494:
534:
2481:
2495:
282:
2509:
295:
269:
324:
486:
698:
regime. The
Setswana language in the Northwest Province has variations in which it is spoken according to the ethnic groups found in the Tswana culture (Bakgatla, Barolong, Bakwena, Batlhaping, Bahurutshe, Bafokeng, Batlokwa, Bataung, and Batswapong, among others); the written language remains the
778:
The first grammar of Tswana was published in 1833 by the missionary James
Archbell although it was modelled on a Xhosa grammar. The first grammar of Tswana which regarded it as a separate language from Xhosa (but still not as a separate language from the Northern and Southern Sotho languages) was
2839:
1811:
The letter š was introduced in 1937, but the corresponding sound is still sometimes written as ⟨sh⟩. The letters ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ are used in textbooks and language reference books, but not so much in daily standard writing.
779:
published by the French missionary, E. Casalis in 1841. He changed his mind later, and in a publication from 1882, he noted that the
Northern and Southern Sotho languages were distinct from Tswana.
936:. The circumflex on e and o in general Setswana writing is only encouraged at elementary levels of education and not at upper primary or higher; usually these are written without the circumflex.
2342:
Lekgogo, Olemme; Winskel, Heather (December 2008). "Learning to read
Setswana and English: Cross-language transference of letter knowledge, phonological awareness and word reading skills".
2522:
1836:. The nine classes and their respective prefixes can be seen below, along with a short note regarding the common characteristics of most nouns within their respective classes.
2814:
2430:
3296:
2598:
3721:
3489:
2844:
2024:
Some nouns may be found in several classes. For instance, many class 1 nouns are also found in class 1a, class 3, class 4, and class 5.
666:, where about four million people speak the language. An urbanised variety, which is part slang and not the formal Setswana, is known as
2552:
2807:
2117:
1468:, and tend only to be used by the older generation, and are therefore falling out of use. The three click consonants are the
859:
2133:
Makalela, Leketi (2009). "Harmonizing South
African Sotho Language Varieties: Lessons From Reading Proficiency Assessment".
1110:
3289:
2591:
1379:
1354:
663:
3731:
3482:
2800:
869:
2463:
2442:
2834:
1301:
1120:
497:
Geographical distribution of
Setswana in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Setswana at home.
3716:
1277:
3736:
3726:
3282:
2584:
886:
419:
3741:
3475:
1175:
354:
1657:
bears a high tone, the following two syllables will have high tones unless they are at the end of the word.
1598:, high and low, but the latter has a much wider distribution in words than the former. Tones are not marked
372:
3059:
3029:
1289:
1100:
114:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1644:
1633:
1620:
1609:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1483:
1472:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
933:
929:
3249:
2110:
Language in South Africa: The Role of
Language in National Transformation, Reconstruction and Development
1323:
896:
832:
2893:
1395:
1313:
1090:
1080:
913:
756:
662:. Tswana speaking ethnic groups are found in more than two provinces of South Africa, primarily in the
149:
134:
3394:
3354:
3079:
2938:
2823:
2687:
124:
108:
537:
Geographical distribution of
Setswana in South Africa: density of Setswana home-language speakers.
3706:
2975:
2884:
2571:
842:
493:
413:
17:
3369:
2901:
2861:
2615:
1161:
1151:
1130:
742:
624:
533:
3669:
3646:
2746:
2451:
1575:
3305:
3224:
2874:
2756:
2607:
2527:
1342:
1025:
1015:
119:
2035:
Bennett, Wm. G.; Diemer, Maxine; Kerford, Justine; Probert, Tracy; Wesi, Tsholofelo (2016).
3498:
3254:
1571:
1567:
1039:
729:
in 1806 although his work was not published until 1930. He mistakenly regarded Tswana as a
719:
8:
3685:
3456:
3125:
3074:
2500:
2361:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
659:
2556:
3528:
3319:
2667:
2240:
2150:
1595:
1049:
961:
772:
632:
601:
3641:
789:, was one of the first writers to extensively write in and about the Tswana language.
405:
3626:
3603:
3573:
3533:
3115:
3069:
3054:
2761:
2718:
2698:
2677:
2459:
2438:
2220:
2154:
2113:
1001:
981:
966:
246:
129:
2741:
2731:
2244:
1653:
An important feature of the tones is the so-called spreading of the high tone. If a
3588:
3512:
3451:
3441:
3344:
3334:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2514:
2232:
2142:
2048:
1334:
976:
956:
853:
760:
726:
2736:
2236:
3711:
3598:
3568:
3550:
3538:
3436:
3374:
3167:
3141:
3105:
3084:
2983:
2930:
2682:
2672:
2657:
2639:
1556:
1457:
1009:
971:
926:
620:
139:
100:
3583:
3560:
3446:
3410:
3389:
3384:
3364:
3359:
3339:
3324:
3239:
3229:
3201:
3136:
3130:
3110:
3049:
3044:
3002:
2954:
2946:
2909:
2781:
2708:
2647:
880:
746:
734:
687:
667:
628:
616:
242:
230:
144:
2146:
2086:
2053:
2036:
3700:
3661:
3651:
3631:
3608:
3420:
3415:
3329:
3089:
3064:
2962:
2771:
2766:
2751:
2726:
2703:
2486:
1491:
1480:
723:
683:
679:
655:
636:
450:
71:
2792:
3636:
3593:
3349:
2776:
2414:
1469:
1461:
775:, and in 1857, he was able to publish a complete translation of the Bible.
647:
287:
237:
58:
389:
3193:
2426:
1599:
826:
814:
782:
90:
3274:
2576:
1551:
can exist at the end of a word without being followed by a vowel (as in
3467:
2091:
1829:
1465:
907:
819:
753:
3545:
3207:
2869:
2623:
1421:
1414:
1373:
1271:
1069:
945:
695:
691:
398:
382:
364:
346:
485:
3234:
3172:
2533:
2508:
1654:
1579:
994:
786:
700:
671:
651:
643:
474:
300:
274:
53:
2840:
Commission for
Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
1578:
may receive a secondary stress in the first part of the word. The
3618:
1552:
1505:
1064:
730:
716:
704:
675:
329:
2528:
Setswana: Grammar
Handbook. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series
3244:
3162:
1833:
1508:
among the consonants between speakers of Tswana. For instance,
674:. The three South African provinces with the most speakers are
2523:
Peace Corps Botswana: An Introduction to the Setswana Language
752:
The first major work on Tswana was carried out by the British
3259:
3120:
1583:
1429:
803:
771:
in 1826. In the following years, he published several other
3146:
2034:
1825:
623:
by about 8.2 million people. It is closely related to the
682:, and North West (over 70%). Until 1994, South African
2450:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2206:
2194:
670:, and is the principal unique language of the city of
2435:
Birth of a National Language: The History of Setswana
2476:
715:
The first European to describe the language was the
658:
in Botswana and parts of South Africa, particularly
2166:
2164:
1697:Tswana orthography is based on the Latin alphabet.
699:same. A small number of speakers are also found in
2534:"E-books for children with narration in Setswana"
2041:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
3698:
2161:
1570:is fixed in Tswana and thus always falls on the
489:Distribution of Setswana (in yellow) in Botswana
1582:on which the stress falls is lengthened. Thus,
2341:
925:Some dialects have two additional vowels, the
3483:
3290:
2822:
2808:
2592:
2425:
2182:
2170:
737:, and the name that he used for the language
2112:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 78.
605:
2135:International Multilingual Research Journal
27:Bantu language of Botswana and South Africa
3490:
3476:
3297:
3283:
2815:
2801:
2599:
2585:
2362:"Тсвана-русская практическая транскрипция"
2225:South African Journal of African Languages
2218:
3304:
2606:
2052:
3497:
2132:
1971:(including a number of collective nouns)
1832:and one subclass, each having different
532:
492:
484:
87:unknown numbers in Namibia and Zimbabwe
14:
3699:
2058:, with supplementary sound recordings.
1898:
3471:
3278:
2796:
2580:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1428:, when the latter is followed by the
953:
2421:, Cape Town: Longmans, Green and Co.
2413:
2397:
2385:
2107:
1904:instruments, animals, trees, plants)
642:Setswana is an official language of
785:, a South African intellectual and
85:1.1 million in Botswana cited 1993)
83:(4.1 million in South Africa (2011)
24:
2075:
2027:
25:
3753:
2472:
2419:An Introduction to Tswana Grammar
2221:"The Design of Setswana Scrabble"
1394:
1378:
1353:
1341:
1322:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1174:
1160:
1150:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1048:
1038:
1024:
1014:
912:
895:
885:
868:
858:
841:
831:
2835:Pan South African Language Board
2507:
2493:
2479:
1828:in Tswana are grouped into nine
322:
293:
280:
267:
2553:"The languages of South Africa"
2391:
2379:
2354:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
1602:, which may lead to ambiguity.
759:, who had also lived among the
2845:Department of Arts and Culture
2251:
2219:Otlogetswe, Thapelo J (2016).
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2126:
2101:
1692:
13:
1:
3722:Subject–verb–object languages
2237:10.1080/02572117.2016.1252008
2063:
1460:, but these are only used in
948:of Tswana can be seen below.
939:
806:of Tswana can be seen below.
2456:The Sound System of Setswana
2039:. Illustrations of the IPA.
1902:(including bodyparts, tools,
792:
686:were notionally citizens of
619:spoken in and indigenous to
7:
2330:University of Botswana 2001
2318:University of Botswana 2001
2306:University of Botswana 2001
2294:University of Botswana 2001
2282:University of Botswana 2001
2270:University of Botswana 2001
2258:University of Botswana 2001
2207:University of Botswana 2001
2195:University of Botswana 2001
1453:, exist only in loanwords.
10:
3758:
2538:Unite for Literacy library
2407:
2037:"Setswana (South African)"
2015:
1998:
1985:
1967:
1952:
1880:
1864:
1815:
741:may also have covered the
710:
631:languages, as well as the
3732:Languages of South Africa
3678:
3660:
3617:
3559:
3521:
3505:
3429:
3403:
3312:
3217:
3192:
3185:
3155:
3098:
3037:
3022:
2995:
2974:
2929:
2892:
2883:
2860:
2853:
2830:
2824:Languages of South Africa
2717:
2638:
2614:
2344:Perspectives in Education
2183:Janson & Tsonope 1991
2171:Janson & Tsonope 1991
2147:10.1080/19313150903073489
2054:10.1017/S0025100316000050
2008:
2000:Infinitive forms of verbs
1995:
1943:
1586:(woman) is realised as .
1574:of a word, although some
1562:
1372:
1333:
1270:
1063:
1008:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
911:
797:
611:, and previously spelled
470:
459:
446:
435:
430:
412:
396:
380:
362:
344:
339:
309:
259:Official language in
257:
252:
227:
179:
97:
77:
67:
46:
39:
34:
2108:Webb, Victor N. (2002).
2068:
1956:(but also miscellaneous)
1820:
747:Southern Sotho languages
2097:(subscription required)
1882:Names, kinship, animals
1589:
707:(about 10,000 people).
3717:Sotho-Tswana languages
3670:Namibian Sign Language
2452:University of Botswana
2437:, Heinemann Botswana,
1544:in northern dialects.
1528:in most dialects; and
1512:is realised as either
1456:Tswana also has three
765:Bechuana Spelling Book
722:, who lived among the
606:
594:
530:
490:
93:in South Africa (2002)
3737:Languages of Zimbabwe
3727:Languages of Botswana
3561:Other Bantu languages
3306:Languages of Zimbabwe
3225:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
2608:Languages of Botswana
1504:There are some minor
703:(unknown number) and
536:
496:
488:
3742:Languages of Namibia
3499:Languages of Namibia
3404:Unofficial languages
3025:unofficial languages
1648:"You speak Setswana"
1637:"He speaks Setswana"
1506:dialectal variations
769:A Bechuana Catechism
720:Hinrich Lichtenstein
600:, also known by its
585: 1000–3000 /km²
3679:Immigrant languages
3522:Recognized regional
3430:Immigrant languages
2501:South Africa portal
1624:"to skin an animal"
1497:, orthographically
1486:, orthographically
1475:, orthographically
1439:. Two more sounds,
1243:⟨tšh⟩
1233:⟨tlh⟩
1223:⟨tsh⟩
946:consonant inventory
660:North West Province
591: >3000 /km²
579: 300–1000 /km²
311:Recognised minority
3320:Zimbabwean English
3313:Official languages
2904:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
1520:by many speakers;
1263:⟨kg⟩
1253:⟨kh⟩
1213:⟨th⟩
1203:⟨ph⟩
1125:⟨tš⟩
1115:⟨tl⟩
1105:⟨ts⟩
1054:⟨ng⟩
1044:⟨ny⟩
773:books of the Bible
633:Kgalagadi language
595:
573: 100–300 /km²
531:
491:
3694:
3693:
3506:Official language
3465:
3464:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3181:
3180:
3030:1996 constitution
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2939:Southern Ndebele
2790:
2789:
2119:978-90-272-9763-1
2095:(18th ed., 2015)
2022:
2021:
1809:
1808:
1687:"to begin for/at"
1499:⟨q⟩
1488:⟨x⟩
1477:⟨c⟩
1411:
1410:
1400:⟨y⟩
1384:⟨w⟩
1359:⟨l⟩
1347:⟨r⟩
1328:⟨h⟩
1318:⟨g⟩
1306:⟨š⟩
1294:⟨s⟩
1282:⟨f⟩
1180:⟨j⟩
1166:⟨d⟩
1156:⟨b⟩
1135:⟨k⟩
1095:⟨t⟩
1085:⟨p⟩
1030:⟨n⟩
1020:⟨m⟩
923:
922:
918:⟨a⟩
901:⟨ô⟩
891:⟨ê⟩
874:⟨o⟩
864:⟨e⟩
847:⟨u⟩
837:⟨i⟩
615:in English, is a
567: 30–100 /km²
483:
482:
426:
425:
247:Ditema tsa Dinoko
240:(Tswana alphabet)
16:(Redirected from
3749:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3250:SA Sign Language
3190:
3189:
3080:Northern Ndebele
3035:
3034:
3027:mentioned in the
2890:
2889:
2858:
2857:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2688:Northern Ndebele
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2555:. Archived from
2548:
2546:
2544:
2517:
2515:Languages portal
2512:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2468:
2447:
2422:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:, pp. 68–69
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2320:, pp. 31–32
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:, pp. 14–15
2291:
2285:
2284:, pp. 11–12
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185:, pp. 38–39
2180:
2174:
2173:, pp. 36–37
2168:
2159:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2057:
2056:
1851:Characteristics
1839:
1838:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1666:
1646:
1635:
1622:
1611:
1600:orthographically
1550:
1543:
1539:
1536:are realised as
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1458:click consonants
1452:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1401:
1398:
1385:
1382:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1004:
997:
990:
951:
950:
935:
931:
927:close-mid vowels
919:
916:
902:
899:
892:
889:
875:
872:
865:
862:
848:
845:
838:
835:
809:
808:
763:, and published
717:German traveller
609:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
561: 10–30 /km²
560:
554:
548:
543: <1 /km²
542:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
428:
427:
422:
408:
392:
385:
376:
375:
367:
358:
357:
349:
328:
326:
325:
313:language in
299:
297:
296:
286:
284:
283:
273:
271:
270:
233:
135:Southern Bantoid
103:
32:
31:
21:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3707:Tswana language
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3674:
3656:
3613:
3555:
3517:
3501:
3496:
3466:
3461:
3425:
3399:
3308:
3303:
3273:
3264:
3213:
3177:
3151:
3094:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3010:
2991:
2970:
2925:
2910:Southern Sotho
2902:Northern Sotho
2879:
2849:
2826:
2821:
2791:
2786:
2713:
2634:
2610:
2605:
2562:
2560:
2559:on 4 March 2011
2551:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2466:
2445:
2431:Tsonope, Joseph
2410:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2030:
2028:Further reading
2012:
2010:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1823:
1818:
1695:
1634:/ʊ́búasetswána/
1594:Tswana has two
1592:
1565:
1557:Barolong Seboni
1524:is realised as
1498:
1487:
1476:
1399:
1383:
1358:
1346:
1327:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1179:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1053:
1043:
1029:
1019:
1000:
993:
988:
942:
917:
900:
890:
873:
863:
846:
836:
804:vowel inventory
800:
795:
783:Solomon Plaatje
713:
621:Southern Africa
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
580:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
562:
558:
556:
555: 3–10 /km²
552:
550:
546:
544:
540:
529:
528:
524:
522:
518:
516:
512:
510:
506:
504:
500:
418:
404:
388:
381:
371:
370:
363:
353:
352:
345:
335:
334:
323:
321:
314:
312:
305:
294:
292:
281:
279:
268:
266:
260:
253:Official status
245:
241:
234:
229:
175:
104:
101:Language family
99:
88:
86:
84:
80:
79:Native speakers
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3662:Sign languages
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Pretoria Sotho
3237:
3232:
3230:Oorlams Creole
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2885:Southern Bantu
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:About Setswana
2569:
2549:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2458:, Lightbooks,
2448:
2443:
2423:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2353:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2231:(2): 153–161.
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2160:
2141:(2): 120–133.
2125:
2118:
2100:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2047:(2): 235–246.
2031:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:Abstract nouns
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:/símʊ́lʊ́χɛla/
1674:
1651:
1650:
1645:/ʊbúasetswána/
1642:o bua Setswana
1639:
1631:o bua Setswana
1627:
1626:
1615:
1591:
1588:
1564:
1561:
1547:The consonant
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
941:
938:
921:
920:
910:
904:
903:
893:
883:
877:
876:
866:
856:
850:
849:
839:
829:
823:
822:
817:
812:
799:
796:
794:
791:
712:
709:
688:Bophuthatswana
668:Pretoria Sotho
629:Southern Sotho
625:Northern Sotho
617:Bantu language
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
549: 1–3 /km²
545:
539:
538:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
498:
481:
480:
472:
468:
467:
461:
457:
456:
448:
444:
443:
437:
433:
432:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
402:
394:
393:
386:
378:
377:
368:
360:
359:
350:
342:
341:
340:Language codes
337:
336:
333:
332:
318:
317:
315:
310:
307:
306:
304:
303:
290:
277:
263:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:
243:Tswana Braille
235:
231:Writing system
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
145:Southern Bantu
115:Atlantic–Congo
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
62:
61:
56:
50:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3395:Zimbabwe Sign
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2862:West Germanic
2859:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:Indo-European
2613:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2487:Africa portal
2477:
2467:
2465:99912-71-21-X
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:0-435-91620-3
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Cole, Desmond
2412:
2411:
2399:
2394:
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2357:
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2338:
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2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
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2167:
2165:
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2144:
2140:
2136:
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2115:
2111:
2104:
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2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:Miscellaneous
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1900:Miscellaneous
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
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1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1798:
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1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1492:palatal click
1482:
1481:lateral click
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:interjections
1459:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1431:
1423:
1420:is merely an
1416:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1356:
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1350:
1344:
1340:
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1332:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1297:
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1287:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1273:
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1260:
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1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
987:
986:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
949:
947:
937:
928:
915:
909:
906:
905:
898:
894:
888:
884:
882:
879:
878:
871:
867:
861:
857:
855:
852:
851:
844:
840:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:
807:
805:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Robert Moffat
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
724:Tswana people
721:
718:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
690:, one of the
689:
685:
684:Tswana people
681:
680:Northern Cape
678:(circa 11%),
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:lingua franca
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
637:Lozi language
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
603:
599:
535:
527: 80–100%
495:
487:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
429:
421:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
384:
379:
374:
369:
366:
361:
356:
351:
348:
343:
338:
331:
320:
319:
316:
308:
302:
291:
289:
278:
276:
265:
264:
262:
256:
251:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
226:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
182:
178:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
82:
76:
73:
70:
66:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3578:
3379:
3206:
3133:(historical)
3004:
2985:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2941:(isiNdebele)
2940:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2894:Sotho–Tswana
2692:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2541:. Retrieved
2537:
2455:
2434:
2427:Janson, Tore
2418:
2400:, p. 70
2393:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2366:iling-ran.ru
2365:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2332:, p. 34
2325:
2313:
2308:, p. 32
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2260:, p. 10
2253:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2209:, p. 19
2202:
2197:, p. 16
2190:
2178:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2044:
2040:
2023:
2016:
1999:
1986:
1968:
1953:
1899:
1881:
1865:
1830:noun classes
1824:
1810:
1696:
1686:
1680:/símʊlʊχɛla/
1676:
1671:
1669:/símʊ́lʊ́la/
1661:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1566:
1546:
1503:
1470:dental click
1455:
1447:
1440:
1412:
943:
924:
801:
781:
777:
768:
764:
751:
738:
714:
648:South Africa
641:
612:
604:
597:
596:
521: 60–80%
515: 40–60%
509: 20–40%
475:
463:
451:
439:
414:Linguasphere
397:
288:South Africa
154:
150:Sotho–Tswana
89:7.7 million
59:South Africa
40:
29:
3647:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
3627:Nama/Damara
3604:Thimbukushu
3255:Angloromani
3194:LGBTQ slang
3005:(Tshivenḓa)
2757:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
2272:, p. 3
1693:Orthography
739:"Beetjuana"
602:native name
503: 0–20%
125:Benue–Congo
120:Volta-Congo
109:Niger–Congo
91:L2 speakers
3701:Categories
3686:Portuguese
3642:Kung-Ekoka
3574:Rukwangali
3569:Otjiherero
3457:Portuguese
3126:Portuguese
3075:Nhlangwini
3038:Indigenous
3023:Recognised
2986:(Xitsonga)
2976:Tswa–Ronga
2957:(isiXhosa)
2920:(Setswana)
2695:(official)
2631:(official)
2092:Ethnologue
2064:References
1703:Letter(s)
1677:simologêla
1672:"to begin"
1665:/símʊlʊla/
1613:"to speak"
1490:; and the
1466:ideophones
940:Consonants
854:Near-close
761:Batlhaping
754:missionary
727:Batlhaping
692:bantustans
664:North West
654:. It is a
218:Thlahaping
3546:Afrikaans
3529:Oshiwambo
3208:IsiNgqumo
3156:Religious
2965:(isiZulu)
2949:(siSwati)
2912:(Sesotho)
2870:Afrikaans
2668:Kgalagadi
2624:Afrikaans
2398:Cole 1955
2386:Cole 1955
2155:143275863
1845:Singular
1576:compounds
1422:allophone
1415:consonant
1374:Semivowel
1272:Fricative
1193:aspirated
1075:voiceless
1070:Affricate
793:Phonology
696:apartheid
420:99-AUT-eg
399:Glottolog
383:ISO 639-3
365:ISO 639-2
347:ISO 639-1
200:Ngwaketse
68:Ethnicity
3579:Setswana
3534:Kwanyama
3330:Chibarwe
3235:Fanagalo
3173:Sanskrit
3116:Gujarati
2854:Official
2747:Juǀʼhoan
2699:Tswapong
2678:Mbukushu
2663:Ikalanga
2454:(2001),
2433:(1991),
2417:(1955),
2245:63584935
1834:prefixes
1662:simolola
1655:syllable
1580:syllable
995:sibilant
962:Alveolar
881:Open-mid
787:linguist
743:Northern
701:Zimbabwe
672:Pretoria
652:Zimbabwe
644:Botswana
635:and the
613:Sechuana
607:Setswana
460:Language
406:tswa1253
301:Zimbabwe
275:Botswana
215:Tlhaping
188:Hurutshe
180:Dialects
72:Batswana
54:Botswana
41:Setswana
18:SeTswana
3619:Khoisan
3609:Shiyeyi
3589:Gciriku
3513:English
3452:Chinese
3442:Punjabi
3355:Ndebele
3335:Kalanga
3099:Foreign
3055:Khoisan
2984:Tsonga
2918:Tswana
2875:English
2719:Khoisan
2653:Gciriku
2629:English
2563:21 June
2543:21 June
2408:General
2371:19 July
2017:Adverbs
1954:Animals
1866:Persons
1848:Plural
1816:Grammar
1621:/χʊbua/
1610:/χʊbúa/
1553:Jwaneng
1065:Plosive
1002:lateral
982:Glottal
967:Palatal
733:of the
731:dialect
711:History
705:Namibia
694:of the
676:Gauteng
471:Country
330:Namibia
130:Bantoid
3712:Tswana
3599:Kuhane
3551:German
3539:Ndonga
3437:French
3380:Tswana
3375:Tsonga
3345:Nambya
3340:Koisan
3245:Scamto
3168:Hebrew
3163:Arabic
3142:Telugu
3106:German
3085:Phuthi
3003:Venda
2955:Xhosa
2947:Swazi
2709:Zezuru
2693:Tswana
2683:Nambya
2673:Kuhane
2658:Herero
2462:
2441:
2243:
2153:
2116:
2087:Tswana
1950:ding-
1842:Class
1618:go bua
1607:go bua
1584:mosadi
1572:penult
1568:Stress
1563:Stress
1479:; the
1430:vowels
1335:Liquid
1146:voiced
977:Uvular
957:Labial
798:Vowels
650:, and
598:Tswana
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
478:tswana
466:tswana
454:tswana
447:People
442:tswana
436:Person
431:Tswana
327:
298:
285:
272:
221:Thlaro
212:Tlharo
209:Tawana
206:Kgatla
203:Ngwatu
197:Melete
185:Rolong
155:Tswana
35:Tswana
3584:Zemba
3447:Hindi
3411:Kunda
3390:Xhosa
3385:Venda
3370:Tonga
3365:Sotho
3360:Shona
3325:Chewa
3260:Kaaps
3218:Other
3202:Gayle
3186:Other
3137:Tamil
3131:Malay
3121:Hindi
3111:Greek
3045:Bhaca
2996:Venda
2963:Zulu
2931:Nguni
2782:Tshwa
2732:Gǁana
2648:Birwa
2640:Bantu
2241:S2CID
2151:S2CID
2069:Notes
1948:diny-
1826:Nouns
1821:Nouns
1682:>
1667:>
1596:tones
1534:/tɬʰ/
1446:and
1010:Nasal
989:plain
972:Velar
827:Close
815:Front
735:Xhosa
238:Latin
191:Kwena
140:Bantu
3652:Kxoe
3637:ǃXóõ
3632:Naro
3421:Lozi
3416:Tswa
3350:Ndau
3147:Urdu
3070:Nama
3065:Lozi
3060:Lala
3050:Khoe
2777:Taʼa
2772:Shua
2767:Naro
2762:Nama
2752:Khwe
2742:ǂHõã
2737:Gǀwi
2727:ǁAni
2704:Yeyi
2565:2014
2545:2014
2460:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2373:2022
2350:(4).
2114:ISBN
2013:mo-
1996:go-
1983:ma-
1980:bo-
1965:lo-
1946:dim-
1944:din-
1941:ng-
1927:di-
1924:se-
1916:ma-
1913:le-
1896:ma-
1891:mo-
1878:bô-
1872:1a.
1862:ba-
1859:mo-
1590:Tone
1555:and
1542:/tʰ/
1540:and
1532:and
1530:/tɬ/
1413:The
944:The
932:and
908:Open
820:Back
802:The
767:and
745:and
627:and
194:Lete
3594:Fwe
3090:Tuu
2233:doi
2143:doi
2089:at
2049:doi
2011:go-
2009:fa-
2006:9.
1993:8.
1977:7.
1962:6.
1939:ny-
1932:5.
1921:4.
1910:3.
1894:me-
1888:2.
1856:1.
1787:tsh
1784:tlh
1559:).
1549:/ŋ/
1538:/t/
1526:/h/
1522:/f/
1518:/h/
1516:or
1514:/x/
1510:/χ/
1495:/ǃ/
1484:/ǁ/
1473:/ǀ/
1464:or
1451:/z/
1444:/v/
1437:/u/
1435:or
1433:/i/
1426:/l/
1424:of
1418:/d/
1259:kχʰ
1239:tʃʰ
1229:tɬʰ
1219:tsʰ
934:/o/
930:/e/
390:tsn
373:tsn
3703::
2536:.
2429:;
2364:.
2348:26
2346:.
2239:.
2229:36
2227:.
2223:.
2163:^
2149:.
2137:.
2077:^
2045:46
2043:.
1937:m-
1935:n-
1875:–
1805:z
1781:tl
1778:th
1769:s
1760:ph
1712:ch
1501:.
1249:kʰ
1209:tʰ
1199:pʰ
1176:dʒ
1121:tʃ
1111:tɬ
1101:ts
749:.
646:,
639:.
476:Bo
464:Se
452:Ba
440:Mo
355:tn
111:?
3491:e
3484:t
3477:v
3298:e
3291:t
3284:v
2816:e
2809:t
2802:v
2600:e
2593:t
2586:v
2567:.
2547:.
2375:.
2247:.
2235::
2157:.
2145::
2139:3
2122:.
2051::
1802:y
1799:x
1796:w
1793:v
1790:u
1775:t
1772:š
1766:r
1763:q
1757:p
1754:ô
1751:o
1748:n
1745:m
1742:l
1739:k
1736:j
1733:i
1730:h
1727:g
1724:f
1721:ê
1718:e
1715:d
1709:b
1706:a
1448:z
1441:v
1396:j
1380:w
1355:l
1343:r
1324:h
1314:χ
1302:ʃ
1290:s
1278:f
1162:d
1152:b
1131:k
1091:t
1081:p
1067:/
1050:ŋ
1040:ɲ
1026:n
1016:m
914:a
897:ɔ
887:ɛ
870:ʊ
860:ɪ
843:u
833:i
20:)
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