467:
48:
489:. An amendment tabled by the opposition (but not by Gladstone himself) trebled the new number entitled to vote under the bill; yet Disraeli simply accepted it. The bill enfranchised most men who lived in urban areas. The final proposals were as follows: a borough franchise for all who paid rates in person (that is, not compounders), men who paid more than £10 rent per year, and extra votes for graduates, professionals and those with over £50 savings. These last "fancy franchises" were seen by Conservatives as a weapon against a mass electorate.
298:
what was known as the "residuum", those that the MPs of the time described as feckless and criminal poor. This was ensured by a £7 annual rent qualification to vote—or 2 shillings and 9 pence (2s 9d) a week. This entailed two "fancy franchises", emulating measures of 1854, a £10 lodger qualification for the boroughs, and a £50 savings qualification in the counties. Liberals claimed that "the middle classes, strengthened by the best of the artisans, would still have the preponderance of power".
1186:
294:. Proponents used two arguments: the balance of the constitution and "moral right". They emphasized that deserving, skilled, sober, thrifty, and deferential artisans deserve the franchise. Liberal William Gladstone emphasized the "moral" improvement of workingmen and felt that they should therefore have the opportunity of "demonstrating their allegiance to their betters". However the opposition warned against the low-class democracy of the United States and Australia.
151:
1094:
518:
326:
421:. The Adullamites were anti-reform, as were the Conservatives, but the Adullamites declined the invitation to enter into Government with the Conservatives as they thought that they could have more influence from an independent position. Despite the fact that he had blocked the Liberal Reform Bill, in February 1867, Disraeli introduced his own Reform Bill into the House of Commons.
1237:
of local units of the public. The brand-new franchise provisions were briefly flawed; the act did not address the issues of compounding and of not being a ratepayer in a household. Compounding (counting of one's under-tenants payments and using that count as a qualification) as to all rates and rents
297:
Palmerston's death in 1865 opened the floodgates for reform. In 1866 Russell (Earl
Russell as he had been since 1861, and now Prime Minister for the second time), introduced a Reform Bill. It was a cautious bill, which proposed to enfranchise "respectable" working men, excluding unskilled workers and
484:
Faced with the possibility of popular revolt going much further, the government rapidly included into the bill amendments which enfranchised far more people. Consequently, the bill was more far-reaching than any
Members of Parliament had thought possible or really wanted; Disraeli appeared to accept
1173:
In
Scotland, five existing constituencies gained members, and three new constituencies were formed. Two existing county constituencies were merged into one, giving an overall increase of seven members; this was offset by seven English boroughs (listed above) being disenfranchised, leaving the House
1258:
The redistribution of seats actually served to make the House of
Commons increasingly dominated by the upper classes. Only they could afford to pay the huge campaigning costs and the abolition of certain rotten boroughs removed some of the middle-class international merchants who had been able to
213:
Before the act, one million of the seven million adult men in
England and Wales could vote; the act immediately doubled that number. Further, by the end of 1868 all male heads of household could vote, having abolished the widespread mechanism of the deemed rentpayer or ratepayer being a superior
249:
movement. After 1848, this movement declined rapidly, but elite opinion began to pay attention. It was thus only 27 years after the initial, quite modest, Great Reform Act that leading politicians thought it prudent to introduce further electoral reform. Following an unsuccessful attempt by
273:
in 1865 emboldened the forces in
Britain that demanded more democracy and public input into the political system, to the dismay of the upper class landed gentry who identified with the US Southern States planters and feared the loss of influence and a popular radical movement. Influential
1432:
Notes Upon 'the
Representation of the People Act, 1867' (30 & 31 Vict. C. 102.): With Appendices Concerning the Antient Rights, the Rights Conferred by the 2 & 3 Will. IV C. 45, Population, Rental, Rating, and the Operation of the Repealed Enactments as to Compound
492:
However, Gladstone attacked the bill; a series of sparkling parliamentary debates with
Disraeli resulted in the bill becoming much more radical. Having been given his chance by the belief that Gladstone's bill had gone too far in 1866, Disraeli had now gone further.
1224:
The slur of local bribery and corruption dogged early debates in 1867–68. The whips' and leaders' decision to steer away discussion of electoral malpractice or irregularity to 1868's
Election Petitions Act facilitated the progress of the main Reform Act.
402:, the powerful Liberal leader, was dead and the Liberal Party was split and defeated. Thanks to manoeuvring by Disraeli, Derby's Conservatives saw an opportunity to be a strong, viable party of government; however, there was still a Liberal majority in the
496:
Disraeli was able to persuade his party to vote for the bill on the basis that the newly enfranchised electorate would be grateful and would vote
Conservative at the next election. Despite this prediction, in 1868 the Conservatives lost the first
887:
Three further boroughs (Honiton, Thetford, Wells) were also due to have their representation halved under the 1867 Act, but before this reduction took effect they were disenfranchised altogether by the 1868 Scottish Reform Act as noted above.
1254:
Increased amounts of party spending and political organisation at both a local and national level—politicians had to account themselves to the increased electorate, which without secret ballots meant an increased number of voters to treat or
1514:
1232:
described this as a "borough franchise revolution"; Overwhelming election of the landed class or otherwise very wealthy to the Commons would no longer be assured by money, bribery and favours, those elected would reflect the
451:, and other towns. Though these movements did not normally use revolutionary language as some Chartists had in the 1840s, they were powerful movements. The high point came when a demonstration in May 1867 in
214:
lessor or landlord who would act as middleman for the money paid ("compounding"). The act introduced a near-negligible redistribution of seats, far short of the urbanisation and population growth since 1832.
1431:
2122:
2117:
504:
The bill ultimately aided the rise of the radical wing of the Liberal Party and helped Gladstone to victory. The Act was tidied up with many further Acts to alter electoral boundaries.
1299:
is concerned almost exclusively with the parliamentary progress of the Second Reform Act, and Finn sits for one of the seven fictional boroughs that are due to be disenfranchised.
1990:
309:; on the other were pro-reform Liberals who supported the Government. The Adullamites were supported by Tories and the liberal Whigs were supported by radicals and reformists.
1688:
Aidt, Toke, Stanley L. Winer, and Peng Zhang. "Franchise extension and fiscal structure in the United Kingdom 1820-1913: A new test of the Redistribution Hypothesis." (2020).
429:
2369:
428:, and the feeling that many of the skilled working class were respectable, had persuaded many that there should be a Reform Bill. However, wealthy Conservative MP
2215:
2072:
2266:
1983:
455:
was banned by the government. Thousands of troops and policemen were prepared, but the crowds were so huge that the government did not dare to attack. The
2205:
2200:
2281:
245:(in that era leading from both Houses) had resisted attempts to push through further reform, and in particular left unfulfilled the six demands of the
2410:
2246:
424:
By this time the attitude of many in the country had ceased to be apathetic regarding reform of the House of Commons. Huge meetings, especially the
2044:
1228:
The unprecedented extension of the franchise to all householders effectively gave the vote to many working-class men, quite a considerable change.
1167:
618:
195:
2395:
2344:
2195:
2049:
2034:
1976:
1267:
was worried about the prospect of a socialist party taking the bulk of the working-class vote, so they moved to the left, while their rivals the
1163:
2286:
2180:
598:
302:
2390:
2256:
2190:
399:
305:, who incited those threatened by the bill to rise up against it. On one side were the reactionary conservative Liberals, known as the
1867:
Seghezza, Elena, and Pierluigi Morelli. "Suffrage extension, social identity, and redistribution: the case of the Second Reform Act."
2327:
2261:
2157:
2167:
387:
1626:
2420:
1242:. This meant that all male tenants would have to pay the parish/local rates directly and thus thereafter qualified for the vote.
649:
637:
631:
604:
403:
70:
2359:
2220:
2210:
2127:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2054:
1609:
1333:
1323:
655:
259:
2251:
1601:
965:
959:
643:
625:
610:
498:
414:
391:
226:
1963:
592:
2337:
1196:
661:
225:
expecting a reward for his sudden and sweeping backing of the reforms discussed, yet it resulted in their loss of the
2271:
2175:
1141:
565:
373:
17:
1211:
opponents by introducing more liberal reforms than they had contemplated; their heads are presented on a platter to
1123:
547:
355:
2415:
2236:
2185:
2005:
1343:
1318:
1115:
588:
Four electoral boroughs were disenfranchised by the Act, for corruption, their last number of MPs shown as blocks:
539:
347:
52:
1862:
2349:
2276:
2152:
1208:
1943:
1801:
Husted, T. A. and L. W. Kenny. "The effect of the expansion of the voting franchise on the size of government."
1282:'s essay "Shooting Niagara: And After?" compares the Second Reform Act and democracy generally to plunging over
137:
1119:
543:
351:
255:
258:, who had played a major role in passing the 1832 Reform Act, attempted this in 1860; but the Prime Minister,
425:
242:
2332:
2400:
2312:
395:
1689:
2405:
2317:
1953:
1234:
1913:
Zimmerman, Kristin. "Liberal Speech, Palmerstonian Delay, and the Passage of the Second Reform Act."
976:
844:
1063:
divided into four two-member districts instead of a three-member district and a two-member district.
466:
2364:
2029:
1555:"Ballot or Bullet: The Impact of the UK's Representation of the People Act on Peace and Prosperity"
1104:
1012:
528:
336:
301:
When it came to the vote, however, this bill split the Liberal Party: a split partly engineered by
65:
An Act further to amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in England and Wales.
2322:
1353:
1268:
1108:
821:
815:
743:
532:
486:
460:
418:
340:
218:
163:
1271:
initiated occasional intrigues to encourage socialist candidates to stand against the Liberals.
1846:
Saunders, Robert. “The Politics of Reform and the Making of the Second Reform Act, 1848-1867.”
856:
832:
827:
1406:
443:, became much more active, and organized demonstrations of hundreds of thousands of people in
130:
1876:
713:
707:
60:
1753:
Goldman, Lawrence. "Social Reform and the Pressure of ‘Progress’ on Parliament, 1660–1914."
1593:
1239:
1066:
1859:
Democracy and the Vote in British Politics, 1848–1867: The Making of the Second Reform Act
206:
for the first time. It took effect in stages over the next two years, culminating in full
8:
1968:
1073:
2291:
1957:
1947:
1790:
1782:
1700:
1264:
874:
737:
677:
440:
270:
263:
159:
141:
1819:
Rix, Kathryn (2017). "The Second Reform Act and the Problem of Electoral Corruption".
2354:
1794:
1638:
1605:
1574:
1348:
1200:
452:
251:
222:
207:
203:
1895:
1828:
1774:
1661:
1634:
1566:
1291:
942:
862:
472:
291:
283:
183:
75:
2241:
2024:
1594:
1308:
918:
238:
116:
1964:
Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue
1279:
1229:
1212:
1204:
1191:
980:
456:
279:
275:
171:
1899:
1665:
2384:
1946:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1886:
Smith, Francis Barrymore (1964). "'Democracy' in the second reform debates".
1808:
Lawrence, Jon. "Class and gender in the making of urban Toryism, 1880-1914."
1578:
1283:
1050:
930:
809:
773:
436:
199:
140:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1832:
2147:
1295:
1038:
880:
312:
The bill was thus defeated and the Liberal government of Russell resigned.
98:
1743:
Garrard, John A. "Parties, members and voters after 1867: a local study."
1185:
2016:
1570:
1402:
1313:
1238:
was made illegal, abolished in the enactment of a bill tabled by Liberal
936:
725:
719:
410:
306:
155:
1851:
1554:
432:
resigned his government ministry in disgust at the bill's introduction.
1748:
1382:£156 per week or £675 per month in present terms based on CPI inflation
1287:
1060:
1022:
998:
986:
948:
924:
906:
868:
779:
767:
701:
689:
444:
167:
150:
1813:
1786:
1245:
A 2022 study found that the Act reduced political violence in the UK.
27:
United Kingdom law reforming the electoral system in England and Wales
1762:
994:
803:
791:
749:
477:
287:
1093:
1057:
divided into three districts instead of two, each returning two MPs.
517:
325:
2307:
1778:
1358:
1155:
1079:
MPs exempted from having to seek re-election upon changing offices.
1046:
1018:
912:
761:
695:
246:
673:
The following boroughs were reduced from electing two MPs to one:
1159:
1042:
900:
755:
731:
448:
476:
cartoon from August 1867 portraying Disraeli as a horse, taking
1054:
797:
683:
398:. They were faced with the challenge of reviving Conservatism:
154:
Contemporary cartoon of Disraeli outpacing Gladstone (left) at
1956:
as originally enacted or made within the United Kingdom, from
1652:
Halperin, John (1978). "Trollope's Phineas Finn and History".
1736:
Gallagher, Thomas F. "The Second Reform Movement, 1848-1867"
1592:
Cumming, Mark, ed. (2004). "'Shooting Niagara: And After?'".
1030:
1026:
990:
850:
838:
785:
1553:
Marcucci, Andrea; Rohner, Dominic; Saia, Alessandro (2023).
1541:
The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain
386:
The Conservatives formed a ministry on 26 June 1866, led by
1763:"The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867"
1034:
955:
The following two boroughs were enfranchised with two MPs:
1998:
1465:
The American Civil War in the Shaping of British Democracy
1447:
Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850, Volume 1: A–K
621:
the next year, their last number of MPs shown as blocks:
485:
most reform proposals, so long as they did not come from
2216:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
1471:
158:, parodying the perceived victor in debates in a split
896:
The Act created nine new single-member borough seats:
2267:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
1625:
Sorensen, David; Kinser, Brent E. (11 January 2018).
1495:
1483:
1072:
Parliament was allowed to continue sitting through a
2262:
European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)
1015:
divided into three districts each returning two MPs.
2206:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
2201:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944
617:Seven English boroughs were disenfranchised by the
2282:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
1731:The Vote: how it was won and how it was undermined
1552:
1177:The representation of Ireland remained unchanged.
1083:
2247:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
1954:Text of the Representation of the People Act 1867
1944:Text of the Representation of the People Act 1867
138:Text of the Representation of the People Act 1867
2382:
1412:
1168:Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868
619:Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868
501:in which the newly enfranchised electors voted.
2345:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
2252:European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)
1681:Adelman, Paul. "The Second Reform Act of 1867"
1521:
1164:Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868
2287:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
1624:
1984:
1928:Sarah, Richardson; Clark, Anna, eds. (2021).
1888:Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand
1724:Parliamentary reform in Britain, c. 1770–1918
1697:The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill
1685:(May 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 5, p317-325, online
1162:were carried out by two subsequent acts, the
1841:The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli
1219:
417:, had already been working closely with the
266:, was against any further electoral reform.
2181:Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832
1435:", Thomas Chisholm Anstey, pp. 26, 169–172.
1274:
1122:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
583:
546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
354:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2277:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)
2257:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998
2191:Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918
2015:
1991:
1977:
1927:
1760:
1489:
400:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1708:1867, Disraeli, Gladstone, and Revolution
1142:Learn how and when to remove this message
578:
566:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:Learn how and when to remove this message
254:to introduce a reform bill in 1859, Lord
198:that enfranchised part of the urban male
2411:Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
1651:
1515:"Second Reform Act 1867 - UK Parliament"
1184:
668:
507:
465:
149:
1591:
14:
2396:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1867
2383:
1999:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
1462:
1445:Murray, Christopher John, ed. (2004).
1444:
2221:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020
2211:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
1972:
1930:History of Suffrage 1760–1867: Vol. 6
1885:
1874:
1713:
1501:
1477:
1418:
1334:Representation of the People Act 1918
1324:Representation of the People Act 1884
1286:. His essay provoked a response from
1248:
180:Representation of the People Act 1867
131:Text of statute as originally enacted
36:Representation of the People Act 1867
1917:vol. 118 (November 2003): 1176–1202.
1878:The making of the second reform bill
1602:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
1458:
1456:
1120:adding citations to reliable sources
1087:
544:adding citations to reliable sources
511:
352:adding citations to reliable sources
319:
2370:Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)
1869:European Review of Economic History
1818:
1527:
891:
315:
217:The overall intent was to help the
24:
1921:
1718:. Parliamentary Research Services.
1675:
25:
2432:
2391:Representation of the People Acts
2272:Electoral Administration Act 2006
2176:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832
1937:
1716:British Electoral Facts 1832–1987
1453:
1174:with the same number of members.
972:The following two were enlarged:
2237:Parliamentary Elections Act 1868
2186:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
1344:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
1319:Representation of the People Act
1092:
1005:
983:were given two MPs, up from one.
516:
324:
162:Commons while Disraeli's fellow
53:Parliament of the United Kingdom
46:
2350:Elections in the United Kingdom
1850:50#3 (2007), pp. 571–591.
1645:
1618:
1585:
1546:
1533:
1507:
1084:Reforms in Scotland and Ireland
1001:now had three MPs, up from two.
170:led as Prime Minister from the
2421:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
2196:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1639:10.1093/OBO/9780199799558-0037
1438:
1424:
1395:
1376:
1290:, "A Day at Niagara" (1869).
13:
1:
1761:Himmelfarb, Gertrude (1966).
1405:was conferred on this Act by
232:
196:act of the British Parliament
1803:Journal of Political Economy
1692:; advanced statistical tests
7:
2313:Unreformed House of Commons
1714:Craig, F.W.S., ed. (1989).
1600:. Madison and Teaneck, NJ:
1302:
933:, North Riding of Yorkshire
847:, North Riding of Yorkshire
824:, North Riding of Yorkshire
396:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
2437:
2318:Rotten and pocket boroughs
1875:Smith, Francis B. (1966).
1767:Journal of British Studies
1180:
915:, West Riding of Yorkshire
853:, West Riding of Yorkshire
776:, West Riding of Yorkshire
237:For the decades after the
124:Status: Partially repealed
32:United Kingdom legislation
2300:
2229:
2166:
2140:
2063:
2004:
1915:English Historical Review
1900:10.1080/10314616408595288
1812:108.428 (1993): 629–652.
1810:English Historical Review
1666:10.1080/00138387808597881
1463:Kinser, Brent E. (2011).
1220:Direct effects of the Act
269:The Union victory in the
136:
129:
122:
112:
107:
97:
92:
82:
69:
59:
45:
40:
2365:Parliament in the Making
1596:The Carlyle Encyclopedia
1364:
1275:Reform Act in literature
1013:West Riding of Yorkshire
584:Disenfranchised boroughs
463:, was forced to resign.
241:(the First Reform Act),
239:Great Reform Act of 1832
84:Territorial extent
2416:William Ewart Gladstone
2323:University constituency
2153:England and Wales, 1835
2040:England and Wales, 1867
2025:England and Wales, 1832
1833:10.1111/1750-0206.12265
1633:. Carlyle and America.
1354:William Ewart Gladstone
487:William Ewart Gladstone
1747:20.1 (1977): 145–163.
1216:
828:Marlborough, Wiltshire
579:Reduced representation
481:
274:commentators included
186:c. 102), known as the
175:
1908:The Second Reform Act
1821:Parliamentary History
1755:Parliamentary History
1740:12#2 (1980): 147–163.
1631:Oxford Bibliographies
1235:most common sentiment
1189:"Dishing the Whigs",
1188:
669:Halved representation
508:Provisions of the Act
480:on a leap in the dark
469:
227:1868 general election
153:
2360:Boundary commissions
1805:(1997) 105#1, 54–82.
1559:The Economic Journal
1240:Grosvenor Hodgkinson
1116:improve this section
1067:University of London
540:improve this section
348:improve this section
2168:Constituency reform
1871:23.1 (2018): 30–49.
1848:Historical Journal,
1480:, pp. 306–323.
1074:Demise of the Crown
1069:was given one seat.
210:on 1 January 1869.
37:
2401:August 1867 events
2292:Elections Act 2022
2230:Other related Acts
1958:legislation.gov.uk
1948:legislation.gov.uk
1857:Saunders, Robert.
1745:Historical Journal
1726:(Routledge, 2014).
1706:Cowling, Maurice.
1571:10.1093/ej/ueac092
1565:(652): 1510–1536.
1249:Unintended effects
1217:
482:
441:universal suffrage
419:Conservative Party
271:American Civil War
219:Conservative Party
176:
142:legislation.gov.uk
35:
2406:Benjamin Disraeli
2378:
2377:
2355:Corrupt practices
2136:
2135:
2006:Representation of
1757:37 (2018): 72-88.
1611:978-0-8386-3792-0
1539:J. Parry (1993).
1504:, pp. 65–66.
1349:Benjamin Disraeli
1338:Fourth Reform Act
1201:Benjamin Disraeli
1152:
1151:
1144:
883:, Buckinghamshire
871:, Gloucestershire
818:, Buckinghamshire
770:, Huntingdonshire
722:, Gloucestershire
704:, Buckinghamshire
576:
575:
568:
426:‘Hyde Park riots'
384:
383:
376:
303:Benjamin Disraeli
252:Benjamin Disraeli
223:Benjamin Disraeli
204:England and Wales
192:Second Reform Act
184:30 & 31 Vict.
148:
147:
108:Other legislation
76:30 & 31 Vict.
41:Act of Parliament
18:Second Reform Act
16:(Redirected from
2428:
2328:Women's suffrage
2141:Municipal Reform
2013:
2012:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1906:Walton, John K.
1903:
1882:
1836:
1798:
1719:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1627:"Thomas Carlyle"
1622:
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1451:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1399:
1383:
1380:
1328:Third Reform Act
1154:The reforms for
1147:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1096:
1088:
892:Enfranchisements
746:, Worcestershire
571:
564:
560:
557:
551:
520:
512:
499:general election
439:, agitating for
404:House of Commons
394:and Disraeli as
379:
372:
368:
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359:
328:
320:
316:Birth of the Act
292:John Stuart Mill
284:Anthony Trollope
85:
50:
49:
38:
34:
21:
2436:
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2431:
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2427:
2426:
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2381:
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2379:
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2242:Ballot Act 1872
2225:
2162:
2132:
2059:
2008:the People Acts
2007:
2000:
1997:
1940:
1924:
1922:Primary sources
1894:(43): 306–323.
1722:Evans, Eric J.
1695:Blake, Robert.
1678:
1676:Further reading
1673:
1654:English Studies
1650:
1646:
1623:
1619:
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1604:. p. 427.
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1490:Himmelfarb 1966
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1128:
1113:
1097:
1086:
1008:
951:, Staffordshire
945:, County Durham
927:, County Durham
909:, County Durham
894:
835:, Isle of Wight
794:, Staffordshire
782:, Herefordshire
764:, Hertfordshire
671:
607:, Lancashire ■■
586:
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537:
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510:
461:Spencer Walpole
380:
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260:Lord Palmerston
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125:
117:Reform Act 1884
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2338:Historiography
2335:
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2301:Related topics
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2019:
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1266:
1265:Liberal Party
1259:obtain seats.
1257:
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1132:November 2020
1125:
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1110:
1106:
1101:This section
1099:
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1090:
1089:
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1051:Staffordshire
1048:
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1006:Other changes
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556:November 2020
549:
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541:
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534:
530:
525:This section
523:
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500:
494:
490:
488:
479:
475:
474:
468:
464:
462:
458:
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450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Reform League
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
375:
367:
364:November 2020
357:
353:
349:
343:
342:
338:
333:This section
331:
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230:
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220:
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200:working class
197:
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185:
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111:
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81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2039:
1932:. Routledge.
1929:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1847:
1843:(2016) ch 3.
1840:
1827:(1): 64–81.
1824:
1820:
1809:
1802:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1729:Foot, Paul.
1723:
1715:
1707:
1696:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1630:
1620:
1595:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1523:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1464:
1446:
1440:
1433:Householders
1426:
1414:
1409:of this Act.
1397:
1378:
1337:
1327:
1296:Phineas Finn
1294:
1278:
1262:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1190:
1176:
1172:
1153:
1138:
1129:
1114:Please help
1102:
1039:Lincolnshire
971:
954:
903:, Lancashire
895:
886:
800:, Shropshire
728:, Cumberland
692:, Shropshire
672:
658:, Norfolk ■■
616:
601:, Norfolk ■■
587:
562:
553:
538:Please help
526:
503:
495:
491:
483:
471:
434:
423:
408:
385:
370:
361:
346:Please help
334:
311:
300:
296:
268:
256:John Russell
236:
216:
212:
208:commencement
191:
187:
179:
177:
164:Conservative
99:Royal assent
29:
2017:Reform Acts
1403:short title
1314:Reform Acts
968:, Middlesex
962:, Middlesex
937:Stalybridge
877:, Berkshire
806:, Hampshire
734:, Wiltshire
726:Cockermouth
720:Cirencester
716:, Wiltshire
680:, Hampshire
415:Robert Lowe
411:Adullamites
307:Adullamites
262:, a fellow
160:Liberal-led
2385:Categories
1502:Smith 1966
1478:Smith 1964
1467:. Ashgate.
1419:Smith 1966
1390:References
1292:Trollope's
1288:Mark Twain
1197:Lord Derby
1061:Lancashire
1027:Devonshire
1023:Derbyshire
999:Manchester
987:Birmingham
949:Wednesbury
939:, Cheshire
925:Hartlepool
907:Darlington
869:Tewkesbury
780:Leominster
768:Huntingdon
738:Dorchester
714:Chippenham
708:Chichester
702:Buckingham
690:Bridgnorth
686:, Cornwall
652:, Dorset ■
650:Lyme Regis
646:, Devon ■■
628:, Sussex ■
613:, Surrey ■
595:, Devon ■■
445:Manchester
388:Lord Derby
233:Background
168:Lord Derby
113:Relates to
61:Long title
1795:144162333
1579:0013-0133
1543:, p. 221.
1407:section 1
1195:cartoon.
1103:does not
995:Liverpool
919:Gravesend
863:Tavistock
804:Lymington
792:Lichfield
750:Guildford
640:, Devon ■
638:Dartmouth
634:, Devon ■
632:Ashburton
605:Lancaster
527:does not
478:Britannia
453:Hyde Park
413:, led by
335:does not
288:Karl Marx
156:The Derby
2308:Chartism
1861:(2013).
1528:Rix 2017
1359:Chartism
1303:See also
1207:" their
1166:and the
1156:Scotland
1047:Somerset
1019:Cheshire
943:Stockton
913:Dewsbury
857:Stamford
845:Richmond
841:, Dorset
788:, Sussex
762:Hertford
752:, Surrey
740:, Dorset
710:, Sussex
698:, Dorset
696:Bridport
656:Thetford
247:Chartist
243:cabinets
194:, is an
71:Citation
1863:excerpt
1710:(1967).
1699:(1970)
1181:Effects
1160:Ireland
1124:removed
1109:sources
1043:Norfolk
977:Salford
966:Hackney
960:Chelsea
901:Burnley
881:Wycombe
875:Windsor
865:, Devon
833:Newport
812:, Essex
758:, Essex
756:Harwich
744:Evesham
732:Devizes
678:Andover
644:Honiton
626:Arundel
611:Reigate
548:removed
533:sources
449:Glasgow
356:removed
341:sources
264:Liberal
190:or the
1910:(1987)
1852:online
1814:online
1793:
1787:175195
1785:
1749:online
1738:Albion
1733:(2005)
1701:online
1690:online
1608:
1577:
1255:bribe.
1055:Surrey
921:, Kent
822:Malton
816:Marlow
810:Maldon
798:Ludlow
684:Bodmin
593:Totnes
78:c. 102
2333:Wales
1791:S2CID
1783:JSTOR
1401:This
1370:Notes
1365:Notes
1031:Essex
991:Leeds
851:Ripon
839:Poole
786:Lewes
662:Wells
473:Punch
93:Dates
2128:2000
2123:1993
2118:1991
2113:1990
2108:1989
2103:1985
2098:1983
2093:1981
2088:1969
2083:1949
2078:1948
2073:1928
2068:1918
2055:1884
1606:ISBN
1575:ISSN
1326:(or
1263:The
1209:Whig
1205:dish
1199:and
1158:and
1107:any
1105:cite
1053:and
1035:Kent
1011:The
997:and
979:and
531:any
529:cite
435:The
409:The
339:any
337:cite
290:and
178:The
1896:doi
1829:doi
1775:doi
1662:doi
1635:doi
1567:doi
1563:133
1192:Fun
1118:by
542:by
390:as
350:by
202:in
2387::
1892:11
1890:.
1825:36
1823:.
1789:.
1781:.
1769:.
1765:.
1658:59
1656:.
1629:.
1573:.
1561:.
1557:.
1455:^
1170:.
1049:,
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
1025:,
1021:,
993:,
989:,
470:A
459:,
447:,
406:.
286:,
282:,
278:,
229:.
221:,
166:,
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1960:.
1950:.
1902:.
1898::
1881:.
1854:.
1835:.
1831::
1797:.
1777::
1771:6
1703:.
1668:.
1664::
1641:.
1637::
1614:.
1581:.
1569::
1530:.
1517:.
1492:.
1430:"
1421:.
1340:)
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