James Scullin - Knowledge

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1930, crisis meetings were held in which Sir Robert Gibson and Sir Otto Niemeyer were demanding further economies in Commonwealth spending. Niemeyer, a representative of the Bank of England, had arrived in Australia to inspect financial conditions on behalf of creditors and had a grim report – that "Australian credit is at a low ebb...lower than that of any of the other dominions" and that without drastic steps default and financial collapse was assured. Gibson agreed, and as Chairman of the Commonwealth Bank Board had the power to deny the Australian government loans to finance the budget unless more cuts were made by both the national and state governments. After meeting with Scullin and state premiers, the 'Melbourne Agreement' was reluctantly struck in which further major spending cuts were agreed to, although opposed by a significant minority of Scullin's party.

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interests. At the first meeting of cabinet upon his return, Scullin made things worse by reappointing Theodore as treasurer, despite his name not having been yet cleared over the Mungana Affair. Although arguably Theodore was the most competent man available to implement Scullin's economic program, Lyons and Fenton (as well as several others) were strongly opposed and resigned from the cabinet in protest. Making matters worse, Theodore had become a fierce personal rival of Lang within the New South Wales branch, and his return as treasurer further isolated radical elements of the party. At the same time, the economy had continued to decline and unemployment had soared, with most of the government measures designed to combat the crisis still in limbo due to opposition either from the Senate or refusal of funding by the Commonwealth Bank.

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repaying short-term debts and overdrafts held by British banks. This would require substantial further funds to be advanced by the Commonwealth Bank, however Gibson soon made it clear he would not do so unless significant cuts to social spending (particularly pensions) was also implemented. Scullin refused, instead planning to pay for the plan through the expanding the note issue. This 'Theodore Plan' was approved by narrow majorities of the state premiers and then the parliamentary party. However, Jack Lang rejected the plan, stating instead that Australia should default on its British debts until more equitable repayment terms were agreed to. Lyons and the conservatives within the party were horrified, as were the Opposition, seeing note issue as a sure path to hyperinflation and complete economic ruin.

988:, a dressmaker from Ballarat. The marriage was childless. Due to Scullin's frequent and often serious bouts of illness over his long career, Sarah served the role as her husband's protector and was a crucial source of support and care for her husband, particularly in his final years. She was frequently called to assist or stand in for her husband at social occasions when her husband's illness prevented him from attending personally. She was an active member of the Labor Party herself, and would remain well-informed on politics. Very unusually among Australian political spouses (and even more so during the period of her husband's career), Sarah would often attend parliamentary sessions, and would even be present during the debate and vote that brought her husband's government down. 1773:

successful in a patriotic campaign, wool and wheat prices finally began to rise, and government finances at both Commonwealth and state level were largely under control by October. But with unemployment still rising (it would not peak until 1932), Scullin still faced disillusionment from many within his party, and further gains in ground by Lang. Lang felt threatened by the apparent success of the Premier's Plan though, and renewed talks of unity between the factions had appeared with the improvement of economic conditions. Lang Labor subsequently forced a showdown with the Scullin government in November. With allegations arising that Theodore had abused his position as treasurer to buy support in New South Wales away from the Lang faction, Beasley and his followers called for a

1234:. Just 9 months after the previous campaign, Australia was in campaign mode once more. Amidst a background of industrial strife and heavy handed government proposals to deal with it, Scullin, who preached conciliation and negotiation between the parties, seemed the moderate choice, despite the more radical stances otherwise held by Labor. Fighting on their home territory and in favour of what was a still popular status-quo in industrial relations law, Scullin and Labor romped home in the polls, winning 46 seats in the 75 seat chamber, the most they had ever won at the time. Labor even managed to oust Bruce in his own seat. The party was jubilant and Scullin enthusiastically accepted commission to become prime minister. He was to be Australia's first Catholic prime minister. 1781:, was called. Scullin for the first time in Australian politics made heavy use of the radio to reach voters. The campaign was one of the shortest in history, but with open warfare between pro-Lang and pro-Scullin forces in Victoria and New South Wales, and much of the country still facing hardship and grievances against the government, a Labor defeat was virtually assured. Labor was defeated in a massive landslide. The official Labor Party was reduced to a mere 14 seats (Lang Labor won another 4), and Lyons became prime minister. However, Scullin was not held responsible for the debacle and stayed on as Labor leader. To date, it is the last time that a sitting Australian government has been defeated after a single term. 1991: 1651:(as acting Treasurer) were left in charge. They insisted on pursuing deflationary policies and orthodox solutions to degrading Commonwealth budgetary position, arousing great opposition in the Labor caucus. In regular contact with Fenton and Lyons in London through the awkward means of cables, Scullin felt he had no choice but to agree to the recommendations of economic advisers, supported by Lyons and Fenton, that government spending be heavily cut, despite the suffering this caused and the disillusionment of the Labor party's base, whom were most affected by these cuts. Party unity began to crumble, and the gulf between the moderate and radical wings of the party began to grow. 2104:

rendered his advice very influential within the Curtin government and many of his ideas, having been denied during his own term of government, would eventually be enshrined in the wave of sweeping reforms made by the Curtin/Chifley governments. Scullin was a well-respected figure in politics. Although the target of much bile and disagreement over his policies, he was personally extremely well regarded and had a reputation as a fearless and stoic leader of great personal integrity and fortitude. His resignation as leader in 1935 caused even longtime critic Jack Beasley to admit that Scullin was "a fearless fighter in the exposition of what he believes to be the right course".

1207:– states where the Labor party's fortunes had greatly declined in previous years. Scullin was well received and made ground in these areas, as well as in rural districts to counteract the increasingly urban nature of Labor. Labor managed to take eight seats, significantly reducing the Coalition's previously large majority. This was due to a swing against the government rather than a swing towards Labor, but was still enough to put Labor within striking distance of winning the next election. Although Labor came up well short of forming government, the campaign was viewed as a success and Scullin's reputation remained intact as leader. 1495:

arrears funded by overseas borrowing, and the value of Australian debt had been steadily declining in foreign markets. Sluggish years for the agricultural and manufacturing sectors were compounding the problem, but the most worrying statistic was unemployment, which was just over 13% at the end of 1929. A further problem was the decline in Australian trade. Price for wool and wheat – Australia's two principal exports – had fallen by almost a third during 1929. With debts rising and the ability to repay diminishing, Australia was faced with a seriously troubled financial outlook when Scullin took office.

1729: 1251: 49: 1443: 1957:'s, and his advice would have significant bearing upon the policy and political tactics of the Curtin government. Scullin was a leading voice in caucus in support of the new PM, urging it to give Curtin the powers to run his own government without the caucus interference Scullin himself had so frequently fallen afoul of a decade earlier. To Scullin's delight, rafts of social and economic policies, so long out of reach for Labor governments, finally became law during the wartime government. Scullin continued to be a leading voice in the movement in favour of further social 1595:, although ultimately Scullin was unsuccessful in convincing the Senate or the Commonwealth Bank to support this program through price guarantees. At the same time unemployment had hit a record high of 14.6% in the March quarter of 1930. Scullin's election promise of unemployment insurance was discussed in this period, but with dire predictions for government finance the promise was continually stalled. Scullin made major proposals to change the constitutional amendment process; expand Commonwealth powers over commerce, trade and industry; and to break apart the 1761: 2100:(New Zealand) all suffered similarly devastating elections in the wake of the depression. In 1951, 114 manufacturers in Melbourne donated to a fund for Scullin's retirement. Having not forgotten his advocacy of tariffs during their height of unpopularity in the depression, several companies went as far to state that Scullin's efforts had "commenced a new era in the secondary industry field in Australia" and that the success of Australia's wartime industry was due to Scullin's protection of industry during its most vulnerable period a decade earlier. 1921:

stated his resolve to remain leader until such time that he could be sure he would not be succeeded by Lang forces at the federal level, but fate intervened and Scullin's health, always middling, declined significantly in 1935. Bedridden several times, Scullin tendered his resignation on 23 September 1935, citing a physical inability to continue as leader. By the time of Scullin's resignation Australia's economy had recovered significantly and business confidence had returned to a large extent. The belligerent actions of

1405: 768: 1093: 1720:. With a possible default by the Commonwealth looming in June, Scullin's minority government attempted to push through the Theodore Plan. Although under pressure given the prospect of bankruptcy, the Senate and Gibson did not relent, and nearly all the bills needed to implement the Theodore Plan were rejected. Nationwide opinion was divided on the government plan, however many were extremely concerned about the prospect of excessive inflation should the government start printing money to pay its bills. 1660: 1612: 1684: 1455: 1168:

the generally dangerous trajectory of Commonwealth financial policy, predicted catastrophe. He accused the government of spending too much, borrowing too much from overseas sources, and not rectifying a worrying excess of imports over exports: a three-part recipe for disaster. This alarming analysis of the Australian economy would prove to be correct within three years, however relatively few paid attention to Scullin's warning at the time, nor the prescient 1927 volume

1160: 4077: 1552: 2053: 1795: 1021:, both of which would become signature issues for Scullin throughout his career. By the end of his first year in parliament he had a reputation as "one of the most ardent land-taxers in the Labor party" and had spoken frequently on breaking up "the land monopoly which has for so many years retarded the growth of this young country." Scullin enthusiastically supported Fisher's referendum questions in expand Commonwealth power over in 1017:

Labor. His campaign focused on increasing the powers of the Federal parliament and issues such as defending a white Australia, higher import duties and the introduction of a land tax. In federal parliament, Scullin quickly earned a reputation as an impressive and formidable parliamentary debater. He spoke on a wide range of issues over the three years of his term, but concentrated especially on matters relating to taxation and the

1933:, who proved a necessary salve to Labor wounds. Under Curtin's leadership, most of the Lang Labor faction returned to the mainline Labor fold, though Lang and some supporters remained obdurate. During these years Scullin was far quieter in the backbenches, only occasionally taking an active role in parliament, though still an active local member in his seat of Yarra. He was a passionate advocate for Australian arts, and with the 1892: 997: 941:. His father was a railway labourer, who emigrated to Australia in his 20s. His mother joined her husband in Australia later. James was the fourth of eight children, and grew up in a tight-knit and devoutly Catholic home. James attended the Trawalla State School from 1881 to 1887 and earned an early reputation as an active and quick-witted boy, though never physically robust. These characteristics would remain with him for life. 1127:(still located in Melbourne) and representation of a safe seat afforded many more political opportunities and freedoms, and soon Scullin was a prominent figure on the Labor campaign trail and appearing at events around the country. In these years Scullin's renown increased considerably within the party and the nation at large. He became one of the leading lights of the parliamentary opposition, and was quickly elevated to the 1945: 1544: 1712:. Lyons, Fenton and four others on the conservative wing resigned from Labor and crossed over to the opposition benches. Scullin was reduced to a minority government of just 35 members, depending on the Lang faction to stay in power. Having built a large and popular following among the public, Lyons and his ex-Labor followers joined the Nationalists and the erstwhile followers of Hughes in 922: 897:, a far more conservative measure that met the crisis with severe cutbacks in government spending. Pensioners and other core Labor constituencies were severely affected by the cuts, leading to a widespread revolt and multiple defections in parliament. After several months of infighting the government collapsed, and was resoundingly defeated by the newly formed 1085: 1535:. Furthermore, Scullin and his Treasurer Ted Theodore were vehemently opposed to suggestions from the Opposition and Commonwealth Bank to reduce the deficit by cutting Federal welfare emoluments. Thus began two-years of clashes between the government and its opponents, which would prove to be some of the most turbulent in Australian political history. 1962:

uniform taxation. That committee soon proposed eliminating state governments' ability to levy income tax, a proposal which Curtin accepted and greatly weakened the Federal system by making states fiscally dependent on the Commonwealth. Scullin's committee work shone out again in 1944, where he led the charge to change the tax code to operate on a

948:, in 1887, and the young James attended school at Mount Rowan State School until 12. Thereafter he held various manual odd-jobs in the Ballarat district until about 1900, and for ten years from 1900 he ran a grocer's shop in Ballarat. In his mid-20s he attended night school, was a voracious reader and became somewhat of an 1643:, despite the King's personal opposition and the strong objections of both the British establishment and the conservative opposition in Australia, who attacked the appointment as tantamount to republicanism. However a leadership vacuum was left behind, with Scullin out of the country for the whole second half of 1930, 1167:

As Deputy Leader, Scullin excelled in taking the case to the government. Throughout 1927 Scullin earned particular acclaim in keeping the ageing Bruce government to account on economic and financial matters. A series of speeches by Scullin that year on the Government's mishandling of the economy, and

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surged in the polls and formed Australia's first majority government. Scullin had done much to personally build the grass-roots organisation of the Labor movement in this seat in the years prior to the election, although its rural character meant it was not considered a seat naturally sympathetic to

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and the growing labour movement in Victoria, as were many of his later ministerial colleagues such as Frank Anstey, John Curtin and Frank Brennan. He became a foundation member of his local Political Labor Council in 1903 and was active in local politics thereafter. He was a campaigner and political

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in 1935. Scullin became a respected elder voice within the party and leading authority on taxation and government finance, and would eventually play a significant role in reforming both when Labor returned to government in 1941. Although disappointed with his own term of office, he nonetheless lived

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was too much of a betrayal for many to accept, and opposing Lang and Scullin Labor factions continued to plague NSW and Victorian state politics for years. The election proved to be a dispiriting defeat for Scullin. Despite an admirable and vigorous term as opposition leader, Scullin's Labor gained

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of interest on debts to Britain and printing money to pay for public works programs to relieve unemployment and inflate the currency. The NSW contingent in Federal parliament was sympathetic to Lang's views and had become disillusioned with Scullin's leadership and his compromises with conservative

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and the Catholic Young Men's Society, eventually becoming president of the latter. He was also a skilled debater, participating in local competitions and having an association with the Ballarat South Street debating society for nearly 30 years, which would prove formative to his interest and talent

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Scullin had defended his record in government throughout his later career, and took pride in having been prime minister in times which might have broken a lesser figure. However he lived long enough to see many of his economic ideas vindicated by history, particularly inflationary financing, which

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In February Scullin and Theodore presented a comprehensive plan at a conference of the state premiers that attempted to straddle both orthodox and radical approaches. While maintaining heavy budgetary cuts, it also planned to provide economic stimulus to help the unemployed and farmers, as well as

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Heavily indebted and with conditions worsening, Scullin and Theodore took many novel steps in an attempt to turn the economy around. Appeals were made, both to the Australian public and on overseas markets, to bolster confidence and boost government bond subscriptions. A "Grow More Wheat" campaign

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Scullin's years following his term of government also proved fruitful – he exerted a surprising amount of influence over government policy as Opposition Leader. Scullin was for decades the foremost expert in the Australian parliament on taxation and a variety of other fiscal matters, a fact which

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Now May, with unemployment at 27.6% widespread suffering across much of the population, Scullin called another conference of the state premiers to try and forge a new deal, now resigned to the fact that compromise with the Opposition was inevitable if any plan could be implemented. A new orthodox

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Several measures which had been proposed and defeated by the UAP opposition (particularly on gold shipments for loan repayments) were subsequently reintroduced and passed by the UAP once in government, giving Scullin some satisfaction. Furthermore, Scullin consoled himself with the fact that the

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The heavy task of leading the country through the brunt of the depression, beset as he was by many enemies and few friends, left deep marks on Scullin's character. As one Country Party parliamentarian observed, "the great burden that was imposed upon him then almost killed him". Scullin won much

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Traumatic as it was, the government finally now was implementing an economic plan, and things began to improve. Domestic confidence, and confidence in the British loan market, began to recover and default was averted. Voluntary acceptance of lower bond rates on government debt had been extremely

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Tarred with the political scandal, the budget, which raised taxes, cut spending and still did not deliver a surplus, was very unpopular with all sections of the community. What is more, the budget proved overly optimistic as Australian revenues continued to plunge and the deficit rose. By August

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Curtin became prime minister in 1941 after two independents joined Labor in voting down the government's budget. Curtin came to rely on Scullin greatly for his counsel. Scullin took no portfolio nor played any part in military strategy or much of the overall war effort, except where finance was

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after he was reconfirmed in it after the 1934 election. Tired of the infighting, he took little part in the renewed conciliation talks between the opposition party wings, which in the event failed to resolve the now entrenched divide between Lang and anti-Lang forces. Scullin at many points had

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reached Australia and the government. The effect these developments would have on the Australian economy were not yet known, as economic conditions were already agreed to be poor, but the portents of future disaster were there. Three of the last four Commonwealth budgets had been in substantial

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plans and was influential within the party in the nature and direction these took. Another of Scullin's long held ambitions – eradication of the Federal structure in favour of a unified state – was advanced when he was appointed as one of three on a committee to recommend means of implementing

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from some £41.08m to £14.65m. Although he had finally secured parliamentary and state approval for a plan, Scullin now faced a revolt from his own party. Cuts to pensions and the poor were particularly hard for Scullin, and many core Labor supporters felt deeply betrayed by this compromise of

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to coerce a solution and numerous negotiations between owners and workers collapsed. As a Labor Prime Minister, expectations ran high that Scullin would force the mine owners to submit to worker demands. Scullin was sympathetic, but refused to go beyond negotiations and inducements to end the

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specifically to investigate his claims. Scullin's competence on financial matters proved useful to the government as well, and several of his suggestions from the opposition bench made their way into government legislation. In March 1927 Scullin became the parliamentary ALP's deputy leader.

1056:. He would hold this position for the next nine years, which solidified his position within the Victorian Labor movement and made him an influential voice within its ranks, being elected president of the Victorian state branch of Labor in 1918. He and his paper became leading voices against 1462:

Scullin came to Canberra amid rapturous applause from his supporters and the largest majority that Labor had ever won at the time. However, the party had many diverse interests and factions within it, ranging from metropolitan socialist radicals to rural professional politicians. The

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Ill-health continued to return in bouts, but Scullin remained active if subdued in parliament after Curtin's death and Chifley's succession in 1945. He continued to be influential in fiscal and taxation matters, and the impact of his experience was still occasionally felt in

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was threatened, though for various reasons both practical and political, Scullin never took this step. In June 1930 the government suffered a heavy loss when Theodore was forced to resign after he was criticised by a Royal Commission enquiring into a scandal known as the

1138:, Scullin spoke frequently and passionately. He was an able debater and parliamentary performer, but also carved out a niche as a leading voice on several issues, particularly taxation and economic policy. Some of Scullin's charges on land-tax avoidance by wealthy 1608:, claims of corrupt deals dating back to Theodore's time as Premier of Queensland. Scullin took over the Treasury portfolio in the interim while Theodore went to Queensland to face charges, and was compelled to bring down the 1930 budget personally. 1900:

praise for his performance as Opposition Leader, as he had before coming prime minister. His grasp of economic and trade matters was still formidable, and on several matters he succeeded in forcing changes to government policy or banding with the

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elected on a specifically pro-Lang platform, and the bitter campaign within the seat saw federal Labor and NSW Labor mutually expel each other from the party. Scullin and the Federal party refused to admit Ward to the caucus, and subsequently

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on the left-wing of the party and had radicalised in some of his opinions, particularly his sentiments against imperial domination from London. Scullin was fiercely patriotic and critical of the war, particularly Britain's leadership of the

1218:, Bruce reversed course entirely by proposing that the Commonwealth dismantle federal arbitration and hand industrial matters back entirely to the states. The proposal was a radical departure from one of the pillars of the so-called " 1744:

plan calling for 20% reductions in spending across the board for all governments was struck, and such cuts to also apply to social welfare spending. Combined with a mass loan conversion that would reduce the interest rates paid on

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as a more promising replacement. The ensuing contest over the position of Deputy Leader saw Theodore denied once again in a close vote, foreshadowing some of the future controversy he would stir up within the party under Scullin.

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society's most vulnerable groups. Scullin ardently defend the program, but Lang's influence as an alternative opinion leader of Labor was growing, now with state branches in Victoria and South Australia rebelling against the

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in responding to the Great Depression. On the contrary, there was much disagreement with Scullin's parliamentary party as to how to respond to the crisis, and a great many were sympathetic to the then radical ideas of

5170: 5165: 5150: 969:, the union movement with which he would remain most closely associated throughout his career. He spoke often around Ballarat on political issues and helped with Labor campaigns at state and federal level. At the 5175: 3241:

Robinson, Geoff. "The Australian class structure and Australian politics 1931–40." APSA 2008: Australasian Political Science Association 2008 Conference. Australasian Political Science Association, 2008.

5649: 1029:, though in both cases all amendment proposals were rejected by comfortable majorities. Although he was well regarded in his district and hard-working and ardent, it was not enough to shield him from 2028:

erected a monument on behalf of the Labor movement of Australia. The inscription reads: "Justice and humanity demand interference whenever the weak are being crushed by the strong." Scullin's wife,

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Depression destroyed most of the political careers of those who occupied government through it – only one Australian premier won re-election from 1927 to 1935, and Scullin's foreign contemporaries

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1929 was dogged by industrial disputes, the worst of which occurred within the waterfront, timber and coalmining sectors. The Bruce government struggled to manage these episodes – its proposal by

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immediately rolled back several of the Bruce government's measures deemed to be anti-labor – including changes made to industrial arbitration and competition, and the immediate abolition of

5659: 1475:, which had only been completed two years prior, citing its unnecessary extravagance and cost to the taxpayer. In 1929, the Scullin government established the Canberra University College. 840:

first in 1910 and then again in 1922 until 1949. Scullin quickly established himself as a leading voice in parliament, rapidly rising to become deputy leader of the party in 1927 and then

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was still in place. The conservative Senate proved hostile to much of Labor's economic program. Scullin also had to contend with a financial establishment in Australia (most notably

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into the charges. Scullin refused. To the surprise of many observers, the Beasley group crossed the floor to join the Opposition, thereby defeating the government. A snap poll, the

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Scullin's government faced significant limitations on its power to implement its response to the economic crisis. There had been no half-Senate election in 1929, meaning that the

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years. At the special Labor conference on conscription in 1916, Scullin moved for the expulsion of the conscriptionists, including Prime Minister Hughes and former prime minister

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would see these ideas adopted by most Western nations by the end of the decade, in 1931 such ideas were considered radical and the plans were bitterly opposed by many who feared

836:. He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1903, beginning a career spanning five decades. He was a political organizer and newspaper editor for the party, and was elected to the 4111: 5654: 3377: 1904:

to force amendments to government legislation. However failure to reunite the party and dislodge Lang as the alternative voice of the party failed in the lead-up to the

1123:, away from his long-time home of Ballarat, and to an electorate completely different in character to his earlier seat of Corangamite. However his new proximity to the 862:

responded by developing several plans during 1930 and 1931 to repay foreign debt, provide relief to farmers and create economic stimulus to curb unemployment based on

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Scullin was frequently bedridden in these last 18 months, and unable to attend many gatherings. His condition deteriorated further after retirement, suffering cardio-

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just four seats and actually suffered a small swing against it, with Labor and the UAP losing ground to Lang Labor, which gained 5 seats on a swing of almost 4%.

1222:", and several MPs, led by former PM Billy Hughes, ultimately voted against the government and forced Bruce to seek an additional mandate from the people, at the 5689: 5330: 3859: 981:. Although a race in which Labor had virtually no chance of winning, Scullin ran a spirited campaign and impressed those within the movement for his efforts. 5275: 2072:

himself would state of Scullin's Premier's Plan which caused him so much woe and electoral unpopularity that it "saved the economic structure of Australia".

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Barber, Stephen (2011), "Federal Election Results, 1901–2010", Parliamentary Library Research Papers, Canberra, ACT: Department of the Parliamentary Library

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Scullin would remain party leader for four more years, losing the 1934 election but the party split would not be healed until after Scullin's return to the

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Returning to Australia in 1931, Scullin was faced with a party now deeply divided over how to respond to the Depression. Jack Lang had won election as

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as "Lang Labor". With chaos in Labor ranks and parliament facing a highly controversial plan for economic rehabilitation, the Opposition presented a

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to separate out its reserve bank and trading bank functions. The Senate blocked them all, or made amendments which rendered them unrecognisable. A

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In the heat of this crisis, matters were made worse still by Scullin's decision to travel to London to seek an emergency loan and to attend the

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Labor branch were infuriated and felt they had been betrayed, catalysing a beginning of a separation between the state branch (led by fiery

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resigned as federal Labor leader and was replaced by Scullin in a unanimous motion, although some had their eye on newcomer

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and the rapid onset of the Great Depression around the world, which hit heavily indebted Australia hard. Scullin and his

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Denning, Warren; Moorhouse, Frank, 1938–; Denning, Warren, 1906–1975. Caucus crisis; Denning, Warren, 1906–1975 (2000),

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left the party at a distinct disadvantage. Ultimately, Scullin and his Commonwealth supporters' implementation of the

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But the government's attention would soon shift to the economy. On the very day Scullin arrived in Canberra after the

4642: 4637: 4632: 3454: 1878: 1838: 1631:. While in London, Scullin succeeded in gaining loans for Australia at reduced interest. He also succeeded in having 1584: 767: 442: 1990: 5639: 5354: 2077: 1979: 1934: 1905: 1778: 1503: 1479: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1223: 1192: 1038: 1005: 970: 902: 783:(18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the ninth 3485: 1929:, began to overtake the economy as the predominant concern of Australian politics. James Scullin was succeeded by 913:

long enough to see many of his government's ideas implemented by subsequent governments before his death in 1953.

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was launched in 1930 to encourage farmers to plant a record crop and attempt to improve Australia's serious

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Maddox, Graham (1978), "Australian Labor Party", in Starr, Graeme; Richmond, Keith; Maddox, Graham (eds.),

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The son of working-class Irish-immigrants, Scullin spent much of his early life as a laborer and grocer in

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Scullin died in his sleep on 28 January 1953 in Hawthorn, Melbourne from complications arising from

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With the prospect of bankruptcy facing the government, Scullin backed down and instead advanced the

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Scullin became active in politics during his years in Ballarat, being influenced by the ideas of

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during his time in office from 1930 to 1931. His time in office was primarily categorised by the

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in Victoria during World War I, and a forceful intellectual contributor to the party during the

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and passionate debater, Scullin made the most of Ballarat's facilities – the public library and

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and had become a leading alternative voice within Labor, advocating radical measures including

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in politics. Scullin was a devout Roman Catholic, a non-drinker and a non-smoker all his life.

898: 856: 792: 788: 704: 630: 404: 803:. Scullin remained a leading figure in the Labor movement throughout his lifetime, and was an 5129: 4954: 4949: 4934: 4803: 4793: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4723: 2826: 2068:

adopted by Australia and most other Western governments in the late 1930s and 1940s. Indeed,

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which transpired just two days after his swearing in, thus heralding the beginning of the

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with more than three-quarters of the vote. With his win, he and his family relocated to

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had been rejected in 1926. After months of deadlock and protests over decisions of the

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within it. In the early 1920s Scullin was prominent in the push for the party to adopt

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that Scullin "had already done much to place Australia on the high road to recovery".

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Head, Brian. "Economic crisis and political legitimacy: the 1931 federal election."

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Acts of Parliament: A Narrative History of the Senate and House of Representatives

2005:

in 1951 and becoming almost permanently bedridden and under the care of his wife.

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Richardson, Nick. "The 1931 Australian Federal Election – Radio Makes History."

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Nick Richardson, "The 1931 Australian Federal Election – Radio Makes History."

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on 18 September 1876. His parents, John and Ann (née Logan) Scullin, were both

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Roberts, Stephen H. "The Crisis in Australia: September, 1930–January, 1932."

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Becoming John Curtin and James Scullin: The Making of the Modern Labor Party

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was quite radical by the standards of his times but an accepted pillar of

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hold a private meeting after Scullin's swearing-in as prime minister, 1929

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concerned. However, he was given the office between Curtin and Treasurer

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A cartoon criticising Scullin and Theodore's inflationary financing plans

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Robertson, J. R. "Scullin as Prime Minister: seven critical decisions."

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by 22.5%, Australia now had a consensus as to how to reduce the annual

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First Among Equals: Australian Prime Ministers from Barton to Turnbull

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from the Mildenhall Collection at the National Archives of Australia.

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Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Corangamite

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in various capacities for the party until his retirement from

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Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

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Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia

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Australia Since Federation: A Narrative and Critical Analysis

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dragged on throughout Scullin's government, the Commonwealth

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Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Yarra

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Caucus Crisis: The Rise & Fall of the Scullin Government

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New prime minister James Scullin and former prime minister

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in 1929, events took a dramatic change with the crisis on

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Scullin won his first election as the Labor candidate in

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from 1929 to 1932. He held office as the leader of the

3383:. Canberra, ACT: Treasury of Australia. Archived from 2989:(Revised ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg Publishing. 2944:(Updated ed.). West Melbourne, Victoria: Nelson. 2627: 2471: 2459: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2361: 2298: 2286: 2110:, a suburb of Canberra, is named after him, as is the 1068:. During these years Scullin earned a reputation as a 3063:, Richmond, Victoria: Heinemann Educational Australia 2758:**Wilde, William H.; Hooton, Joy; and Andrews, Barry 2654: 2639: 2507: 2024:. Over his grave the federal Labor executive and the 1563:

Ongoing industrial disputes on the coalfields of the

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referendum for greater Commonwealth industrial powers

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led five others out of the party room to sit on the

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After defeat Scullin was appointed as editor of the

2274: 2233: 2221: 2182: 2170: 1916:Scullin markedly declined in vigor for his role as 1764:Scullin on the day he handed the reins of power to 5655:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 2987:Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard 2349: 2262: 1107:left a vacancy in the very safe urban seat of the 878:and economic ruin. The still opposition-dominated 3376: 3141:. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. 3008:. Sydney, New South Wales: Hale & Iremonger. 2562: 2525:The Whitlam government 1972–1975 by Gough Whitlam 2206: 2194: 2032:, was interred with him in 1962. Labor stalwarts 1966:basis, which was accepted and implemented by the 5596: 3219:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2702:. Wollombi, NSW: Exisle Publishing. p. 54. 2674:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2016:with a Requiem Mass presided over by Archbishop 1522:) that was firmly opposed to any deviation from 1176:, on which Scullin based many of his arguments. 973:he was selected as the Labor candidate for the 882:, and the conservative-dominated boards of the 5690:Respiratory disease deaths in Victoria (state) 3070:The Confident Years: Australia in the Twenties 2716: 1937:, was responsible for a dramatic boost to the 1723: 1471:. Scullin also chose not to take residence in 5362: 4294: 4105: 3853: 3316:"James Scullin, Prime Ministers of Australia" 3197:Cook, Peter. "Labor and the Premiers' Plan." 2760:The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature 2483: 2114:, a House of Representatives electorate. The 2044:are all buried adjacent to the Scullin plot. 1458:The Scullin government sworn in, October 1929 1423: 27:Prime Minister of Australia from 1929 to 1932 3532: 3046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2697: 1163:Scullin as Opposition leader in October 1928 1000:Scullin following his election as MP in 1910 5376: 2762:Oxford University Press, Melbourne 2nd ed. 2020:. He was buried in the Catholic section of 1154: 558:18 February 1922 – 31 October 1949 5369: 5355: 4308: 4301: 4287: 4112: 4098: 3860: 3846: 3420:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 3169:Australian Journal of Politics and History 3050:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2784: 1430: 1416: 47: 3270:, Canberra, ACT: House of Representatives 3188: 1879:Learn how and when to remove this message 1129:Australian Labor Party National Executive 493:22 October 1929 – 6 January 1932 455:22 October 1929 – 6 January 1932 83:22 October 1929 – 6 January 1932 5625:Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs 2051: 1989: 1943: 1890: 1759: 1727: 1682: 1658: 1655:Internal divisions and the Theodore Plan 1610: 1587:) and the federal party led by Scullin. 1550: 1542: 1453: 1441: 1158: 1091: 1083: 995: 920: 223:29 March 1928 – 22 October 1929 168:6 January 1932 – 1 October 1935 2981:(Melbourne University Publishing, 2020) 291:26 April 1928 – 1 October 1935 14: 5597: 2693: 2691: 2689: 1555:Scullin with his deputy and Treasurer 1538: 417:9 July 1930 – 29 January 1931 349:17 March 1927 – 29 March 1928 5700:Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery 5675:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 5620:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia) 5350: 5100:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 5080:History of the Australian Labor Party 4282: 4121:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 4093: 3841: 3531: 3501:at the Museum of Australian Democracy 3378:"James Scullin: Depression Treasurer" 3162: 3132:. Sydney, New South Wales: Cornstalk. 3086: 2939: 2778: 2746: 2633: 2574: 2546: 2477: 2465: 2426: 2414: 2370: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2239: 2227: 2188: 2176: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2108:Scullin, Australian Capital Territory 2056:Bust of James Scullin located in the 2012:. He was accorded a state funeral in 1691:In March matters came to a head. The 1514:) and in the United Kingdom (such as 1288: 3647:Leader of the Australian Labor Party 3105: 2961:Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man 2621: 2534: 1994:Grave of James and Sarah Scullin at 1985: 1895:Scullin as Opposition leader in 1932 1817:adding citations to reliable sources 1788: 608:13 April 1910 – 31 May 1913 5680:20th-century Australian politicians 5645:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 3518:Essay on James Scullin as Treasurer 3495:Scullin's Campaign Speeches of 1929 3339:"James Henry Scullin (1876–1953)". 3089:J.H. Scullin: A Political Biography 3003: 2984: 2958: 2698:Wildman, Kim; Hogue, Derry (2015). 2686: 2550: 2501: 2441: 2355: 2215: 2200: 2088:(in the United States of America), 991: 838:Australian House of Representatives 24: 5630:Australian people of Irish descent 3417:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3412:"Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953)" 3347:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3281: 3136: 3108:Australia and the Great Depression 3067: 3058: 2919:Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 2735:Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates 2722: 2660: 2648: 2513: 2268: 2257:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2143: 1134:During his years as an opposition 1103:The death of federal Labor leader 1081:policies as part of its platform. 25: 5711: 3404: 3124: 2887:. 26 December 1931. p. 1225. 2489: 2014:St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne 1237: 944:The family moved to Mount Rowan, 4076: 4075: 3620:Deputy Leader of the Labor Party 3342:Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953) 2158:. National Archives of Australia 1935:Fellowship of Australian Writers 1793: 1403: 1249: 1230:as the 1925 Senate term had not 890:, repeatedly blocked the plans. 791:(ALP), having briefly served as 766: 337:Deputy Leader of the Labor Party 2927: 2877: 2842: 2822:"Crowds mourn late Mr. Scullin" 2814: 2752: 2666: 2580: 2519: 2391: 2376: 1804:needs additional citations for 1784: 1647:(as acting prime minister) and 1283: 1096:Scullin with his future deputy 984:On 11 November 1907 he married 954:Australian Natives' Association 725: 3490:Museum of Australian Democracy 3459:National Archives of Australia 3422:Australian National University 3320:National Archives of Australia 3061:Political Parties in Australia 2344:National Archives of Australia 2156:"James Scullin: before office" 2122:was also named in his honour. 1716:, with Lyons becoming the new 1547:Prime Minister Scullin in 1930 1331:Term of government (1929–1932) 821:, to serve as prime minister. 13: 1: 3733:Minister for External Affairs 3513:National Library of Australia 3209:Journal of Australian Studies 2454:Adam Carr's Election Database 2137: 1641:Governor-General of Australia 1639:as the first Australian-born 1337:Great Depression in Australia 916: 834:South Street Debating Society 801:Great Depression in Australia 481:Minister for External Affairs 54: 5670:Prime ministers of Australia 4925:Australian Capital Territory 3869:Prime ministers of Australia 3481:National Museum of Australia 3227:10.1080/01439685.2010.505037 2682:10.1080/01439685.2010.505037 1693:1931 East Sydney by-election 1469:compulsory military training 1043:1918 Corangamite by-election 1033:'s resurgent and now united 977:against then Prime Minister 868:expansionary monetary policy 7: 5695:Deaths from pulmonary edema 3706:Prime Minister of Australia 3266:Commonwealth of Australia, 3027:(New ed.), Black Inc, 2963:. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. 2796:Australia's Prime Ministers 2125: 1724:Premiers' Plan and downfall 1324:Prime Minister of Australia 1226:. Crucially, it would be a 785:prime minister of Australia 71:Prime Minister of Australia 10: 5716: 5635:Australian Roman Catholics 5125:Norfolk Island Labor Party 3505:Resources on James Scullin 3130:The Boom of 1890 – and Now 2058:Ballarat Botanical Gardens 2022:Melbourne General Cemetery 1996:Melbourne General Cemetery 1939:Commonwealth Literary Fund 1669:Premier of New South Wales 1576:disputes. Many within the 1533:proto-Keynesian approaches 1486:announced large losses on 1170:The Boom of 1890 – And Now 1035:Commonwealth Liberal Party 1019:powers of the Commonwealth 813:in 1949. He was the first 695:Melbourne General Cemetery 5384: 5143: 5072: 5047: 5021: 5014: 4991:Australian Fabian Society 4968: 4913: 4847: 4711: 4620: 4474: 4318: 4127: 4073: 3880: 3820: 3811: 3803: 3793: 3784: 3776: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3739: 3730: 3722: 3712: 3703: 3695: 3685: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3653: 3644: 3636: 3626: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3594: 3585: 3577: 3567: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3221:(2010) 30#3 pp: 377–389. 2676:(2010) 30#3 pp: 377–389. 2588:The Sydney Morning Herald 2047: 1484:The Sydney Morning Herald 1352:Labor Party split of 1931 1216:Federal Arbitration Court 1191:Scullin led Labor at the 1142:were so damning that the 1012:, in a year when Labor's 967:Australian Workers' Union 797:Wall Street Crash of 1929 774: 762: 745: 735: 710: 700: 690: 673: 649: 644: 640: 624: 612: 601: 586: 574: 562: 551: 536: 532: 525: 521: 507: 497: 486: 479: 469: 459: 448: 441: 431: 421: 410: 402: 398: 394: 387: 383: 373: 361: 353: 342: 335: 325: 315: 295: 284: 279:Leader of the Labor Party 277: 265: 253: 239: 227: 216: 204: 194: 184: 172: 161: 154: 142: 130: 118: 97: 87: 76: 68: 64: 46: 34: 3814:Leader of the Opposition 3679:Leader of the Opposition 3605:Party political offices 3533:Offices and distinctions 3486:James Scullin Fact Sheet 3235:(1932) 5#4 pp: 319–332. 3087:Robertson, John (1974). 3004:Denning, Warren (1982). 2940:Alexander, Fred (1982). 1948:Scullin during the 1940s 1737:William Beckwith McInnes 1718:Leader of the Opposition 1502:majority elected at the 1258:This article is part of 1155:Leader of the Opposition 1088:Scullin during the 1920s 842:Leader of the Opposition 740:Mount Rowan State School 156:Leader of the Opposition 5640:Treasurers of Australia 5378:Treasurers of Australia 4996:Chifley Research Centre 3545:Parliament of Australia 3464:Photos of James Scullin 3106:Schedvin, C.B. (1989). 3068:Murray, Robert (1970). 2985:Carroll, Brian (2004). 2959:Bastian, Peter (2009). 1976:Chifley-era legislation 1735:portrait of Scullin by 1710:motion of no confidence 817:, as well as the first 4986:Australian Young Labor 4311:Australian Labor Party 3787:Treasurer of Australia 3561:Member for Corangamite 3362:"By-Elections 1919–22" 3211:(1978) 2#3 pp: 14–29. 3137:Souter, Gavin (1988). 3072:. London: Allen Lane. 2060: 2040:, Herbert Cremean and 1998: 1949: 1896: 1769: 1740: 1714:United Australia Party 1688: 1664: 1620: 1560: 1548: 1459: 1451: 1164: 1117:1922 Yarra by-election 1100: 1089: 1079:economic socialisation 1001: 926: 899:United Australia Party 793:treasurer of Australia 789:Australian Labor Party 631:James Chester Manifold 405:Treasurer of Australia 5130:The light on the hill 3760:Minister for Industry 3475:25 March 2015 at the 3268:Parliamentary Debates 2563:Treasury of Australia 2055: 1993: 1947: 1894: 1763: 1731: 1686: 1662: 1615:Scullin and his wife 1614: 1554: 1546: 1457: 1445: 1220:Australian settlement 1162: 1095: 1087: 999: 975:Division of Ballaarat 971:1906 federal election 924: 590:Australian Parliament 540:Australian Parliament 443:Minister for Industry 5665:People from Ballarat 3249:3 March 2016 at the 3163:Byrne, Liam (2019). 2401:Camperdown Chronicle 2387:. 30 September 1910. 1813:improve this article 1529:inflationary finance 986:Sarah Maria McNamara 929:Scullin was born in 925:Scullin in the 1900s 872:Keynesian Revolution 847:After Scullin won a 669:, Colony of Victoria 37:The Right Honourable 5110:Federal Labor (NSW) 4976:National Conference 4875:Beazley (1996–2001) 3522:Australian Treasury 2749:, pp. 408–434. 2737:, Vol.205, p. 2254. 2663:, pp. 215–255. 2651:, pp. 274–277. 2624:, pp. 178–183. 2577:, pp. 246–256. 2537:, pp. 108–129. 2516:, pp. 252–253. 2444:, pp. 120–121. 2404:. 31 December 1910. 2319:, pp. 478–479. 2112:Division of Scullin 2076:admitted after the 2070:John Maynard Keynes 2066:Keynesian economics 1941:'s budget in 1939. 1629:Imperial Conference 1539:Crisis and deadlock 1228:House-only election 781:James Henry Scullin 654:James Henry Scullin 619:John Gratton Wilson 4981:National Executive 4969:Party institutions 4935:Northern Territory 3664:Political offices 3326:on 22 January 2013 3181:10.1111/ajph.12564 2092:(United Kingdom), 2061: 1999: 1950: 1897: 1770: 1741: 1689: 1665: 1621: 1601:double dissolution 1561: 1549: 1524:orthodox economics 1465:Scullin government 1460: 1452: 1165: 1131:in February 1923. 1125:Federal parliament 1101: 1090: 1002: 965:organizer for the 939:County Londonderry 931:Trawalla, Victoria 927: 901:at the subsequent 849:landslide election 811:federal parliament 18:Scullin government 5592: 5591: 5344: 5343: 5135:Tree of Knowledge 5120:Industrial Groups 5068: 5067: 5039:Independent Labor 5006:John Curtin House 4960:Western Australia 4890:Beazley (2005–06) 4860:Whitlam (1975–77) 4855:Whitlam (1967–72) 4276: 4275: 4087: 4086: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3821:Succeeded by 3794:Succeeded by 3767:Succeeded by 3740:Succeeded by 3713:Succeeded by 3686:Succeeded by 3654:Succeeded by 3627:Succeeded by 3595:Succeeded by 3568:Succeeded by 3431:978-0-522-84459-7 3345:. Canberra, ACT: 3318:. Canberra, ACT: 3295:Missing or empty 3148:978-0-522-84367-5 3117:978-0-424-06660-8 3098:978-0-85564-074-3 3079:978-0-7139-1155-8 3034:978-1-86395-242-2 3015:978-0-908094-92-9 2996:978-1-877058-22-6 2970:978-1-74223-004-7 2951:978-0-17-005861-2 2921:, vol.147, p.336. 2900:Missing or empty 2865:Missing or empty 2709:978-1-77559-266-2 2636:, pp. 90–99. 2603:Missing or empty 2590:. 22 August 1930. 2553:, p. 99–119. 2549:, p. 88–93; 2504:, pp. 32–33. 2480:, pp. 82–89. 2468:, pp. 68–76. 2429:, pp. 19–30. 2417:, pp. 28–30. 2373:, pp. 16–17. 2307:, pp. 14–16. 2295:, pp. 10–13. 2271:, pp. 60–61. 1986:Death and funeral 1968:Curtin government 1927:Germany in Europe 1918:Opposition Leader 1889: 1888: 1881: 1863: 1597:Commonwealth Bank 1573:lacking the power 1520:Sir Otto Niemeyer 1512:Sir Robert Gibson 1508:Commonwealth Bank 1440: 1439: 1317: 1304: 1276: 1275: 1197:Western Australia 1109:Division of Yarra 884:Commonwealth Bank 880:Australian Senate 778: 777: 664:18 September 1876 636: 635: 517: 516: 98:Governors General 16:(Redirected from 5707: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5144:Leadership votes 5019: 5018: 4917: 4602:Anthony Albanese 4465:Anthony Albanese 4356:Matthew Charlton 4322: 4312: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4079: 4078: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3804:Preceded by 3777:Preceded by 3750:Preceded by 3723:Preceded by 3696:Preceded by 3672:Matthew Charlton 3669:Preceded by 3640:Matthew Charlton 3637:Preceded by 3610:Preceded by 3588:Member for Yarra 3578:Preceded by 3571:Chester Manifold 3551:Preceded by 3541: 3540: 3529: 3528: 3451: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3322:. Archived from 3304: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3271: 3201:(1969): 97–110. 3194: 3192: 3152: 3133: 3121: 3102: 3083: 3064: 3055: 3045: 3037: 3019: 3000: 2974: 2955: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2798:. Archived from 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2695: 2684: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2152: 2132:Scullin Ministry 2116:Scullin monolith 2090:Ramsay MacDonald 2042:Edward Grayndler 1884: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1862: 1821: 1797: 1789: 1775:royal commission 1746:government bonds 1733:Parliament House 1559:in December 1929 1432: 1425: 1418: 1407: 1365:Scullin Ministry 1309: 1296: 1289:Political career 1272: 1271: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1181:Matthew Charlton 1148:Royal Commission 1144:Bruce government 1039:election of 1913 992:Political career 864:deficit spending 819:Irish-Australian 770: 729: 727: 680: 663: 661: 645:Personal details 627: 615: 606: 592: 577: 565: 556: 542: 523: 522: 510: 500: 491: 472: 462: 453: 434: 424: 415: 385: 384: 379:Arthur Blakeley 376: 364: 357:Matthew Charlton 347: 328: 321:Matthew Charlton 318: 289: 268: 260:Matthew Charlton 256: 230: 221: 207: 197: 175: 166: 145: 133: 81: 59: 56: 51: 32: 31: 21: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5380: 5375: 5345: 5340: 5139: 5064: 5043: 5010: 4964: 4945:South Australia 4930:New South Wales 4915: 4909: 4848:Shadow cabinets 4843: 4707: 4616: 4607:Tanya Plibersek 4507:Arthur Blakeley 4497:Albert Gardiner 4482:Gregor McGregor 4470: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4277: 4272: 4123: 4118: 4088: 4083: 4069: 3876: 3866: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3809: 3799: 3790: 3782: 3772: 3763: 3755: 3745: 3736: 3728: 3718: 3709: 3701: 3691: 3682: 3674: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3632: 3630:Arthur Blakeley 3623: 3615: 3613:Albert Gardiner 3600: 3591: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3534: 3477:Wayback Machine 3432: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3390:on 3 April 2013 3387: 3380: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3349: 3329: 3327: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3259:(1969): 27–36. 3251:Wayback Machine 3233:Pacific Affairs 3149: 3118: 3099: 3080: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3016: 2997: 2971: 2952: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2802:on 26 June 2012 2792:"James Scullin" 2790: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2696: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2246: 2242:, pp. 4–7. 2238: 2234: 2230:, pp. 4–5. 2226: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2191:, pp. 2–4. 2187: 2183: 2179:, pp. 1–2. 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2128: 2094:Richard Bennett 2050: 2010:pulmonary edema 1988: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1828:"James Scullin" 1822: 1820: 1810: 1798: 1787: 1726: 1663:Scullin in 1931 1657: 1578:New South Wales 1541: 1518:representative 1516:Bank of England 1510:Board chairman 1436: 1402: 1397: 1369: 1356: 1328: 1320: 1293: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1240: 1179:In March 1928, 1157: 994: 935:Irish Catholics 919: 870:. Although the 758: 731: 728: 1907) 723: 719: 701:Political party 682: 678: 677:28 January 1953 665: 659: 657: 656: 655: 625: 613: 607: 602: 593: 588: 575: 563: 557: 552: 543: 538: 528: 508: 498: 492: 487: 470: 460: 454: 449: 432: 422: 416: 411: 390: 374: 368:Albert Gardiner 362: 348: 343: 326: 316: 311: 302:Arthur Blakeley 290: 285: 266: 254: 246: 244:Arthur Blakeley 228: 222: 217: 205: 195: 173: 167: 162: 143: 131: 114: 82: 77: 60: 57: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5001:Federal Caucus 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4916:State branches 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4612:Richard Marles 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Arthur Calwell 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4475:Deputy leaders 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4387:Arthur Calwell 4384: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3557: 3554:Gratton Wilson 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3502: 3492: 3483: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3430: 3406: 3405:External links 3403: 3401: 3400: 3374: 3358: 3336: 3306: 3305: 3273: 3272: 3263: 3257:Labour History 3253: 3239: 3229: 3215: 3205: 3199:Labour History 3195: 3175:(2): 163–177. 3154: 3153: 3147: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3103: 3097: 3084: 3078: 3065: 3056: 3033: 3020: 3014: 3001: 2995: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2950: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2911: 2876: 2852:. 25 May 1932. 2841: 2813: 2783: 2781:, p. 466. 2771: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2708: 2685: 2665: 2653: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2539: 2527: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2390: 2375: 2360: 2358:, p. 249. 2348: 2333: 2331:, p. 269. 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2218:, p. 120. 2205: 2203:, p. 119. 2193: 2181: 2169: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2086:Herbert Hoover 2049: 2046: 2038:Esmond Kiernan 2034:Arthur Calwell 1987: 1984: 1923:Japan in China 1910:Premiers' Plan 1887: 1886: 1801: 1799: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1768:, January 1932 1755:Premiers' Plan 1725: 1722: 1656: 1653: 1606:Mungana affair 1540: 1537: 1492:Black Thursday 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1347:Premiers' Plan 1344: 1339: 1319: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1260:a series about 1254: 1239: 1238:Prime minister 1236: 1156: 1153: 993: 990: 918: 915: 895:Premiers' Plan 876:hyperinflation 806:éminence grise 776: 775: 772: 771: 764: 760: 759: 757: 756: 753: 752:Trade unionist 749: 747: 743: 742: 737: 733: 732: 721: 717:Sarah McNamara 715: 714: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 697: 692: 688: 687: 681:(aged 76) 675: 671: 670: 653: 651: 647: 646: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 622: 621: 616: 610: 609: 599: 598: 587:Member of the 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 566: 560: 559: 549: 548: 537:Member of the 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 505: 504: 501: 495: 494: 484: 483: 477: 476: 473: 467: 466: 463: 457: 456: 446: 445: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 408: 407: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 365: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 340: 339: 333: 332: 329: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 310: 309: 306: 303: 299: 297: 293: 292: 282: 281: 275: 274: 269: 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 241: 237: 236: 231: 229:Prime Minister 225: 224: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 174:Prime Minister 170: 169: 159: 158: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 113: 112: 107: 101: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 74: 73: 66: 65: 62: 61: 52: 44: 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4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4446:Julia Gillard 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4393:Gough Whitlam 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362:James Scullin 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4338:Andrew Fisher 4335: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 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2630: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2283:, p. 13. 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2098:George Forbes 2096:(Canada) and 2095: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2078:1931 election 2075: 2074:The Economist 2071: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018:Daniel Mannix 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2003:renal failure 1997: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1980:1949 election 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964:pay-as-you-go 1960: 1956: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906:1934 election 1903: 1902:Country Party 1893: 1883: 1880: 1872: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: – 1829: 1825: 1824:Find sources: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1802:This section 1800: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1779:1931 election 1776: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:cross-benches 1703: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:King George V 1630: 1625: 1619:in about 1930 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:trade deficit 1588: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Hunter Valley 1558: 1553: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:1928 election 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:1929 election 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1449: 1448:Stanley Bruce 1444: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Theodore Plan 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1270: 1268:James Scullin 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:1929 election 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:1928 election 1189: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:and again in 1024: 1020: 1015: 1014:Andrew Fisher 1011: 1007: 998: 989: 987: 982: 980: 979:Alfred Deakin 976: 972: 968: 963: 958: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 923: 914: 911: 906: 904: 903:1931 election 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 773: 769: 765: 761: 754: 751: 750: 748: 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Evatt 4376:Ben Chifley 4369:John Curtin 4351:Frank Tudor 3824:John Curtin 3770:John Latham 3753:John Latham 3743:John Latham 3689:John Latham 3657:John Curtin 3581:Frank Tudor 3352:23 December 3330:23 December 3276:Unpublished 3157:Periodicals 1955:Ben Chifley 1931:John Curtin 1925:, and then 1673:repudiation 1500:Nationalist 1488:Wall Street 1315:(1922–1949) 1311:Member for 1302:(1910–1913) 1300:Corangamite 1298:Member for 1136:backbencher 1105:Frank Tudor 1098:Frank Forde 1031:Joseph Cook 1010:Corangamite 910:backbenches 853:Wall Street 686:, Australia 614:Preceded by 596:Corangamite 569:Frank Tudor 564:Preceded by 499:Preceded by 475:John Latham 465:John Latham 461:Preceded by 423:Preceded by 363:Preceded by 331:John Curtin 317:Preceded by 308:Frank Forde 272:John Latham 255:Preceded by 211:John Curtin 196:Preceded by 189:Frank Forde 132:Preceded by 5599:Categories 5579:Frydenberg 5331:2013 (Oct) 5326:2013 (Jun) 5321:2013 (Mar) 5296:2003 (Dec) 5291:2003 (Jun) 5276:1991 (Dec) 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5394:Watson 5389:Turner 4885:Latham 4865:Hayden 4834:Rudd 2 4819:Rudd 1 4739:Hughes 4719:Watson 4688:Rudd I 4658:Curtin 4648:Hughes 4628:Watson 4230:Latham 4201:Hayden 4171:Curtin 4147:Hughes 4140:Fisher 4133:Watson 4050:Abbott 4030:Howard 4015:Fraser 4000:Gorton 3995:McEwen 3970:Curtin 3965:Fadden 3935:Hughes 3930:Fisher 3920:Fisher 3915:Deakin 3910:Fisher 3905:Deakin 3895:Watson 3890:Deakin 3885:Barton 3446: 3438: 3428: 3309:Online 3244:online 3213:online 3145: 3114: 3095: 3076: 3031: 3012: 2993: 2967: 2948: 2766: 2723:Barber 2706: 2661:Souter 2649:Souter 2514:Maddox 2398:"""". 2383:"""". 2269:Murray 2162:22 May 2048:Legacy 1855: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1739:, 1938 711:Spouse 354:Leader 296:Deputy 240:Deputy 185:Deputy 120:Deputy 5564:Bowen 5539:Kerin 5524:Lynch 5509:Crean 5459:Casey 5454:Lyons 5434:Bruce 5414:Higgs 4880:Crean 4870:Hawke 4759:Forde 4678:Hawke 4663:Forde 4225:Crean 4207:Hawke 4184:Evatt 4153:Tudor 4020:Hawke 3975:Forde 3950:Lyons 3940:Bruce 3509:Trove 3388:(PDF) 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An 724:( 720: 705:Labor 546:Yarra 403:13th 5559:Swan 5494:Bury 5484:Holt 5439:Page 5429:Cook 5424:Watt 5404:Lyne 5336:2019 5316:2012 5311:2010 5306:2006 5301:2005 5286:2001 5281:1996 5266:1983 5261:1982 5246:1976 5241:1968 5236:1967 5231:1966 5226:1960 5221:1959 5216:1956 5211:1954 5206:1951 5201:1945 5196:1935 5191:1931 5186:1928 5181:1922 5176:1920 5171:1916 5166:1915 5161:1913 5156:1907 5151:1901 4895:Rudd 4255:Rudd 4241:Rudd 4045:Rudd 4035:Rudd 3990:Holt 3955:Page 3925:Cook 3900:Reid 3873:list 3499:1931 3497:and 3444:OCLC 3436:ISSN 3426:ISBN 3396:2012 3370:2012 3354:2012 3332:2012 3301:help 3143:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3093:ISBN 3074:ISBN 3052:link 3048:link 3029:ISBN 3010:ISBN 2991:ISBN 2965:ISBN 2946:ISBN 2906:help 2871:help 2836:2014 2808:2014 2764:ISBN 2704:ISBN 2609:help 2164:2022 2026:ACTU 1832:news 1695:saw 1567:and 1393:1934 1388:1931 1383:1929 1378:1928 1203:and 1027:1913 1023:1911 1006:1910 886:and 866:and 674:Died 650:Born 594:for 544:for 4643:III 3507:by 3223:doi 3185:hdl 3177:doi 2678:doi 2118:in 1815:by 1172:by 1111:in 1004:In 5601:: 4638:II 3442:. 3434:. 3424:. 3414:. 3292:: 3290:}} 3286:{{ 3183:. 3173:65 3171:. 3167:. 3044:}} 3040:{{ 2897:: 2895:}} 2891:{{ 2862:: 2860:}} 2856:{{ 2824:. 2794:. 2688:^ 2641:^ 2600:: 2598:}} 2594:{{ 2434:^ 2363:^ 2336:^ 2247:^ 2208:^ 2145:^ 2036:, 1982:. 1970:. 1757:. 1482:, 1199:, 1045:. 905:. 726:m. 55:c. 5370:e 5363:t 5356:v 4829:2 4814:2 4804:4 4799:3 4794:2 4784:3 4779:2 4769:2 4754:2 4734:3 4729:2 4302:e 4295:t 4288:v 4113:e 4106:t 4099:v 3875:) 3871:( 3861:e 3854:t 3847:v 3524:. 3450:. 3398:. 3372:. 3356:. 3334:. 3303:) 3299:( 3225:: 3193:. 3187:: 3179:: 3151:. 3120:. 3101:. 3082:. 3054:) 3018:. 2999:. 2973:. 2954:. 2908:) 2904:( 2873:) 2869:( 2838:. 2810:. 2725:. 2712:. 2680:: 2611:) 2607:( 2565:. 2492:. 2456:. 2346:. 2259:. 2166:. 1882:) 1876:( 1871:) 1867:( 1857:· 1850:· 1843:· 1836:· 1809:. 1431:e 1424:t 1417:v 662:) 658:( 20:)

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