1466:
1364:
1278:
1243:
538:
391:
204:
564:
503:
270:
403:
219:
1462:, a Dutch marine contingent had been ready to land in Kent or Essex following a possible Dutch victory at sea. The Dutch fleet was, however, unable to force a safe passage into the Thames as navigational buoys had been removed and a strong English squadron was ready to dispute their passage. But now there was no English fleet able to contest a similar attack. De Witt conceived the plan for a landing of marines, to be overseen by his brother Cornelius, at Chatham where the fleet lay effectively defenceless, to destroy it.
52:
1188:
428:
255:
1697:
490:
478:
466:
454:
442:
421:
1568:
554:
240:
1427:
525:
379:
367:
355:
343:
323:
311:
297:
189:
1127:
1607:. The French declaration of war on the side of the Dutch altered the balance of power in the Caribbean and facilitated a Dutch counterattack. The first successes of the new allies were the French recapture of Tobago in August 1666, a joint Franco-Dutch recapture of Sint Eustatius in November 1666 and a French capture of the English island of
1165:, which carried over 100 guns. In 1664, it was decided to create a new core of even heavier ships, which were mostly still under construction when fighting began in 1665. Stronger finances allowed the Dutch to complete these plus another twenty during the war, compared to only a dozen built by England.
1773:
The peace was generally seen as a personal triumph for Johan de Witt and an embarrassment to the
Orangists, who seemed reluctant to support the war and eager to accept a disadvantageous early peace. The Republic was jubilant about the Dutch victory. De Witt used the occasion to induce four provinces
1642:
from the
English in the same month. Crijnssen delayed in Suriname until April, then sailed to Tobago, which had been vacated by the French after expelling the English garrison, where he rebuilt the fort and left a small garrison. Although Crijnssen was instructed not to delay, it was not until early
1441:
As
England was also at war with France, Charles sent envoys to Paris in March for unofficial preliminary talks on peace terms. In view of deteriorating Franco-Dutch relations, these talks turned to a third option not considered by Clarendon: a secret alliance with France. In April, Charles concluded
1414:
from reaching London without fear of Dutch interception. Clarendon informed
Charles as to his only two options: to make very substantial concessions to Parliament, or to initiate peace talks with the Dutch under their conditions, which began in March. Charles had wished for peace talks to be held in
1141:
issued new "Fighting
Instructions", formalising the "line of battle" as standard practice. They also established a signalling system allowing commanders to control their fleets, something the Dutch then lacked. Over the course of the war, the formation was employed by both, although it better suited
1453:
De Witt was aware of
Charles's general intentions – though not of the secret treaty. He decided to attempt to end the war with a single stroke. Ever since its actions in Denmark in 1659, involving many landings to liberate the Danish Isles, the Dutch navy had made a special study of amphibious
1168:
Although the Royal Navy was superior in ships and leadership at the beginning of the war, these advantages were gradually eroded by
Parliament's reluctance to fund it. Downing, and other observers who argued the Dutch could not afford a war, overlooked recent reforms that improved their credit, and
1311:
Anglo-Dutch negotiations had progressed far enough that de Witt invited
Charles II to start formal negotiations. Talks made little progress, as both sides felt they were negotiating from a position of strength. Despite the French declaration of war, Charles knew Louis wanted to avoid being dragged
1234:
to intervene. Concerned by this, Louis sent French soldiers to prevent supplies reaching von Galen's troops. Reports
Charles was negotiating an alliance with Spain meant he also stepped up attempts to mediate a settlement, but the English in general remained deeply suspicious of French intentions.
1149:
Difficulties in communicating orders meant during combat many captains focused on avoiding collisions rather than engaging the enemy, making battles chaotic and often indecisive. In addition, both navies consisted of significant numbers of purpose-built warships, bulked out by private merchantmen.
1437:
In the meantime, a Dutch fleet was assembled in the Texel under the command of Willem van Ghent. One of the motives was to destroy the
Scottish privateering fleet in the Firth of Forth. In a series of running encounters with Scottish privateers at sea, and various shore batteries (particularly at
1769:
The order of priorities whereby the Dutch preferred to give up what would become a major part of the United States, and instead retain a tropical colony, would seem strange by present-day standards. However, in the 17th century tropical colonies producing agricultural products which could not be
1173:
would cover costs proved unfounded. In December 1664, Parliament approved £2.5 million in taxes for the navy, but much of this was spent on essential repairs, or allegedly stolen by officials. To fund operations, Charles had to rely on short-term loans from the City of London, at ever increasing
1676:
in Suriname in October. News of these English victories only reached England in September, after the Treaty of Breda had been signed, and possessions captured after 31 July had to be returned. Crijnssen sailed back to the Caribbean only to find the French fleet destroyed and the English back in
1118:
marked a similar change in naval practice. The ships on either side have been described as the "most advanced, complex, expensive and manpower-intensive weapons systems of their day". With the fleets involved increasing to over 100 ships per side, maximising firepower required greater levels of
1765:
to France, although the extent of Acadia was not defined. This public treaty had been preceded by a secret treaty signed on 17 April in which, in addition to these exchanges of territory, Louis and Charles agreed not to enter into alliances opposed to the interests of the other, by which Louis
1351:
of 4 and 5 August. Generally considered an English victory, it ultimately had little strategic value. Although the Dutch suffered heavy casualties and many ships were badly damaged, their fleet remained intact, while lack of money meant the English could scarcely afford to pay their sailors or
1344:, fought from 11 to 15 June, the Dutch inflicted heavy damage on their opponents, before the return of the detached squadron forced them to withdraw. The English lost ten ships compared to only four Dutch, but any hope the Royal Navy was too damaged to renew hostilities soon proved incorrect.
1094:, claimed recent financial losses meant the Dutch could not afford a war. Other advisors argued the Franco-Dutch treaty only applied to defensive actions, so provoking the Dutch into declaring war would give Louis XIV the chance to remain neutral. Following English attacks on convoys off
1549:. However, for a second time, the Dutch had been unable to land substantial land forces in Britain, or even do substantial damage to the Chatham dockyard. The raid did, together with the English financial crisis, speed up negotiations. All this, together with the cost of the war, of the
1392:
Parliament was recalled for the first time in a year, and approved new taxes of £1.8 million. However, their payment was subject to various conditions, and disputes over these meant delays in its collection. Lack of money made it almost impossible to plan naval operations for 1667.
1782:
which again forced Louis to temporarily abandon his plans for the conquest of the southern Netherlands. But de Witt's success would eventually produce his downfall and nearly that of the Republic with it. Both humiliated monarchs intensified their secret cooperation through the
1312:
into the conflict, and through informal correspondence was aware he considered Dutch demands excessive. By now, the French king had also concluded the Dutch would never voluntarily make the concessions he required in the Spanish Netherlands, and began planning the 1667
1438:
Burntisland) the Dutch were seen off with the loss of three ships damaged. Thereafter, Scottish privateers followed the Dutch into the North Sea where they without any difficulty picked off stragglers. In the southern part of Britain, things did not go so well.
1239:, and cede three West African posts, success at Lowestoft prompted Charles to demand further concessions and a Dutch agreement to bear the costs of the war. In December 1665, Louis withdrew his ambassadors from London, signalling his intention to declare war.
1651:
on 17 May by a smaller English force. This confused naval action was the only one in this war where all three navies fought: it failed largely through de la Barre's incompetence. After this failed attack, Crijnssen left in disgust and sailed to the north to
1656:
the Virginia colony, while the French, under de la Barre, moved to Martinique. The Battle of Nevis restored English naval control in the Caribbean and allowed the early recapture of Antigua and Montserrat and an unsuccessful attack on St Kitts soon after.
1741:
was modified in favour of the Dutch by England agreeing to treat Germany as part of the Netherlands' commercial hinterland, so that Dutch ships would now be allowed to carry German goods to English ports. The English were also forced to accept the Dutch
1363:
1058:. Although it provided another reason to agree terms with England, negotiations made little progress. This was partially due to the complexity of the Dutch political system, which made it difficult to reach consensus between the different
1401:
By early-1667, the financial position of the English crown had become desperate. The kingdom lacked sufficient funds to maintain their fleet's seaworthiness, so it was decided in February that the heavy ships were to remain laid up at
1203:
on 13 June 1665, the Dutch navy suffered the worst defeat in its history, losing some sixteen ships. Most of the fleet escaped, but over 30% of its personnel were killed or captured, with van Wassenaer himself among the dead.
1332:
in April, delays meant they failed to arrive in time. One contemporary diplomat suggested the relatively new and inexperienced French navy did so deliberately, being "dismayed by the difficulties of the enterprise"
1319:
On the other hand, Dutch morale rose with the completion of thirty new warships, most carrying up to 72 guns, heavier than any available in early 1665. They were supposed to link up with a French naval force in the
1062:
and powerful trade groups like the VOC. It also reflected de Witt's belief Parliament would not approve funds for an expensive naval war, a view shared by many English politicians, including Charles' chief minister
1502:
and its predecessors. Fifteen of the Royal Navy's remaining ships were destroyed, either by the Dutch or by being scuttled by the English to block the river. Three of the eight remaining "big ships" were burnt:
3691:
Het Staatsche leger, 1568–1795 Dl. V, Van het sluiten van den vrede o Munster tot de verheffing van Prins Willem III van Oranje tot kapitein- en admiraal-generaal der Vereenigde Nederlanden, (1648–1672)
1664:
sailed for the West Indies, reaching them in early June. Harman encountered the French with seven larger and 14 smaller warships and three fireships under la Barre anchored under the batteries of Fort
1385:
destroyed much of the city, causing huge economic damage, and public opinion now turned against the war. Charles could no longer rely on London merchants to supply the loans needed to fund it, and the
1553:
and the extravagant spending of Charles's court, produced a rebellious atmosphere in London. Clarendon ordered the English envoys at Breda to sign a peace quickly, as Charles feared an open revolt.
1211:
became the new commander in chief, and followed the English in formalising the line battle formation. Dutch finances also received a boost when the VOC Spice Fleet returned home safely after the
861:
was able to score a decisive victory, and by the end of 1666 the war had reached a stalemate. Although peace talks began, neither side was willing to make significant concessions until the Dutch
1534:, at the time England's largest industrial complex; a land attack on the docks themselves would have set back English naval power for a generation. A Dutch attack on the English anchorage at
1150:
Although many of the latter were well-armed, they were often less capable of standing up to sustained fire. Dutch merchant ships were particularly vulnerable to the larger English warships.
1918:
Charles told the French ambassador that while the City of London had loaned him £100,000 to continue the war against the Dutch, they would "pay him four times as much" to fight the French
1875:; despite his years of exile in the Republic, Charles disliked the Dutch, and objected to de Witt's refusal to extradite English republicans and other dissidents who took refuge there
1195:
Both sides planned a short war, since the English could not afford a long one, while the Dutch wanted to minimise any potential economic damage. De Witt ordered his naval commander
3987:
908:, and English objections to Dutch trading monopolies. This meant tensions continued, and even when the two countries were theoretically at peace, competition for markets in the
1450:. Charles hoped, by means of stalling the talks at Breda, to gain enough time to ready his fleet to obtain concessions from the Dutch, using the French advance as leverage.
1888:
led to conflict even in times of peace, as the VOC created, then enforced, their monopoly over production and trade. By 1663, indigenous and European competitors like the
1087:
598:
1791:. De Witt was unable to counter this attack, as he could not create a strong Dutch army for lack of money and for fear that it would strengthen the position of the young
872:
The treaty eliminated a number of long-standing issues, and in the long-term made it possible for the two countries to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by
1668:, Martinique. He attacked on 6 July and sunk, burnt or captured all but two the French ships. With the French fleet neutralised, Harman then attacked the French at
1257:
make peace with England. De Witt's position was too strong for this to succeed, and on 11 December he declared the only acceptable peace terms were a return to the
1749:
On the same date and also at Breda, a public treaty was concluded between England and France that stipulated the return to England of the former English part of
1207:
Defeat led to an extensive overhaul of Dutch tactics and command structures, with several captains either executed for alleged cowardice, or dismissed. In July,
1599:. After his uncle's death in December 1665, Thomas Morgan was appointed as governor of these two islands. Also in late 1665, an English force from Jamaica and
769:
1465:
1495:, the Dutch fleet went on to break through the massive chain protecting the entrance to the Medway and, on the 13th, attacked the laid up English fleet.
953:
However, the English saw little benefit in preserving this system, and wanted concessions the Dutch were not prepared to grant. When merchants in the
1811:
This was the strength of the Dutch army in paper on 1667, but it was likely lower in reality. The number also includes 6,000 French auxiliary troops.
1415:
England or, failing that, at The Hague, but the Dutch offered three other cities where support for the House of Orange was less and Charles selected
1300:
to English ships, and with it access to vital naval supplies. The payments promised to von Galen by Charles largely failed to materialise, and when
591:
1050:
agreed to provide military support if they were attacked by England. In return, the Dutch undertook not to interfere with French actions in the
3580:
Palmer, M. A.J. (April 1997). "The 'Military Revolution' Afloat: The Era of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Transition to Modern Warfare at Sea".
1001:
4012:
1253:
Downing now contacted the Orangist party in Overijssel, which had suffered severely from von Galen's invasion, asking that they demand the
1074:, and impede his efforts to acquire the Spanish Netherlands. He therefore tried to mediate between the two, or at least limit conflict to
1872:
584:
1545:
The Dutch success made a major psychological impact throughout England, with London feeling especially vulnerable just a year after the
1442:
his first secret treaty with Louis, stipulating that England would not enter into alliances that might oppose a French conquest of the
762:
1770:
grown in Europe were deemed more valuable than ones with a climate similar to that of Europe where Europeans could settle in comfort.
1277:
3780:
1133:, with its architect Peter Pett; built in 1634, it carried over 100 guns, while the largest Dutch ships had a complement of 60 to 70
1522:, was abandoned by its skeleton crew, captured without a shot being fired, and towed back to the United Provinces as a trophy. Its
1297:
1199:
to bring the English fleet to battle, although his ships were inferior in organisation, training, discipline and firepower. At the
1082:, which would not require France to become involved. Aware of his reluctance, Charles II saw no reason to make concessions, while
1352:
purchase supplies. A more significant economic loss occurred on 19 August, when up to 150 Dutch merchantmen sheltering in the
1032:
755:
736:
383:
980:
For Charles, expanding the economy was another way to reduce his financial dependence on Parliament, preferably using royal
1054:, but by 1664, many were concerned by the prospect of having an expansionist France as a neighbour, rather than a weakened
470:
1019:. These links meant conflict in one region often led to fighting in all three. In August 1664, the English first occupied
1410:
manned to attack Dutch merchant shipping, which lowered morale in the fleet and prevented merchant ship from sailing and
1005:
458:
1142:
the heavier ships used by the Royal Navy, and its emphasis on gunnery to sink opponents. The Dutch preferred the use of
3553:
3519:
3450:
3393:
1064:
1012:
719:
3972:
3952:
3907:
3888:
3804:
Seaward, Paul (1987). "The House of Commons Committee of Trade and the Origins of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1664".
3726:
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3269:
3221:
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1254:
157:
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made it relatively easy to raise money. In contrast, English expectations that profits from Dutch ships captured by
3977:
1653:
1174:
interest rates. By the end of 1666, lack of money led him to discharge most of the fleet, with disastrous results.
704:
17:
4017:
3982:
3927:
1083:
916:. For various reasons, factions in both countries hampered efforts to reach resolution through diplomatic means.
4027:
4022:
1220:
275:
3619:
1371:
1231:
3173:
1909:
Although an Anglo-Dutch treaty was also signed in 1662, its terms were so vague that it was of little value
4032:
3112:
1734:
1588:
1059:
901:
507:
1715:
concluded peace between England and the Netherlands. The treaty allowed the English to keep possession of
1660:
In April, a new English squadron of nine warships and two fireships under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir
1046:
In taking these actions, the Dutch were reassured by their 1662 defensive treaty with France, under which
1562:
709:
689:
942:
as an opportunity to rebuild relationships. He hoped to negotiate overlapping defensive agreements with
4007:
4002:
3997:
3652:
1639:
1612:
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679:
657:
3992:
3545:
1778:
abolishing the stadtholderate forever. He used the weak position of Charles II to force him into the
1348:
1336:
Nevertheless, the threat of French intervention forced the English to send a detachment to block the
1324:, giving them a significant numerical advantage. However, most of the French ships were based in the
1196:
1162:
1130:
935:
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684:
647:
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3942:
3937:
3932:
1889:
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1584:
1539:
1516:
1473:
1110:
Some historians argue that just as the tactics used by 17th century armies were transformed by the
966:
667:
2854:
1761:, all of which the French had occupied in the war, and that England should surrender its claim to
3967:
3947:
1779:
1673:
1230:
Münster's invasion threatened to involve Germany in the fighting, and thus provide an excuse for
970:
961:, Charles II renewed the Navigation Acts in August 1660, then strengthened them further in 1663.
893:
637:
1011:
The Atlantic trade was a three way process, whereby slaves from West Africa were transported to
3833:
Sherman, Arnold A (1976). "Pressure from Leadenhall: The East India Company Lobby, 1660–1678".
1868:
1792:
1784:
1775:
1712:
1701:
1691:
1672:
on 15 September forcing its garrison to surrender. The English fleet then went on to recapture
1550:
1378:
1259:
1242:
1161:, each with between 40 and 60 guns. However, they remained inferior to English vessels such as
1154:
904:
that ended the war failed to address these issues, which included Dutch opposition to the 1651
835:
811:
133:
1788:
1743:
1720:
1661:
989:
962:
931:
897:
877:
866:
805:
793:
433:
161:
1347:
After extensive repairs, the English fleet put to sea again and confronted the Dutch in the
1546:
1459:
1341:
993:
642:
58:
8:
1443:
1367:
1357:
1301:
1292:
On 16 January 1666, Louis declared war on England. In return for a large French subsidy,
1200:
1111:
1051:
1047:
985:
873:
627:
482:
446:
395:
327:
260:
3539:
3106:
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407:
3858:
3850:
3821:
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3759:
3635:
3605:
3597:
3492:
3325:
3317:
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3244:
3141:
1844:
1523:
1484:
1455:
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The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World
1727:, while also regaining Tobago, St Eustatius, and its West African trading posts. This
1246:
1212:
888:
Despite similar ideologies, commercial disputes and political differences between the
632:
3903:
3884:
3862:
3825:
3771:
3754:
3737:
3722:
3703:
3675:
3656:
3609:
3568:
3549:
3515:
3496:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3427:
3408:
3389:
3361:
3342:
3329:
3265:
3217:
3198:
3179:
3158:
3116:
3091:
2858:
1738:
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1576:
1447:
1325:
1313:
1208:
1158:
1071:
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224:
1643:
May that he and de La Barre combined forces, agreeing to a Franco-Dutch invasion of
3842:
3813:
3749:
3627:
3589:
3309:
3240:
2850:
1852:
1531:
1480:
1420:
1403:
1340:, leaving 60 ships facing a Dutch fleet of around 84. In the initial stages of the
1119:
organisation, discipline and co-ordination. One solution to these problems was the
1115:
924:
839:
779:
371:
359:
347:
331:
43:
3631:
3195:
European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies
1070:
For his part, Louis XIV feared an Anglo-Dutch conflict might draw in Spain or the
850:, its causes were a combination of political differences and commercial disputes.
3649:
Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy
1648:
1624:
1337:
1321:
1282:
1099:
997:
905:
699:
494:
102:
1043:, and its influential investors saw war as the best way to recoup their losses.
3593:
1856:
1848:
1820:
1750:
1729:
1716:
1592:
1411:
1382:
1293:
1265:
1236:
1143:
1120:
1055:
1020:
954:
889:
876:. In the short-term however, Charles' desire to avenge this setback led to the
847:
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194:
145:
64:
3817:
3313:
1615:
in January 1667 allowed the French to occupy the English half of St Kitts and
1591:, assisted by his nephew Thomas Morgan, quickly captured the Dutch islands of
3921:
3881:
State, Economy and the Great Divergence: Great Britain and China, 1680s–1850s
3572:
3120:
1596:
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1016:
958:
927:
302:
149:
106:
1787:
and would, joined by the bishop of Münster, attack the Dutch in 1672 in the
1897:
1795:. That same year de Witt was assassinated, and William became stadtholder.
1705:
1634:, organised by the province of Zeeland, not the States General, arrived at
1498:
The daring raid remains one of the largest disasters in the history of the
1488:
1187:
165:
51:
3484:
1579:
raided the Caribbean. In late 1665 an English force, mainly consisting of
1647:, which sailed on 17 May 1667. However, their attack was repelled in the
1527:
974:
909:
576:
118:
114:
110:
3763:
3601:
3292:
3252:
3854:
3321:
3231:
Geyl, P (1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72".
3130:"Charles II and the Bishop of Münster in the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–6"
1837:
1766:
secured the neutrality of England in the war he planned against Spain.
1758:
1616:
1499:
1386:
1216:
1170:
1153:
Based on lessons learned from the First Anglo-Dutch War, post-1653 the
1138:
1040:
3738:"The role of mercantilism in Anglo-Dutch political relations, 1650–74"
3639:
3145:
3129:
1840:
1580:
1492:
1381:
killed more than a quarter of its population. In September 1666, the
1091:
122:
98:
3846:
1892:
had been eliminated, the only gap in the VOC monopoly being English
1696:
3279:
Graham, E. J. (1982). "The Scottish Marine during the Dutch Wars".
2042:
1724:
1600:
1235:
Although the Dutch offered to renounce their territorial claims in
1079:
981:
747:
427:
1627:
in English hands, together with Jamaica and Barbados to the west.
1567:
3617:
Pincus, S. C. A. (1992). "Popery, Trade and Universal Monarchy".
1754:
1669:
1635:
1608:
1535:
1304:
threatened to attack Münster, he made peace with the Republic at
1286:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
420:
2504:
1426:
1008:, creating a strong link between the RAC and government policy.
992:, or RAC, whose purpose was to challenge Dutch dominance of the
3700:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815
1893:
1762:
1604:
1329:
1305:
1075:
1028:
913:
834:, began on 4 March 1665, and concluded with the signing of the
3300:
Groenveld, S. (1991). "Popery, Trade and Universal Monarchy".
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1885:
1644:
1620:
1470:
The Dutch burn English ships during the expedition to Chatham
1416:
1126:
1095:
965:
claimed they were simply responding to measures taken by the
3541:
The Terror of the Seas? Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713
3358:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
2492:
1530:. Fortunately for the English, the Dutch marines spared the
2579:
1353:
3175:
The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
2847:
Charles the Second: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland
2716:
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2020:
2018:
1611:
in the same month. The arrival of a French squadron under
1157:
was re-organised around sixty-four newly built and larger
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1900:, which were finally destroyed by the Dutch in late 1664
950:
to ensure peace, and continued Dutch economic dominance.
3017:
3015:
2738:
2687:
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2209:
2207:
1991:
1377:
Over a period of eighteen months from 1665 to 1666, the
969:, or VOC, to enforce its monopolies in Asia, and by the
3988:
17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
3900:
Profit and Power: a Study of England and the Dutch Wars
3489:
Making, Using and Resisting the Law in European History
3262:
A Short History of the Netherlands Antilles and Surinam
3039:
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2015:
1955:
919:
From 1650 to 1672, Dutch politics was dominated by the
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1943:
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Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History
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2192:
1931:
78:
4 March 1665 – 31 July 1667
3155:
The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century, 1652–1674
2919:
2774:
2543:
2303:
3781:"The 'Deepest Insult … since the Norman Invasion'"
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2762:
2750:
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2615:
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1296:did the same in February, effectively closing the
984:or charters to do so. In 1660, he and his brother
912:and elsewhere often resulted in conflict outside
3919:
1711:On 31 July 1667, what is generally known as the
996:. Investors included senior politicians such as
200:
185:
3405:The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century
3377:Studies in Administration and Finance 1558–1825
1719:, while the Dutch kept control over Pulau Run,
1215:. This was offset when the eastern province of
1526:depicting the royal arms is on display in the
1146:, with individual ships fighting one another.
1105:
3567:. Oxford University Press. pp. 357–388.
3528:
3386:Devil-land: England under siege, 1588 to 1688
3088:The Ideological Origins of the British Empire
2849:. Oxford University Press. pp. 214–253.
1571:French ships under attack at Martinique, 1667
1389:was forced to discharge many sailors unpaid.
1356:estuary were destroyed in an action known as
1015:, which in turn were supplied by colonies in
763:
592:
3872:Biographische Woordenboek der Nederlandenen
1446:. In May, the French invaded, starting the
853:Despite several major battles, neither the
3869:
3689:Raa, F.J.G. ten; de Bas, François (1921).
3531:Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek
1871:was Charles' nephew and son of his sister
1102:, the Dutch declared war on 4 March 1665.
770:
756:
606:
599:
585:
251:
3753:
3688:
3441:Le Couteur, Penny; Burreson, Jay (2003).
3299:
3192:
3127:
3090:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3057:
2855:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229117.003.0009
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2693:
2462:
1961:
1937:
266:
236:
3735:
3716:
3693:. Breda: Koninklijke Militaire Academie.
3482:
3337:Hainsworth, D. R.; Churches, C. (1998).
3259:
3085:
3045:
3033:
3006:
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2024:
1985:
1973:
1949:
1695:
1583:under the command of Lieutenant-colonel
1566:
1464:
1425:
1362:
1276:
1263:, or a quick end to hostilities under a
1241:
1186:
1125:
1027:, then took WIC slaving posts in modern
215:
3832:
3803:
3778:
3669:
3537:
3421:
3383:
3108:Great Britain to 1688: A Modern History
2705:
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2537:
2450:
2324:
2312:
2162:
2150:
2135:
2096:
2084:
2036:
2009:
1556:
1227:, who was backed by English subsidies.
1191:The Second Anglo-Dutch War; key battles
1039:in early 1665, the RAC was forced into
14:
3920:
3897:
3719:The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667)
3697:
3646:
3616:
3579:
3529:Molhuysen, P. C.; Blok, P. J. (1911).
3509:
3374:
3355:
3278:
3171:
3104:
3069:
3021:
2843:"Charles's First Dutch War, 1664–1667"
2840:
2828:
2792:
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2408:
2360:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
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2213:
2174:
1997:
1723:and the valuable sugar plantations of
1538:had to be abandoned however after the
3878:
3402:
3339:The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652–1674
3197:. Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange.
3152:
2928:
2780:
751:
580:
3459:
3426:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
3230:
2549:
1733:solution was later confirmed in the
938:opponents, de Witt viewed the 1660
838:on 31 July 1667. One in a series of
777:
3562:
3211:
3178:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2994:
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2609:
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2486:
2396:
2384:
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2198:
2186:
1458:was established in 1665. After the
24:
3565:England in the Reign of Charles II
3245:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x
1685:
1013:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
25:
4044:
1603:captured the Dutch possession of
4013:Dutch Republic–England relations
3755:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00491.x
3464:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1664–1714
1515:. The largest English flagship,
1483:supervising, launched the Dutch
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476:
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389:
377:
365:
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341:
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309:
295:
268:
253:
238:
217:
202:
187:
50:
27:Naval conflict from 1665 to 1667
2834:
1912:
1903:
1878:
1861:
1396:
1272:
1182:
3672:Colonial New Jersey: A History
3379:. Manchester University Press.
3281:The Scottish Historical Review
2049:Le Couteur & Burreson 2003
1830:
1814:
1805:
1491:. After capturing the fort at
13:
1:
3514:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3214:The Four Days' Battle of 1666
3134:The English Historical Review
1925:
1372:Willem van de Velde the Elder
883:
3113:University of Michigan Press
1884:The huge profits from Asian
1798:
1680:
1630:A Dutch force under Admiral
1219:was over-run by troops from
7:
3835:The Business History Review
3742:The Economic History Review
3632:10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXII.1
3360:. Oxford University Press.
1563:Battle of Martinique (1667)
1249:, Norway, on 12 August 1665
1106:Opposing forces and tactics
930:. Despite suspicions about
10:
4049:
3870:Van der Aa, A. J. (1867).
3653:Cambridge University Press
3594:10.1177/096834459700400201
3078:
1689:
1613:Joseph-Antoine de La Barre
1589:Deputy Governor of Jamaica
1560:
3818:10.1017/S0018246X00021518
3698:Rodger, N. A. M. (2004).
3647:Pincus, S. C. A. (2002).
3546:Brill Academic Publishers
3314:10.1017/S0018246X00017386
3193:Davenport, F. G. (2004).
1479:In June, De Ruyter, with
1163:HMS Sovereign of the Seas
1131:HMS Sovereign of the Seas
789:
737:Expedition to West Africa
618:
513:
285:
176:
70:
49:
41:
36:
3973:1667 in the Dutch Empire
3953:1665 in the Dutch Empire
3883:. New York: Bloomsbury.
3779:Rosende, Carlos (2019).
3485:"Scottish Circumvention"
3483:MacInnes, A. I. (2008).
3260:Goslinga, C. C. (2012).
2588:, pp. 173–175, 180.
2513:, pp. 147, 151–152.
1867:Born in 1650, the young
1677:possession of Suriname.
1542:ended in Dutch failure.
1540:battle of Landguard Fort
967:Dutch East India Company
896:led to the 1652 to 1654
674:Caribbean, North America
3978:17th century in Denmark
3902:. The Hague: Springer.
3721:. Hilversum: Verloren.
3670:Pomfret, J. E. (1973).
3538:Murdoch, Steve (2010).
3407:. New York: Routledge.
3384:Jackson, Clare (2021).
3264:. The Hague: Springer.
2841:Hutton, Ronald (1989).
1827:or "Second English War"
1780:Triple Alliance of 1668
1776:Perpetual Edict of 1667
1744:'Free Ship, Free Goods'
1035:by a Dutch fleet under
971:West-Indische Compagnie
894:Commonwealth of England
4018:Wars involving Denmark
3983:17th-century conflicts
3928:Second Anglo-Dutch War
3898:Wilson, C. W. (2012).
3806:The Historical Journal
3785:Naval History Magazine
3674:. New York: Scribner.
3356:Israel, J. I. (1995).
3302:The Historical Journal
3216:. Barnsley: Seaforth.
3172:Bruijn, J. R. (2011).
3128:Brinkmann, C. (1906).
3105:Ashley, M. P. (1961).
1824:
1785:Secret Treaty of Dover
1708:
1700:The conclusion of the
1692:Treaty of Breda (1667)
1638:in February 1667 and
1572:
1476:
1434:
1379:Great Plague of London
1374:
1349:St. James's Day Battle
1328:, and despite leaving
1289:
1281:The sea battle in the
1260:status quo ante bellum
1250:
1192:
1177:
1134:
828:Second Anglo-Dutch War
610:Second Anglo-Dutch War
286:Commanders and leaders
37:Second Anglo-Dutch War
4028:Charles II of England
4023:Wars involving Norway
3736:Rommelse, G. (2010).
3717:Rommelse, G. (2006).
3510:Miller, John (1991).
3403:Jones, J. R. (2013).
3153:Boxer, C. R. (1974).
3086:Armitage, D. (2000).
1938:Raa & de Bas 1921
1825:Tweede Engelse Oorlog
1789:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1735:Treaty of Westminster
1699:
1570:
1468:
1429:
1366:
1280:
1245:
1190:
1129:
990:Royal African Company
898:First Anglo-Dutch War
878:Third Anglo-Dutch War
168:to the Dutch Republic
3495:. pp. 109–130.
3460:Lynn, J. A. (1999).
3422:Kloster, W. (2016).
3060:, pp. 122, 132.
2501:, pp. 148, 152.
1557:War in the Caribbean
1547:Great Fire of London
1487:at the mouth of the
1406:, with only a small
994:Atlantic slave trade
865:in June 1667 forced
4033:James II of England
3702:. London: Penguin.
3533:. Leiden: Sijthoff.
3468:. London: Longman.
3375:Hughes, E. (1934).
3212:Fox, F. L. (2018).
3157:. London: H.M.S.O.
3072:, pp. 774–775.
2708:, pp. 247–251.
2648:, pp. 296–297.
2636:, pp. 295–296.
2612:, pp. 116–117.
2576:, pp. 123–127.
2399:, pp. 125–127.
2387:, pp. 126–127.
2252:, pp. 136–138.
2228:, pp. 136–137.
2189:, pp. 69, 136.
2165:, pp. 385–396.
2087:, pp. 331–332.
2000:, pp. 246–262.
1753:and the islands of
1444:Spanish Netherlands
1302:Brandenburg-Prussia
1201:Battle of Lowestoft
1197:Jacob van Wassenaer
1112:Military Revolution
1052:Spanish Netherlands
957:demanded increased
874:Louis XIV of France
3879:Vries, P. (2015).
3445:. Jeremy Tarcher.
3341:. Stroud: Sutton.
1847:had supported the
1709:
1573:
1524:counter decoration
1485:raid on the Medway
1477:
1456:Dutch Marine Corps
1435:
1431:Raid on the Medway
1419:, in the southern
1375:
1290:
1251:
1225:Bernhard von Galen
1193:
1135:
1084:Sir George Downing
1031:. When these were
940:Stuart Restoration
934:'s links to their
923:and their leader,
863:Raid on the Medway
855:English Royal Navy
4008:Conflicts in 1667
4003:Conflicts in 1666
3998:Conflicts in 1665
3308:(4): 955–972–29.
2958:, pp. 42–43.
2916:, pp. 41–42.
2880:, pp. 38–39.
2375:, pp. 83–85.
2351:, pp. 69–70.
2276:, pp. 64–65.
2201:, pp. 67–68.
2123:, pp. 33–34.
2051:, pp. 30–32.
1739:Act of Navigation
1640:captured Suriname
1632:Abraham Crijnssen
1577:Michiel de Ruyter
1460:Four Days' Battle
1448:War of Devolution
1433:of 9–14 June 1667
1342:Four Days' Battle
1326:Mediterranean Sea
1314:War of Devolution
1209:Michiel de Ruyter
1159:Ships of the line
1072:Holy Roman Empire
1037:Michiel de Ruyter
859:Dutch States Navy
821:
820:
814: (1780–1784)
808: (1672–1674)
802: (1665–1667)
796: (1652–1654)
745:
744:
643:Four Days' Battle
575:
574:
172:
171:
59:Four Days' Battle
16:(Redirected from
4040:
3993:Anglo-Dutch Wars
3913:
3894:
3875:
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3829:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3775:
3757:
3732:
3713:
3694:
3685:
3666:
3643:
3620:Engl. Hist. Rev.
3613:
3576:
3563:Ogg, D. (1934).
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2013:
2007:
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1995:
1989:
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1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1869:Prince of Orange
1865:
1859:
1853:Eighty Years War
1834:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1532:Chatham Dockyard
1481:Cornelis de Witt
1454:operations; the
1421:Generality Lands
1368:Holmes's Bonfire
1358:Holmes's Bonfire
1116:Anglo-Dutch Wars
925:Grand pensionary
832:Second Dutch War
784:
782:
781:Anglo-Dutch Wars
772:
765:
758:
749:
748:
613:
611:
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348:Cornelis de Witt
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197:
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191:
190:
156:, England cedes
89:
87:
83:
72:
71:
54:
44:Anglo-Dutch Wars
34:
33:
21:
18:Second Dutch War
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
3963:1667 in England
3958:1667 in Denmark
3943:1665 in England
3938:1665 in Denmark
3933:1660s in Europe
3918:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3891:
3847:10.2307/3112999
3794:
3792:
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3522:
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3476:
3453:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3368:
3349:
3272:
3239:(80): 303–319.
3224:
3205:
3186:
3165:
3140:(84): 686–698.
3098:
3081:
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2256:
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2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
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2161:
2157:
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2115:
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2103:
2095:
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2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1896:plantations on
1883:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1713:Treaty of Breda
1702:Treaty of Breda
1694:
1688:
1686:Treaty of Breda
1683:
1649:Battle of Nevis
1625:Leeward Islands
1619:, leaving only
1565:
1559:
1399:
1338:Strait of Dover
1322:English Channel
1275:
1247:Battle of Vågen
1232:Emperor Leopold
1213:battle of Vågen
1185:
1180:
1108:
1100:English Channel
998:George Carteret
906:Navigation Acts
886:
869:to make terms.
840:naval conflicts
836:Treaty of Breda
824:
823:
822:
817:
785:
780:
778:
776:
746:
741:
653:Holmes' Bonfire
614:
609:
607:
605:
571:
568:18,000 soldiers
563:
561:
553:
551:
545:
537:
535:
532:53,000 soldiers
524:
522:
502:
500:
499:
487:
475:
463:
451:
439:
425:
418:
412:
402:
400:
390:
388:
378:
376:
366:
364:
354:
352:
342:
340:
332:
322:
320:
310:
308:
296:
294:
281:
269:
267:
254:
252:
239:
237:
230:
218:
216:
203:
201:
188:
186:
141:
134:Treaty of Breda
125:
103:English Channel
85:
81:
79:
61:, 1–4 June 1666
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:1667 in Norway
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:1665 in Norway
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3895:
3889:
3876:
3867:
3841:(3): 329–355.
3830:
3812:(2): 437–452.
3801:
3776:
3748:(3): 591–611.
3733:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3667:
3661:
3644:
3614:
3588:(2): 123–149.
3582:War in History
3577:
3560:
3555:978900418568-5
3554:
3535:
3526:
3521:978-0297812142
3520:
3507:
3501:
3480:
3474:
3457:
3452:978-1585422203
3451:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3400:
3395:978-0241285817
3394:
3388:. Allen Lane.
3381:
3372:
3366:
3353:
3347:
3334:
3297:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3228:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3125:
3102:
3096:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3058:Davenport 2004
3050:
3048:, p. 114.
3038:
3026:
3024:, p. 774.
3011:
3009:, p. 223.
2999:
2997:, p. 303.
2987:
2972:
2970:, p. 183.
2960:
2948:
2933:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2833:
2831:, p. 140.
2821:
2819:, p. 175.
2809:
2807:, p. 302.
2797:
2785:
2773:
2771:, p. 301.
2761:
2759:, p. 287.
2749:
2747:, p. 122.
2745:Davenport 2004
2737:
2725:
2723:, p. 206.
2710:
2698:
2696:, p. 121.
2694:Davenport 2004
2686:
2684:, p. 139.
2674:
2672:, p. 300.
2662:
2660:, p. 299.
2650:
2638:
2626:
2624:, p. 276.
2614:
2602:
2600:, p. 401.
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2552:, p. 311.
2542:
2540:, p. 403.
2527:
2525:, p. 169.
2515:
2503:
2491:
2489:, p. 136.
2479:
2477:, p. 151.
2467:
2465:, p. 120.
2463:Davenport 2004
2455:
2453:, p. 399.
2440:
2438:, p. 143.
2428:
2426:, p. 168.
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2327:, p. 396.
2317:
2302:
2300:, p. 721.
2290:
2278:
2266:
2264:, p. 140.
2254:
2242:
2240:, p. 129.
2230:
2218:
2216:, p. 124.
2203:
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 119.
2167:
2155:
2153:, p. 440.
2140:
2138:, p. 442.
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. 196.
2101:
2099:, p. 395.
2089:
2077:
2075:, p. 600.
2065:
2063:, p. 602.
2053:
2041:
2039:, p. 438.
2029:
2027:, p. 601.
2014:
2012:, p. 392.
2002:
1990:
1988:, p. 593.
1978:
1976:, p. 492.
1966:
1964:, p. 690.
1962:Brinkmann 1906
1954:
1942:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1877:
1860:
1849:Dutch Republic
1829:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1751:St Christopher
1730:uti possidetis
1721:Fort Cormantin
1717:New Netherland
1690:Main article:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1674:Fort Zeelandia
1593:Sint Eustatius
1575:In early 1665
1561:Main article:
1558:
1555:
1474:Jan van Leyden
1398:
1395:
1383:Fire of London
1294:Denmark-Norway
1274:
1271:
1266:uti possidetis
1255:States General
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1121:Line of battle
1107:
1104:
1065:Lord Clarendon
1021:New Netherland
955:City of London
890:Dutch Republic
885:
882:
848:Dutch Republic
819:
818:
816:
815:
809:
803:
797:
790:
787:
786:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
728:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:New Netherland
676:
675:
671:
670:
668:Landguard Fort
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:St. James' Day
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
573:
572:
570:
569:
559:
548:
546:
544:
543:
533:
530:
519:
516:
515:
511:
510:
498:
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
415:
413:
411:
410:
398:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
318:
306:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
280:
279:
264:
249:
233:
231:
229:
228:
213:
210:Denmark–Norway
198:
195:Dutch Republic
182:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
162:Fort Cormantin
158:English Guiana
146:Dutch Republic
143:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
97:
95:
91:
90:
76:
68:
67:
65:Abraham Storck
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4045:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3911:
3909:9789401197625
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3890:9781472529183
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3728:9789065509079
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3709:9780713994117
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3681:9780684133713
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3662:9780521893688
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3502:9788884925497
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3475:9780582056299
3471:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3433:9781501706677
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3414:9781315845975
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3367:9780198730729
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3348:9780750917872
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3271:9789400992894
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3223:9781526737274
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:9781584774228
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3185:9780986497353
3181:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3164:9780112901693
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:. Ann Arbor:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3097:9780521789783
3093:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3046:MacInnes 2008
3042:
3036:, p. 47.
3035:
3034:Goslinga 2012
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:Rommelse 2006
3003:
2996:
2991:
2985:, p. 43.
2984:
2983:Goslinga 2012
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:Rommelse 2006
2964:
2957:
2956:Goslinga 2012
2952:
2946:, p. 42.
2945:
2944:Goslinga 2012
2940:
2938:
2931:, p. 36.
2930:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:Goslinga 2012
2910:
2904:, p. 41.
2903:
2902:Goslinga 2012
2898:
2892:, p. 40.
2891:
2890:Goslinga 2012
2886:
2879:
2878:Goslinga 2012
2874:
2866:
2864:9780198229117
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2817:Rommelse 2006
2813:
2806:
2801:
2795:, p. 77.
2794:
2789:
2783:, p. 39.
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2735:, p. 76.
2734:
2729:
2722:
2721:Rommelse 2006
2717:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2564:, p. 71.
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:Rommelse 2006
2519:
2512:
2511:Rommelse 2006
2507:
2500:
2499:Rommelse 2006
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2475:Rommelse 2006
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:Rommelse 2006
2432:
2425:
2424:Rommelse 2006
2420:
2418:
2411:, p. 70.
2410:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2363:, p. 74.
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2339:, p. 43.
2338:
2337:Rommelse 2006
2333:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2288:, p. 66.
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2121:Rommelse 2006
2117:
2110:
2109:Rommelse 2006
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2073:Rommelse 2010
2069:
2062:
2061:Rommelse 2010
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2025:Rommelse 2010
2021:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1986:Rommelse 2010
1982:
1975:
1974:Rommelse 2010
1970:
1963:
1958:
1952:, p. 42.
1951:
1950:Rommelse 2006
1946:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1774:to adopt the
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Edward Morgan
1582:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1519:Royal Charles
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:North America
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1137:In 1664, the
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:New York City
1022:
1018:
1017:North America
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
973:, or WIC, in
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:Protectionism
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Johan de Witt
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
881:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
783:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Jipsinghuizen
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
612:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
579:
560:
550:
549:
547:
534:
531:
521:
520:
518:
517:
512:
509:
496:
491:
486:
484:
483:Prince Rupert
479:
474:
472:
467:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
443:
438:
436:
435:
429:
422:
417:
416:
414:
409:
399:
397:
396:Von Ahlefeldt
387:
385:
384:Nassau–Siegen
375:
373:
363:
361:
351:
349:
339:
337:
335:
329:
328:Van Wassenaer
319:
317:
307:
305:
304:
303:Johan de Witt
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
277:
265:
262:
250:
247:
235:
234:
232:
226:
214:
211:
199:
196:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
167:
166:island of Run
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:New Amsterdam
147:
144:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:North America
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
60:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3899:
3880:
3871:
3838:
3834:
3809:
3805:
3793:. Retrieved
3788:
3784:
3745:
3741:
3718:
3699:
3690:
3671:
3648:
3623:
3618:
3585:
3581:
3564:
3540:
3530:
3511:
3488:
3463:
3442:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3376:
3357:
3338:
3305:
3301:
3287:(1): 67–74.
3284:
3280:
3261:
3236:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3174:
3154:
3137:
3133:
3107:
3087:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3002:
2990:
2963:
2951:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2846:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2706:Murdoch 2010
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2598:Jackson 2021
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2538:Jackson 2021
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2470:
2458:
2451:Jackson 2021
2431:
2404:
2392:
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2325:Jackson 2021
2320:
2313:Rosende 2019
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2163:Jackson 2021
2158:
2151:Seaward 1987
2136:Seaward 1987
2116:
2104:
2097:Jackson 2021
2092:
2085:Sherman 1976
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2037:Seaward 1987
2032:
2010:Jackson 2021
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1914:
1905:
1880:
1863:
1832:
1816:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1748:
1728:
1710:
1706:Breda Castle
1659:
1629:
1574:
1551:Great Plague
1544:
1518:
1512:
1509:Loyal London
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:River Thames
1478:
1469:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1408:Flying Fleet
1407:
1400:
1397:Europe; 1667
1391:
1376:
1346:
1335:
1318:
1310:
1298:Baltic trade
1291:
1273:Europe; 1666
1264:
1258:
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1194:
1183:Europe; 1665
1167:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1109:
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988:founded the
979:
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921:States Party
918:
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871:
852:
831:
827:
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799:
690:Newfoundland
608:
558:139 warships
529:131 warships
432:
333:
301:
177:Belligerents
56:
42:Part of the
29:
3626:(4): 1–29.
3070:Israel 1995
3022:Israel 1995
2829:Wilson 2012
2793:Rodger 2004
2733:Rodger 2004
2682:Wilson 2012
2562:Rodger 2004
2409:Rodger 2004
2361:Bruijn 2011
2298:Israel 1995
2286:Bruijn 2011
2274:Bruijn 2011
2262:Palmer 1997
2250:Palmer 1997
2238:Palmer 1997
2226:Palmer 1997
2214:Palmer 1997
2175:Miller 1991
1998:Pincus 2002
1793:William III
1746:principle.
1662:John Harman
1528:Rijksmuseum
1513:Royal James
1123:formation.
1098:and in the
1002:Shaftesbury
975:West Africa
910:East Indies
720:2nd Surinam
705:James River
695:1st Surinam
140:Territorial
119:The Guianas
115:East Indies
111:West Africa
3922:Categories
3544:. Leiden:
3512:Charles II
2929:Jones 2013
2781:Boxer 1974
1926:References
1890:Portuguese
1838:Protestant
1836:Both were
1759:Montserrat
1617:Montserrat
1581:buccaneers
1507:, the new
1500:Royal Navy
1387:Navy Board
1308:in April.
1217:Overijssel
1171:privateers
1155:Dutch navy
1139:Royal Navy
1088:Ambassador
1041:bankruptcy
1033:recaptured
1023:, renamed
982:monopolies
963:Parliament
932:Charles II
884:Background
867:Charles II
732:Cape Coast
710:Martinique
663:The Medway
434:Charles II
121:, and the
86:1667-07-31
82:1665-03-04
3874:. Allart.
3863:154564220
3826:154665171
3795:4 October
3772:145077506
3610:159657621
3573:490944369
3330:153421486
3121:875337369
2550:Geyl 1936
1841:republics
1799:Footnotes
1681:Aftermath
1666:St Pierre
1517:HMS
1505:Royal Oak
1493:Sheerness
1283:Wielingen
1092:The Hague
1060:provinces
1048:Louis XIV
1006:Arlington
880:in 1672.
658:Dungeness
628:Lowestoft
508:Von Galen
459:Albemarle
372:Van Ghent
360:De Bitter
316:De Ruyter
123:Caribbean
99:North Sea
3764:40929818
3602:26004420
3491:. Pisa:
3293:25529449
3253:24401084
2995:Fox 2018
2805:Fox 2018
2769:Fox 2018
2757:Fox 2018
2670:Fox 2018
2658:Fox 2018
2646:Fox 2018
2634:Fox 2018
2622:Fox 2018
2610:Fox 2018
2586:Fox 2018
2574:Fox 2018
2487:Fox 2018
2397:Fox 2018
2385:Fox 2018
2373:Fox 2018
2349:Fox 2018
2199:Fox 2018
2187:Fox 2018
1843:, while
1725:Suriname
1601:Barbados
1412:colliers
1269:clause.
1144:boarding
1080:Americas
1078:and the
936:Orangist
857:nor the
846:and the
842:between
685:Barbados
514:Strength
495:Teddiman
471:Sandwich
408:Lefèbvre
261:Scotland
164:and the
94:Location
84: –
3855:3112999
3322:2639590
3233:History
3079:Sources
1851:in its
1845:England
1755:Antigua
1670:Cayenne
1636:Cayenne
1623:of the
1609:Antigua
1536:Harwich
1404:Chatham
1287:Zeeland
1221:Münster
944:England
844:England
715:Cayenne
542:250 men
334:†
276:Münster
246:England
154:England
142:changes
80: (
3906:
3887:
3861:
3853:
3824:
3770:
3762:
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2861:
1894:nutmeg
1886:spices
1763:Acadia
1737:. The
1654:attack
1605:Tobago
1587:, the
1330:Toulon
1306:Cleves
1285:, off
1223:under
1114:, the
1086:, his
1076:Africa
1029:Guinea
948:France
914:Europe
902:treaty
900:. The
812:Fourth
800:Second
726:Africa
622:Europe
330:
273:
258:
243:
225:France
222:
207:
192:
148:cedes
130:Result
3859:S2CID
3851:JSTOR
3822:S2CID
3768:S2CID
3760:JSTOR
3636:JSTOR
3606:S2CID
3598:JSTOR
3326:S2CID
3318:JSTOR
3289:JSTOR
3249:JSTOR
3142:JSTOR
1857:Spain
1855:with
1821:Dutch
1704:, at
1645:Nevis
1621:Nevis
1417:Breda
1370:, by
1096:Cadiz
1056:Spain
986:James
830:, or
806:Third
794:First
700:Nevis
633:Vågen
63:, by
3904:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3797:2023
3723:ISBN
3704:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3657:ISBN
3569:OCLC
3550:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3117:OCLC
3092:ISBN
2859:ISBN
1873:Mary
1757:and
1597:Saba
1595:and
1511:and
1354:Vlie
1004:and
946:and
892:and
826:The
447:York
75:Date
57:The
3843:doi
3814:doi
3791:(1)
3750:doi
3628:doi
3624:107
3590:doi
3493:PUP
3310:doi
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1898:Run
1472:by
1178:War
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