512:
437:
318:
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rock that is being forced up a ramp. Subsequent work suggests that the structure of the
Seattle Fault may vary from east to west, with both models being applicable in different sections. A later model has part of the north-thrusting sheet forming a wedge between the sedimentary formations of the Seattle Basin and the underlying bedrock.
413:-based mapping; trenching has generally shown the faulting to be more complex than was first realized. Many of the details of the Seattle Fault, including recurrence rate, remain to be resolved. A study of sediments in Lake Washington found evidence of seven large (M > 7) earthquakes in the last 3,500 years.
488:
magnitude 9 subduction event would damage only around 87 bridges in all of
Western Washington. The same study also found that with failure of just six bridges (the minimum damage for a Benioff M 6.5 event) there could be at least $ 3 billion lost in business revenue alone. Subsequent retrofitting by the
522:
Other recent work indicates that the
Seattle Fault can generate two types of earthquakes; both pose "considerable hazard" to the Seattle metropolitan region. The A.D. 900–930 earthquake is believed to be the only instance in the past 7,000 years of the type that causes a regional uplift. The other
530:
studies show that the
Seattle Fault can generate a very damaging magnitude 7.0 earthquake. In addition to extensive damage to unreinforced structures and structures built on fill (such as much of Seattle's Pioneer Square area, the industrial area, and the waterfront), computer modeling has shown
390:
is the southern edge. One model has the
Seattle and Tacoma faults converging at depth to form a wedge, which is being popped up by approximately north–south oriented compression that ultimately derives from plate tectonics. Another model (see diagram) interprets the Seattle Uplift as a sheet of
346:
of the
Crescent Formation on the south has been uplifted – the Seattle Uplift – and is tipping into the Seattle Basin, where the Tertiary bedrock is buried under at least 7 km (4.3 miles) of relatively softer, lighter sedimentary strata of the younger Blakeley and Blakely Harbor formations.
329:
One model of the
Seattle Uplift: Cross-section (south to north) along the east side of central Puget Sound, looking west. TB = Tacoma Basin EPZ = East Passage Zone (Maury Island), SFZ = Seattle Fault Zone (Alki Point). Grey dots are hypocenters of earthquakes of magnitude 2 or more for 1970–2001.
300:
Although the 923-924 CE earthquake was over a thousand years ago, local traditional stories have preserved an association of a powerful supernatural spirit – a'yahos, noted for shaking, rushes of water, and landsliding – with five locales along the trace of the
Seattle Fault, including a "spirit
487:
But the
Seattle and Tacoma faults are probably the most serious earthquake threat to the populous Seattle–Tacoma area. A 2002 study of bridge vulnerability estimated that a magnitude 7 earthquake on the Seattle Fault would damage approximately 80 bridges in the Seattle–Tacoma area, whereas a
29:
406:. It appears that when the Straight Creek Fault became stuck the north–south compressive force that it had accommodated by strike-slip motion was transferred to the crust of the Puget Lowland, which subsequently folded and faulted, and the various blocks jammed over one another.
2107:
Moore, G. L.; Roland, E.; Bennett, S. E. K.; Watt, J.; Kluesner, J.; Brothers, D.; Myers, E. (2022). "High-Resolution Marine
Seismic Imaging of the Seattle Fault Zone: Near-Surface Insights into Fault Zone Geometry, Quaternary Deformation, and Long-Term Evolution".
2027:
Tabor, R. W.; Frizzell, V. A. Jr.; Vance, J. A.; Naeser, C. W. (January 1984), "Ages and stratigraphy of lower and middle Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the central Cascades, Washington: Application to the tectonic history of the Straight Creek fault",
652:
Black, Bryan A.; Pearl, Jessie K.; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Pringle, Patrick T.; Frank, David C.; Page, Morgan T.; Buckley, Brendan M.; Cook, Edward R.; Harley, Grant L.; King, Karen J.; Hughes, Jonathan F.; Reynolds, David J.; Sherrod, Brian L. (2023).
523:
type is more localized and shallower (and therefore more damaging); at least four such events are believed to have occurred in the past 3,000 years on the west end of the fault. (The history of the central and eastern segments is not known.)
351:. Most of the faulting is "blind" (not reaching the surface), and generally difficult to locate because of heavy vegetation or development. Three principal strands have been identified, their location determined by high-resolution
1429:
Daneš, Z. F.; Bonno, M. M.; Brau, E.; Gilham, W. D.; Hoffman, T. T.; Johansen, D.; Jones, M. H.; Malfait, B.; Masten, J.; Teague, G. O. (15 November 1965), "Geophysical investigation of the Southern Puget Sound area, Washington",
2644:
1798:
Kelsey, H. M.; Sherrod, B. L.; Nelson, A. R.; Brocher, T. M. (November–December 2008), "Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone.",
285:
on Puget Sound, turbidity in lake paleosediments, rock avalanches, and multiple landslides around Lake Washington, and determined that all these happened about 1,100 years ago (between 923 and 924
1129:
Anderson, M. L.; Dragovich, J. D.; Blakely, R. J.; Wells, R.; Brocher, T. M. (2008), "Where Does the Seattle Fault End? Structural Links and Kinematic Implications [Abstract #T23B-2022]",
1624:
Johnson, S. Y.; Blakely, R. J.; Brocher, T. M.; Bucknam, R. C.; Haeussler, P. J.; Pratt, T. L.; Nelson, A. R.; Sherrod, B. L.; Wells, R.E.; Lidke, D.J.; Harding, D.J.; Kelsey, H.M. (2004),
1458:
Dragovich, J. D.; Walsh, T. J.; Anderson, M. L.; Hartog, R.; DuFrane, S. A.; Vervoot, J.; Williams, S. A.; Cakir, R.; Stanton, K. D.; Wolff, F. E.; Norman, D. K.; Czajkowski, J. L. (2009),
1487:
González, F. I.; Sherrod, B. L.; Atwater, B. F.; Frankel, A. P.; Palmer, S. P.; Holmes, M. L.; Karlin, R. E.; Jaffe, B. E.; Titov, V. V.; Mofjeld, H. O.; Venturato, A. J. (June 2003),
321:
Approximate location of the Seattle Fault Zone (and other faults). The section of the fault zone directly under "Seattle" corresponds to the red line in the photo at the top. (DGER)
448:
The Seattle Fault (and the related Tacoma Fault) is not the only source of earthquake hazard in the Puget Lowland. Other faults in the near surface continental crust, such as the
2560:
273:
at Restoration Point (foreground in picture above), the Seattle Fault's existence and likely hazard were definitively established by a set of five reports published in
247:. The Seattle Fault was first recognized as a significant seismic hazard in 1992, when a set of reports showed that about 1,100 years ago it was the scene of a major
2634:
1234:"Location, structure, and seismicity of the Seattle fault zone, Washington: Evidence from aeromagnetic anomalies, geologic mapping, and seismic-reflection data"
539:
30 miles south (Tacoma) and low-lying areas on the Puyallup River delta. There is also concern that a severe or prolonged event could cause failure of the
420:
due to faulting are rarely observed in this area (due to topography, vegetation, and urbanization); a rare exception can be seen at Mee Kwa Mooks Park south of
1233:
2176:
1891:
Nelson, A. R.; Johnson, S. Y.; Kelsey, H. M.; Wells, R. E.; Sherrod, B. L.; Pezzopane, S. K.; Bradley, L.; Koehler, R. D.; Bucknam, R. C. (November 2003),
1027:
The much greater energy of subduction earthquake is spread out over a larger area, and concentrated mainly on the coast, where there is less development.
1625:
2648:
492:
and the City of Seattle would likely reduce damage to key bridges. But there is concern that such an earthquake on the Seattle Fault would devastate
367:– shows marked variation in the location of the strands and of the underlying structure, but the nature and significance of this is not understood.
251:
of about magnitude 7 – an event that entered Native American oral traditions. Extensive research has since shown the Seattle Fault to be part of a
2585:
2262:
2755:
505:
468:; being so deep their energy is dissipated. And there are the infrequent but very powerful great subduction events, such as the magnitude 9
2570:
1471:
Fisher, M. A.; Hyndman, R. D.; Johnson, S. Y.; Brocher, T. M.; Crosson, R. S.; Wells, R. A.; Calvert, A. J.; ten Brink, U. S. (2005),
1320:
Brocher, T. M.; Parsons, T.; Blakely, R. J.; Christensen, N. I.; Fisher, M. A.; Wells, R. E.; the SHIPS Working Group (10 July 2001),
2694:
456:(near Olympia), though historically quiescent, are suspected of generating earthquakes of around magnitude 7. Others, such as the
1856:
Ludwin, R. S.; Thrush, C. P.; Buerge, D.; Jonientz-Trisler, C.; Rasmussen, J.; Troost, K.; de los Angeles, A. (July–August 2005),
511:
489:
2328:
1321:
1503:
347:
This has resulted in a 4 to 7 km (2.5 to 4.3 miles) wide zone of complex faulting, with three or more main south-dipping
1322:"Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound"
2760:
2255:
2083:
Walsh, T. J.; Arcas, D.; Venturato, A. J.; Titov, V. V.; Mofjeld, H. O.; Chamberlin, C. C.; González, F. I. (July 2009),
1473:"Crustal Structure and Earthquake Hazards of the Subduction Zone in Southwestern British Columbia and Western Washington"
2070:
Vance, J. A.; Miller, R. B. (1994), "Another look at the Fraser River-Straight Creek Fault (FRSCF) [abstract]",
382:
on the west (not shown on the map). However, boundaries defining the western termination zone is currently unclear (see
2654:
383:
2352:
1928:"Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis"
2529:
1892:
1828:
1358:
1285:"The Saddle Mountain Fault Deformation Zone, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Western Boundary of the Seattle Uplift"
556:
64:
2219:
2705:
1588:
1272:
2184:
1695:
1663:
1640:"Active Tectonics of the Seattle Fault and Central Puget Sound, Washington: Implications for earthquake hazards"
1260:
547:
deltas, where the main port facilities for Seattle and Tacoma are located (Harbor Island and Commencement Bay).
2639:
2248:
2085:"Tsunami hazard map of Tacoma, Washington—Model results for Seattle fault and Tacoma fault earthquake tsunamis"
1755:"Holocene landslides and a 3500-year record of Pacific Northwest earthquakes from sediments in Lake Washington"
1531:
264:
2750:
2438:
2380:
2316:
2197:
2084:
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493:
364:
2057:
1502:
Haugerud, R. A.; Harding, D. J.; Johnson, S. Y.; Harless, J. L.; Weaver, C. S.; Sherrod, B. L. (June 2003),
1284:
2700:
57:
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in 1992. These reports looked at the timing of abrupt uplift and subsidence around Restoration Point and
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2410:
2304:
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244:
41:
itself. Restoration Point in the foreground, Alki Point is barely seen at the right edge of the picture.
1893:"Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington"
1541:"Tree Ring Correlation Between Prehistoric Landslides and Abrupt Tectonic Events in Seattle, Washington"
2616:
2400:
2065:, Seattle-Area Geologic Mapping Project Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of Washington
1841:
444:(Haiti) harbor leaning after earthquake-induced ground failure. Seattle's waterfront faces similar risk
1754:
2160:
USGS Professional Paper 1560: Assessing Earthquake Hazards and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest
1589:"Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland"
1421:
Buerge, D. M. (March 6–13, 1985), "Lost Seattle, our shameful neglect of a rich archeological past",
516:
457:
436:
1283:
Blakely, R. J.; Sherrod, B. L.; Hughes, J. F.; Anderson, M. L.; Wells, R. E.; Weaver, C. S. (2009),
655:"A multifault earthquake threat for the Seattle metropolitan region revealed by mass tree mortality"
2310:
2298:
2240:
473:
469:
2208:
1671:
531:
that such earthquakes could cause a tsunami of about 2 m (6 feet 7 inches) high on
2606:
2488:
2375:
1504:"High-Resolution Lidar Topography of the Puget Lowland, Washington – A Bonanza for Earth Science"
501:
461:
152:
1829:"Inundation modeling of local tsunamis in Puget Sound, Washington, due to potential earthquakes"
2508:
1639:
1540:
1962:
2710:
2689:
2664:
2390:
2203:
1704:"Paleoearthquakes in the Puget Sound Region Recorded in Sediments from Lake Washington, U.S."
497:
371:
352:
187:
449:
375:
2170:
2117:
2037:
1977:
1942:
1907:
1872:
1808:
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1718:
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1603:
1552:
1518:
1439:
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1336:
1299:
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1220:
1184:
1136:
666:
399:
157:
2224:
1703:
1587:
Johnson, S. Y.; Blakely, R. J.; Stephenson, W. J.; Dadisman, S. V.; Fisher, M. A. (2004),
1488:
1371:
1169:
453:
8:
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421:
356:
306:
278:
172:
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1981:
1946:
1911:
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1722:
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1522:
1443:
1390:
1340:
1303:
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1140:
687:
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654:
363:. The central section of the fault zone – where it crosses the apparent location of the
2727:
2722:
2498:
2483:
2443:
2405:
2334:
2141:
2001:
1842:"The western extension of the Seattle fault: new insights from seismic reflection data"
1742:
1576:
1410:
1264:
1208:
527:
496:, of which the City of Seattle is estimated to have around a thousand, concentrated in
465:
289:, and most likely due to an earthquake of magnitude 7 or greater on the Seattle Fault.
252:
240:
209:
132:
107:
1148:
Atwater, B. F. (1999), "Radiocarbon dating of a Seattle earthquake to A.D. 900–930.",
535:. The modeling shows that such a tsunami would also inundate the industrial areas on
2503:
2385:
2346:
2145:
2133:
2013:
1993:
1734:
1568:
1402:
1268:
1200:
692:
199:
2005:
1580:
1414:
1212:
1130:
2234:
2125:
2045:
1985:
1950:
1926:
Pratt, T. L.; Johnson, S. Y.; Potter, C. J.; Stephenson, W. J. (10 December 1997),
1915:
1880:
1816:
1774:
1746:
1726:
1691:
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1611:
1560:
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1307:
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1222:
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of the Seattle–Tacoma Highway Corridor using HAZUS
1192:
1157:
682:
674:
536:
481:
1989:
1730:
1564:
1398:
1196:
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The Seattle Fault is the structural boundary where 50–60 million years old (early
2473:
2395:
2340:
2292:
2275:
1927:
1857:
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surveys. The northernmost strand lies nearly along Interstate 90 and then under
282:
1629:
269:
First suspected from mapping of gravitational anomalies in 1965 and an uplifted
2601:
2565:
1472:
1460:"Geologic map of the North Bend 7.5-minute quadrangle, King County, Washington"
544:
540:
477:
441:
398:). This is about the time that the strike-slip movement on the north-striking
360:
270:
2165:
1372:"Abrupt Uplift Within the Past 1700 Years at Southern Puget Sound, Washington"
2744:
2716:
2684:
2544:
2478:
2358:
2214:
2159:
2137:
1232:
Blakely, R. J.; Wells, R. E.; Weaver, C. S.; Johnson, S. Y. (February 2002),
460:, originate about 50 to 60 km (31 to 37 miles) below Puget Sound in the
79:
66:
1753:
Karlin, R. E.; Holmes, M.; Abella, S. E. B.; Sylvester, R. (February 2004),
1638:
Johnson, S. Y.; Dadisman, S. V.; Childs, J. R.; Stanley, W. D. (July 1999),
1451:
428:; the prominent rise there is due to uplift on the north side of the fault.
394:
The Seattle Fault is believed to date from about 40 million years ago (late
2659:
2580:
2451:
2322:
1997:
1884:
1738:
1572:
1406:
1204:
1161:
696:
678:
561:
387:
348:
302:
228:
192:
2072:
Geological Society of America 1994 Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs
2575:
2539:
2457:
1672:"Origin and evolution of the Seattle Fault and Seattle Basin, Washington"
1616:
1349:
532:
417:
370:
The fault extends for approximately 70 km (43 miles) from near
317:
34:
2534:
2272:
2129:
1312:
409:
Other scarps associated with the Seattle fault have been identified by
379:
286:
248:
236:
2229:
1954:
1370:
Bucknam, R. C.; Hemphill-Haley, E.; Leopold, E. B. (4 December 1992),
2014:"City of Seattle Unreinforced Masonry Building Seismic Hazards Study"
1919:
1820:
1778:
325:
2270:
1787:"Seismic stability of the Duwamish River delta, Seattle, Washington"
1786:
515:
Damage to a masonry building (Cadillac Hotel) in Seattle, from the
339:
1963:"Prehistoric Rock Avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington"
1539:
Jacoby, G. C.; Williams, P. L.; Buckley, B. M. (4 December 1992),
1961:
Schuster, R. L.; Logan, R. L.; Pringle, P. T. (4 December 1992),
1670:
Johnson, S. Y.; Potter, C. J.; Armentrout, J. M. (January 1994),
232:
117:
50:
38:
386:). It is the northern edge of the Seattle Uplift, of which the
28:
403:
395:
343:
214:
410:
2198:
Scenario for a Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake on the Seattle Fault
1696:
10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0071:OAEOTS>2.3.CO;2
1664:
10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1042:ATOTSF>2.3.CO;2
1466:, Geological Map GM–73, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000, 39 p. text
1261:
10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0169:LSASOT>2.0.CO;2
1170:"A Tsunami About 1000 Years Ago in Puget Sound, Washington"
2166:
USGS: Reducing Earthquake Hazards in the Pacific Northwest
1532:
10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:HLTOTP>2.0.CO;2
1365:, Geologic Map GM–52, 1 sheet, scale 1:625,000, 12 p. text
292:
16:
Zone of multiple thrust faults that passes through Seattle
1359:"Tectonic elements and evolution of northwest Washington"
2050:
10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<26:AASOLA>2.0.CO;2
1631:
Quaternary fault and fold database for the United States
651:
2106:
2021:
City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development
1858:"Serpent Spirit-power Stories along the Seattle Fault"
374:
on the east, where it appears to be terminated by the
2162:
Technical, but readable. And has many good pictures.
1489:"Puget Sound Tsunami Sources – 2002 Workshop Report"
1219:
Ballantyne, D.; Pierepiekarz, M.; Chang, S. (2002),
2177:"Pinpointing devastation if Seattle Fault ruptures"
1702:Karlin, R. E.; Abella, S. E. B. (4 December 1992),
2204:Washington State's Bridge Seismic Retrofit Program
2092:Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
1464:Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
1363:Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
1051:, "Executive Summary", § 2.1.3, and figure 2.
384:Puget Sound faults#Question of western termination
2225:Tsunami Hazard Map of the Elliott Bay Area (NOAA)
2742:
2209:Earthquake Study: Four Vashon-Specific Scenarios
2110:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1826:
1357:Brown, E. H.; Dragovich, J. D. (December 2003),
1218:
1168:Atwater, B. F.; Moore, A. L. (4 December 1992),
1084:
1036:
1015:
1457:
820:
231:that cross the Puget Sound Lowland and through
2215:Puget Sound Tsunami Inundation Modeling (NOAA)
2059:Geology of Seattle: City of Seattle Field Trip
2011:
1960:
1784:
1501:
1486:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1048:
943:
848:
627:
2256:
2230:Additional inundation maps (DNR Publications)
2012:Swanson, D. B.; Findlay, A. (December 2007),
1669:
1637:
1586:
1369:
1319:
1282:
1231:
1072:
999:
915:
883:
859:
832:
804:
792:
780:
768:
741:
591:
402:to the east ceased, due to the intrusions of
331:
2056:Troost, K. G.; Booth, D. B. (May 22, 2004),
1890:
1855:
1797:
1752:
1701:
1538:
1470:
1167:
1132:American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2008
1060:
1003:
983:
971:
967:
955:
899:
895:
745:
709:
639:
615:
603:
2082:
2069:
2055:
2026:
1925:
1623:
1428:
1096:
987:
931:
927:
911:
871:
808:
757:
737:
579:
2263:
2249:
452:(near Everett), and the yet to be studied
27:
1615:
1530:
1348:
1311:
686:
2645:Middleton Place–Summerville Seismic Zone
1851:, NEHRP, Project Award Number 08HQGR0075
510:
435:
324:
316:
291:
227:is a zone of multiple shallow east–west
1839:
1785:Kayen, R. E.; Barnhardt, W. A. (2007),
1147:
836:
526:Calculations based on fault length and
490:Washington Department of Transportation
177:
2743:
2571:Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
2329:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1827:Koshimura, S.; Mofjeld, H. O. (2001),
1626:"Fault number 570, Seattle fault zone"
1420:
713:
2695:Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone
2244:
2171:USGS: Earthquake ground motion movies
296:Representation of the a'yahos spirit.
258:
2756:Seismic faults of Washington (state)
494:unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings
1628:, in U.S. Geological Survey (ed.),
13:
2655:Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone
2100:
14:
2772:
2353:Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone
2237:Use of Lidar for locating faults.
2153:
1835:(Session 7, Number 7–18): 861–873
1356:
726:
725:Excerpt from DGER Geological Map
281:(distant right side of picture),
2530:Independence Valley fault system
2220:Elliott Bay inundation map (DNR)
557:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
2706:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
2211:Considerations for all islands.
1935:Journal of Geophysical Research
1432:Journal of Geophysical Research
1329:Journal of Geophysical Research
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1021:
1009:
993:
977:
961:
949:
937:
921:
905:
889:
877:
865:
853:
842:
826:
814:
798:
786:
774:
762:
751:
731:
2640:Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone
1865:Seismological Research Letters
1150:Seismological Research Letters
719:
703:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
265:Lake Washington sunken forests
33:The Seattle Fault cuts across
1:
2381:Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone
2317:Clarendon-Linden fault system
1990:10.1126/science.258.5088.1620
1731:10.1126/science.258.5088.1617
1565:10.1126/science.258.5088.1621
1399:10.1126/science.258.5088.1611
1197:10.1126/science.258.5088.1614
178:
2701:Gulf of California Rift Zone
2235:Puget Sound Lidar Consortium
2183:, 2005-02-20, archived from
1085:Koshimura & Mofjeld 2001
1037:Ballantyne & others 2002
1016:Ballantyne & others 2002
440:Shipping-container crane at
309:ferry dock in West Seattle.
7:
2561:Central Oklahoma Fault Zone
2411:Western Quebec Seismic Zone
2305:Canadian Arctic Rift System
1793:, Professional Paper 1661-E
1482:, Professional Paper 1661-C
821:Dragovich & others 2009
550:
10:
2777:
2761:Buried rupture earthquakes
2617:Wabash Valley Seismic Zone
2401:Saint Lawrence rift system
2286:(crosses national borders)
1121:
1113:Kayen & Barnhardt 2007
1109:Gonzalez & others 2003
1049:Swanson & Findlay 2007
944:Haugerud & others 2003
874:, § 4.3 and figure 2.
849:Anderson & others 2008
628:Schuster & others 1992
450:South Whidbey Island Fault
424:. This is the site of the
376:South Whidbey Island Fault
312:
262:
2677:
2625:
2594:
2553:
2522:
2466:
2439:Olympic–Wallowa Lineament
2426:
2419:
2368:
2283:
2094:, Open File Report 2009-9
1073:Bucknam & others 1992
1000:Bucknam & others 1992
916:Blakely & others 2002
884:Johnson & others 2004
860:Brocher & others 2001
833:Blakely & others 2009
805:Blakely & others 2002
793:Blakely & others 2002
781:Blakely & others 2002
769:Johnson & others 1999
742:Johnson & others 1994
592:Bucknam & others 1992
517:2001 Nisqually earthquake
458:2001 Nisqually earthquake
431:
365:Olympic–Wallowa Lineament
332:Johnson & others 2004
253:regional system of faults
208:
198:
186:
171:
163:
151:
146:
138:
128:
123:
113:
103:
95:
56:
46:
26:
21:
2311:Cascadia subduction zone
2299:Basin and Range Province
2200:Vivid and comprehensive.
1941:(B12): 27, 469–27, 490,
1061:Kelsey & others 2008
1004:Fisher & others 2005
984:Kelsey & others 2008
972:Karlin & others 2004
968:Karlin & Abella 1992
956:Nelson & others 2003
900:Nelson & others 2003
896:Kelsey & others 2008
746:Nelson & others 2003
710:Ludwin & others 2005
640:Jacoby & others 1992
616:Karlin & Abella 1992
604:Atwater & Moore 1992
567:
474:Cascadia subduction zone
470:1700 Cascadia earthquake
2607:New Madrid Seismic Zone
2494:Newport–Inglewood Fault
2489:Mendocino Fracture Zone
2376:Charlevoix Seismic Zone
1840:Liberty, L. M. (2009),
1791:U. S. Geological Survey
1480:U. S. Geological Survey
1452:10.1029/JZ070i022p05573
1335:(B7): 13, 541–13, 564,
1097:Walsh & others 2009
988:Troost & Booth 2004
932:Tabor & others 1984
928:Vance & Miller 1994
912:Pratt & others 1997
872:Pratt & others 1997
738:Pratt & others 1997
580:Danes & others 1965
142:70 km (43 mi)
2509:San Jacinto Fault Zone
1885:10.1785/gssrl.76.4.426
1849:U.S. Geological Survey
1162:10.1785/gssrl.70.2.190
679:10.1126/sciadv.adh4973
519:
506:International District
445:
335:
322:
297:
2711:Middle America Trench
2690:Chixoy-Polochic Fault
2665:Virginia Seismic Zone
2626:Appalachian Mountains
2427:Washington and Oregon
2391:Queen Charlotte Fault
1143:, abstract #T23B-2022
514:
439:
328:
320:
295:
245:Interstate Highway 90
243:) in the vicinity of
2751:Geography of Seattle
2678:Caribbean and Mexico
1833:ITS 2001 Proceedings
1807:(11/12): 1581–1597,
1617:10.1029/2003TC001507
1350:10.1029/2001JB000154
400:Straight Creek Fault
2635:Aiken–Augusta Fault
2612:Sandwich Fault Zone
2513:Elsinore Fault Zone
2434:Brothers Fault Zone
2122:2022BuSSA.112.2715M
2042:1984GSAB...95...26T
1982:1992Sci...258.1620S
1947:1997JGR...10227469P
1912:2003GSAB..115.1388N
1877:2005SeiRL..76..426L
1813:2008GSAB..120.1581K
1771:2004GSAB..116...94K
1723:1992Sci...258.1617K
1688:1994Geo....22...71J
1656:1999GSAB..111.1042J
1608:2004Tecto..23.1011J
1557:1992Sci...258.1621J
1523:2003GSAT...13f...4H
1444:1965JGR....70.5573D
1391:1992Sci...258.1611B
1341:2001JGR...10613541B
1304:2009Geosp...5..105B
1253:2002GSAB..114..169B
1189:1992Sci...258.1614A
1183:(5088): 1614–1617,
1141:2008AGUFM.T23B2022A
671:2023SciA....9H4973B
472:, where the entire
76: /
2728:Puerto Rico Trench
2723:Pedro Miguel Fault
2628:and Atlantic Coast
2499:Puente Hills Fault
2484:Hayward Fault Zone
2406:Timiskaming Graben
2335:Puget Sound faults
2273:seismically active
2130:10.1785/0120220013
1313:10.1130/GES00196.1
528:paleoseismological
520:
466:Juan de Fuca Plate
464:of the subducting
446:
426:West Seattle Fault
353:seismic reflection
336:
323:
298:
259:Notable earthquake
133:Puget Sound faults
80:47.610°N 122.333°W
2736:
2735:
2719:(Central America)
2713:(Central America)
2673:
2672:
2581:Nemaha Fault Zone
2504:Rose Canyon Fault
2386:Leech River Fault
2347:San Andreas Fault
1955:10.1029/97JB01830
1906:(11): 1368–1403,
1438:(22): 5573–5580,
1002:, p. 1611;
221:
220:
217:-recent (40-0 Ma)
2768:
2424:
2423:
2278:of North America
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2149:
2116:(5): 2715–2744.
2095:
2089:
2079:
2066:
2064:
2052:
2023:
2018:
2008:
1967:
1957:
1932:
1922:
1920:10.1130/B25262.1
1897:
1887:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1823:
1821:10.1130/B26282.1
1794:
1781:
1779:10.1130/B25158.1
1749:
1708:
1698:
1666:
1650:(7): 1042–1053,
1634:
1620:
1619:
1602:(TC1011): 1–27,
1593:
1583:
1535:
1534:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1454:
1425:
1417:
1376:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1271:, archived from
1238:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1174:
1164:
1144:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
997:
991:
981:
975:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
925:
919:
909:
903:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
846:
840:
830:
824:
818:
812:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
755:
749:
735:
729:
723:
717:
707:
701:
700:
690:
665:(39): eadh4973.
659:Science Advances
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
537:Commencement Bay
482:Vancouver Island
301:boulder" called
283:tsunami deposits
180:
91:
90:
88:
87:
86:
85:47.610; -122.333
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
31:
19:
18:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2669:
2649:Woodstock Fault
2627:
2621:
2590:
2549:
2518:
2474:Calaveras Fault
2462:
2415:
2396:Saguenay Graben
2364:
2341:Rio Grande rift
2293:Aleutian Trench
2285:
2279:
2269:
2190:
2188:
2175:
2156:
2103:
2101:Further reading
2098:
2087:
2062:
2016:
1965:
1930:
1895:
1860:
1844:
1765:(1–2): 94–108,
1706:
1591:
1506:
1491:
1475:
1374:
1324:
1287:
1275:
1236:
1225:
1172:
1124:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
998:
994:
982:
978:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
926:
922:
910:
906:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
847:
843:
831:
827:
819:
815:
809:QFFDB Fault 570
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
758:QFFDB Fault 570
756:
752:
736:
732:
724:
720:
708:
704:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
553:
434:
330:(Fig. 17D from
315:
267:
261:
124:Characteristics
84:
82:
78:
75:
70:
67:
65:
63:
62:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2764:
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2714:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2681:
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2674:
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2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Marianna Fault
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2586:Wilzetta Fault
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Humboldt Fault
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
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2506:
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2496:
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2486:
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2461:
2460:
2455:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2154:External links
2152:
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2150:
2102:
2099:
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2096:
2080:
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2024:
2009:
1958:
1923:
1888:
1871:(4): 426–431,
1853:
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1750:
1699:
1667:
1635:
1621:
1584:
1536:
1499:
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1468:
1455:
1426:
1423:Seattle Weekly
1418:
1367:
1354:
1317:
1298:(2): 105–125,
1280:
1247:(2): 169–177,
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545:Puyallup River
502:Pioneer Square
478:Cape Mendocino
442:Port-au-Prince
433:
430:
361:Lake Sammamish
314:
311:
271:marine terrace
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257:
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2717:Motagua Fault
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Cayman Trough
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2545:Wasatch Fault
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2479:Garlock Fault
2477:
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2448:Seattle Fault
2445:
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2420:United States
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2359:Tintina Fault
2357:
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2284:North America
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2199:
2196:
2187:on 2005-02-22
2186:
2182:
2181:Seattle Times
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2003:
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1995:
1991:
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1983:
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1976:: 1620–1621,
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1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
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1720:
1717:: 1617–1620,
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1388:
1385:: 1611–1614,
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1278:on 2019-10-21
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99:United States
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22:Seattle Fault
20:
2738:
2660:Ramapo Fault
2554:Great Plains
2452:Tacoma Fault
2447:
2323:Denali Fault
2189:, retrieved
2185:the original
2180:
2113:
2109:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2058:
2036:(1): 26–44,
2033:
2030:GSA Bulletin
2029:
2020:
1973:
1969:
1938:
1934:
1903:
1900:GSA Bulletin
1899:
1868:
1864:
1848:
1832:
1804:
1801:GSA Bulletin
1800:
1790:
1762:
1759:GSA Bulletin
1758:
1714:
1710:
1682:(1): 71–74,
1679:
1675:
1647:
1644:GSA Bulletin
1643:
1630:
1599:
1595:
1548:
1544:
1514:
1510:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1382:
1378:
1362:
1332:
1328:
1295:
1291:
1273:the original
1244:
1241:GSA Bulletin
1240:
1221:
1180:
1176:
1153:
1149:
1131:
1111:, § 3;
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1011:
1006:, p. 8.
995:
979:
963:
951:
939:
934:, pp.26, 43.
923:
914:, p.27,481;
907:
891:
886:, § 72.
879:
867:
855:
844:
837:Liberty 2009
828:
816:
800:
788:
776:
764:
753:
740:, p.27,471;
733:
721:
705:
662:
658:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
562:Tacoma Fault
525:
521:
498:Capitol Hill
486:
462:Benioff zone
447:
425:
415:
408:
393:
388:Tacoma Fault
369:
357:aeromagnetic
337:
303:Psai-Yah-hus
299:
274:
268:
224:
222:
193:Thrust fault
2576:Meers Fault
2540:Teton Fault
2523:Great Basin
2458:Walker Lane
2444:Puget Sound
1517:(6): 4–10,
898:. See also
862:, p.13,558.
714:Buerge 1985
533:Elliott Bay
173:Earthquakes
83: /
71:122°19′59″W
58:Coordinates
35:Puget Sound
2745:Categories
2535:Moab Fault
2467:California
2191:2019-01-15
1156:(2): 232,
1075:, p. 1613.
1063:, p. 1596.
986:, p.1588;
970:, p.1619;
504:, and the
422:Alki Point
380:Hood Canal
307:Fauntleroy
279:Alki Point
263:See also:
249:earthquake
241:Washington
237:U.S. state
108:Washington
68:47°36′36″N
2146:251698220
2138:0037-1106
1596:Tectonics
1511:GSA Today
1292:Geosphere
1269:128977256
1087:, p. 872.
958:, p.1389.
835:, p.118;
807:, p.170;
748:, p.1389.
484:, slips.
372:Fall City
305:near the
147:Tectonics
47:Etymology
37:and into
2006:34847168
1998:17742528
1739:17742527
1581:35721127
1573:17742529
1415:39423769
1407:17742525
1213:34602506
1205:17742526
918:, p.169.
823:, GM-73.
795:, p.170.
744:, p.72;
697:37756412
688:10530078
551:See also
541:Duwamish
416:Surface
340:Tertiary
235:(in the
200:Movement
2595:Midwest
2361:(US–CA)
2355:(US–CA)
2349:(US–MX)
2343:(US–MX)
2337:(US–CA)
2331:(CA–US)
2325:(US–CA)
2319:(US–CA)
2313:(US–CA)
2307:(CA–GL)
2301:(US–MX)
2295:(US–RU)
2118:Bibcode
2038:Bibcode
1978:Bibcode
1970:Science
1943:Bibcode
1908:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1809:Bibcode
1767:Bibcode
1747:8354010
1719:Bibcode
1711:Science
1684:Bibcode
1676:Geology
1652:Bibcode
1604:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1545:Science
1519:Bibcode
1440:Bibcode
1387:Bibcode
1379:Science
1337:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1249:Bibcode
1185:Bibcode
1177:Science
1137:Bibcode
1122:Sources
1039:, p.11.
667:Bibcode
476:, from
404:plutons
313:Geology
275:Science
233:Seattle
204:Reverse
129:Part of
118:Seattle
96:Country
51:Seattle
39:Seattle
2697:(Cuba)
2369:Canada
2276:faults
2271:Major
2144:
2136:
2004:
1996:
1745:
1737:
1579:
1571:
1413:
1405:
1267:
1211:
1203:
1018:, p.9.
695:
685:
432:Hazard
418:scarps
396:Eocene
344:basalt
215:Eocene
181:900 CE
167:Active
164:Status
139:Length
114:Cities
2142:S2CID
2088:(PDF)
2063:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
2002:S2CID
1966:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1896:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1743:S2CID
1707:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1507:(PDF)
1492:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1411:S2CID
1375:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1265:S2CID
1237:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1209:S2CID
1173:(PDF)
727:GM-52
568:Notes
411:LIDAR
378:, to
153:Plate
104:State
2134:ISSN
2078:: 88
1994:PMID
1735:PMID
1569:PMID
1496:NOAA
1403:PMID
1201:PMID
693:PMID
355:and
223:The
188:Type
2126:doi
2114:112
2046:doi
1986:doi
1974:258
1951:doi
1939:102
1916:doi
1904:115
1881:doi
1817:doi
1805:120
1775:doi
1763:116
1727:doi
1715:258
1692:doi
1660:doi
1648:111
1612:doi
1561:doi
1549:258
1527:doi
1448:doi
1395:doi
1383:258
1345:doi
1333:106
1308:doi
1257:doi
1245:114
1193:doi
1181:258
1158:doi
683:PMC
675:doi
543:or
480:to
239:of
210:Age
2747::
2450:,
2179:,
2140:.
2132:.
2124:.
2112:.
2090:,
2076:24
2074:,
2044:,
2034:95
2032:,
2019:,
2000:,
1992:,
1984:,
1972:,
1968:,
1949:,
1937:,
1933:,
1914:,
1902:,
1898:,
1879:,
1869:76
1867:,
1863:,
1847:,
1831:,
1815:,
1803:,
1789:,
1773:,
1761:,
1757:,
1741:,
1733:,
1725:,
1713:,
1709:,
1690:,
1680:22
1678:,
1674:,
1658:,
1646:,
1642:,
1610:,
1600:23
1598:,
1594:,
1575:,
1567:,
1559:,
1547:,
1543:,
1525:,
1515:13
1513:,
1509:,
1494:,
1478:,
1462:,
1446:,
1436:70
1434:,
1409:,
1401:,
1393:,
1381:,
1377:,
1361:,
1343:,
1331:,
1327:,
1306:,
1294:,
1290:,
1263:,
1255:,
1243:,
1239:,
1207:,
1199:,
1191:,
1179:,
1175:,
1154:70
1152:,
1135:,
930:;
712:;
691:.
681:.
673:.
661:.
657:.
508:.
500:,
342:)
287:CE
255:.
179:c.
2651:)
2647:(
2515:)
2511:(
2454:)
2446:(
2264:e
2257:t
2250:v
2148:.
2128::
2120::
2048::
2040::
1988::
1980::
1953::
1945::
1918::
1910::
1883::
1875::
1819::
1811::
1777::
1769::
1729::
1721::
1694::
1686::
1662::
1654::
1614::
1606::
1563::
1555::
1529::
1521::
1450::
1442::
1397::
1389::
1347::
1339::
1310::
1302::
1296:5
1259::
1251::
1195::
1187::
1160::
1139::
1115:.
1099:.
990:.
974:.
946:.
902:.
839:.
811:.
783:.
771:.
716:.
699:.
677::
669::
663:9
642:.
630:.
618:.
606:.
594:.
582:.
334:)
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