267:A novel
1240:Cambodia
1196:Flooding
1103:channels
739:mangrove
703:stagnant
671:and the
443:riverbed
439:channels
319:mangrove
303:Colombia
226:wetlands
111:flooding
95:seawalls
89:such as
51:Sediment
3891:7807073
3808:Bibcode
3767:Bibcode
3685:Bibcode
3615:1970583
3577:Bibcode
3450:Bibcode
3356:6125342
3327:Bibcode
3263:5012376
2963:Bibcode
2908:Bibcode
2823:1928825
2678:Bibcode
2582:YouTube
2237:Bibcode
1921:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1703:Bibcode
1701:: 1–6.
1671:4462888
1635:Bibcode
1571:Bibcode
1523:Bibcode
1336:wetland
1281:wetland
1236:Vietnam
1216:polders
1163:erosion
1142:lagoons
1126:Romania
1115:lagoons
1068:of the
1058:erosion
998:aquatic
994:habitat
944:oxidize
857:or the
770:groynes
699:culvert
684:groynes
630:estuary
618:current
607:control
596:Germany
512:In the
338:polders
149:due to
55:subside
3898:
3888:
3880:
3836:
3828:
3705:
3656:
3648:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3545:
3537:
3476:
3468:
3425:
3363:
3353:
3345:
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3260:
3252:
3173:
3129:
3121:
3032:
3024:
2983:
2934:
2926:
2821:
2813:
2778:
2770:
2756:: 49.
2729:
2400:
2392:
2353:
2304:
2296:
2255:
2186:
2101:
1962:
1892:
1813:
1805:
1756:
1746:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1627:Nature
1597:
1589:
1485:
1477:
1438:
1428:
1301:levees
1212:floods
782:bamboo
767:willow
681:willow
664:oxygen
641:turbid
610:levees
552:energy
526:buffer
479:storms
402:Bengal
315:swamps
280:basins
264:, the
230:energy
67:rivers
47:deltas
3834:S2CID
3703:S2CID
3654:S2CID
3611:S2CID
3543:S2CID
3474:S2CID
3171:S2CID
3159:(3).
3127:S2CID
3074:(PDF)
3030:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2841:(PDF)
2819:S2CID
2776:S2CID
2727:S2CID
2554:(PDF)
2533:(PDF)
2453:Trouw
2398:S2CID
2351:S2CID
2302:S2CID
1872:Water
1811:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1436:S2CID
1138:lakes
1111:lakes
1031:seeds
904:storm
892:Meuse
888:Rhine
794:seeds
786:twigs
778:coast
719:Demak
695:dikes
645:light
568:twigs
499:locks
398:beels
342:dikes
311:lakes
307:canal
258:acres
119:flood
3896:PMID
3878:ISSN
3826:ISSN
3646:ISSN
3603:PMID
3595:ISSN
3535:ISSN
3466:ISSN
3423:ISSN
3361:PMID
3343:ISSN
3268:PMID
3250:ISSN
3119:ISSN
3082:1182
3022:ISSN
2981:ISSN
2924:ISSN
2848:2023
2811:ISSN
2768:ISSN
2390:ISSN
2294:ISSN
2253:ISSN
2184:ISSN
2099:ISSN
1960:ISSN
1890:ISSN
1803:ISSN
1744:ISBN
1659:PMID
1651:ISSN
1595:PMID
1587:ISSN
1475:ISSN
1426:ISBN
1315:and
1140:and
1113:and
1012:and
996:for
957:peat
950:and
926:and
906:and
840:are
759:wave
723:Java
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600:silt
594:and
586:The
564:wood
531:silt
501:and
495:dams
481:and
388:.
313:and
101:and
93:and
41:are
3886:PMC
3870:doi
3816:doi
3775:doi
3763:206
3693:doi
3638:doi
3585:doi
3573:516
3527:doi
3458:doi
3389:doi
3351:PMC
3335:doi
3258:PMC
3242:doi
3208:doi
3161:doi
3109:doi
3012:doi
2971:doi
2916:doi
2879:hdl
2871:doi
2803:doi
2758:doi
2717:doi
2713:158
2686:doi
2674:150
2580:on
2428:doi
2382:doi
2378:150
2341:hdl
2333:doi
2284:doi
2245:doi
2174:doi
2138:doi
2089:doi
1929:doi
1917:106
1880:doi
1842:doi
1793:doi
1734:doi
1711:doi
1699:140
1643:doi
1631:504
1579:doi
1531:doi
1467:doi
1418:doi
1363:Dam
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