Seahorse - Knowledge

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suction only works at a close range. This two-phase prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding. Seahorses have three distinctive feeding phases: preparatory, expansive, and recovery. During the preparatory phase, the seahorse slowly approaches the prey while in an upright position, after which it slowly flexes its head ventrally. In the expansive phase, the seahorse captures its prey by simultaneously elevating its head, expanding the buccal cavity, and sucking in the prey item. During the recovery phase, the jaws, head, and hyoid apparatus of the seahorse return to their original positions.

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potential to produce 17% more offspring than females in a breeding season. Also, females have "time-outs" from the reproductive cycle 1.2 times longer than those of males. This seems to be based on mate choice, rather than physiology. When the female's eggs are ready, she must lay them in a few hours or eject them into the water column. Making eggs is a huge cost to her physically, since they amount to about a third of her body weight. To protect against losing a clutch, the female demands a long courtship. The daily greetings help to cement the bond between the pair.

1455: 781:. During this phase the potential mates brighten in colour, quiver, and display rapid side-to-side body vibrations. These displays are performed alternately by both the male and the female seahorse. The following phases, 2 through 4, happen sequentially on the day of copulation. Phase 2 is marked by the female pointing, a behaviour in which the female will raise her head to form an oblique angle with her body. In phase 3 males will also begin the same pointing behaviour in response to the female. Finally, the male and female will repeatedly rise upward together in a 897: 933:, only males tail-wrestle and snap their heads at each other. This discovery prompted further study of energy costs. To estimate the female's direct contribution, researchers chemically analyzed the energy stored in each egg. To measure the burden on the males, oxygen consumption was used. By the end of incubation, the male consumed almost 33% more oxygen than before mating. The study concluded that the female's energy expenditure while generating eggs is twice that of males during incubation, confirming the standard hypothesis. 1328: 568: 160: 1336: 763:

unison in what is known as a "predawn dance". They eventually engage in a "true courtship dance" lasting about 8 hours, during which the male pumps water through the egg pouch on his trunk which expands and opens to display its emptiness. When the female's eggs reach maturity, she and her mate let go of any anchors and drift upward snout-to-snout, out of the sea grass, often spiraling as they rise. They interact for about 6 minutes, reminiscent of courtship. The female inserts her

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behaviour for about 2 to 38 minutes. There is repeated reciprocal quivering. This starts when the male approaches the female, brightens and begins to quiver. The female will follow the male with her own display, in which she will also brighten and quiver about 5 seconds later. As the male quivers, he will rotate his body towards the female who will then rotate her body away. During phase 1 the tails of both seahorses are positioned within 1 cm of each other on the same

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or ocean currents which wash them away from feeding grounds or into temperatures too extreme for their delicate bodies. Less than 0.5% of infants survive to adulthood, explaining why litters are so large. These survival rates are actually fairly high compared to other fish, because of their protected gestation, making the process worth the great cost to the father. The eggs of most other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization.

2246: 1095: 585:, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates, which are arranged in rings throughout their bodies. Each species has a distinct number of rings. The armor of bony plates also protects them against predators, and because of this outer skeleton, they no longer have ribs. Seahorses swim upright, propelling themselves using the 621:(the dwarf seahorse), with a top speed of about 1.5 m (5 ft) per hour. Since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to be found resting with their prehensile tail wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which they use to suck up food, and their eyes can move independently of each other like those of a 1433:

The problem may be exacerbated by the growth of pills and capsules as the preferred method of ingesting seahorses. Pills are cheaper and more available than traditional, individually tailored prescriptions of whole seahorses, but the contents are harder to track. Seahorses once had to be of a certain

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A water-quality problem will affect fish behaviour and can be shown by clamped fins, reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gasping at the surface. Seahorses require vertical swimming space to perform retroductive functions and to prevent depth-related health conditions like Gas Bubble Syndrome, so a

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hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, "males remain with a single female because of ecological factors that make male parental care and protection of offspring especially advantageous." Because the rates of survival for newborn seahorses are so low, incubation is essential. Though

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are ready to be born, the male expels them with muscular contractions. He typically gives birth at night and is ready for the next batch of eggs by morning when his mate returns. Like almost all other fish species, seahorses do not nurture their young after birth. Infants are susceptible to predators

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The fertilized eggs are then embedded in the pouch wall and become surrounded by a spongy tissue. The pouch provides oxygen, as well as a controlled environment incubator. Though the egg yolk contributes nourishment to the developing embryo, the male sea horses contribute additional nutrients such as

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This initial courtship behaviour takes place about 30 minutes after dawn on each courtship day, until the day of copulation. During this phase the males and females will remain apart during the night, but after dawn they will come together in a side-by-side position, brighten, and engage in courtship

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Because data is lacking on the sizes of the various seahorse populations, as well as other issues including how many seahorses are dying each year, how many are being born, and the number used for souvenirs, there is insufficient information to assess their risk of extinction, and the risk of losing

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This phase begins with the female beginning her pointing posture, by leaning her body towards the male, who will simultaneously lean away and quiver. This phase can last up to 54 minutes. Following phase 2 is a latency period (typically between 30 minutes and four hours), during which the seahorses

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on which it preys. After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting it, the seahorse gives an upward thrust and rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout close to the prey. This step is crucial for prey capture, as oral

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The amount of available cover influences the seahorse's feeding behaviour. For example, in wild areas with small amounts of vegetation, seahorses will sit and wait, but an environment with extensive vegetation will prompt the seahorse to inspect its environment, feeding while swimming rather than

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behavior synchronizes the animals' movements and reproductive states, so that the male can receive the eggs when the female is ready to deposit them. During this time, they may change color, swim side by side holding tails or grip the same strand of sea grass with their tails, and wheel around in

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have also been reported in books, dive magazines and on the Internet. They can be distinguished from other species of seahorse by their 12 trunk rings, low number of tail rings (26–29), the location in which young are brooded in the trunk region of males and their extremely small size. Molecular

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Why the male seahorse (and other members of the Syngnathidae) carries the offspring through gestation is unknown, though some researchers believe it allows for shorter birthing intervals, in turn resulting in more offspring. Given an unlimited number of ready and willing partners, males have the

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The final courtship phase includes 5–8 bouts of courtship. Each bout of courtship begins with both the male and female anchored to the same plant about 3 cm apart; usually they are facing each other and are still bright in colour from the previous phase. During the first bout, following the

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practitioners and consumers. Declining availability of the preferred large, pale, and smooth seahorses has been offset by the shift towards prepackaged preparations, which makes it possible for TCM merchants to sell previously unused, or otherwise undesirable juvenile, spiny, and dark-coloured

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the brood pouch was found to be open for only six seconds while egg deposition occurred. During this time seawater entered the pouch where the spermatozoa and eggs meet in a seawater milieu. This hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. The fertilization is therefore

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Seahorses use their long snouts to eat their food with ease. However, they are slow to consume their food and have extremely simple digestive systems that lack a stomach, so they must eat constantly to stay alive. Seahorses are not very good swimmers, and for this reason they need to anchor

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among males. Within the Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses) protected fertilization has not been documented in the pipefishes but the lack of any distinct differences in the relation of testes size to body size suggests that pipefishes may also have evolved mechanisms for more efficient

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The third phase begins with the females brightening and assuming the pointing position. The males respond with their own brightening and pointing display. This phase ends with the male departing. It usually lasts nine minutes and can occur one to six times during courtship.

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Water quality is very important for the survival of seahorses in an aquarium. They are delicate species which should not be added to a new tank. The water parameters are recommended to be as follows although these fish may acclimatise to different water over time:

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not proven, males could have taken on this role because of the lengthy period the females require to produce their eggs. If males incubate while females prepare the next clutch (amounting to a third of body weight), they can reduce the interval between clutches.

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animals. Dried seahorse retails from US$ 600 to $ 3000 per kilogram, with larger, paler, and smoother animals commanding the highest prices. In terms of value based on weight, seahorses retail for more than the price of silver and almost that of gold in Asia.

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energy-rich lipids and also calcium to allow them to build their skeletal system, by secreting them into the brood pouch that are absorbed by the embryos. Further they also offer immunological protection, osmoregulation, gas exchange and waste transport.

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Seahorses exhibit four phases of courtship that are indicated by clear behavioral changes and changes in the intensity of the courtship act. Phase 1, the initial courtship phase, typically takes place in the early morning one or two days before physical

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The evolution of seahorses from pipefish may have been an adaptation related to the biomechanics of prey capture. The unique posture of the seahorse allows them to capture small shrimps at larger distances than the pipefish is capable of.

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have been shown to breed in groups, showing no continuous mate preference. Many more species' mating habits have not been studied, so it is unknown how many species are actually monogamous, or how long those bonds actually last.

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fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give them a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive prey. Thus the seahorse can get very close to the

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Seahorses should be kept in an aquarium with low flow and placid tank mates. They are slow feeders, so fast, aggressive feeders will leave them without food. Seahorses can coexist with many species of shrimp and other

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into the male's brood pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs. As the female releases her eggs, her body slims while his swells. Both animals then sink back into the sea grass and she swims away.

1221:) that are readily available from aquarium stores, and do not experience the stress of moving out of the wild. Although captive-bred seahorses are more expensive, they take no toll on wild populations. 750:

for 9 to 45 days until the seahorses emerge fully developed, but very small. The young are then released into the water, and the male often mates again within hours or days during the breeding season.

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The male seahorse is equipped with a brood pouch on the ventral, or front-facing, side of the tail. When mating, the female seahorse deposits up to 1,500 eggs in the male's pouch. The male carries the

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Reproduction is energetically costly to the male. This brings into question why the sexual role reversal even takes place. In an environment where one partner incurs more energy costs than the other,

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Teske PR; Cherry MI; Matthee CA (2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean".

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is composed of square-like rings that can be unlocked only in the most extreme conditions. They are adept at camouflage, and can grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat.

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and both of their bodies are angled slightly outward from the point of attachment. However, the female will shift her tail attachment site, causing the pair to circle their common hold-fast.

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Porter, Michael M; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Castro-Ceseña, Ana Bertha; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2013). "Highly deformable bones: Unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse armor".

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regarded as being physiologically 'external' within a physically 'internal' environment after the closure of the pouch. It is believed that this protected form of fertilization reduces

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that last through at least the breeding season. Some species show a higher level of mate fidelity than others. However, many species readily switch mates when the opportunity arises.

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Unusual among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-defined neck. It also sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a "coronet", which is distinct for each species.

541:(the short-snouted seahorse). These species form territories; males stay within 1 m (10 sq ft) of habitat, while females range over about one hundred times that. 1994: 1956: 1838: 3514:

Dudley, Jessica (October 2021). "Structural changes to the brood pouch of male pregnant seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) facilitate exchange between father and embryos".

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sitting and waiting. Conversely, in an aquarium setting with little vegetation, the seahorse will fully inspect its environment and makes no attempt to sit and wait.

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The number of young released by the male seahorse averages 100–1000 for most species, but may be as low as 5 for the smaller species, or as high as 2,500. When the

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suggests that the lesser contributor takes the role of the aggressor. Male seahorses are more aggressive and sometimes fight for female attention. According to

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facing behaviour, the seahorses will rise upward together anywhere from 2 to 13 cm in a water column. During the final rise the female will insert her

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Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N. They live in sheltered areas such as

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Garrick-Maidment, N.; Trewhella, S.; Hatcher, J.; Collins, K.j.; Mallinson, J.j. (1 January 2010). "Seahorse Tagging Project, Studland Bay, Dorset, UK".

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Zhang, Yan-Hong; Qin, Geng; Wang, Xin; Lin, Qiang (23 September 2016). "A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea".

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Flynn, A. J.; Ritz, D. A. (June 1999). "Effect of habitat complexity and predatory style on the capture success of fish feeding on aggregated prey".

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with further new species and partial taxonomic review, the number of recognized species in this genus is considered to be 46 (retrieved May 2020):

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Masonjones, H. D.; Lewis, S. M. (2000). "Differences in potential reproductive rates of male and female seahorses related to courtship roles".

1976: 4798:, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" 1081:

in many areas causes high cumulative effects on seahorses, with an estimated 37 million individuals being removed annually over 21 countries.

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Lawson, J. M.; Foster, S. J.; Vincent, A. C. J. (January 2017). "Low bycatch rates add up to big numbers for a genus of small fishes".

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Seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the world is

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Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020).

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The eggs then hatch in the pouch, where the salinity of the water is regulated; this prepares the newborns for life in the sea.

700:. This has led to speculation that seahorses evolved in response to large areas of shallow water, newly created as the result of 5091: 3012:) from the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) Coprolitic Horizon in Tunjice Hills, Slovenia: The oldest fossil record of seahorses". 2571: 2509: 633:

Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, demonstrates that seahorses are highly modified

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has become more popular. Such seahorses survive better in captivity, and are less likely to carry diseases. They eat frozen

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keep them as pets, seahorses collected from the wild tend to fare poorly in home aquaria. Many eat only live foods such as

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Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia: con varie osservazioni sopra i medesimi

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Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research".

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Whittington, Camilla M.; Griffith, Oliver W.; Qi, Weihong; Thompson, Michael B.; Wilson, Anthony B. (1 September 2015).

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display no courtship behaviour and females are not bright; males will usually display a pumping motion with their body.

5112:"Signatures of seaway closures and founder dispersal in the phylogeny of a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage" 4121:

Bergert, B. A.; Wainwright, P. C. (14 March 1997). "Morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes

3867: 3855: 2561: 2494: 2410:). This combined with their small size accounts for why most species have only been noticed and classified since 2001. 1378:. Up to 20 million seahorses may be caught each year to be sold for such uses. Preferred species of seahorses include 1159: 6105: 4447:

Still, J. (2003). "Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: Environmental impact and health hazards".

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Teske, Peter; Michael Cherry; Conrad Matthee (February 2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae:

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from other members of the genus and therefore that the species diverged from the other species in the ancient past.

637:. The fossil record of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and best studied fossils are specimens of 5503: 5428: 4064:

Wassenbergh, Sam Van; Strother, James A.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Aerts, Peter (6 March 2008).

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and end in mid-water copulation, in which the female will transfer her eggs directly into the male's brood pouch.

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Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016).

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Look, Katrien J. W. Van; Dzyuba, Borys; Cliffe, Alex; Koldewey, Heather J.; Holt, William V. (1 February 2007).

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Most pygmy seahorses are well camouflaged and live in close association with other organisms including colonial

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Amanda C.J. Vincent & Rosie Woodroffe (1994). "Mothers little helpers: patterns of male care in mammals".

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The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles: Descriptions of all Species with a Common Name

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LOURIE, SARA A.; POLLOM, RILEY A.; FOSTER, SARAH J. (1 August 2016). "A global revision of the Seahorses

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to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod.

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Nitrite: 0 mg/L (0 ppm) (0.125 mg/L (0.125 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)

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and other small crustaceans are favorites, but some seahorses have been observed eating other kinds of

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appearance, with bent necks and long snouted heads and a distinctive trunk and tail. Although they are

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seahorses ambush prey that floats within striking range, sitting and waiting until an optimal moment.

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Ammonia: 0 mg/L (0 ppm) (0.01 mg/L (0.01 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)

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Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018).

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Freret-Meurer, Natalie (2013). "Seahorse Fingerprints: A New Individual Identification Technique".

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Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2015).

2142: 2128: 1472: 1392: 987: 712:, pointing to an origin there, with molecular data suggesting two later, separate invasions of the 659:, about 3 million years ago. The earliest known seahorse fossils are of two pipefish-like species, 134: 6015: 5782: 6110: 5485: 5477: 2826: 2718: 2007: 1868: 1833: 1790: 1655: 1602: 1495: 1105: 537: 265: 31: 4293: 3049:"Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats" 2744: 6070: 5715: 5693: 5626: 5616: 5611: 5410: 5182: 2322: 2280: 2174: 2119: 2025: 1761: 1752: 1641: 1555: 1546: 1283: 922: 704:

events. The shallow water would have allowed the expansion of seagrass habitats that served as

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Seahorses range in size from 1.5 to 35 cm (0.6 to 13.8 in). They are named for their

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Amanda C.J. Vincent (1995). "A role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds".

4426: 2211: 1989: 1900: 1650: 1569: 1560: 1509: 1308: 1073: 601:, located on either side of the head behind their eyes, are used for steering. They lack the 355: 322: 6231: 6137: 5807: 5860: 5792: 5653: 5579: 5291: 5229: 5123: 5050: 4928: 4805: 4735: 4615: 4524: 4267: 4193: 4138: 4028: 3970: 3925: 3271: 3214: 3155: 3105: 3021: 2937: 2894: 2334: 2316: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2250: 2220: 2183: 2147: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2054: 2045: 1937: 1923: 1891: 1882: 1863: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1627: 1622: 1611: 1597: 1537: 1523: 1059: 778: 617: 507: 4919:): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean". 4180:

Rosa, Ierecê L.; Dias, Thelma L.; Baum, Julia K. (2002). "Threatened Fishes of the World:

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Masonjones, Heather D.; Lewis, Sara M. (1996). "Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse,

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Teske, Peter R.; Hamilton, Healy; Matthee, Conrad A.; Barker, Nigel P. (15 August 2007).

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Amanda C.J. Vincent & Laila M. Sadler (1995). "Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorse,

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Lourie, Sarah A.; Foster, Sarah J.; Cooper, Ernest W.T. and Vincent, Amanda C.J. (2004)

4197: 4142: 4032: 3974: 3929: 3275: 3218: 3159: 3109: 3025: 2941: 2898: 2637: 6157: 5725: 5589: 5530: 5154: 5111: 5100: 5016: 4987: 4828: 4766: 4646: 4217: 4162: 4098: 4065: 3994: 3815: 3769: 3712: 3651: 3549: 3385: 3330: 3178: 3143: 3073: 3048: 2953: 2292: 2225: 2192: 2105: 1896: 1819: 1748: 1711: 1542: 1485: 1371: 1351: 1304: 795: 549: 298: 154: 5787: 4940: 4507: 4460: 3117: 3008:Žalohar J.; Hitij T.; Križnar M. (2009). "Two new species of seahorses (Syngnathidae, 1454: 1152: 896: 720:

found the seahorse genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.

6226: 6090: 5920: 5907: 5720: 5700: 5621: 5540: 5520: 5392: 5278: 5159: 5141: 5087: 5080: 5066: 5062: 5012: 4983: 4944: 4882: 4833: 4771: 4753: 4697: 4689: 4651: 4633: 4575: 4567: 4491: 4464: 4241: 4209: 4154: 4103: 4085: 4046: 3986: 3943: 3863: 3841: 3811: 3765: 3643: 3608: 3600: 3553: 3541: 3470: 3453: 3434: 3426: 3284: 3260:"Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management" 3259: 3240: 3232: 3183: 3121: 3078: 2988: 2910: 2867: 2808: 2567: 2490: 2206: 2068: 1846: 1810: 1775: 1679: 1636: 1514: 1399: 1312: 1299: 915: 902: 851: 759: 526: 344: 311: 6142: 5855: 5234: 5020: 4991: 4719: 4599: 4221: 4166: 3998: 3819: 3773: 2957: 2464: 2427: 1528: 6199: 5925: 5838: 5754: 5688: 5599: 5493: 5283: 5247: 5149: 5131: 5058: 5008: 4979: 4936: 4874: 4823: 4813: 4761: 4743: 4681: 4641: 4623: 4559: 4456: 4275: 4201: 4146: 4093: 4077: 4036: 3978: 3933: 3807: 3761: 3704: 3655: 3635: 3590: 3580: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3465: 3416: 3377: 3322: 3279: 3222: 3173: 3163: 3113: 3068: 3060: 3029: 2945: 2902: 2857: 2800: 2328: 2156: 1951: 1909: 1659: 1459: 1388: 1327: 1210: 1003:

or anything else that will keep the seahorse in place. They do this by using their

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for the seahorses' upright posture. These tectonic changes occurred in the western

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that is at least 20 inches/51 centimeters deep is recommended inside an aquarium.

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more seahorses remains a concern. Some species, such as the paradoxical seahorse,

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Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World's Species and their Conversation

3454:"Testes investment and spawning mode in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae)" 3405:"Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse" 435:, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled 431:) meaning "sea monster" or "sea animal". Having a head and neck suggestive of a 4685: 3595: 2827:"The galloping evolution in seahorses: Entire genome of the seahorse sequenced" 2374: 2197: 2073: 1942: 1914: 1766: 1574: 1380: 965:

within fish is not common, it does appear to exist for some. In this case, the

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Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017).

4628: 4563: 4485: 4205: 4017:"Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey" 3982: 2949: 2906: 2258:

Pygmy seahorses are those members of the genus that are less than 15 mm (

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Before breeding, seahorses may court for several days. Scientists believe the

683: 6283: 5895: 5865: 5678: 5631: 5594: 5562: 5547: 5145: 4886: 4793: 4757: 4693: 4637: 4571: 4213: 4158: 4089: 3990: 3947: 3746:"Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the Western Australian seahorse 3604: 3430: 3236: 2914: 2668: 2587: 2533: 2406: 2344: 2240: 2059: 1796: 1335: 1226: 1203: 1020: 966: 884: 709: 488: 484: 393: 231: 92: 54: 6211: 5877: 5136: 3745: 3708: 3585: 3568: 2862: 2845: 30:

This article is about the genus of fish. For the creature in mythology, see

5663: 5584: 5205: 5163: 5070: 4948: 4856:"Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: 4837: 4775: 4701: 4655: 4579: 4468: 4107: 4081: 4050: 3647: 3639: 3612: 3545: 3438: 3244: 3187: 3125: 3082: 3064: 2871: 2812: 2278: in) wide. Previously the term was applied exclusively to the species 1199: 1016: 978: 863: 782: 598: 456: 451: 380: 257: 221: 6241: 6162: 6115: 5940: 5833: 5446: 5257: 4150: 5648: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5330: 5214: 1427: 1355: 1344: 1254: 1242: 1238: 1218: 1008: 498: 67: 35: 5970: 3168: 2664:"The IUCN Red List of Seahorses and Pipefishes in the Mediterranean Sea" 1467: 815: 5930: 5572: 5322: 4063: 4041: 4016: 3716: 3389: 3334: 3227: 3202: 2884: 2368: 2284:

but since 1997, discoveries have made this usage obsolete. The species

1480: 1315:. The latter, which is often confused with the former, can be found in 1290: 1119: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1012: 910: 834: 764: 705: 602: 586: 560: 476: 445: 440: 112: 77: 6172: 5802: 4604:, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of 4066:"Extremely fast prey capture in pipefish is powered by elastic recoil" 3888:"Why Does the Seahorse Have Its Odd Head? Mystery Solved – News Watch" 3743: 3536: 3421: 3404: 837:

and transfer her eggs through an opening into the male's brood pouch.

5870: 5705: 5335: 5304: 5028:

Amanda C.J. Vincent (1990). "A seahorse father makes a good mother".

3695:

Vincent, Amanda C. J. (1994). "Operational Sex Ratios in Seahorses".

3144:"The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology" 2394: 2363: 1404: 1367: 1316: 1214: 1195: 946: 738: 697: 672: 643:(though literature more commonly refers to them under the synonym of 622: 582: 480: 472: 420: 408: 396: 171: 117: 61: 6043: 6030: 5848: 5176: 3451: 3381: 3326: 2245: 1094: 1048: 5309: 5199: 4294:"Seahorse Stress, Disease & Health Problems | Ocean Rider Kona" 2790: 2612: 2384: 1340: 1294: 1192: 945:

Though seahorses are not known to mate for life, many species form

701: 687: 634: 590: 468: 271: 191: 107: 102: 87: 82: 72: 5040: 4965: 3963:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

3842:"What's Love Got to Do With It? The Truth About Seahorse Monogamy" 1233:

also make good tank-mates. Keepers are generally advised to avoid

6152: 5890: 5683: 5296: 4914: 3744:

Kvarnemo C; Moore G.I; Jones A.G; Nelson W.S; Avise J.C. (2000).

3201:

Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Roos, Gert; Ferry, Lara (25 January 2011).

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On the basis of the newest overall taxonomic review of the genus

1250: 1078: 1029: 996: 983: 676: 512: 502: 280: 122: 97: 5101:

Sara A. Lourie, Amanda C.J. Vincent and Heather J. Hall (1999).

1011:

floating in the water or crawling on the bottom. With excellent

5710: 4728:, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" 3203:"An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses" 1423: 1024: 181: 4791: 3566: 2766: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2356: 1419: 1246: 1000: 696:

implies that pipefish and seahorses diverged during the Late

578: 432: 426: 414: 402: 384: 3007: 3095: 2338:

have been described. Other species that are believed to be

1230: 5109: 2843: 4597: 1414:

Import and export of seahorses has been controlled under

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to grasp their object of choice. Seahorses feed on small

4427:"Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and "Chinese Medicine"" 3862:(8th ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer. pp. 370–1. 3402: 3200: 1985:(South African pygmy seahorse or Sodwana pygmy seahorse) 1430:

have chosen to opt out of the trade rules set by CITES.

518:

Colonies have been found in European waters such as the

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Seahorses rely on stealth to ambush small prey such as

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

3694: 1319:

environments, but is not actually a freshwater fish.

4849: 4847: 5027: 4998: 4257: 3483: 3481: 2425: 589:, another characteristic not shared by their close 5079: 4853: 4545: 4240:. Project Seahorse Advancing Marine Conservation, 4014: 3890:. Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from 3671: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 1277:S.G.: 1.021–1.024 at 23–24 °C (73–75 °F) 597:are the only other fish that swim vertically. The 4844: 4120: 4015:Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). 3667: 3665: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 827: 563:holding on to soft coral with its prehensile tail 6281: 4724:complex: taxonomic revision, and description of 3478: 801: 483:. Four species are found in Pacific waters from 5082:Battle of the Sexes: The Natural History of Sex 4671: 4322:"Seahorse and Pipefish Foods | Tami Weiss" 4316: 4314: 4010: 4008: 3625: 3452:Kvarnemo, Charlotta; Simmons, Leigh W. (2004). 3363: 3348: 2767:"Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur mer" 810: 511:, known as the dwarf seahorse, is found in the 4717: 3881: 3879: 3662: 3292: 3137: 3135: 2737:"Seahorses, Seahorse Pictures, Seahorse Facts" 1434:size and quality before they were accepted by 855:fertilization with reduced sperm competition. 628: 5462: 4787: 4785: 4667: 4665: 4593: 4591: 4589: 3141: 2985:Seahorses: A Life-size Guide to Every Species 2927: 2489:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2007. 1202:and are prone to stress, which damages their 788: 4311: 4179: 4005: 3903: 3901: 3885: 3854: 6295:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 5476: 5077: 4713: 4711: 3876: 3839: 3674:"Seahorse Fathers Take Reins in Childbirth" 3132: 2254:(Satomi's pygmy seahorse) attached to coral 1293:seahorses" are usually the closely related 5469: 5455: 4782: 4662: 4586: 4484:Bensky, D., Clavey, S., Stoger, E. (2004) 4418: 4237:A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses 1265:Temperature: 23–28 °C (73–82 °F) 133: 5153: 5135: 4827: 4817: 4765: 4747: 4645: 4627: 4490:. Eastland Press, Inc. Seattle, 3rd ed. 4480: 4478: 4425:Stephen Barrett, M.D. (12 January 2011). 4097: 4040: 3960: 3937: 3898: 3594: 3584: 3535: 3469: 3458:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3420: 3283: 3226: 3177: 3167: 3072: 2861: 1476:, known as the "West Australian seahorse" 1179:Learn how and when to remove this message 4708: 4379:"Choosing Seahorse Species for the Reef" 4365:How to care for Seahorses & Pipefish 4266:(1). American Fisheries Society: 19–33. 3789:"Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, 3489:"The biology of seahorses: Reproduction" 2244: 1479: 1466: 1453: 1334: 1326: 1065: 1047: 1039: 977: 909: 895: 862: 814: 737: 566: 548: 4487:Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica 4344:"Seahorse Tankmates | Will Wooten" 2462: 2032:(flatface seahorse, false-eye seahorse) 1418:since 15 May 2004. However, Indonesia, 1350:Seahorse populations are thought to be 1206:and makes them susceptible to disease. 379:) is any of 46 species of small marine 14: 6282: 4475: 4070:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3513: 3491:. The Seahorse Project. Archived from 3305: 2982: 2559: 771: 734:Animal sexual behavior § Seahorse 34:. For the structure of the brain, see 5450: 5181: 5180: 4921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4908: 4446: 3908:Woods, Chris M. C. (September 2002). 3907: 3731:"Why Do Male Seahorses Get Pregnant?" 900:Diagram of a pregnant male seahorse ( 891: 5385:4bf897d7-d588-4513-87f3-84900dd7b516 4896:from the original on 4 December 2010 4370: 2725:. AQUATICLIFELAB. 13 September 2018. 2560:Jarvis, Dr Peter (13 January 2020). 1117:adding citations to reliable sources 1088: 690:dating back about 13 million years. 593:relatives, which swim horizontally. 5994:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles 4854:Lourie, Sara; Rudie Kuiter (2008). 4449:Complementary Therapies in Medicine 4376: 3672:Danielson, Stentor (14 June 2002). 2696:Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute 2638:"Rare seahorses breeding in Thames" 2479: 2426:Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. (1810). 24: 4958: 4508:"Seahorse Crusader Amanda Vincent" 3787:Vincent C.J.; Sadler L.M. (1995). 2434:. Palermo: Sanfilippo. p. 18. 2234: 25: 6311: 5935: 5172: 3886:Langley, Liz (26 November 2013). 3258:Foster S.J; Vincent C.J. (2004). 3047:Teske PR; Beheregaray LB (2009). 2846:"Why the seahorse tail is square" 2487:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2465:"New Names for Australian Fishes" 2188:(Walea soft coral pygmy seahorse) 1403:. Seahorses are also consumed by 973: 867:Seahorses in Phase 4 of courtship 819:Seahorses in Phase 2 of courtship 6300:Extant Miocene first appearances 4184:Ginsburg, 1933 (Syngnathidae)". 3766:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00228.x 3471:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00395.x 3285:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x 2719:""Hippocampus, a Peculiar Fish"" 1616:Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin, 2016 1463:, known as the "common seahorse" 1411:, and many other ethnic groups. 1093: 1044:Seahorse hiding using camouflage 840: 716:. In 2016, a study published in 158: 65: 5043:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4539: 4517: 4501: 4440: 4396: 4383:Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine 4358: 4336: 4286: 4251: 4228: 4186:Environmental Biology of Fishes 4173: 4114: 4057: 3954: 3848: 3833: 3780: 3737: 3723: 3688: 3619: 3573:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3560: 3507: 3445: 3409:Journal of Experimental Biology 3396: 3251: 3194: 3089: 3040: 3001: 2976: 2964: 2930:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2921: 2878: 2837: 2819: 2784: 2759: 2729: 2711: 2683: 2656: 2268: in) tall and 17 mm ( 1366:, primarily in connection with 1104:needs additional citations for 727: 392:. "Hippocampus" comes from the 3910:"Natural diet of the seahorse 3528:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.002 2971:Guinness Book of World Records 2630: 2605: 2580: 2553: 2503: 2456: 2438: 2419: 1322: 1303:is not a valid species, but a 914:Pregnant male seahorse at the 828:Phase 4: Rising and copulation 544: 13: 1: 4941:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8 4461:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4 4280:10.1080/03632415.2017.1259944 3939:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517121 3840:Weiss, Tami (10 April 2010). 3118:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8 2413: 1489:, known as "White's seahorse" 802:Phase 2: Pointing and pumping 535:(the long-snouted seahorse), 5063:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90033-7 5013:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80178-2 4984:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5 4346:. Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2004 4324:. Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2005 3812:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5 3034:10.1016/j.annpal.2009.03.002 2805:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.045 2463:Whitley, Gilbert P. (1931). 1364:traditional Chinese medicine 858: 811:Phase 3: Pointing – pointing 753: 655:, Italy, dating back to the 421: 409: 397: 289: 7: 5669:semelparity and iteroparity 5105:. London: Project Seahorse. 4404:"Hippocampus spinosissimus" 3308:"Pregnant: And Still Macho" 2887:Marine Biodiversity Records 940: 629:Evolution and fossil record 10: 6316: 4686:10.11646/zootaxa.4170.2.11 4608:(Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" 2566:. Pelagic Publishing Ltd. 2527: 2519: 2511: 2238: 2138:(West Australian seahorse) 1632:(Coleman's pygmy seahorse) 1584:Hippocampus camelopardalis 1442: 1209:In recent years, however, 1084: 789:Phase 1: Initial courtship 731: 462: 427: 415: 403: 29: 6069: 6029: 5984: 5949: 5906: 5773: 5760:Non-reproductive behavior 5484: 5189: 4879:10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.4 4819:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924 4749:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955 4629:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799 4564:10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1 3983:10.1017/s0025315498000617 2950:10.1007/s10641-013-0118-6 2907:10.1017/S175526721000062X 2115:Hippocampus spinosissimus 2096:(Satomi's pygmy seahorse) 2050:(Pontoh's pygmy seahorse) 1859:(Japanese pygmy seahorse) 1725:(Denise's pygmy seahorse) 1675:(New Caledonian seahorse) 1533:(narrow-bellied seahorse) 605:typical of fishes. Their 304: 297: 286: 279: 263: 256: 155:Scientific classification 153: 141: 132: 49: 40:Seahorse (disambiguation) 5116:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3748:Hippocampus subelongatus 3678:National Geographic News 3014:Annales de Paléontologie 2469:The Australian Zoologist 2143:Hippocampus trimaculatus 2129:Hippocampus subelongatus 1801:(short-snouted seahorse) 878: 845:During fertilization in 525:Two species live in the 5478:Animal sexual behaviour 5137:10.1186/1471-2148-7-138 4206:10.1023/a:1016152528847 3912:Hippocampus abdominalis 3709:10.1163/156853994X00091 3264:Journal of Fish Biology 2863:10.1126/science.aaa6683 2588:"sea horse or seahorse" 2543:A Greek–English Lexicon 2064:(pygmy thorny seahorse) 2008:Hippocampus patagonicus 1791:Hippocampus hippocampus 1771:(long-snouted seahorse) 1669:Hippocampus curvicuspis 1579:(short-headed seahorse) 1519:(West African seahorse) 1496:Hippocampus abdominalis 1374:, and pain, as well as 455:) they form the family 147:Hippocampus hippocampus 32:Hippocampus (mythology) 5627:traumatic insemination 4367:. seahorseaquariums.ie 4082:10.1098/rsif.2007.1124 3640:10.1006/anbe.1999.1269 3065:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152 2355:belongs in a separate 2255: 2175:Hippocampus waleananus 2026:Hippocampus planifrons 2003:(paradoxical seahorse) 1762:Hippocampus guttulatus 1556:Hippocampus bargibanti 1490: 1477: 1464: 1347: 1332: 1062: 1045: 991: 918: 907: 868: 820: 743: 640:Hippocampus guttulatus 574: 564: 419:) meaning "horse" and 266:Syngnathus hippocampus 143:Short-snouted seahorse 38:. For other uses, see 5755:Interspecies breeding 5406:Paleobiology Database 5086:. London: BBC Books. 4722:Hippocampus coronatus 4151:10.1007/s002270050046 4021:Nature Communications 3586:10.1093/molbev/msv177 3207:Nature Communications 2983:Lourie, Sara (2016). 2534:Liddell, Henry George 2248: 2021:(Patagonian seahorse) 1990:Hippocampus paradoxus 1651:Hippocampus coronatus 1646:(tiger-tail seahorse) 1570:Hippocampus breviceps 1510:Hippocampus algiricus 1483: 1470: 1457: 1338: 1330: 1066:Threats of extinction 1051: 1043: 981: 913: 899: 866: 818: 741: 570: 552: 6269:Short-beaked echidna 6009:side-blotched lizard 5526:sexual ornamentation 5078:John Sparks (1999). 4602:Hippocampus japapigu 4527:. Save Our Seahorses 4525:"Save Our Seahorses" 3894:on 27 November 2013. 3366:Hippocampus zosterae 2251:Hippocampus satomiae 2221:Hippocampus zosterae 2101:Hippocampus sindonis 2083:Hippocampus satomiae 2078:(longsnout seahorse) 2055:Hippocampus pusillus 1938:Hippocampus mohnikei 1924:Hippocampus minotaur 1892:Hippocampus kelloggi 1873:(Jayakar's seahorse) 1864:Hippocampus jayakari 1834:Hippocampus japapigu 1780:Han, Kim, Kai & 1707:(softcoral seahorse) 1694:Hippocampus debelius 1623:Hippocampus colemani 1618:(Beibu Bay seahorse) 1612:Hippocampus casscsio 1598:Hippocampus capensis 1551:(Barbour's seahorse) 1538:Hippocampus barbouri 1524:Hippocampus angustus 1505:(big-belly seahorse) 1113:improve this article 1060:New England Aquarium 27:Genus of bony fishes 6290:Hippocampus (genus) 6096:Homosexual behavior 6061:Homosexual behavior 5916:Spawning strategies 5716:Bateman's principle 5536:sexy son hypothesis 5514:hormonal motivation 5509:reproductive system 5499:Sexual reproduction 5128:2007BMCEE...7..138T 5055:1994TEcoE...9..294W 4933:2004MolPE..30..273T 4810:2020ZooK..934..141S 4740:2017ZooK..712..113H 4620:2018ZooK..779...27S 4272:2017Fish...42...19L 4198:2002EnvBF..64..378R 4143:1997MarBi.127..563B 4127:Syngnathus floridae 4123:Hippocampus erectus 4033:2013NatCo...4.2840G 3975:1999JMBUK..79..487F 3930:2002NZJMF..36..655W 3596:20.500.11850/110832 3306:Milius, S. (2000). 3276:2004JFBio..65....1F 3219:2011NatCo...2..164V 3169:10.1038/nature20595 3160:2016Natur.540..395L 3110:2004MolPE..30..273T 3098:Mol Phylogenet Evol 3026:2009AnPal..95...71Z 2942:2013EnvBF..96.1399F 2899:2010MBdR....3E..73G 2741:National Geographic 2351:species found that 2228:& Gilbert, 1882 2152:(longnose seahorse) 2124:(hedgehog seahorse) 2037:Hippocampus pontohi 1947:(Japanese seahorse) 1933:(bullneck seahorse) 1887:(collared seahorse) 1878:Hippocampus jugumus 1806:Hippocampus histrix 1757:(Fisher's seahorse) 1744:Hippocampus fisheri 1730:Hippocampus erectus 1689:(lowcrown seahorse) 1360:habitat destruction 1307:sometimes used for 1055:Hippocampus erectus 923:Bateman's principle 772:Phases of courtship 742:Seahorse life-cycle 494:Hippocampus erectus 491:. In the Atlantic, 6044:Breeding behaviour 5765:Fisher's principle 5590:sexual intercourse 5531:handicap principle 4968:Hippocampus whitei 4720:"Seahorses of the 4260:Fisheries Magazine 4042:10.1038/ncomms3840 3791:Hippocampus whitei 3733:. Petseahorse.com. 3344:on 18 August 2011. 3228:10.1038/ncomms1168 2793:Acta Biomaterialia 2771:www.obs-banyuls.fr 2747:on 14 October 2016 2699:. 13 February 2019 2256: 2202:(White's seahorse) 2193:Hippocampus whitei 2110:(Sindo's seahorse) 2108:& Snyder, 1901 1919:(spotted seahorse) 1829:(Pacific seahorse) 1820:Hippocampus ingens 1712:Hippocampus denise 1664:(crowned seahorse) 1593:(giraffe seahorse) 1491: 1478: 1465: 1372:nocturnal enuresis 1348: 1333: 1313:hedgehog seahorses 1063: 1046: 992: 919: 908: 892:Reproductive roles 869: 821: 744: 575: 565: 55:Lower Miocene 6277: 6276: 6091:Lordosis behavior 5971:Frog reproduction 5921:Polyandry in fish 5701:Sexual dimorphism 5622:sperm competition 5541:Fisherian runaway 5521:Courtship display 5444: 5443: 5393:Open Tree of Life 5183:Taxon identifiers 5093:978-0-563-37145-8 4726:Hippocampus haema 4182:Hippocampus reidi 3422:10.1242/jeb.02673 3154:(7633): 395–399. 2936:(12): 1399–1405. 2856:(6243): aaa6683. 2573:978-1-78427-196-1 2229: 2215: 2207:Hippocampus zebra 2201: 2187: 2169: 2151: 2137: 2123: 2109: 2095: 2077: 2069:Hippocampus reidi 2063: 2049: 2031: 2020: 2002: 1984: 1946: 1932: 1918: 1904: 1886: 1872: 1858: 1828: 1814: 1800: 1786:(Korean seahorse) 1785: 1776:Hippocampus haema 1770: 1756: 1738: 1724: 1706: 1688: 1680:Hippocampus dahli 1674: 1663: 1645: 1637:Hippocampus comes 1631: 1617: 1607:(Knysna seahorse) 1606: 1592: 1578: 1564: 1550: 1532: 1518: 1504: 1289:Animals sold as " 1189: 1188: 1181: 1163: 916:New York Aquarium 903:Hippocampus comes 852:sperm competition 527:Mediterranean Sea 439:. Along with the 365: 364: 359: 348: 337: 326: 315: 252: 16:(Redirected from 6307: 6247:ringtailed lemur 6106:African wild dog 6079:Sexual selection 6039:Sexual selection 5959:Sexual selection 5600:pseudocopulation 5494:Sexual selection 5471: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5437: 5436: 5424: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5401: 5400: 5388: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5365: 5364: 5362:NHMSYS0021053453 5352: 5351: 5339: 5338: 5326: 5325: 5313: 5312: 5300: 5299: 5287: 5286: 5274: 5273: 5261: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5238: 5237: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5157: 5139: 5106: 5097: 5085: 5074: 5037: 5024: 5001:Animal Behaviour 4995: 4972:Animal Behaviour 4953: 4952: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4864: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4821: 4804:(934): 141–156. 4796:Hippocampus nalu 4789: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4751: 4734:(712): 113–139. 4715: 4706: 4705: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4649: 4631: 4595: 4584: 4583: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4255: 4249: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3829:on 23 July 2011. 3828: 3822:. Archived from 3806:(6): 1557–1569. 3797: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3703:(1/2): 153–167. 3692: 3686: 3685: 3684:on 24 June 2002. 3680:. Archived from 3669: 3660: 3659: 3628:Animal Behaviour 3623: 3617: 3616: 3598: 3588: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3539: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3361: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3337:. Archived from 3312: 3303: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3230: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3171: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2865: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2799:(6): 6763–6770. 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2743:. Archived from 2733: 2727: 2726: 2723:Aquatic Life Lab 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2617:Project Seahorse 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2557: 2551: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2460: 2454: 2448:Rafinesque, 1810 2442: 2436: 2435: 2428:"G. Hippocampus" 2423: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2230:(dwarf seahorse) 2224: 2216:(zebra seahorse) 2210: 2196: 2178: 2160: 2157:Hippocampus tyro 2146: 2132: 2118: 2104: 2086: 2072: 2058: 2040: 2029: 2011: 1993: 1955: 1952:Hippocampus nalu 1941: 1927: 1913: 1910:Hippocampus kuda 1905:(great seahorse) 1895: 1881: 1867: 1837: 1823: 1815:(spiny seahorse) 1809: 1794: 1779: 1765: 1747: 1739:(lined seahorse) 1733: 1715: 1697: 1683: 1672: 1654: 1640: 1626: 1615: 1601: 1587: 1573: 1565:(pygmy seahorse) 1559: 1541: 1527: 1513: 1499: 1211:captive breeding 1184: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1121: 1097: 1089: 1005:prehensile tails 931:Project Seahorse 847:Hippocampus kuda 694:Molecular dating 443:and seadragons ( 430: 429: 424: 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 400: 354: 343: 332: 321: 310: 247: 163: 162: 137: 127: 64: 53:Temporal range: 47: 46: 21: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6252:sexual swelling 6148:European badger 6065: 6025: 5980: 5945: 5902: 5769: 5738:Sexual conflict 5679:hermaphroditism 5480: 5475: 5445: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5308: 5303: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5241: 5233: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5094: 5030:Natural History 4961: 4959:Further reading 4956: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4862: 4852: 4845: 4790: 4783: 4716: 4709: 4670: 4663: 4596: 4587: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4514:television show 4506: 4502: 4483: 4476: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4377:Giwojna, Pete. 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4256: 4252: 4233: 4229: 4178: 4174: 4119: 4115: 4076:(20): 285–296. 4062: 4058: 4013: 4006: 3959: 3955: 3906: 3899: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3860:Animal Behavior 3853: 3849: 3844:. fusedjaw.com. 3838: 3834: 3826: 3795: 3785: 3781: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3693: 3689: 3670: 3663: 3624: 3620: 3579:(12): 3114–31. 3565: 3561: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3495:on 3 March 2009 3487: 3486: 3479: 3450: 3446: 3401: 3397: 3382:10.2307/1447527 3362: 3349: 3341: 3327:10.2307/4012130 3321:(11): 168–170. 3310: 3304: 3293: 3256: 3252: 3199: 3195: 3140: 3133: 3094: 3090: 3045: 3041: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2926: 2922: 2883: 2879: 2842: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2548:Perseus Project 2508: 2504: 2497: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2461: 2457: 2443: 2439: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2380:coralline algae 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2243: 2237: 2235:Pygmy seahorses 2170:(Tyro seahorse) 1473:H. subelongatus 1445: 1393:H. trimaculatus 1376:labor induction 1354:as a result of 1325: 1185: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1122: 1120: 1110: 1098: 1087: 1068: 976: 943: 894: 881: 861: 843: 830: 813: 804: 791: 774: 756: 736: 730: 653:Rimini Province 649:Marecchia River 631: 607:prehensile tail 553:Spiny seahorse 547: 465: 437:prehensile tail 407:), itself from 275: 269: 246: 212:Syngnathiformes 157: 128: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 59: 58: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6313: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5548:Mating systems 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5425: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5379: 5366: 5353: 5340: 5327: 5314: 5301: 5288: 5275: 5262: 5252: 5239: 5226: 5211: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5173:External links 5171: 5169: 5168: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5075: 5038: 5025: 4996: 4978:(6): 1557–69. 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4927:(2): 273–286. 4907: 4843: 4781: 4707: 4680:(2): 384–392. 4661: 4614:(779): 27–49. 4585: 4538: 4516: 4500: 4474: 4439: 4417: 4395: 4369: 4357: 4335: 4310: 4285: 4250: 4227: 4172: 4137:(4): 563–570. 4131:Marine Biology 4113: 4056: 4004: 3969:(3): 487–494. 3953: 3924:(3): 655–660. 3897: 3875: 3869:978-0878930050 3868: 3847: 3832: 3779: 3736: 3722: 3687: 3661: 3618: 3559: 3506: 3477: 3464:(3): 369–376. 3444: 3415:(3): 432–437. 3395: 3376:(3): 634–640. 3347: 3291: 3250: 3193: 3131: 3088: 3039: 3000: 2993: 2975: 2963: 2920: 2877: 2836: 2818: 2783: 2758: 2728: 2710: 2682: 2655: 2644:. 7 April 2008 2629: 2604: 2592:dictionary.com 2579: 2572: 2552: 2502: 2496:978-0199206872 2495: 2478: 2455: 2437: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2375:Antennellopsis 2239:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2217: 2203: 2189: 2171: 2153: 2139: 2125: 2111: 2097: 2079: 2065: 2051: 2033: 2022: 2004: 1986: 1948: 1934: 1920: 1906: 1888: 1874: 1860: 1830: 1816: 1802: 1787: 1772: 1758: 1740: 1726: 1708: 1690: 1676: 1665: 1647: 1633: 1619: 1608: 1594: 1580: 1566: 1552: 1534: 1520: 1506: 1444: 1441: 1331:Dried seahorse 1324: 1321: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1227:bottom-feeding 1204:immune systems 1187: 1186: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1067: 1064: 995:themselves to 975: 974:Feeding habits 972: 951:H. abdominalis 942: 939: 927:Amanda Vincent 893: 890: 880: 877: 860: 857: 842: 839: 829: 826: 812: 809: 803: 800: 790: 787: 773: 770: 755: 752: 729: 726: 714:Atlantic Ocean 681:middle Miocene 657:Lower Pliocene 630: 627: 546: 543: 538:H. hippocampus 520:Thames Estuary 464: 461: 371:(also written 363: 362: 361: 360: 349: 338: 327: 316: 302: 301: 295: 294: 284: 283: 277: 276: 270: 261: 260: 254: 253: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 202:Actinopterygii 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 151: 150: 139: 138: 130: 129: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6312: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:Spotted hyena 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5896:penis fencing 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:apophallation 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5775:Invertebrates 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:opportunistic 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5632:penile spines 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607:Fertilisation 5605: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Pelvic thrust 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563:mate guarding 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4455:(2): 118–22. 4454: 4450: 4443: 4428: 4421: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4345: 4339: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4246:0-89164-169-6 4243: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754:J. Evol. Biol 3751: 3749: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104:(2): 273–86. 3103: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2994:9781782403210 2990: 2987:. Ivy Press. 2986: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2670: 2669:IUCN Red List 2665: 2659: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2538:Scott, Robert 2535: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2407:Acanthogorgia 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2353:H. bargibanti 2350: 2346: 2345:ribosomal RNA 2343:analysis (of 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323:H. waleananus 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2281:H. bargibanti 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2241:Hippocampinae 2227: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1339:Seahorse and 1337: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1180: 1172: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: – 1129: 1125: 1124:Find sources: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1102:This section 1100: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1021:invertebrates 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 989: 988:pivot feeding 985: 980: 971: 968: 967:mate-guarding 964: 959: 956: 952: 948: 938: 934: 932: 928: 924: 917: 912: 905: 904: 898: 889: 886: 876: 873: 865: 856: 853: 848: 841:Fertilization 838: 836: 825: 817: 808: 799: 797: 786: 784: 780: 769: 766: 761: 751: 749: 740: 735: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 710:Pacific Ocean 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 689: 685: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669: 668:H. slovenicus 664: 663: 662:H. sarmaticus 658: 654: 651:formation of 650: 646: 642: 641: 636: 626: 624: 620: 619: 613: 610: 608: 604: 600: 599:pectoral fins 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 573: 569: 562: 558: 557: 551: 542: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532:H. guttulatus 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 510: 509: 504: 500: 496: 495: 490: 489:South America 486: 485:North America 482: 478: 474: 470: 460: 458: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 423: 411: 399: 395: 394:Ancient Greek 391: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 335: 331: 328: 324: 320: 317: 313: 309: 306: 305: 303: 300: 296: 293: 291: 285: 282: 278: 273: 268: 267: 262: 259: 255: 250: 245: 244: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232:Hippocampinae 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 63: 57:to present – 56: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6237:olive baboon 6185:Hippopotamus 6173:domestic cat 6121:domestic dog 6049:golden eagle 6016:Crocodilians 5664:polygynandry 5585:cloacal kiss 5190: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5081: 5049:(8): 294–7. 5046: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5004: 5000: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4898:. 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Ogilby 1678: 1673:Fricke, 2004 1667: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1610: 1596: 1582: 1568: 1554: 1536: 1522: 1508: 1494: 1484: 1471: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1432: 1413: 1398: 1379: 1370:, wheezing, 1349: 1298: 1288: 1280: 1259: 1255:sea anemones 1223: 1208: 1200:brine shrimp 1190: 1175: 1169:January 2018 1166: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1123: 1111:Please help 1106:verification 1103: 1074:H. paradoxus 1072: 1069: 1053: 1035: 1017:Mysid shrimp 993: 960: 955:H. breviceps 954: 950: 944: 935: 920: 901: 882: 874: 870: 846: 844: 831: 822: 805: 792: 783:water column 775: 757: 745: 728:Reproduction 722: 717: 692: 666: 660: 647:), from the 645:H. ramulosus 644: 638: 632: 616: 614: 611: 576: 571: 554: 536: 530: 524: 517: 506: 497:ranges from 492: 466: 457:Syngnathidae 452:Phyllopteryx 450: 444: 388: 387: 376: 372: 368: 366: 352:Phyllopteryx 351: 340: 329: 318: 307: 287: 264: 258:Type species 242: 241: 222:Syngnathidae 146: 44: 5976:Salamanders 5856:Echinoderms 5839:sea anemone 5822:Cephalopods 5726:cannibalism 5649:promiscuity 5568:mating plug 5558:mating call 5553:mate choice 5331:iNaturalist 5248:Hippocampus 5235:Hippocampus 5221:Hippocampus 5215:Wikispecies 5191:Hippocampus 5007:: 258–260. 4917:Hippocampus 4858:Hippocampus 4558:(1): 1–66. 4548:Hippocampus 4432:11 December 4410:11 November 4350:11 November 4328:11 November 3800:Anim. Behav 3522:: 115–123. 3010:Hippocampus 2776:16 November 2648:11 November 2622:15 November 2446:Hippocampus 2349:Hippocampus 2335:H. japapigu 2317:H. satomiae 2311:H. severnsi 2299:H. colemani 2287:H. minotaur 1973:H. Hamilton 1855:H. Hamilton 1449:Hippocampus 1428:South Korea 1405:Indonesians 1400:H. mohnikei 1381:H. kellogii 1356:overfishing 1345:street food 1343:skewers as 1323:Consumption 1268:pH: 8.1–8.4 1243:triggerfish 1229:creatures. 1219:crustaceans 1191:While many 1052:Seahorses ( 1009:crustaceans 986:. They use 684:lagerstätte 675:horizon of 671:, from the 618:H. zosterae 572:H. jayakari 545:Description 508:H. zosterae 499:Nova Scotia 477:coral reefs 398:hippókampos 389:Hippocampus 319:Farlapiscis 308:Acentronura 243:Hippocampus 228:Subfamily: 36:Hippocampus 6284:Categories 5951:Amphibians 5931:Salmon run 5861:Gastropods 5783:Arthropods 5748:intralocus 5743:interlocus 5721:bimaturism 5580:Copulation 5573:lek mating 5122:(1): 138. 4606:H. pontohi 4496:0939616424 4406:. Fishbase 4192:(4): 378. 3537:2123/31726 3213:(1): 164. 3053:Biol. Lett 2691:"Seahorse" 2512:ἱππόκαμπος 2414:References 2369:Lytocarpus 2364:hydrozoans 2305:H. pontohi 2013:Piacentino 1969:De Brauwer 1547:Richardson 1407:, central 1385:H. histrix 1352:endangered 1291:freshwater 1139:newspapers 1128:"Seahorse" 1013:camouflage 947:pair bonds 835:ovipositor 779:copulation 765:ovipositor 732:See also: 706:camouflage 673:coprolitic 603:caudal fin 587:dorsal fin 561:East Timor 556:H. histrix 446:Phycodurus 441:pipefishes 404:ἱππόκαμπος 341:Macleayina 249:Rafinesque 60:23–0 6218:Primates 6207:Pinnipeds 6195:Marsupial 6126:gray wolf 5886:earthworm 5871:love dart 5844:jellyfish 5813:butterfly 5706:anisogamy 5694:synchrony 5684:cuckoldry 5654:polyandry 5504:evolution 5146:1471-2148 4887:1175-5334 4873:: 54–68. 4758:1313-2970 4694:1175-5334 4638:1313-2970 4572:1175-5334 4214:0378-1909 4159:0025-3162 4090:1742-5689 3991:1469-7769 3948:0028-8330 3697:Behaviour 3605:0737-4038 3554:237505281 3431:0022-0949 3237:2041-1723 2915:1755-2672 2475:(4): 313. 2395:Muricella 2293:H. denise 2134:Castelnau 1961:Claassens 1869:Boulenger 1603:Boulenger 1486:H. whitei 1409:Filipinos 1368:impotence 1317:estuarine 1309:Barbour's 1215:mysidacea 1196:hobbyists 1058:) at the 1023:and even 961:Although 859:Gestation 796:hold-fast 760:courtship 754:Courtship 698:Oligocene 679:Hills, a 623:chameleon 595:Razorfish 583:bony fish 481:mangroves 473:estuaries 381:bony fish 377:sea horse 373:sea-horse 178:Kingdom: 172:Eukaryota 50:Seahorses 18:Seahorses 6242:mandrill 6200:kangaroo 6143:Elephant 6054:seabirds 5986:Reptiles 5936:Seahorse 5834:Cnidaria 5798:scorpion 5731:coercion 5689:seasonal 5659:polygyny 5644:monogamy 5617:external 5612:internal 5297:46567766 5255:BioLib: 5200:Wikidata 5164:17697373 5071:21236858 5036:: 34–43. 5021:54391512 4992:53192875 4949:14715220 4891:Archived 4838:32508498 4776:29187790 4702:27701270 4656:30166895 4580:27515600 4498:. p. 815 4469:12801499 4222:26782777 4167:84452341 4108:17626004 4051:24281430 4027:: 2840. 3999:86160386 3858:(2005). 3820:53192875 3774:40777563 3648:10640362 3613:26330546 3546:34517263 3516:Placenta 3439:17234612 3270:: 1–61. 3245:21266964 3188:27974754 3126:14715220 3083:19451164 2958:13917616 2872:26138983 2813:23470547 2703:15 April 2675:15 April 2642:BBC News 2390:sea fans 2385:Halimeda 2347:) of 32 2074:Ginsburg 2017:Luzzatto 1965:R. Smith 1847:Motomura 1843:R. Smith 1797:Linnaeus 1753:Evermann 1660:Schlegel 1656:Temminck 1589:Bianconi 1341:scorpion 1300:H. aimei 1295:pipefish 1284:refugium 1193:aquarium 1030:copepods 984:copepods 963:monogamy 941:Monogamy 702:tectonic 688:Slovenia 635:pipefish 591:pipefish 469:seagrass 369:seahorse 356:Swainson 334:Ginsburg 299:Synonyms 272:Linnaeus 218:Family: 192:Chordata 188:Phylum: 182:Animalia 168:Domain: 6259:Raccoon 6232:gorilla 6168:cheetah 6153:Felidae 6138:Dolphin 6131:red fox 6071:Mammals 6021:Tuatara 5999:lizards 5891:epitoky 5827:octopus 5486:General 5421:5758410 5398:1007058 5323:8156547 5155:1978501 5124:Bibcode 5051:Bibcode 4929:Bibcode 4867:Zootaxa 4829:7253503 4806:Bibcode 4802:ZooKeys 4767:5704180 4736:Bibcode 4732:ZooKeys 4674:Zootaxa 4647:6110155 4616:Bibcode 4612:ZooKeys 4552:Zootaxa 4303:8 April 4268:Bibcode 4194:Bibcode 4139:Bibcode 4099:2607401 4029:Bibcode 3971:Bibcode 3926:Bibcode 3717:4535169 3656:5999610 3390:1447527 3335:4012130 3272:Bibcode 3215:Bibcode 3179:8127814 3156:Bibcode 3106:Bibcode 3074:2781918 3022:Bibcode 2938:Bibcode 2895:Bibcode 2850:Science 2597:19 June 2546:at the 2401:Annella 2388:), and 2329:H. nalu 2273:⁄ 2263:⁄ 2212:Whitley 2198:Bleeker 2162:Randall 1981:Harasti 1943:Bleeker 1915:Bleeker 1851:Harasti 1799:, 1758) 1721:Randall 1561:Whitley 1529:Günther 1460:H. kuda 1443:Species 1389:H. kuda 1305:synonym 1251:octopus 1153:scholar 1085:Aquaria 1079:bycatch 997:seaweed 677:Tunjice 513:Bahamas 503:Uruguay 463:Habitat 383:in the 323:Whitley 290:Species 281:Species 238:Genus: 208:Order: 198:Class: 6264:Rodent 6227:bonobo 6212:walrus 6111:coyote 6004:snakes 5941:Sharks 5882:Worms 5878:Sponge 5808:insect 5803:beetle 5793:spider 5711:oogamy 5434:126224 5418:uBio: 5382:NZOR: 5349:166487 5310:1HPPCG 5258:126803 5206:Q74363 5162: 5152: 5144: 5090: 5069: 5019: 4990: 4947: 4900:9 June 4885: 4836: 4826: 4774: 4764: 4756: 4700: 4692: 4654: 4644: 4636: 4578: 4570: 4531:13 May 4494: 4467: 4388:28 May 4244: 4220: 4212: 4165: 4157: 4106: 4096: 4088: 4049: 3997: 3989: 3946: 3866: 3818: 3772: 3715: 3654: 3646: 3611: 3603: 3552: 3544: 3437: 3429: 3388: 3370:Copeia 3333: 3243: 3235: 3186: 3176: 3148:Nature 3124: 3081: 3071: 2991: 2973:(2009) 2956: 2913: 2870: 2811: 2751:17 May 2613:"Home" 2570: 2528:κάμπος 2493: 2404:, and 2226:Jordan 2214:, 1964 2200:, 1855 2186:, 2009 2184:Kuiter 2182:& 2168:, 2009 2166:Lourie 2164:& 2150:, 1814 2136:, 1873 2122:, 1913 2106:Jordan 2094:, 2008 2092:Kuiter 2090:& 2088:Lourie 2076:, 1933 2062:, 2004 2060:Fricke 2048:, 2008 2046:Kuiter 2044:& 2042:Lourie 2019:, 2004 2015:& 2001:, 2010 1997:& 1995:Foster 1983:, 2020 1979:& 1945:, 1854 1931:, 1997 1917:, 1852 1903:, 1901 1901:Snyder 1899:& 1897:Jordan 1885:, 2001 1883:Kuiter 1871:, 1900 1857:, 2018 1853:& 1827:, 1858 1825:Girard 1813:, 1856 1784:, 2017 1769:, 1829 1767:Cuvier 1755:, 1903 1751:& 1749:Jordan 1737:, 1810 1723:, 2003 1719:& 1717:Lourie 1705:, 2009 1703:Kuiter 1701:& 1687:, 1908 1662:, 1850 1658:& 1644:, 1850 1642:Cantor 1630:, 2003 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