40:
1305:
225:
1568:
672:
There would then be a further period of ninety days within which either 5% of all registered voters or 60% of the Seanad could demand a referendum on the bill. The referendum would be decided by a majority of votes cast and if rejected the bill would not become law. Article 47 did not apply to money
332:
for 21 days (three weeks) and delay any other bill for 270 days (approximately nine months)—with the potential for a further 9 months' delay if the Seanad voted to suspend a bill just passed into law in order to initiate a referendum on it. In 1928, this second period was extended so that the Seanad
664:
on any bill. This was to allow the Seanad to appeal to voters directly if there was a disagreement between the two houses and if the Dáil attempted to override the Seanad. However, this power was taken from the Seanad in 1928 without having been put to use. It was in compensation for this loss that
609:
The system for nominating candidates was also changed. After 1928, it was provided that the number of nominees would be equal to twice the number of seats to be filled and that half would be elected by the Dáil and the other half by the Seanad. Both houses used the single transferable vote for this
597:
After the amendment of the constitution in 1928, future members of the Seanad were to be elected from a single constituency consisting of the combined membership of the outgoing Seanad and the Dáil, and the system was changed so that a third (20 seats) rather than a quarter (15 seats) of the Seanad
635:
had seen its delay of his proposals as illegitimate, although the continuing opposition majority had been a result of his own earlier boycott of the Free State
Oireachtas (combined with the provision for the Seanad's self-election). The abolition was highly controversial at the time and the last
618:
The constitution originally provided that premature vacancies would be filled by a vote of the Seanad. However, a candidate elected in this way would serve only until the next senatorial election, when the seat would come up for election along with the others scheduled to be filled. In 1929, the
580:
from a list of 29); the Dáil nominated 38 candidates (from a list of 57, again by the single transferable vote). The 76 candidates were then put to the public electorate on 17 September 1925, but without partisan campaigning, turnout was less than a quarter of the 1,345,000 potential voters. The
668:
Before it was removed, the Seanad's right to demand a referendum was contained in
Article 47, which provided for voters to veto legislation directly in certain circumstances. The article provided that once a bill had been approved by both houses of the Oireachtas (or just by the Dáil, if it had
416:. The first 15 elected by the Dáil were assigned a term of nine years, the other 15 a term of three years. Cosgrave's nominees were divided by lot, 15 to serve for twelve years and 15 for six years. The President agreed to use his appointments in 1922 to grant extra representation to the
368:
The 1925 Seanad election was notable in that 19 were elected in a single contest using STV. This was the largest district magnitude used under STV anywhere in the world until 1995. The next time an Irish election used the whole country as a single district was for the
531:
also opposed the new Seanad, and 37 of the senators' homes were burnt to the ground. Others were intimidated, kidnapped or almost assassinated. Nevertheless, the first Seanad greatly influenced the guiding principles and legislative foundations of the new state.
575:
The 15 original 3-year seats came up for election in 1925, as did four other seats which had been filled temporarily by co-option. The 19 retiring members were automatically eligible for re-election; another 19 candidates were nominated by the Seanad (by the
308:. A number of constitutional amendments were made to change the manner of its election and its powers. It was eventually abolished in 1936 when it attempted to obstruct constitutional reforms favoured by the government. It sat, like its modern successor, in
802:
Removed the existing provisions for the nomination of Seanad candidates and empowered the
Oireachtas to make alternative arrangements by law. The new system of nomination was then introduced by the Seanad Electoral Act 1928 (enacted on the same day).
365:, a direct election, the constitution was amended, so that further elections to the Seanad occurred by a method of indirect election. Therefore, in the five elections to the Seanad to occur before its abolition, three different systems were used.
673:
bills or bills declared by both houses to be "necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety". In 1928, Article 47 was repealed in its entirety, along with
Article 48 which provided for an
341:
The 1922 Constitution provided for a Seanad of 60 members directly elected. Members would serve 12-year terms, with one-quarter of the house elected every three years. The members would be elected under the system of
840:(cabinet) to be a senator, as previously it had been required that all be members of the Dáil. The President, the Vice-President, and the Minister for Finance still had to hold seats in the Dáil.
469:
remarked that the first senate was "representative of all classes", though it has also been described as, "the most curious political grouping in the history of the Irish state". Members included
692:
or by the Dáil after it has reassembled after a general election. This power has never been used because the modern Seanad is designed in such a way as to have a permanent government majority.
376:
Seanad membership was initially restricted to those who were over 35. Constitutional amendments made in 1928 reduced the minimum age to 30 and the term of office from 12 years to 9 years.
2898:
866:
Altered provisions relating to the
Committee of Privileges that had the authority to resolve disputes between the two Houses of the Oireachtas over the definition of a money bill.
669:
over-ridden the Seanad), its enactment into law could be suspended if, within seven days, either a majority of the Seanad or three-fifths of all members of the Dáil so requested.
1279:
1491:
1274:
405:
355:
199:
992:
2783:
660:, which included a special role for the Seanad. Most importantly it was provided that the Seanad could, if three-fifths of its members agreed, demand a binding
1865:
1486:
2773:
324:(the lower house) and could delay but not veto decisions of that house. Nonetheless, the Free State Senate had more power than its successor, the modern
1356:
957:
497:
493:
328:, which can only delay normal legislation for 90 days. As originally adopted the constitution provided that the Free State Seanad had power to delay a
1481:
2738:
1165:
1860:
758:
Removed a number of provisions for direct democracy from the constitution such as the right of the Seanad to force a referendum on certain bills.
386:
in 1937 is considered to be a successor of the Free State Seanad. Each Seanad elected under the 1937 Constitution is numbered, beginning with the
2377:
2170:
1642:
1020:
1919:
2995:
1886:
1529:
3015:
2718:
2219:
1208:
2392:
1284:
837:
1476:
1269:
1233:
871:
858:
845:
750:
684:. Under the current constitution, a simple majority of senators (with the agreement of one-third of the Dáil) can request that the
628:
3010:
2672:
1496:
737:
2652:
1158:
2833:
1881:
1659:
1425:
1372:
1264:
2067:
2032:
2004:
1324:
1238:
1107:
351:
321:
305:
249:
195:
2868:
640:
played a key role. It opposed its own abolition, but this decision was over-ridden by the Dáil. De Valera later created a
2163:
1115:
1103:
745:
Made changes relating to the terms of office of senators and to the date on which senatorial elections were to be held.
2908:
1977:
1829:
1377:
1248:
1010:
390:
elected in 1938. The entire period of the Seanad of the Irish Free State was considered to have been the First Seanad.
44:
1684:
113:
2753:
2342:
952:
922:
544:
143:
2407:
2125:
2120:
1912:
1636:
1420:
917:
517:
370:
2974:
2923:
2853:
2788:
2657:
2587:
2447:
2294:
2284:
2254:
1610:
912:
452:
1522:
2969:
2888:
2858:
2690:
2507:
2457:
2397:
2332:
2156:
2023:
1995:
1604:
1294:
1201:
1123:
1015:
700:
During the Irish Free State there were at least 12 constitutional amendments relating to the Seanad. The value
444:
19:
This article is about the historical Seanad Éireann of the Irish Free State. For the modern Irish senate, see
3000:
2743:
2698:
2577:
2357:
2058:
1928:
1319:
688:
refer a bill to the people. The president can thus refuse to sign it until it has been approved either in an
606:. Elections took place under the new system in 1928, 1931, and 1934 before the Seanad was abolished in 1936.
548:
513:
281:
2327:
581:
count took two weeks. Only 8 of the former senators were re-elected, with particularly poor results for the
350:
in a single, nationwide, 15-seat constituency. However, the body's initial membership would be appointed by
2680:
2597:
2402:
2322:
1351:
2572:
2274:
1905:
1805:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1415:
1410:
1243:
1179:
680:
A similar power given to the Free State Seanad by
Article 47 is granted to the modern Seanad by the 1937
343:
2863:
2517:
2417:
2037:
2009:
1387:
552:
3005:
2883:
1515:
2547:
2522:
2352:
2289:
2259:
2209:
2136:
1194:
2467:
825:
Clarified a technical matter relating to the relationship between the two houses of the
Oireachtas.
2723:
2703:
1821:
1382:
603:
577:
478:
413:
347:
2913:
2878:
2708:
2532:
2224:
1837:
1813:
1627:
927:
892:
681:
645:
637:
474:
421:
383:
148:
2903:
2838:
2828:
2130:
1952:
1336:
2662:
2642:
2617:
2567:
2317:
1943:
505:
619:
system was changed so that vacancies were filled by members of both houses voting together.
561:
served as chairman briefly from 11 to 12 December 1922 before the election of Lord
Glenavy.
2848:
2818:
2763:
2612:
2527:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2299:
1957:
1795:
1712:
1679:
1592:
1557:
1456:
972:
932:
685:
570:
362:
205:
8:
2933:
2928:
2632:
2502:
2234:
977:
689:
2148:
2713:
2622:
2592:
2542:
2422:
2387:
2337:
2269:
1598:
1228:
1039:
674:
528:
465:
2918:
632:
2873:
2803:
2768:
2647:
2607:
2557:
2497:
2492:
2372:
2367:
2279:
2264:
2204:
2095:
1119:
987:
962:
508:
in his own right. This gave the new Lord
Lansdowne an hereditary seat in the British
486:
2452:
2100:
1538:
641:
379:
325:
123:
20:
2893:
2748:
2728:
2552:
2437:
2362:
2239:
2229:
2214:
2199:
1583:
1217:
1045:
657:
285:
186:
67:
780:
Extended the Seanad's power of delay over legislation from 9 months to 20 months.
2964:
2843:
2582:
2562:
2537:
2512:
2487:
2477:
2432:
2427:
2382:
2347:
1341:
1289:
1170:
982:
907:
902:
897:
769:
Replaced the direct election of the Seanad with the system of indirect election.
558:
460:
428:
2813:
2808:
2793:
2778:
2602:
2442:
2412:
1304:
942:
937:
509:
409:
309:
265:
233:
39:
1166:"Birthpangs of a new nation: Thomas Westropp Bennett and the Irish Free State"
512:. Thus he had the unique distinction for a time of being a member of both the
2989:
2959:
2954:
2309:
1552:
1346:
656:
As adopted, the Free State constitution contained a number of provisions for
599:
582:
538:
432:
136:
610:
purpose. The right of outgoing senators to nominate themselves was removed.
2949:
2798:
2733:
2249:
1616:
1078:
947:
586:
2758:
2244:
2183:
2179:
2022:
1994:
997:
967:
853:
Altered the method for the filling of premature vacancies in the Seanad.
707:
521:
482:
470:
417:
399:
277:
62:
2057:
2191:
2086:
661:
631:
after it delayed some
Government proposals for constitutional changes.
387:
329:
1897:
1112:
The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations and Consequences
1041:
The Irish Free State and its Senate: A Study in Contemporary Politics
598:
would be replaced at each election. The elections were still held by
427:
As a result, of the sixty members of the first Seanad, as well as 36
224:
1186:
1567:
1079:"'An Exceedingly Severe Test': the Irish Senate Elections of 1925"
1507:
814:
Reduced the term of office of senators from 12 years to 9 years.
501:
456:
448:
436:
1942:
404:
Half the initial membership of the Seanad were appointed by the
271:
237:
665:
the Seanad's powers of delay were increased in the same year.
16:
Senate of the parliament of the Irish Free State (1922–1936)
791:
Reduced the age of eligibility for senators from 35 to 30.
440:
2178:
993:
Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl
2085:
288:
from 1922 to 1936. It has also been known simply as the
1137:
1135:
1487:
Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937
695:
627:
The Free State Seanad was abolished entirely by the
412:; the other half were elected by the Dáil under the
1132:
958:Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne
424:, to promote inclusiveness in the new Free State.
1102:
2987:
1037:
2164:
1913:
1523:
1202:
333:could delay a non-money bill for 20 months.
304:. The Seanad was established under the 1922
536:
336:
2171:
2157:
1920:
1906:
1530:
1516:
1357:Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann
1209:
1195:
1021:Category:Members of Seanad Éireann by term
547:. Lord Glenavy had formerly served as the
500:. Lord Kerry succeeded his father in the
420:minority in the state, most of whom were
1477:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
1163:
651:
629:Constitution (Amendment No. 24) Act 1936
1497:Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland
1280:Vice-President of the Executive Council
1072:
1070:
592:
2988:
1927:
1492:Chairman of the Provisional Government
211:Election by members of Dáil and Seanad
2152:
1901:
1511:
1190:
1076:
725:
264:
1239:Constitution of the Irish Free State
1216:
1067:
551:from 1916 to 1918 and had served as
504:in June 1927, thus becoming the 6th
306:Constitution of the Irish Free State
250:Constitution of the Irish Free State
1116:University of New South Wales Press
728:
13:
2996:Government in the Irish Free State
1537:
1275:President of the Executive Council
1011:History of the Republic of Ireland
885:
406:President of the Executive Council
356:President of the Executive Council
200:President of the Executive Council
45:Great Seal of the Irish Free State
14:
3027:
3016:1936 disestablishments in Ireland
1690:Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)
1152:
923:James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy
696:List of constitutional amendments
2393:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2126:Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)
2121:Northern Ireland Assembly (1973)
1861:University representation (1979)
1566:
1303:
918:Sir Thomas Esmonde, 11th Baronet
564:
393:
223:
38:
2975:List of legislatures by country
913:Ellen Cuffe, Countess of Desart
706:where the amending act had the
613:
3011:1922 establishments in Ireland
2970:List of abolished upper houses
2024:Parliament of Northern Ireland
1996:Parliament of Southern Ireland
1096:
1016:Parliament of Southern Ireland
320:The Seanad was subordinate to
1:
2059:Oireachtas (Irish Free State)
1295:Ministers and Secretaries Act
1026:
710:"Constitution (Amendment No.
549:Lord Chief Justice of Ireland
266:[ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]
1060:
836:Permitted one member of the
622:
7:
1482:External Relations Act 1936
1004:
344:proportional representation
10:
3032:
2114:Northern Ireland post-1972
1685:Senate of Southern Ireland
1388:Courts of Justice Act 1924
1159:Members of the 1922 Seanad
1083:Northern Ireland elections
1038:O'Sullivan, Donal (1940).
1031:
568:
553:Lord Chancellor of Ireland
397:
371:1945 presidential election
354:(the lower house) and the
114:Senate of Southern Ireland
83:11 December 1922
18:
2942:
2689:
2671:
2631:
2308:
2190:
2137:Northern Ireland Assembly
2113:
2050:
1987:
1970:
1935:
1874:
1866:Abolition proposal (2013)
1853:
1804:
1705:
1698:
1672:
1652:
1628:University constituencies
1626:
1611:Industrial and Commercial
1582:
1575:
1564:
1545:
1469:
1449:
1403:
1396:
1365:
1312:
1301:
1257:
1224:
1141:Article by Elaine Byrne,
498:5th Marquess of Lansdowne
453:Ellen, Countess of Desart
422:former Southern Unionists
315:
248:
243:
231:
222:
217:
184:
179:
169:
161:
156:
134:
129:
119:
109:
94:
79:
74:
56:
51:
37:
30:
2658:Northern Mariana Islands
1605:Cultural and Educational
1077:Whyte, Nicholas (2003).
604:single transferable vote
578:single transferable vote
414:single transferable vote
348:single transferable vote
337:Composition and election
928:Oliver St. John Gogarty
893:Thomas Westropp Bennett
682:Constitution of Ireland
646:Constitution of Ireland
638:Thomas Westropp Bennett
475:Oliver St. John Gogarty
384:Constitution of Ireland
149:Thomas Westropp Bennett
2220:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2131:Northern Ireland Forum
1244:Statute of Westminster
1234:Provisional Government
879:Abolished the Seanad.
537:
492:Also included was the
2398:Republic of the Congo
1944:Parliament of Ireland
1164:Bruce-Andrew, Finch.
652:Direct democracy role
527:The opponents of the
506:Marquess of Lansdowne
455:, who was Jewish), 5
382:, established by the
98:29 May 1936
3001:Defunct upper houses
1680:Irish House of Lords
1558:Leader of the Seanad
973:Maurice George Moore
933:Alice Stopford Green
686:President of Ireland
593:Subsequent elections
571:1925 Seanad election
363:1925 Seanad election
284:(parliament) of the
262:Irish pronunciation:
2598:Trinidad and Tobago
2323:Antigua and Barbuda
1971:War of Independence
1643:National University
1178:(4). Archived from
978:Sir Horace Plunkett
690:ordinary referendum
555:from 1918 to 1921.
175:3, 6, 9 or 12 years
2819:Kingdom of Ireland
2764:Dominican Republic
2408:Dominican Republic
1929:Irish legislatures
1653:Other members (11)
1352:Oath of Allegiance
1229:Anglo-Irish Treaty
943:Sir William Hickie
529:Anglo-Irish Treaty
518:British Parliament
516:in Dublin and the
466:The New York Times
408:(prime minister),
2983:
2982:
2635:other territories
2473:Japan (post-1947)
2418:Equatorial Guinea
2146:
2145:
2109:
2108:
2081:
2080:
2051:Post-independence
2046:
2045:
2018:
2017:
1966:
1965:
1895:
1894:
1849:
1848:
1668:
1667:
1660:Nominated members
1637:Dublin University
1584:Vocational panels
1505:
1504:
1465:
1464:
1285:Executive Council
1104:Farrell, David M.
1046:Faber & Faber
988:Jennie Wyse Power
963:Edward MacLysaght
883:
882:
838:Executive Council
487:Jennie Wyse Power
443:. It contained 7
302:Free State Seanad
298:Free State Senate
255:
254:
204:Direct election (
120:Succeeded by
3023:
2864:Northern Ireland
2829:Japan (pre-1947)
2824:Irish Free State
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2083:
2082:
2055:
2054:
2033:House of Commons
2020:
2019:
2005:House of Commons
1992:
1991:
1953:House of Commons
1940:
1939:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1726:1938 (September)
1703:
1702:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1401:
1400:
1307:
1270:Governor-General
1218:Irish Free State
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1056:
1054:
1052:
850:17 December 1929
723:
722:
658:direct democracy
542:
431:, there were 20
346:by means of the
286:Irish Free State
268:
263:
232:Seanad Chamber,
227:
110:Preceded by
105:
103:
90:
88:
68:Irish Free State
42:
28:
27:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2965:Multicameralism
2938:
2685:
2667:
2634:
2627:
2304:
2186:
2177:
2147:
2142:
2105:
2077:
2042:
2014:
1983:
1962:
1931:
1926:
1896:
1891:
1870:
1845:
1800:
1694:
1664:
1648:
1622:
1571:
1562:
1541:
1536:
1506:
1501:
1461:
1445:
1392:
1361:
1342:Ceann Comhairle
1308:
1299:
1290:Extern minister
1253:
1220:
1215:
1182:on 9 June 2011.
1171:History Ireland
1155:
1150:
1149:
1145:, 30 July 2008.
1140:
1133:
1126:
1108:McAllister, Ian
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1029:
1007:
1002:
983:George Sigerson
968:Sir Bryan Mahon
908:Eileen Costello
903:Kathleen Clarke
898:Kathleen Browne
888:
886:Notable members
811:30 October 1928
799:25 October 1928
788:25 October 1928
698:
654:
633:Éamon de Valera
625:
616:
595:
573:
567:
559:George Sigerson
543:(chairman) was
402:
396:
339:
318:
261:
194:Appointment by
189:
172:
152:
147:
139:
101:
99:
86:
84:
70:
65:
47:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Seanad Éireann
3003:
2998:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2934:Weimar Germany
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Russian Empire
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Czechoslovakia
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:British Guiana
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
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600:secret ballot
590:
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584:
583:Gaelic League
579:
572:
565:1925 election
562:
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541:
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539:Cathaoirleach
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494:Earl of Kerry
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394:1922 election
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151:(1928–1936)
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2950:Bicameralism
2914:Soviet Union
2904:South Africa
2823:
2769:East Germany
2719:Burkina Faso
2578:South Africa
2184:legislatures
2182:of national
2180:Upper houses
2096:Dáil Éireann
2072:
2068:Dáil Éireann
1978:Dáil Éireann
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1806:By-elections
1723:1938 (April)
1689:
1673:Predecessors
1599:Agricultural
1337:Royal Assent
1329:
1325:Dáil Éireann
1180:the original
1175:
1169:
1142:
1111:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1049:. Retrieved
1040:
948:Douglas Hyde
777:23 July 1928
766:23 July 1928
755:12 July 1928
742:11 July 1925
717:
712:
711:
702:
701:
699:
679:
671:
667:
655:
644:in the 1937
626:
617:
614:By-elections
608:
596:
587:Douglas Hyde
574:
557:
545:Lord Glenavy
534:
526:
491:
464:
459:and several
426:
403:
378:
375:
367:
360:
352:Dáil Éireann
340:
322:Dáil Éireann
319:
301:
297:
294:First Seanad
293:
289:
270:
257:
256:
244:Constitution
196:Dáil Éireann
144:Lord Glenavy
25:
2909:South Korea
2854:New Zealand
2784:El Salvador
2714:British Raj
2699:Afghanistan
2663:Puerto Rico
2653:Isle of Man
2568:Saint Lucia
2548:Philippines
2528:Netherlands
2463:Ivory Coast
2295:Switzerland
2285:South Sudan
2139:(post-1998)
2061:(1922–1936)
2026:(1921–1972)
1998:(1921–1922)
1980:(1919–1922)
1946:(1297–1800)
1854:Referendums
1313:Legislative
1143:Irish Times
998:W. B. Yeats
876:29 May 1936
833:14 May 1929
822:14 May 1929
708:short title
522:Westminster
483:Bryan Mahon
471:W. B. Yeats
433:Protestants
400:1922 Seanad
278:upper house
80:Established
63:Upper house
2990:Categories
2849:Mauritania
2739:Costa Rica
2681:Somaliland
2613:Uzbekistan
2588:Tajikistan
2503:Madagascar
2483:Kazakhstan
2087:Oireachtas
1426:1927 (Sep)
1421:1927 (Jun)
1378:High Court
1320:Oireachtas
1249:Great Seal
1125:0868408581
1114:. Sydney:
1044:. London:
1027:References
675:initiative
662:referendum
642:new Senate
535:The first
514:Oireachtas
451:countess (
418:Protestant
398:See also:
388:2nd Seanad
361:After the
330:money bill
282:Oireachtas
276:) was the
274:of Ireland
130:Leadership
102:1936-05-29
87:1922-12-11
2929:Venezuela
2859:Nicaragua
2448:Indonesia
2205:Australia
2200:Argentina
1988:Home rule
1936:Pre-Union
1882:Addresses
1699:Elections
1546:Positions
1397:Elections
1366:Judiciary
1258:Executive
1061:Citations
677:process.
636:chairman
623:Abolition
429:Catholics
180:Elections
157:Structure
146:(1922–28)
95:Disbanded
2884:Rhodesia
2874:Portugal
2839:Maldives
2789:Ethiopia
2623:Zimbabwe
2593:Thailand
2573:Slovenia
2543:Paraguay
2423:Eswatini
2388:Colombia
2373:Cameroon
2368:Cambodia
2338:Barbados
2270:Pakistan
2250:Malaysia
2235:Ethiopia
1470:See also
1110:(2005).
1088:18 March
1051:15 March
1005:See also
457:baronets
2943:Related
2894:Senegal
2879:Prussia
2804:Hungary
2774:Ecuador
2759:Denmark
2744:Croatia
2704:Austria
2691:Defunct
2648:Bermuda
2608:Uruguay
2558:Romania
2518:Namibia
2513:Myanmar
2508:Morocco
2498:Liberia
2493:Lesotho
2468:Jamaica
2453:Ireland
2438:Grenada
2363:Burundi
2358:Bolivia
2343:Belarus
2333:Bahrain
2328:Bahamas
2318:Algeria
2310:Unitary
2280:Somalia
2265:Nigeria
2240:Germany
2215:Belgium
2210:Austria
2192:Federal
1706:General
1576:Members
1404:General
1032:Sources
732:Effect
502:peerage
479:General
461:knights
449:dowager
437:Quakers
280:of the
100: (
85: (
75:History
2924:Turkey
2919:Sweden
2899:Serbia
2799:Greece
2729:Ceylon
2563:Rwanda
2553:Poland
2478:Jordan
2428:France
2353:Bhutan
2348:Belize
2275:Russia
2255:Mexico
2230:Canada
2225:Brazil
2133:(1996)
2038:Senate
2010:Senate
1617:Labour
1450:Seanad
1122:
716:) Act
439:and 1
316:Powers
290:Senate
272:Senate
238:Dublin
2844:Malta
2834:Libya
2779:Egypt
2734:China
2724:Burma
2618:Yemen
2583:Spain
2538:Palau
2523:Nepal
2488:Kenya
2458:Italy
2443:Haiti
2433:Gabon
2413:Egypt
2383:Chile
2290:Sudan
2260:Nepal
2245:India
1887:Women
1875:Other
1838:2024
1822:2021
1814:2014
445:peers
162:Seats
2869:Peru
2814:Iraq
2809:Iran
2794:Fiji
2749:Cuba
2533:Oman
2378:Chad
1796:2020
1792:2016
1789:2011
1786:2007
1783:2002
1780:1997
1777:1993
1774:1989
1771:1987
1768:1983
1765:1982
1762:1981
1759:1977
1756:1973
1753:1969
1750:1965
1747:1961
1744:1957
1741:1954
1738:1951
1735:1948
1732:1944
1729:1943
1720:1931
1717:1928
1713:1925
1619:(11)
1601:(11)
1586:(43)
1457:1925
1441:1937
1436:1933
1431:1932
1416:1923
1411:1922
1265:King
1120:ISBN
1090:2004
1053:2018
729:Date
718:year
585:and
485:and
481:Sir
447:, a
435:, 3
206:1925
198:and
57:Type
52:Type
1645:(3)
1639:(3)
1630:(6)
1613:(9)
1607:(5)
1595:(7)
726:No.
520:at
441:Jew
300:or
66:of
2992::
1176:11
1174:.
1168:.
1134:^
1118:.
1106:;
1081:.
1069:^
872:24
859:12
846:11
830:15
819:14
774:13
751:10
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648:.
589:.
524:.
489:.
477:,
473:,
463:.
373:.
358:.
312:.
296:,
292:,
269:;
236:,
165:60
2172:e
2165:t
2158:v
1921:e
1914:t
1907:v
1840:b
1832:b
1824:b
1816:b
1531:e
1524:t
1517:v
1210:e
1203:t
1196:v
1128:.
1092:.
1055:.
808:7
796:9
785:8
763:6
738:1
713:n
703:n
260:(
208:)
104:)
89:)
23:.
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