700:(RMV) is the volume of gas that is breathed by a diver in a minute. For a working commercial diver IMCA suggests RMV = 35 L/min. For emergencies IMCA suggests RMV = 40 L/min Decompression RMV is usually less as the diver is not generally working hard. Smaller values can be used for estimating dive times, The diver can use measured values for themself, but worst case values should be used to calculate critical pressures for turnaround or ascent and for rescue, as the RMV of a diver will usually increase with stress or exertion. Some divers calculate personal dive factors which are reasonably consistent values for multiples of resting gas consumption for different levels of work, such as decompressing, relaxed diving, sustained swimming, hard work etc. These factors can be used to estimate RMV.
474:
36:
629:
than 50 bar or 700 psi or something similar remaining, but one of the reasons for having the 50 bar in reserve is to make the return to the boat safer, by allowing the diver to swim on the surface in choppy water while breathing off the regulator. This residual gas may also be well used for an extended or additional safety stop when the dive approached the no decompression limit, but it is good practice not to entirely use up the gas if it can safely be avoided, as an empty cylinder is easier to contaminate during handling, and the filling operator may be required to have any cylinder which does not register a residual pressure when presented for filling internally inspected to ensure that it has not been contaminated by water ingress.
341:
available, and close enough to optimum for practical purposes. If the volume of decompression gas is too much for one cylinder, different mixes may be carried, each optimised for a different depth range of the planned decompression schedule. Although the actual time spent breathing decompression gas may be longer than the bottom time, it is mostly used at much shallower depths, so the amount needed is usually considerably less than the bottom gas. The default decompression gas for a single gas dive is the bottom gas, and where the planned decompression will be short, it may not be worth the cost and task loading to carry a dedicated decompression gas unless it can also function as a bailout gas.
293:, to maintain the set point — the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop that the electronics or diver maintains during the dive. In this case the actual breathing mixture varies with the depth, and is made up of a diluent blend mixed with oxygen. The diluent is usually a gas blend that can be used for bailout if necessary. Relatively small amounts of diluent are used in a rebreather, as the inert components are neither metabolised nor exhausted to the environment while the diver remains at depth, but are rebreathed repetitively, only being lost during ascent, when the gas expands in inverse proportion to the pressure, and must be vented to maintain the correct volume in the loop.
482:
944:
larger cracking pressure to open the demand valve, and flow rate will be reduced. These effects increase as the interstage pressure decreases. This can provide the diver with a warning that gas supply from that cylinder will immanently cease. However, in at least one regulator design, once the interstage pressure has been sufficiently reduced, the inflatable second stage servo-valve will deflate and effectively lock open the demand valve, allowing the residual gas to escape until the cylinder pressure has dropped to approximately equal the ambient pressure, at which point flow will stop until the ambient pressure is reduced by ascending to shallower depth.
305:) at the working depth. Most dives will use the same mixture for the whole dive, so the composition will be selected to be breathable at all planned depths. There may be decompression considerations. The amount of inert gas that will dissolve in the tissues depends on the partial pressure of the gas its solubility and the time it is breathed at pressure, so the gas may be enriched with oxygen to reduce decompression requirements. The gas must also have a breathable density at the maximum depth intended for its use. A recommended value for maximum density is 6 grams per litre, as higher densities reduce the maximum ventilation rate sufficiently to induce
1278:
ascent as it is a stressful situation, and it is prudent to take this into account. For occupational divers the values should be chosen according to recommendations of the code of practice in use, but if a higher value is chosen it is unlikely that anyone would object. Recreational divers are advised by the training agencies to use values which the agency considers appropriate and unlikely to lead to litigation, which are generally conservative and based on published experimental data, but the divers may have the discretion to use RMV values of their own choice, based on personal experience and informed acceptance of risk.
1798:
it is necessary would be even worse, and it would be pointless to carry gas that cannot be used. This requires the diver to be negatively buoyant by the total mass of gas carried at the start of the dive with an empty buoyancy compensator, so the buoyancy compensator must have sufficient volume to neutralise this excess and any further loss of buoyancy in the diving suit during the descent. Calculation of the required weight and buoyancy volume to compensate for gas use can be done if the mass of the stored gas is known. Compensation for
624:, and can safely ascend directly to the surface at any point of a dive. Such ascents do not use a large volume of gas, and these divers are commonly taught to start the ascent at a given remaining pressure in the cylinder, regardless of the depth, size of cylinder, or breathing rate expected, mainly because it is easy to remember and makes the dive leader's work simpler on group dives. The method originated in the non-adjustable reserve pressure cutoff provided by mechanical reserve cylinder valves which were in general use before the
1777:
the overall weight carried by the diver, so it can be an advantage to use steel, even at the higher pressure rating of 300 bar, as long as this does not overwhelm the buoyancy of the other equipment with the buoyancy compensator empty. The need for buoyancy compensator inflation to achieve neutral buoyancy when all cylinders are empty and no ditchable weights are worn indicates that the selection is unsafe, as it would be necessary to ditch breathing gas to regain buoyancy in the event of a buoyancy compensator failure.
332:
during ascent in an emergency. If it is not possible to use a single gas for all depths, two bailout mixtures may be needed. In such cases, there will be a travel gas, which can serve as a second bailout gas, and usually a decompression gas which can be used for bailout at shallower depths. A dedicated bailout gas is not intended to be used during the dive if all goes to plan, but the ability to bail out to a gas with another useful function during the planned dive is more efficient in terms of equipment complexity.
20:
44:
686:"Rock bottom gas planning" refers to the methods of scuba gas quantity calculation based on a planned dive profile where a reasonably accurate estimate of the depths, times, and level of activity expected for each stage of the dive is available, so fairly rigorous calculations for gas mixtures and the appropriate quantities of each mixture are useful. Gas consumption depends on the ambient pressure, the breathing rate, and the duration of the dive sector under those conditions.
1577:
13034:
13104:
13092:
13058:
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throughout the dive, but can not take advantage of optimising the breathing gas for decompression, or having an independent emergency supply that does not rely on the presence of a dive buddy where and when needed. A single cylinder puts the diver in a position of dependence on the buddy for alternative breathing gas in case of an emergency cutting off the main air supply, unless the option of a free ascent is acceptable.
158:
enough to make fairly rigorous calculations useful. Simpler, easier, and fairly arbitrary rules of thumb are commonly used for dives which do not require long decompression stops. These methods are often adequate for low risk dives, but relying on them for more complex dive plans can put divers at significantly greater risk if they are unaware of the limitations of each method and apply them inappropriately.
13046:
2640:... since oxygen has some narcotic properties, it is appropriate to include the oxygen in the END calculation when using trimixes (Lambersten et al. 1977,1978). The non-helium portion (i.e., the sum of the oxygen and the nitrogen) is to be regarded as having the same narcotic potency as an equivalent partial pressure of nitrogen in air, regardless of the proportions of oxygen and nitrogen.
66:, including decompression, is known, but the process may be iterative, involving changes to the dive profile as a consequence of the gas requirement calculation, or changes to the gas mixtures chosen. Use of calculated reserves based on planned dive profile and estimated gas consumption rates rather than an arbitrary pressure is sometimes referred to as
647:. The basic rule generally only applies to diving in overhead environments, such as caves and wrecks, where a direct ascent to the surface is impossible and the divers must return the way they came, and no decompression stops are intended. If decompression is planned, the rule of thirds may be applied additional to decompression gas requirements.
651:
with a higher breathing rate or a different volume of gas, it may be necessary to set one third of the buddy's gas supply as the remaining 'third'. This means that the turn point to exit is earlier, or that the diver with the lower breathing rate carries a larger volume of gas than would be required if both had the same breathing rate.
1742:
above the minimum functional pressure at the depth where the gas will last be used. Buoyancy and trim consequences of the tank choice should be considered, both as a consequence of the inherent buoyancy characteristics of the cylinder complete with regulator and other accessories, and due to the use of the contents during the dive.
1776:
The commonly available materials are aluminium alloy and steel. Short high-pressure steel cylinders may be quite negatively buoyant, while long aluminium cylinders may be close to neutral when full, and buoyant when empty. Back gas cylinders that are negatively buoyant to a moderate extent can reduce
1772:
The material and pressure rating of cylinders affects convenience, ergonomics and safety. Buoyancy control is easier, more stable, and safer when the gas volume needed to achieve neutral buoyancy is minimised, particularly at the end of a dive during ascent and decompression when total gas mass is at
1741:
Each gas must be provided in sufficient quantity to adequately supply the diver throughout the relevant sector(s) of the dive. This is done by selecting a cylinder or cylinders which when filled can contain at least the required amount of gas, including any relevant reserve and contingency allowance,
1732:
A fourth, logistical reason, is availability of cylinders of suitable capacity. The largest capacity cylinders in general use for scuba diving are 18 litre 232 bar steel cylinders, and they are relatively uncommon. Multiple cylinders may be chosen simply to provide sufficient capacity for the planned
1564:
Gas matching is the calculation of reserve and turn pressures for divers using different cylinder volumes or with different gas consumption rates on the same dive, allowing each diver to ensure that sufficient gas is retained to allow for foreseeable contingencies where divers may need to share gas,
650:
For divers following this rule, one third of the gas supply is used for the outward journey, one third for the return journey and one third is held in reserve in case of an emergency. The dive is turned when the first diver reaches one third of the starting pressure. However, when diving with a buddy
520:
suspends the primary cylinders from the harness at the diver's sides: usually two cylinders of approximately equal size would be used. Additional decompression cylinders may be attached in a similar way. The method of carrying cylinders suspended at the sides of the harness known as sling mounting is
177:
is the default gas for most shallow recreational diving, and in some parts of the world it may be the only gas easily available. It is freely available, consistent in quality and easily compressed. If there were no problems associated with the use of air for deeper and longer dives, there would be no
1788:
or handed off to another diver must be negative when dropped, to prevent them from floating away, and should be close to neutral so that the diver's buoyancy is not changed more than necessary when they are dropped, and it must be possible to achieve and maintain neutral buoyancy throughout the dive
1001:
Critical pressures are calculated by adding up all the volumes of gas required for the parts of the dive after the critical point, and for other functions such as suit inflation and buoyancy control if these are supplied from the same set of cylinders, and dividing this total volume by the volume of
394:
effect on the diver. As helium has no narcotic effect, this can be avoided by adding helium to the mixture so that the partial pressure of narcotic gases remains below a debilitating level. This varies depending on the diver, and there is significant cost in helium mixtures, but the increased safety
218:
Nitrox is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Technically this can include air and hypoxic nitrox mixtures, where the gas fraction of oxygen is less than in air (21%), but these are not generally used. Nitrox is generally understood as air enriched by additional oxygen, as that is the usual method for
157:
The term "rock bottom gas planning" is used for the method of gas planning based on a planned dive profile where a reasonably accurate estimate of the depths, times, and level of activity is available, so the calculations for gas mixtures and the appropriate quantities of each mixture are known well
1797:
The diver must carry sufficient weight to remain neutral at the shallowest decompression stop until all the gas has been used. This is a severe contingency scenario, as something would have gone wrong for all the gas to have been used, but not being able to stay down to use the last of the gas when
1728:
Deep open circuit technical dives may require a combination of bottom gas, travel gas and two or more different decompression gases, which poses a challenge to the diver of how to carry them all and use them correctly, as misuse of a gas in an inappropriate depth range can lead to hypoxia or oxygen
1277:
for the planned dive. A commonly considered contingency is to share gas with another diver from the point in the dive where the maximum time is needed to reach the surface or other place where more gas is available. It is likely that both divers will have a higher than normal RMV during an assisted
576:
along the route at the points where they will be needed on the return or ascent. The cylinders are usually clipped to a distance line or shot line, to ensure that they are easy to find and unlikely to get lost. These cylinders would typically contain a gas mixture close to optimal for the sector of
543:
The commonly used configurations for multiple cylinders are to either carry the bottom gas in back-mounted cylinders of sufficient total volume, either manifolded or independent, and the other mixes in sling-mounts clipped off to the sides of the diver's harness on D-rings, or to carry all gases in
494:
The amount of gas needed on a dive depends on whether the scuba equipment to be used is open, semi-closed or closed circuit. Open circuit diving exhausts all respired gas to the surroundings, regardless of how much has been useful to the diver, whereas a semi-closed or closed circuit system retains
322:
as it is usually the gas carried in the back-mounted cylinders, which are the largest capacity scuba set carried in most cases, but the back gas is not necessarily the bottom gas. Occasionally most of the dive will be at a shallower depth, with a short excursion to a greater depth where a different
1690:
The fundamental decision in choice of cylinders is whether the entire gas supply for the dive is to be carried in one set, or is to be divided into more than one set for different parts of the dive. Diving with a single cylinder is logistically simple, and makes all the gas available for breathing
943:
This does not mean that all the remaining gas is unobtainable from a cylinder; rather that the regulator will deliver some of it less efficiently than the designed work of breathing, and the rest only when the ambient pressure is reduced. In most regulator designs the diver will have to overcome a
628:
became a standard component of the scuba set. It may occasionally be insufficiently conservative, but is more often unnecessarily conservative, particularly on shallow dives with a large cylinder. Divers may be told to notify the dive leader at 80 or 100 bar and to return to the boat with not less
563:
strapped to the primary back mounted cylinder, or in a small cylinder (Spare air) supported by a pocket attached to the buoyancy compensator. When more than one cylinder of the same mix are side-mounted, the cylinders not in use function as bailout sets, provided they contain enough gas to get the
551:
The diver must be able to positively identify the gas supplied by any one of the several demand valves that these configurations require, to avoid potentially fatal problems of oxygen toxicity, hypoxia, nitrogen narcosis or divergence from the decompression plan which may occur if an inappropriate
457:
The gas can be checked for density at maximum depth as this can have a significant effect on the work of breathing. An excessive work of breathing will reduce the diver's reserve capacity to deal with a possible emergency if physical exertion is required. A preferred maximum gas density of 5.2 g/L
1649:
when descending, and is vented to the surroundings and lost when ascending. When the diver is at constant depth, diluent usage is very low, and is restricted to diluent flushes to check oxygen sensor calibration, and bailout to open circuit, at which point it will be used at the same rate as open
677:
A different option for penetration dives is the "half + 15 bar" (half + 200 psi) method, in which the contingency gas for the stage is carried in the primary cylinders. Some divers consider this method to be the most conservative when multi-staging. If all goes to plan when using this method, the
214:
In an effort to reduce the decompression problems resulting from the high partial pressures of nitrogen the diver is exposed to when breathing air at depth, oxygen may be added as a substitute for some of the nitrogen. The resulting mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is known as nitrox. The traces of
736:
The available volume of gas in a cylinder is the volume which may be used before reaching a critical pressure, generally known as the reserve. The value chosen for reserve should be sufficient for the diver to make a safe ascent in sub-optimal conditions. It may require supply of gas to a second
317:
Bottom gas is the term for the gas intended for use during the deepest parts of the dive, and may not be suitable for shallower sectors. Where the maximum depth exceeds the limits for a normoxic breathing gas, a hypoxic mixture should be selected, to control the risk of oxygen toxicity. This may
236:
is an inert gas which is used in breathing mixtures for diving to reduce or eliminate the narcotic effects of other gases at depth. It is a relatively expensive gas and has some undesirable side effects, and as a result is used where it significantly improves safety. Another desirable feature of
349:
A travel gas is a gas mixture which is intended to be used during descent in the depth range where the bottom gas is unsuitable. If a hypoxic bottom gas is required it may not reliably support consciousness at the surface or at shallow depths, and in this case a travel gas will be needed to get
331:
A bailout gas is an emergency gas supply carried by the diver to be used if the main gas supply fails. It should be breathable at all planned depths, but as it will not be used at maximum depth for long, can have a slightly higher oxygen fraction than the bottom gas, which could be advantageous
1780:
Cylinders that are buoyant when full require ballasting to make them manageable underwater. These are usually fibre wound composite cylinders, which are also expensive, relatively easy to damage, and usually have a shorter service life, but may be useful for dives where access to the water is
340:
Decompression gas is the gas intended for use for planned decompression. it is generally chosen to accelerate decompression by providing a relatively high oxygen partial pressure at decompression stops. it can be optimised to minimise total decompression time, or selected from what is already
947:
A value of 10 bar interstage pressure plus ambient pressure is a suitable estimate for minimum functional pressure for most planning purposes. This value will vary with the depth, and a regulator that has stopped delivering breathing gas may deliver a little more gas as the ambient pressure
513:
is the system where one or more cylinders are firmly attached to a harness, usually with a buoyancy compensator jacket or wing, and carried on the diver's back. Back mount allows cylinders to be manifolded together as twins, or for special circumstances, trips or quads. It is a high-profile
263:. Consequently, the tissues saturate faster with helium, but also desaturate faster, provided bubble formation can be avoided. Decompression of saturated tissues will be faster for helium, but unsaturated tissues may take longer or shorter than with nitrogen depending on the dive profile.
939:
Breathing gas regulators will work efficiently down to a cylinder pressure slightly above the designed interstage pressure. This pressure may be called minimum functional cylinder pressure. It will vary with depth as the nominal interstage pressure is additional to the ambient pressure.
1669:
system adds gas when the counterlung is empty, and exhausts a proportion of the exhaled volume on each breath, so gas consumption is proportional to depth and breathing rate. This is similar to open circuit consumption, but at a lower rate, proportional to the discharge
1661:
system using constant mass flow injection will use gas at a constant rate independent of depth, exertion, or breathing rate during descent, except when flushing the loop or adding gas to maintain loop volume. Endurance is mainly a function of cylinder content and orifice
544:
side-mounted cylinders. Decompression gas, when different from the gas used for the main part of the dive, is commonly carried in one or more cylinders suspended from the side of the diver's harness by clips. Multiple cylinders may be carried this way for extreme dives.
2164:
If this is to be used at 50 msw, absolute pressure can be taken as 6 bar, and density will be 6 Ă 0.96488 = 5.78 kg/m This is less than the upper limit of 6.2 kg/m recommended by
Anthony and Mitchell, but more than their preferred limit of 5.2 kg/m
70:. The purpose of gas planning is to ensure that for all reasonably foreseeable contingencies, the divers of a team have sufficient breathing gas to safely return to a place where more breathing gas is available. In almost all cases this will be the surface.
9237:
2126:
The mass of the helium is a small part of the total. and density of oxygen and nitrogen are fairly similar. A reasonable approximation is to use the volume at 20 °C, ignore the mass of helium and take all nitrox and air components to be 1.3 kg/m.
398:
Apart from helium, and probably neon, all gases that can be breathed have a narcotic effect which increases with raised partial pressure, with oxygen suspected to have a narcotic effect comparable to that of nitrogen, though the evidence is inconclusive.
1284:
To check whether the bail-out cylinder has adequate gas (for one diver) in case of an emergency at the planned depth, critical pressure should be calculated based on the planned profile and should allow change-over, ascent and all planned decompression.
1568:
It is standard practice to turn the dive immediately on starting emergency gas sharing, so matched gas volumes only apply from the turning point. Up to that point only the diver's own consumption under the expected conditions need be considered.
552:
gas is used. One of the conventions puts the oxygen rich gases to the right, Other methods include labelling by content and/or maximum operating depth (MOD), and identification by touch. Often several or all of these methods are used together.
108:
Estimation of gas quantities for reasonably foreseeable contingencies. Under stress it is likely that a diver will increase breathing rate and decrease swimming speed. Both of these lead to a higher gas consumption during an emergency exit or
495:
most of the respired gas, and restores it to a respirable condition by removing the waste product carbon dioxide, and making up the oxygen content to a suitable partial pressure. Closed and semi-closed circuit scuba sets are also known as
9175:
1802:
is a bit more complex and depends on the type and thickness of neoprene and surface area of the suit, and is best determined by experiment. Dry suit buoyancy loss can, and normally should, be corrected by inflation during the descent.
1178:
Critical pressures for ascent or turnaround will be measured at ambient temperature and do not require compensation, but critical pressure for descent may be measured at a temperature considerably higher than the temperature at depth.
453:
These are optimum values for minimizing decompression and helium cost. A lower fraction of oxygen would be acceptable, but would be a disadvantage for decompression, and a higher fraction of helium would be acceptable but cost more.
514:
arrangement and may be unsuited to some sites where the diver needs to pass through low openings. This is the standard configuration for single or twin cylinder recreational diving, and for much technical diving in open water.
270:. Oxygen is limited by toxicity constraints, and nitrogen is limited by acceptable narcotic effects. Helium is used to make up the rest of the mixture, and may also be used to reduce the density to reduce work of breathing.
598:
The formal and relatively complete procedure for scuba gas planning assumes that a dive plan is available that is sufficiently detailed that most of the variables are known. many recreational dives are conducted on a more
395:
and efficiency of work resulting from helium use can be worth the cost. The other disadvantage of helium based mixtures is the increased cooling of the diver. Dry suits should not be inflated with helium-rich mixtures.
669:, where it is not possible to ascend directly to the surface, the reserve allows the diver to donate gas to an out-of-gas buddy, providing enough gas to let both divers exit the enclosure and ascend to the surface.
219:
producing it. Gas fraction of oxygen may range from 22% to 99%, but is more usually in the range of 25% to 40% for bottom gas (breathed during the main part of the dive), and 32 to 80% for decompression mixtures.
1626:
and gas density. There is another limit on the amount of oxygen that can be usefully carried, in that the endurance of a rebreather is limited by the amount of carbon dioxide that the scrubber can absorb before
547:
Sidemount harnesses require the cylinders to be carried individually clipped to the harness at the sides of the diver. Skilled sidemount exponents can carry 6 aluminum 80 cylinders this way, 3 each side.
589:
has become generic for any cylinder carried at the diver's side in addition to the bottom gas. Gas redundancy protocols should be applied to drop cylinders just like for any other breathing gas supply.
849:
Calculation of gas requirement for a dive can be broken up into simpler estimates for gas requirement for sectors of the dive, and then added together to indicate the requirement for the entire dive.
9189:
318:
result in a bottom gas composition that will not reliably support consciousness at the surface or at shallow depths, and in this case a travel gas will be needed. Bottom gas is often referred to as
948:
decreases, allowing a few more breaths from the cylinder during ascent if the gas is used up during the dive. The amount of gas available in this way depends on the internal volume of the cylinder.
678:
divers surface with stages nearly empty, but with all the contingency gas still in their primary cylinders. With a single stage drop, this means the primary cylinders will still be about half-full.
5425:
606:
The quantity of gas needed for a planned dive comprises the calculated quantity of gas for consumption on the planned profile and additional gas intended for contingencies, also known as the
9182:
10058:
6830:
9906:
6586:
5466:
259:
Helium is less soluble than nitrogen in body tissues, but as a consequence of its very small molecular weight of 4, compared with 28 for nitrogen, it diffuses faster as is described by
12935:
9196:
6825:
477:
Rebreathers recirculate the breathing gas after removing the carbon dioxide and compensating for oxygen used. This allows considerably lower gas consumption at the cost of complexity
1815:, at which densities for gases are readily available. The mass of each component of a gas is calculated for the volume of that component, using the gas fraction for that component.
8129:
1698:
A fully independent supply of breathing gas is provided for emergencies where the primary gas supply is interrupted. This is generally termed bailout gas, and may be carried in a
28:
8055:
9282:
2144:
Calculation of density is quite straightforward. The gas fraction is multiplied by the free gas density for each gas, and summed, then multiplied by the absolute pressure.
2332:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program.
1724:
may be used to transit the hypoxic range. It may be possible to use one of the decompression mixtures as a travel gas, which would reduce the number of cylinders carried.
8029:
10455:
10090:
9894:
9829:
6574:
5461:
9803:
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10108:
9930:
5683:
97:
91:
12632:
10496:
9900:
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977:
Critical pressures may also be specified for the start of the dive and for turnaround where direct ascent is not possible or not desirable. These can be called
3005:
6877:
9168:
7837:
6254:
1281:
The procedure is identical to that for any other multi-sector gas consumption calculation, except that two divers are involved, doubling the effective RMV.
9698:
5878:
2438:
1763:
1618:
The gas requirements for a closed circuit rebreather are very different to open circuit. Oxygen consumption is independent of depth, and is controlled by
10535:
8039:
689:
Ambient pressure is a direct function of the depth. It is atmospheric pressure at the surface, plus hydrostatic pressure, at 1 bar per 10 m depth.
12765:
10501:
1773:
a minimum. The need for a large volume of gas in the buoyancy compensator during ascent increases risk of an uncontrolled ascent during decompression.
507:
Another aspect of scuba configuration is how the primary cylinders are carried by the diver. The two basic arrangements are back mount and side mount.
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8159:
9876:
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8119:
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2785:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (17th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on 12 April 2009
301:
The composition of a breathing gas mixture will depend on its intended use. The mix must be chosen to provide a safe partial pressure of oxygen (PO
2847:
Buzzacott, P.; Rosenberg, M.; Heyworth, J.; Pikora, T. (2011). "Risk factors for running low on gas in recreational divers in
Western Australia".
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The basic problem with estimating a gas allowance for contingencies is to decide what contingencies to allow for. This is addressed in the
2344:
CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company.
1211:
Example: Pressure correction for temperature: The cylinders are at about 30°C, water temperature is 10°C, critical pressure for descent (P
62:
which deals with the calculation or estimation of the amounts and mixtures of gases to be used for a planned dive. It may assume that the
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122:
Specifying the critical pressures of relevant gas mixtures for appropriate stages (waypoints) of the planned dive profile (gas matching).
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10506:
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9427:
7288:
10102:
9912:
1292:
A dive is planned to 30 m which requires 6 minutes decompression at 3 m. For emergencies IMCA recommends assuming RMV = 40 L/min
13062:
12089:
9737:
9716:
9299:
9232:
8049:
5903:
852:
A dive sector should be at a constant depth, or an average depth can be estimated. This is used to get the sector ambient pressure (P
974:, as this indicates the amount of gas required to safely ascend with allowances for specific contingencies listed in the dive plan.
245:
compared to nitrogen. These properties reduce work of breathing, which can become a limiting factor to the diver at extreme depths.
11995:
9704:
9038:
8174:
6720:
3010:
2135:
This method will seldom be out by as much as a kg, which is close enough for buoyancy estimates for most open circuit scuba mixes.
365:
At a given temperature, the amount of gas that can dissolve in a fluid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
654:
Reserves are needed at the end of dives in case the diver has gone deeper or longer than planned and must remain underwater to do
116:
to carry the required gases. Each cylinder volume and working pressure must be sufficient to contain the required quantity of gas.
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9547:
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mixture is required. Where a decompression gas is to be carried, the bottom gas can be optimised for the deep sector of the dive.
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350:
through the hypoxic depth range. The travel gas may also be used during ascent, where it will serve as a decompression gas.
35:
5311:
1666:
964:) are pressures that must not be dropped below during a given part of a planned dive as they provide gas for emergencies.
868:) are all calculated at surface pressure, they can later be added directly. This reduces the risk of confusion and error.
13001:
12975:
12216:
9948:
9780:
8636:
7810:
7310:
5678:
4492:
4262:
1710:
1658:
102:
12127:
2778:
13050:
12778:
12507:
12379:
9732:
6648:
6459:
6203:
5863:
5035:
572:
If the route of the dive is constrained or can be reliably planned, cylinders for bailout of decompression gas can be
12930:
8124:
7959:
6985:
6780:
6598:
5838:
5773:
5644:
4847:
3967:
3579:
3142:
2761:
2733:
2596:
2488:
2392:
1812:
9048:
1781:
unusually difficult, such as deep in caves or at high altitude, when cylinders for multiple dives must be provided.
1706:, or the primary gas supply may be split and carried in two (or more) similarly sized independent primary cylinders.
737:
diver (buddy breathing) Available gas may be corrected to surface pressure, or specified at a given depth pressure.
13070:
12801:
12132:
10471:
10365:
9960:
8544:
7708:
7585:
7165:
6449:
5788:
5451:
4890:
5738:
266:
Helium is usually mixed with oxygen and air to produce a range of effectively three component gas blends known as
12885:
12652:
10230:
8806:
8011:
8005:
5843:
5639:
2905:
1680:
8283:
2587:
Bennett, Peter; 2=Rostain, Jean Claude (2003). "Inert Gas
Narcosis". In Brubakk, Alf O.; Neuman, Tom S. (eds.).
1767:
11412:
10476:
10427:
10411:
10320:
10193:
9769:
9692:
9528:
8822:
8586:
7743:
7703:
7602:
7322:
6725:
6241:
6074:
6042:
5848:
5456:
5211:
4430:
4096:
3741:
3690:
3430:
2849:
119:
Calculation of the pressures for each of the gases in each of the cylinders to provide the required quantities.
2562:
481:
12317:
12183:
12137:
11904:
11702:
10516:
10096:
10002:
8504:
8194:
8189:
7994:
7894:
7820:
7693:
7095:
7085:
6604:
5893:
5888:
5778:
5668:
5656:
5634:
4594:
4369:
4116:
3127:
2804:
2293:
13096:
12880:
12875:
12703:
11984:
11807:
11722:
11627:
11352:
10573:
10481:
10337:
9798:
9727:
9405:
8798:
8790:
8148:
7384:
7175:
6883:
6208:
5858:
5823:
5783:
5609:
4988:
3574:
1619:
256:
more easily and rapidly than other gases. Helium based mixtures should not be used for dry-suit inflation.
1694:
Diving with multiple cylinders is done for three basic procedural reasons, or a combination of the three.
200:
These limitations may be mitigated by the use of gases blended specifically for breathing under pressure.
12955:
12401:
12169:
11522:
11357:
11131:
10685:
10325:
10175:
10144:
10014:
9918:
9841:
9774:
9678:
9417:
9365:
8814:
8524:
7914:
7779:
7728:
6745:
6351:
5951:
5446:
5241:
4799:
4545:
4051:
2942:
1588:
841:
The
Available gas and the RMV must both be correct for the depth, or both corrected to surface pressure.
10593:
4290:
13084:
13077:
13038:
12970:
12536:
12476:
12152:
12042:
11612:
11582:
11262:
10349:
9996:
8879:
8308:
7889:
6870:
6454:
5936:
5898:
5828:
5000:
4947:
3440:
2898:
1632:
625:
1002:
the cylinder set. A minimum functional pressure is added to this value to give the critical pressure.
12870:
12079:
10026:
9942:
9568:
9410:
9395:
9360:
8884:
8646:
8581:
7784:
7758:
7651:
7590:
7250:
6663:
6246:
6236:
6035:
5522:
5387:
4832:
4514:
4462:
4418:
3338:
2232:(1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 113â158.
697:
658:
before being able to ascend safely to the surface. A diver without gas cannot do the stops and risks
8782:
2703:(1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 91â106.
2461:
47:
Most recreational divers rely on their buddy to supply air in an emergency via a second demand valve
13108:
12521:
12416:
10953:
10745:
10138:
9449:
9309:
9238:
ISO 24801 Recreational diving services â Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
9016:
8931:
8830:
8672:
8492:
8298:
8164:
7235:
7197:
6961:
5883:
5803:
5584:
5261:
5181:
4204:
3625:
3458:
2822:
1751:
5161:
1713:
may be carried. Typically these gases are not suitable for breathing at maximum dive depth due to
12910:
12721:
12441:
12307:
12084:
11552:
11382:
10795:
10760:
10406:
9400:
9377:
9154:
9093:
8946:
8896:
8403:
8398:
8363:
8234:
8169:
7964:
7939:
7919:
7774:
7359:
7298:
7260:
7058:
6835:
6740:
6444:
6399:
6379:
6369:
6169:
5978:
5693:
5206:
5166:
4982:
4447:
4413:
4322:
4242:
4141:
3857:
3702:
3557:
3254:
3181:
3149:
2972:
2967:
2408:
2192:
638:
2354:
13130:
12514:
12484:
12312:
12193:
11873:
11512:
11196:
11171:
10775:
10608:
10008:
8696:
8514:
8413:
8353:
7899:
7748:
7580:
7575:
7513:
7026:
7021:
7002:
6931:
6850:
6755:
6735:
6633:
6525:
6086:
6069:
6057:
6030:
5763:
5629:
4540:
4327:
3800:
3525:
3358:
3201:
3154:
3109:
3089:
2437:
Anthony, Gavin; Mitchell, Simon J. (2016). Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.).
2174:
1759:
659:
621:
283:
267:
228:
193:
9068:
2699:
Mount, Tom (August 2008). "9: Equipment
Configuration". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.).
12960:
12642:
12637:
12396:
12384:
12231:
11945:
11312:
11267:
11051:
10725:
10391:
10220:
10084:
9882:
8869:
8854:
8549:
8539:
8472:
8467:
8323:
8318:
8303:
8265:
8184:
8179:
7518:
7501:
7369:
7364:
7283:
6888:
6795:
6550:
6364:
6052:
6047:
5973:
5868:
5758:
5688:
5549:
5544:
5156:
5029:
4562:
4337:
4161:
4012:
3987:
3937:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3591:
3206:
3196:
3164:
2798:
2779:"AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving Operations in Cave and Cavern Environments: A Proposal"
2448:
Rebreathers and
Scientific Diving. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS June 16-19, 2015 Workshop
1799:
1628:
7884:
13006:
12996:
12920:
12855:
12288:
12198:
12159:
12114:
12030:
12025:
11492:
11487:
11377:
11252:
10943:
10908:
10396:
9990:
9254:
9031:
8971:
8859:
8712:
8358:
7999:
7924:
7805:
7506:
7466:
7240:
7110:
7070:
6686:
6643:
6628:
6394:
6389:
6147:
6005:
6000:
5833:
5808:
5768:
5151:
5136:
5024:
4784:
4743:
4718:
4567:
4467:
4437:
4076:
3982:
3872:
3717:
3618:
3596:
3569:
3423:
3353:
3281:
3074:
1565:
based on each diver's cylinder volumes, and both divers' individual gas consumption rates.
59:
1175:
The temperature of the gas should be taken into account when checking critical pressures.
898:) in the cylinder used to store this gas depends on the internal volume of the cylinder (V
390:
Breathing air deeper than 30 metres (100 ft) (pressure > 4 bar) has a significant
139:
variation in consumption due to dive conditions and personal physical and mental condition
8:
12850:
12529:
12226:
12069:
12064:
11878:
11838:
11792:
11697:
11482:
11191:
10623:
10491:
10310:
9888:
9588:
9533:
9519:
9422:
8921:
8864:
8843:
8691:
8477:
8383:
8378:
7738:
7539:
7207:
7153:
7036:
6845:
6730:
6568:
6540:
6433:
6356:
6131:
6079:
5968:
5818:
5604:
5574:
5494:
5382:
5377:
5201:
5176:
4932:
4779:
4673:
4668:
4166:
3952:
3827:
3810:
3805:
3763:
3673:
3137:
2818:
1631:, and the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the diver is very closely related by the
1183:
253:
10653:
9098:
8986:
8936:
1811:
A simple method for calculating the mass of a volume of gas is to calculate its mass at
16:
Estimation of breathing gas mixtures and quantities required for a planned dive profile
12905:
12751:
12493:
12406:
12278:
12266:
12142:
11587:
11166:
11096:
10933:
10898:
10883:
10855:
10815:
10805:
10450:
10401:
10370:
10032:
9823:
9598:
9583:
9499:
9147:
8961:
8889:
8761:
8509:
8333:
8109:
8044:
7969:
7934:
7929:
7909:
7849:
7789:
7688:
7570:
7354:
7187:
6800:
6336:
6064:
6025:
5963:
5698:
5441:
5331:
5256:
5186:
5073:
4895:
4774:
4589:
4579:
4381:
4176:
3780:
3191:
3159:
3031:
2614:
2535:
666:
655:
620:
The majority of recreational divers do not do penetration dives or dives exceeding the
130:
Knowledge of personal and team members' gas consumption rates under varying conditions
5246:
555:
Bailout gas for a back-mounted configuration may be carried in a variety of ways in a
13103:
12544:
12338:
12271:
12261:
12104:
12099:
12054:
12037:
11935:
11782:
11762:
11607:
11577:
11467:
11427:
11407:
11397:
11347:
11332:
11307:
11237:
11161:
11086:
11036:
10835:
10800:
10730:
10675:
10315:
10271:
10169:
9641:
9636:
9578:
9514:
9492:
9467:
9382:
9043:
8916:
8906:
7904:
7612:
7607:
7549:
7496:
7379:
7374:
7245:
7202:
7105:
6975:
6946:
6908:
6855:
6562:
6505:
6500:
6231:
6193:
6091:
6010:
5554:
5539:
5420:
5351:
5326:
5281:
4937:
4825:
4789:
4648:
4599:
4519:
4408:
4342:
4252:
4156:
4046:
4002:
3957:
3947:
3932:
3849:
3613:
3530:
3069:
2952:
2932:
2921:
2858:
2757:
2729:
2704:
2602:
2592:
2484:
2388:
2333:
2326:
2233:
2228:
Mount, Tom (August 2008). "11: Dive
Planning". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.).
1623:
1613:
709:
534:
391:
186:
126:
Gas planning is one of the stages of scuba gas management. The other stages include:
11848:
11732:
11727:
10878:
10850:
10830:
10735:
5271:
3887:
153:
Limiting the risk of equipment malfunctions that could cause a loss of breathing gas
12900:
12619:
12590:
12582:
12020:
11657:
11632:
11597:
11567:
11557:
11477:
11372:
11342:
11277:
11247:
11151:
11136:
11021:
10903:
10820:
10785:
10715:
10618:
10332:
9608:
9603:
9593:
9573:
9487:
9472:
9370:
9083:
8911:
8874:
8717:
8328:
8313:
7859:
7854:
7423:
7349:
7344:
7305:
7293:
7230:
7225:
6990:
6790:
6520:
6510:
6259:
5753:
5579:
5517:
5346:
5251:
4942:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4295:
4222:
4136:
4131:
3892:
3751:
3736:
3640:
3562:
3435:
3333:
2994:
2653:
2180:
1699:
894:
This is the free volume of the gas at atmospheric pressure. The pressure change (ÎŽP
712:
5733:
4061:
2483:(First ed.). London: The International Marine Contractors Association. 2000.
1888:
Example: Twin 12l cylinders filled with Trimix 20/30/50 to 232 bar at 20°C (293K)
449:
The resulting mixture is a trimix 23/33 (23% oxygen, 33% helium, balance nitrogen)
150:
Efficient use of the available gas during the planned dive and during an emergency
12391:
12221:
12015:
11812:
11802:
11787:
11682:
11677:
11622:
11602:
11542:
11527:
11517:
11432:
11422:
11417:
11392:
11387:
11362:
11337:
11292:
11222:
11201:
11016:
10996:
10860:
10780:
10613:
9509:
9434:
9011:
8976:
8926:
8771:
8756:
8722:
8626:
8457:
8388:
8373:
8293:
7954:
7815:
7554:
7448:
7443:
7411:
7158:
7148:
7130:
6860:
6475:
6124:
6015:
5926:
5798:
5713:
5673:
5614:
5594:
5306:
5296:
5196:
5171:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5012:
4976:
4764:
4614:
4425:
4403:
4347:
4332:
4305:
3997:
3907:
3707:
2977:
1714:
1274:
289:
100% oxygen is also used to replenish oxygen used by the diver in closed circuit
279:
260:
113:
19:
8746:
8348:
5216:
577:
the dive in which they are intended to be used. This procedure is also known as
43:
12746:
12246:
12005:
11940:
11914:
11868:
11777:
11772:
11747:
11687:
11667:
11652:
11642:
11502:
11472:
11402:
11176:
11046:
11041:
10991:
10928:
10790:
10770:
10680:
10643:
10633:
10628:
9347:
9058:
8991:
8981:
8741:
8418:
8408:
8368:
7974:
7949:
7944:
7879:
7869:
7753:
7265:
7192:
7080:
6765:
6319:
6101:
5946:
5321:
5276:
5266:
5095:
5063:
5006:
4748:
4738:
4723:
4693:
4638:
4504:
4267:
4111:
3837:
3815:
3795:
3729:
3658:
3606:
3375:
3348:
3303:
3132:
1833:
1646:
903:
556:
538:
358:
10938:
5141:
2505:
458:
and a maximum gas density of 6.2 g/L are recommended by
Anthony and Mitchell.
402:
Example: Choose a gas mixture suitable for a bounce dive to 50 metres, where P
189:
at depths greater than about 30 m, but depending on the individual diver.
13124:
13011:
12693:
12685:
12566:
12241:
12164:
12074:
11899:
11797:
11767:
11752:
11742:
11717:
11707:
11647:
11592:
11572:
11562:
11532:
11507:
11452:
11437:
11297:
11242:
11186:
11156:
11141:
11106:
11066:
11026:
11006:
11001:
10948:
10845:
10825:
10755:
10750:
10710:
9439:
9387:
9275:
9268:
9073:
9063:
8751:
8519:
8482:
8449:
8288:
7491:
7486:
7471:
7053:
7043:
6785:
6709:
6653:
6281:
6139:
6117:
6020:
5995:
5990:
5958:
5341:
5291:
5231:
5226:
5191:
5131:
5126:
4994:
4968:
4910:
4815:
4703:
4237:
3862:
3724:
3653:
3635:
3630:
3601:
3408:
3343:
3328:
3231:
3211:
3064:
3046:
2186:
1720:
The bottom gas may be hypoxic and unsuitable for breathing at the surface. A
1703:
775:= volume of the cylinder set = sum of the volumes of the manifolded cylinders
644:
560:
78:
55:
4683:
4101:
3942:
2606:
249:
12811:
12773:
12300:
12256:
11961:
11930:
11909:
11883:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11843:
11817:
11737:
11692:
11637:
11617:
11497:
11462:
11447:
11287:
11146:
11121:
11111:
11091:
11071:
10968:
10888:
10810:
10720:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10305:
9659:
9504:
9482:
9444:
8966:
8554:
8529:
8343:
8241:
8217:
8114:
7874:
7698:
7481:
7182:
7170:
7100:
7090:
7075:
7009:
6956:
6898:
6750:
6530:
5985:
5718:
5624:
5569:
5527:
5512:
5415:
5316:
5221:
5146:
5018:
4927:
4915:
4728:
4509:
4487:
4364:
4317:
4247:
4171:
4146:
3897:
3480:
3418:
3398:
3226:
2957:
2862:
833:
The time a diver can work on the available gas (also called endurance) is:
63:
12451:
4678:
1645:
use is closely linked to depth variation, as it must be added to maintain
12845:
12806:
12728:
12574:
12446:
12374:
12283:
12251:
12236:
11712:
11672:
11547:
11457:
11442:
11367:
11232:
11227:
11181:
11116:
11101:
11076:
11061:
10958:
10893:
10840:
10740:
10648:
10603:
10466:
10289:
9624:
9103:
9088:
9053:
9026:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8901:
8641:
8225:
7683:
7628:
7217:
7120:
7115:
7014:
6997:
6951:
6941:
6865:
6810:
6681:
6623:
6515:
6495:
6485:
6480:
6309:
6271:
6177:
6161:
5941:
5813:
5564:
5399:
5394:
5236:
5058:
5053:
4963:
4769:
4713:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4232:
4121:
3822:
3668:
3645:
3586:
3535:
3468:
3463:
3403:
3365:
3276:
3246:
3221:
3216:
3169:
3054:
3026:
2937:
1642:
306:
290:
4663:
2462:"Thermal Conductivity Coefficients for common Solids, Liquids and Gases"
1576:
871:
Once these values have been chosen they are substituted in the formula:
681:
603:
basis where the dive is planned and conducted around the available gas.
439:
PHe at 50 m on the mix must therefore be (6 − 4) bar = 2 bar, so F
12895:
12890:
12860:
12793:
12606:
12598:
12295:
11822:
11537:
11302:
11126:
11056:
11011:
10986:
10765:
10375:
9664:
9629:
9477:
9261:
9021:
8732:
8610:
8559:
8441:
8393:
8338:
7633:
7476:
6926:
6903:
6490:
5723:
5534:
5367:
5336:
5301:
5286:
4922:
4900:
4872:
4820:
4658:
4555:
4550:
4310:
4227:
4086:
4071:
3712:
3678:
3552:
3547:
3413:
3298:
3104:
3059:
2962:
2947:
2324:
NOAA Diving
Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).
1785:
1764:
Human factors in diving equipment design § Cylinder configurations
1755:
1653:
In semi-closed rebreathers, there are two basic ways that gas is used:
1636:
496:
409:
must be limited to 1.4 bar and equivalent narcotic depth to 30 metres:
166:
The choice of breathing gas for scuba diving is from four main groups.
39:
A reserve valve will keep some air in reserve until the valve is opened
248:
Undesirable properties of helium as a breathing gas component include
12500:
12433:
12426:
11757:
11662:
11257:
11081:
11031:
10963:
10638:
9078:
8663:
8436:
8260:
7864:
7733:
7544:
7523:
7140:
7031:
6324:
6154:
5068:
4708:
4535:
4376:
4300:
4272:
4066:
4036:
3992:
3832:
3790:
3663:
3542:
3495:
3380:
3370:
3288:
3084:
2450:. Wrigley Marine Science Center, Catalina Island, CA. pp. 66â79.
1182:
Pressure should be corrected to the expected water temperature using
530:
242:
147:
Awareness of the critical pressures and using them to manage the dive
84:
23:
A decompression dive may require the use of more than one gas mixture
2890:
2131:
Using these approximations the estimate for the previous example is:
1164:
This dive should not be attempted if less than 176 bar is available.
462:
278:
Pure oxygen completely eliminates the decompression problem, but is
215:
argon and other atmospheric gases are considered to be unimportant.
96:
90:
12936:
Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command
11324:
10598:
9227:
7678:
7673:
7595:
7048:
6936:
6820:
6805:
6314:
6109:
5372:
5078:
4733:
4497:
4457:
4257:
3977:
3502:
3473:
3323:
3271:
3264:
3259:
2385:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed
1859:
387:, and will shorten the required decompression for a given profile.
1806:
864:) must also be estimated. If the sector gas volume requirements (V
844:
12915:
12736:
12551:
8462:
7255:
6346:
6264:
5908:
5743:
5728:
5703:
5619:
5559:
5088:
5083:
4905:
4794:
4698:
4056:
3507:
3490:
3485:
3293:
3236:
3036:
2177: â Emergency supply of breathing gas for an underwater diver
238:
8130:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
5426:
Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics â Men's underwater swimming
2846:
2133:
Mass of mixture = 0.7 Ă 0.024m/bar Ă 232 bar Ă 1.3 kg/m = 5.1 kg
1789:
until decompression is completed and all breathing gas used up.
12463:
12458:
6404:
6286:
5748:
5708:
4643:
4609:
4181:
4151:
3099:
3094:
3079:
2276:
Trimix Diver: A guide to the use of Trimix for technical diving
1872:
1846:
1717:
for the depth, so are not ideal for bailout from maximum depth.
233:
209:
8056:
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association
2638:. 4th. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2002.
2189: â The process of planning an underwater diving operation
1268:
485:
Side mounting systems carry the cylinders at the diver's sides
27:
12672:
12651:
9283:
The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
7438:
6893:
4837:
4106:
4091:
4081:
4041:
4007:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
2269:
1587: with: more detail on the calculations?. You can help by
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
1231:= 303 K (convert temperatures to absolute: T(K)= T(°C)+273)
970:
is an example of a critical pressure. This is also known as
296:
282:, which limits its use in diving to shallow depths and as a
4653:
3882:
3877:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2139:
1170:
133:
basic consumption at the surface for variations in workload
89:
Estimation of gas required for the planned dive, including
8030:
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
6831:
Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus
2591:(5th ed.). United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 304.
1729:
toxicity, and will also affect decompression obligations.
12667:
12662:
2246:
593:
524:
196:
duration due to solution of nitrogen in the body tissues.
174:
12628:
International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office
10109:
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
9931:
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
5684:
Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei
2423:
2278:. Pretoria, South Africa: CMAS Instructors South Africa.
2183: â Emergency gas supply cylinder carried by a diver
1768:
Scuba skills § Buoyancy control, trim and stability
1166:
Note that no allowance has been made for contingencies.
12633:
Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)
9176:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
6826:
Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment
2589:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
1522:
Allow 10 bar minimum functional pressure for regulator:
10502:
FĂ©dĂ©ration Française d'Ătudes et de Sports Sous-Marins
9907:
FĂ©dĂ©ration Française d'Ătudes et de Sports Sous-Marins
8491:
6587:
FĂ©dĂ©ration Française d'Ătudes et de Sports Sous-Marins
5467:
FĂ©dĂ©ration Française d'Ătudes et de Sports Sous-Marins
3006:
Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment
2756:. National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section.
2728:. High Springs, Florida: Global Underwater Explorers.
1792:
1681:
Diving cylinder § Applications and configurations
144:
Monitoring the contents of the cylinders during a dive
2636:
NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology
2328:
NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology
2291:
1674:
682:
Rock bottom gas quantity calculations (metric system)
9699:
International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum
996:
708:
Gas consumption rate (Q) on open circuit depends on
31:
An independent reserve gas supply in a pony cylinder
10536:
14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship
8040:
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
2287:
2285:
446:
The remaining (100â(33+23)) = 44% would be nitrogen
376:
can be raised to 1.2 to 1.6 bar. This reduces the P
12113:
10456:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
10091:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
9895:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
9830:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
6575:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
5655:
5462:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
2325:
2323:
1504:Pressure of 932 litres of gas in 10-litre cylinder
10249:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course
8160:History of decompression research and development
2726:Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving
2454:
1929:(24 litres Ă 232 bar Ă 273K) / (1.013 bar Ă 293K)
1607:
13122:
11983:
10182:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group
9925:International Association for Handicapped Divers
8147:
8120:List of legislation regulating underwater diving
6593:International Association for Handicapped Divers
6335:
4578:
2586:
2282:
559:. The most popular being as a sling cylinder, a
468:
192:limitations on no-decompression stop diving and
10497:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuåticas
9901:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuåticas
9722:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
9223:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)
7335:Association of Diving Contractors International
6581:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuåticas
2694:
2529:
2527:
2436:
2298:. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command
1807:Calculation of the mass of gas in the cylinders
845:Estimation of gas requirement for a dive sector
433:Required equivalent narcotic depth (END) = 30 m
136:variation in consumption due to depth variation
12784:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)
10188:National Association of Underwater Instructors
10133:Rebreather Association of International Divers
10127:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
10115:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
9985:Rebreather Association of International Divers
9979:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
9967:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
9955:National Association of Underwater Instructors
9877:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée
7434:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
2717:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2195: â Rule of thumb for scuba gas management
1891:Calculate volume at 1.013 bar, 0%deg;C (273K)
934:
489:
353:
12966:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid
12717:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28
9765:Commercial diver registration in South Africa
9336:
6100:
5774:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit
5593:
2906:
2783:In: SF Norton (Ed). Diving for Science...1997
2701:Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia
2382:
2230:Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia
461:The calculation is similar to calculation of
73:Gas planning includes the following aspects:
12866:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association
12742:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System
9711:International Marine Contractors Association
7340:International Marine Contractors Association
6214:International Marine Contractors Association
4203:
2840:
2811:
2747:
2745:
2645:
2524:
2387:. United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800.
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
692:
502:
12841:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia
12334:Environmental impact of recreational diving
10546:Underwater Orienteering World Championships
10121:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation
9973:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation
9865:American Canadian Underwater Certifications
9162:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
8068:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit
8035:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
8024:European Underwater and Baromedical Society
6919:
6639:Environmental impact of recreational diving
2770:
2754:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
2751:
2671:
2619:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2475:
2473:
2471:
2440:Respiratory Physiology of Rebreather Diving
1269:Estimating gas quantities for contingencies
13057:
12926:Society for Underwater Historical Research
10507:South African Underwater Sports Federation
7289:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
7145:Hazard identification and risk assessment
2913:
2899:
2481:IMCA D 022: The Diving Supervisor's Manual
860:) and RMV of the diver for the sector (RMV
615:
161:
12792:
12090:Physiological response to water immersion
10154:
9738:World Recreational Scuba Training Council
9717:List of diver certification organizations
9300:List of Divers Alert Network publications
9233:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
8050:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
5904:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
5879:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
2742:
2723:
2554:
2506:"Respiratory failure in technical diving"
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2357:. Linde Gas Therapeutics. 27 January 2009
2273:
2206:
297:Choosing a suitable breathing gas mixture
252:, which can chill a diver rapidly, and a
11996:List of researchers in underwater diving
9705:International Diving Schools Association
9190:The new science of skin and scuba diving
8175:List of researchers in underwater diving
6721:Human factors in diving equipment design
3011:Human factors in diving equipment design
2627:
2536:"Anatomy of a Commercial Mixed-Gas Dive"
2503:
2497:
2468:
2401:
2347:
2140:Calculation of density of the bottom mix
1171:Effect of temperature change on pressure
480:
472:
222:
42:
34:
26:
18:
12095:Thermal balance of the underwater diver
10226:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center
10103:Federazione Italiana AttivitĂ Subacquee
10053:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
9913:Federazione Italiana AttivitĂ Subacquee
8957:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident
8632:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
8535:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
8200:US Navy decompression models and tables
8062:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
6432:
5493:
3868:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment
2881:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
2877:Standards for Scientific diving: Manual
2776:
2651:
2580:
2533:
1414:Decompression stop for 6 minutes at 3 m
1298:Allow change-over time at working depth
1006:Example: Critical pressure of descent:
804:= 1 bar and the formula simplifies to:
782:= Starting pressure of the cylinder set
703:
436:Equivalent air pressure at 30 m = 4 bar
181:The limitations on the use of air are:
13123:
12981:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
12712:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
12681:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
8105:Civil liability in recreational diving
6776:List of diving hazards and precautions
5854:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)
4843:Underwater acoustic positioning system
4353:High pressure breathing air compressor
2369:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
983:Critical Pressure for the Dive Profile
594:Quantity of open circuit breathing gas
525:Cylinders for decompression or bailout
12363:
11982:
10572:
10571:
10541:Underwater Hockey World Championships
10487:British Underwater Sports Association
10270:
10269:
9759:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme
9460:
9335:
9128:
8606:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
8146:
8093:
7409:
6707:
6431:
5794:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)
5492:
4870:
4358:Low pressure breathing air compressor
4202:
2992:
2920:
2894:
2817:
2698:
2227:
1081:Gas required to inflate BC on surface
951:
808:Available gas at surface pressure: V
105:gases, as appropriate to the profile.
13045:
12817:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment
12148:Thermodynamic model of decompression
10551:Underwater Rugby World Championships
10164:Cave Divers Association of Australia
10079:American Nitrox Divers International
9937:International Life Saving Federation
9871:American Nitrox Divers International
9836:Performance Freediving International
8018:European Diving Technology Committee
6659:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites
6557:Cave Divers Association of Australia
6277:Remotely operated underwater vehicle
5874:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
5472:Performance Freediving International
4689:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System
4605:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station
2993:
2869:
2560:
2383:Brubakk, A.O.; Neuman, T.S. (2003).
1906:12 litres per cylinder Ă 2 cylinders
1571:
1067:Gas required for decompression stops
837:Available time = Available gas / RMV
334:
13002:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device
12217:List of diving environments by type
10512:TĂŒrkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
10021:TĂŒrkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
9949:National Academy of Scuba Educators
9781:Department of Employment and Labour
9183:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
8637:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures
7811:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive
7410:
7311:Breathing performance of regulators
2652:Vrijdag, Xavier (1 February 2023).
2310:
2295:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision
2157:Nitrogen: 0.5 Ă 1.251 kg/m = 0.6255
2154:Helium: 0.3 Ă 0.1786 kg/m = 0.05358
1793:Buoyancy variations during the dive
800:In the case of surface pressure: P
740:Available gas at ambient pressure:
643:The rule of thirds is another such
13:
12779:Submarine escape training facility
12380:Defense against swimmer incursions
9733:Recreational diver course referral
6649:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands
6460:Outline of recreational dive sites
5864:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage
5036:Variable weight apnea without fins
1784:Cylinders that are intended to be
1675:Selection of appropriate cylinders
1336:Gas consumption during change-over
581:, and the cylinders then known as
423:= 1.4 bar : Oxygen fraction F
14:
13142:
12931:Society for Underwater Technology
8125:Investigation of diving accidents
6708:
6599:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey
5839:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
5679:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)
4848:Underwater acoustic communication
3580:Underwater acoustic communication
3143:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel
2561:Ange, Michael (19 October 2006).
2409:"Diving Physics and "Fizzyology""
2151:Oxygen: 0.2 Ă 1.429 kg/m = 0.2858
1665:A concentric bellows counterlung
1537:Critical pressure for bailout gas
1489:A 10-litre cylinder is available:
1025:Gas required for buoyancy control
997:Calculation of critical pressures
828:
632:
567:
13102:
13090:
13056:
13044:
13033:
13032:
12802:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
12128:BĂŒhlmann decompression algorithm
10472:Australian Underwater Federation
9961:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond
9129:
8545:Shallow Water Combat Submersible
7709:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
7586:Inner ear decompression sickness
7166:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
6450:Index of recreational dive sites
5789:Naval Special Operations Command
5452:Australian Underwater Federation
2563:"The Search for the Perfect Gas"
2534:Menduno, Michael (Summer 2018).
2147:Example: Trimix 20/30/50 at 0°C
1575:
1122:Pressure required to provide gas
1095:Total gas usage planned for dive
856:). The duration of the sector (T
731:
672:
13091:
12886:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
12562:-class deep submergence vehicle
10231:Underwater Escape Training Unit
8012:Diving Medical Advisory Council
8006:Diving Diseases Research Centre
5844:Special Forces Command (Turkey)
1559:
1356:Ascent time from 30m at 10m/min
1289:Example: Emergency gas supply:
1108:Ă· Volume of set (2 x 12 litres)
991:Critical Pressure of Turnaround
521:similar and differs in detail.
280:toxic at high partial pressures
10477:British Freediving Association
10194:Technical Diving International
9770:Divers Institute of Technology
9693:European Underwater Federation
9529:Surface-supplied diving skills
7744:Hyperbaric treatment schedules
7704:Salt water aspiration syndrome
7603:High-pressure nervous syndrome
6878:Diver behaviour and competence
6726:Human factors in diving safety
6242:Baited remote underwater video
6075:Underwater search and recovery
6043:Underwater cutting and welding
5849:Special Forces Group (Belgium)
5457:British Freediving Association
5212:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych
4871:
4431:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
4097:Diving Unlimited International
3742:Mechanism of diving regulators
3431:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
2850:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
1622:, which is largely limited by
1608:Gas quantities for rebreathers
1374:Average pressure during ascent
1039:Gas required for bottom sector
413:Pressure at 50 m depth = 6 bar
325:
250:highly effective heat transfer
1:
12318:Underwater diving environment
12138:Reduced gradient bubble model
12133:Haldane's decompression model
10517:Underwater Society of America
10097:Diving Science and Technology
10003:Scuba Educators International
9197:Professional Diver's Handbook
8505:Advanced SEAL Delivery System
8195:Pearling in Western Australia
8190:Timeline of diving technology
7995:Aerospace Medical Association
7895:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant
7821:Psychological fitness to dive
7694:Instinctive drowning response
7096:Gas blending for scuba diving
6605:Woodville Karst Plain Project
5894:Underwater Demolition Command
5889:Underwater Construction Teams
5779:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)
5739:Kommando SpezialkrÀfte Marine
5669:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)
5635:United States military divers
4595:Continental Shelf Station Two
4370:Gas blending for scuba diving
2654:"Is Oxygen Narcosis A Thing?"
2199:
1394:Gas consumption during ascent
1135:+ Minimum functional pressure
564:diver safely to the surface.
469:Choice of scuba configuration
369:On short duration dives the P
343:
311:
178:reason to use anything else.
12881:Nautical Archaeology Society
12876:Nautical Archaeology Program
12704:NATO Submarine Rescue System
11985:Science of underwater diving
11723:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
11628:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
10482:British Octopush Association
9799:Divers Academy International
9728:Nautical Archaeology Society
9406:Public safety diver training
9392:Occupational diver training
8284:JerĂłnimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
8149:History of underwater diving
7385:Standard operating procedure
7176:Hierarchy of hazard controls
6209:Helix Energy Solutions Group
5859:Special Service Group (Navy)
5824:Special Air Service Regiment
5784:Naval Service Diving Section
5610:Canadian Armed Forces Divers
4989:Constant weight without fins
3575:Through-water communications
1251:Critical pressure at 30°C (P
1149:Critical pressure of descent
979:Critical Pressure of Descent
723:Gas consumption rate: Q = P
463:mass of gas in the cylinders
7:
12956:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
12402:Underwater domain awareness
12170:Physiology of decompression
11358:Michael Barratt (astronaut)
10176:Global Underwater Explorers
10015:Scuba Schools International
9919:Global Underwater Explorers
9842:Scuba Schools International
9775:Health and Safety Executive
9418:Recreational diver training
8525:Motorised Submersible Canoe
7915:Robert William Hamilton Jr.
7780:Diving Medical Practitioner
7729:Demand valve oxygen therapy
6746:Underwater diving emergency
6352:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun
5952:Recreational diver training
5447:Scuba Schools International
4546:Combat rubber raiding craft
4052:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique
2943:Atmospheric pressure diving
2274:Beresford, Michael (2001).
2168:
1934:
1911:
1745:
1709:Gas mixtures optimised for
1548:
1530:
1513:
1497:
1480:
1460:
1440:
1422:
1405:
1385:
1365:
1347:
1327:
1316:Pressure during change-over
1307:
1153:
1140:
1126:
1113:
1099:
1086:
1072:
1058:
1044:
1030:
1016:
972:Critical Pressure of Ascent
935:Minimum functional pressure
902:), and is calculated using
490:Open circuit vs. rebreather
354:Calculating the composition
10:
13147:
12971:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
12153:Varying Permeability Model
12043:Underwater computer vision
10350:Underwater target shooting
9997:Scuba Diving International
9357:Competence and assessment
8880:Peter Henry Michael Holmes
6871:Uncontrolled decompression
6455:List of wreck diving sites
5937:Commercial offshore diving
5899:Underwater Demolition Team
5829:Special Actions Detachment
5001:Dynamic apnea without fins
4948:Underwater target shooting
4493:Launch and recovery system
4263:Launch and recovery system
3441:Submersible pressure gauge
2724:Jablonski, Jarrod (2006).
2634:"Mixed-Gas & Oxygen".
1749:
1733:profile and specific gas.
1678:
1633:respiratory exchange ratio
1611:
636:
626:submersible pressure gauge
528:
226:
207:
68:rock bottom gas management
13028:
12989:
12944:
12871:Karst Underwater Research
12829:
12764:
12618:
12415:
12370:
12364:
12359:
12326:
12209:
12182:
12080:Equivalent narcotic depth
12053:
12004:
11991:
11978:
11954:
11923:
11892:
11831:
11323:
11210:
10977:
10917:
10869:
10662:
10584:
10580:
10567:
10528:
10436:
10420:
10384:
10358:
10298:
10282:
10278:
10265:
10239:
10211:
10067:
10059:CMAS Scientific Committee
10041:
10027:United Diving Instructors
9943:Israeli Diving Federation
9851:
9812:
9789:
9747:
9677:
9652:
9617:
9569:Advanced Open Water Diver
9561:
9546:
9411:Scientific diver training
9396:Commercial diver training
9361:Competency-based learning
9346:
9342:
9337:Training and registration
9331:
9308:
9292:
9246:
9213:
9139:
9135:
9124:
8945:
8885:Johnson Sea Link accident
8842:
8770:
8731:
8705:
8684:
8662:
8655:
8647:Women Divers Hall of Fame
8619:
8598:
8582:Raid on Alexandria (1941)
8572:
8427:
8274:
8251:
8208:
8155:
8142:
8100:
8089:
7983:
7836:
7829:
7798:
7785:Diving Medical Technician
7767:
7759:Therapeutic recompression
7721:
7664:
7652:Carbon monoxide poisoning
7642:
7621:
7591:Isobaric counterdiffusion
7563:
7532:
7457:
7422:
7418:
7405:
7321:
7274:
7251:Diving systems technician
7216:
7129:
6974:
6764:
6716:
6703:
6672:
6664:Underwater diving on Guam
6614:
6539:
6468:
6440:
6427:
6300:
6247:In-water surface cleaning
6222:
6192:
6036:Archaeology of shipwrecks
5925:
5523:Commercial offshore diver
5505:
5501:
5488:
5434:
5408:
5360:
5104:
5046:
4956:
4883:
4879:
4866:
4808:
4757:
4627:
4528:
4515:Recreational Dive Planner
4463:Built-in breathing system
4446:
4419:Pressure swing adsorption
4281:
4215:
4211:
4198:
4025:
3966:
3848:
3779:
3689:
3516:
3449:
3391:
3339:Lightweight demand helmet
3314:
3245:
3180:
3118:
3045:
3019:
3001:
2988:
2928:
2827:decodoppler.wordpress.com
2803:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1736:
1715:excessive oxygen fraction
1711:accelerated decompression
1685:
987:Critical Pressure of Exit
727:Ă RMV (litres per minute)
698:Respiratory minute volume
693:Respiratory minute volume
503:Back mount vs. side mount
273:
203:
12976:Space Systems Laboratory
10746:Fernando Garfella Palmer
10594:Eduard Admetlla i LĂĄzaro
10145:Technical Extended Range
10139:Trimix Scuba Association
9450:Stress exposure training
9017:Fernando Garfella Palmer
8299:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
8165:History of Diving Museum
7236:Diver medical technician
6986:Ascending and descending
6962:Non-freezing cold injury
5804:Russian commando frogmen
5585:Underwater archaeologist
4205:Diving support equipment
3626:Emergency locator beacon
3459:Diver propulsion vehicle
2504:Mitchell, Simon (2015).
1752:Buoyancy control (scuba)
1635:to the amount of oxygen
1012:Gas required for descent
12911:Save Ontario Shipwrecks
12722:Russian submarine AS-34
12442:American submarine NR-1
12308:Recreational dive sites
12085:Maximum operating depth
11832:Writers and journalists
11353:Serena Auñón-Chancellor
10796:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova
10761:Swietenia Puspa Lestari
10407:Underwater orienteering
9401:Military diver training
9378:Diver training standard
9155:U.S. Navy Diving Manual
9074:Chris and Chrissy Rouse
8897:Gerard Anthony Prangley
8399:Willard Franklyn Searle
8364:Christian J. Lambertsen
8170:History of scuba diving
8094:
7965:Charles Wesley Shilling
7940:Christian J. Lambertsen
7920:Henry Valence Hempleman
7775:Diving Medical Examiner
7360:Emergency response plan
7299:Sustained load cracking
7261:Life support technician
6836:Single point of failure
6741:Scuba diving fatalities
6445:Recreational dive sites
6400:ASM-DT amphibious rifle
6380:AAI underwater revolver
6370:SPP-1 underwater pistol
5979:Underwater construction
5694:Frogman Corps (Denmark)
5207:Elisabeth Kristoffersen
4983:Constant weight bi-fins
4414:Membrane gas separation
4323:Carbon dioxide scrubber
4243:Diving platform (scuba)
3858:Carbon dioxide scrubber
3703:Atmospheric diving suit
3255:Atmospheric diving suit
3150:Diving weighting system
2973:Surface-supplied diving
2968:Surface oriented diving
2193:Rule of thirds (diving)
1650:circuit breathing gas.
1449:Gas consumption at stop
1221:Cylinder temperature (T
1053:Gas required for ascent
639:Rule of thirds (diving)
616:Arbitrary turn pressure
162:Choice of breathing gas
12313:Underwater environment
12194:Underwater exploration
12124:Decompression models:
11197:John Ernest Williamson
10776:Anna Marguerite McCann
10609:Amelia Behrens-Furniss
10428:Underwater photography
10412:Underwater photography
10299:Snorkeling/breath-hold
10009:Scottish Sub Aqua Club
9804:Norwegian diver school
9428:ISO training standards
8697:Tham Luang cave rescue
8515:Dry Combat Submersible
8414:Pierre-Marie Touboulic
8354:Karl Heinrich Klingert
7900:Kenneth William Donald
7749:In-water recompression
7581:Dysbaric osteonecrosis
7576:Decompression sickness
7514:Compression arthralgia
7027:Decompression practice
7003:Canoe and kayak diving
6932:Decompression sickness
6756:Water surface searches
6736:Safety-critical system
6634:Diving in the Maldives
6526:Underwater photography
6365:Heckler & Koch P11
6087:Underwater videography
6070:Underwater photography
6058:Nondestructive testing
6031:Underwater archaeology
5764:Marine Raider Regiment
5630:Royal Navy ships diver
5388:Shallow-water blackout
4541:Canoe and kayak diving
4328:Cascade filling system
3801:Decompression cylinder
3526:Alternative air source
3359:Standard diving helmet
3202:Decompression cylinder
2777:Bozanic, J.E. (1997).
2542:. Divers Alert Network
2175:Alternative air source
2137:
2124:
1885:
1760:Diver weighting system
1557:
1266:
1208:
1168:
932:
892:
839:
729:
660:decompression sickness
622:no-decompression limit
486:
478:
367:
229:Trimix (breathing gas)
169:
48:
40:
32:
24:
12961:Neutral buoyancy pool
12643:Submarine rescue ship
12638:McCann Rescue Chamber
12397:Rugged compact camera
12385:Diver detection sonar
12232:Confined water diving
11946:James Joseph Magennis
11583:Michael LĂłpez-AlegrĂa
11313:Aristotelis Zervoudis
11052:John Christopher Fine
10726:John Christopher Fine
10392:Immersion finswimming
10221:Defence Diving School
10085:British Sub-Aqua Club
9883:British Sub-Aqua Club
8870:Francis P. Hammerberg
8550:Siluro San Bartolomeo
8540:SEAL Delivery Vehicle
8473:Standard diving dress
8319:Charles Anthony Deane
8304:Joseph-Martin Cabirol
8266:Jason deCaires Taylor
8185:Man in the Sea Museum
8180:Lyons Maritime Museum
7519:Decompression illness
7502:Middle ear barotrauma
7370:Diving superintendent
7365:Diving safety officer
7284:Breathing gas quality
6889:Overconfidence effect
6551:British Sub-Aqua Club
6376:Underwater revolvers
6053:Underwater inspection
6048:Underwater demolition
5974:Offshore construction
5869:Tactical Divers Group
5759:Marinejegerkommandoen
5689:Decima Flottiglia MAS
5645:U.S.Navy master diver
5550:Diving superintendent
5545:Diving safety officer
5157:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank
5030:Variable weight apnea
4563:Diving support vessel
4338:Diving air compressor
4013:Standard diving dress
3988:Diving air compressor
3771:Full-face diving mask
3759:Single-hose regulator
3747:Regulator malfunction
3650:Navigation equipment
3592:Diving safety harness
3207:Decompression trapeze
3197:Decompression chamber
2512:. DAN Southern Africa
2411:. Bishop Museum. 1997
2160:Mixture: 0.96488 kg/m
2129:
1886:
1817:
1800:wetsuit buoyancy loss
1469:Total gas consumption
1287:
1215:) is 176 bar at 10°C
1209:
1188:
1004:
956:Critical pressures (P
908:
873:
835:
721:
484:
476:
363:
223:Helium based mixtures
46:
38:
30:
22:
13007:Scuba diving therapy
12997:Nautilus Productions
12921:Sea Research Society
12856:Divers Alert Network
12289:Torricellian chamber
12199:Deep-sea exploration
12160:Equivalent air depth
12031:Modulated ultrasound
12026:Underwater acoustics
11493:Christopher E. Gerty
11488:Michael L. Gernhardt
11378:Timothy J. Broderick
11253:William Hogarth Main
10944:Jean-Michel Cousteau
10909:Krzysztof Starnawski
9991:Sub-Aqua Association
9255:The Darkness Beckons
8786:diving bell accident
8713:John Day (carpenter)
8235:Queen Anne's Revenge
8000:Divers Alert Network
7925:Leonard Erskine Hill
7806:Atrial septal defect
7507:Pulmonary barotrauma
7467:Alternobaric vertigo
7111:Scuba gas management
7071:Diver communications
6687:Underwater Bike Race
6644:Scuba diving tourism
6629:Diving in East Timor
6395:APS underwater rifle
6390:ADS amphibious rifle
6006:Public safety diving
6001:Potable water diving
5834:Special Boat Service
5809:Sappers Divers Group
5769:Minedykkerkommandoen
5167:Leonardo D'Imporzano
5025:Skandalopetra diving
4785:Hyperbaric stretcher
4744:T1200 Trenching Unit
4719:Sea Dragon-class ROV
4568:HMS Challenger (K07)
4468:Decompression tables
4438:Oxygen compatibility
3873:Cryogenic rebreather
3718:Scuba cylinder valve
3619:Screw gate carabiner
3597:Emergency gas supply
3558:Diver's cutting tool
3424:Helium release valve
3354:Shallow water helmet
3282:Standard diving suit
3128:Buoyancy compensator
3075:Emergency gas supply
2823:"Stage-bottle logic"
2752:Sheck Exley (1977).
1429:Pressure during stop
1236:Water temperature (T
704:Gas consumption rate
667:overhead environment
443:is 2/6 = 0.333 = 33%
430:= 1.4/6 = 0.23 = 23%
12851:Coral Reef Alliance
12227:Benign water diving
12070:Cold shock response
11839:Michael C. Barnette
11793:Douglas H. Wheelock
11698:David Saint-Jacques
11483:Ronald J. Garan Jr.
11192:Michele Westmorland
10492:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
10311:Underwater football
9889:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
9589:Introductory diving
9534:Underwater searches
9520:Diamond Reef System
9423:Introductory diving
9247:General non-fiction
9169:Underwater Handbook
9069:François de Roubaix
8922:Lothar Michael Ward
8865:Victor F. Guiel Jr.
8692:Alpazat cave rescue
8599:Scientific projects
8478:Sub Marine Explorer
8384:Joseph Salim Peress
8379:Ernest William Moir
7739:Hyperbaric medicine
7540:Freediving blackout
7208:Situation awareness
7154:Job safety analysis
7037:Ratio decompression
6846:Cold shock response
6796:Entanglement hazard
6731:Life-support system
6569:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
6434:Recreational diving
6361:Underwater pistols
6255:Cavitation cleaning
6080:Underwater searches
5969:Marine construction
5819:Special Air Service
5605:Army engineer diver
5575:Public safety diver
5495:Professional diving
5383:Deep-water blackout
5378:Freediving blackout
5202:Mehgan Heaney-Grier
4933:Underwater football
4780:Hyperbaric lifeboat
4674:Goldfish-class ROUV
4669:Global Explorer ROV
4631:underwater vehicles
4167:Shearwater Research
3828:Scuba configuration
3811:Manifolded twin set
3806:Independent doubles
3764:Twin-hose regulator
3674:Surface marker buoy
2567:www.scubadiving.com
1620:metabolic work rate
656:decompression stops
85:scuba configuration
12949:Astronaut training
12906:Rubicon Foundation
12752:URF (Swedish Navy)
12537:Russian submarine
12525:-class submersible
12495:Deepsea Challenger
12480:-class bathyscaphe
12407:Underwater vehicle
12279:Penetration diving
12267:Black-water diving
12143:Thalmann algorithm
11955:Commercial salvors
11588:Joseph B. MacInnis
11097:Joseph B. MacInnis
10934:David Attenborough
10856:Peter Throckmorton
10816:Andreas Rechnitzer
10806:Mendel L. Peterson
10667:archaeologists and
10451:AIDA International
10402:Underwater cycling
10385:Open Circuit Scuba
10371:Apnoea finswimming
10283:Surface snorkeling
10033:YMCA SCUBA Program
9824:AIDA International
9599:Master Scuba Diver
9584:CMAS** scuba diver
9562:Core diving skills
9500:Finning techniques
9366:Refresher training
9148:NOAA Diving Manual
8962:Ricardo Armbruster
8890:Edwin Clayton Link
8762:Natalia Molchanova
8510:Cosmos CE2F series
8468:Porpoise regulator
8334:Auguste Denayrouze
8110:Diving regulations
8045:Rubicon Foundation
7970:Edward D. Thalmann
7935:Felix Hoppe-Seyler
7930:Brian Andrew Hills
7910:John Scott Haldane
7885:Albert A. BĂŒhlmann
7850:Arthur J. Bachrach
7790:Hyperbaric nursing
7689:Immersion diuresis
7571:Avascular necrosis
7355:Diving regulations
7064:Scuba gas planning
6386:Underwater rifles
6065:Underwater logging
6026:Submarine pipeline
5964:Hyperbaric welding
5699:Fuerzas Especiales
5442:AIDA International
5332:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy
5257:Natalia Molchanova
5187:Francisco Ferreras
5074:Snorkel (swimming)
4896:Apnoea finswimming
4800:Reserve gas supply
4775:ENOS Rescue-System
4590:Aquarius Reef Base
4382:Gas reclaim system
4177:Submarine Products
3850:Diving rebreathers
3192:Decompression buoy
3160:Integrated weights
2540:Alert Diver Online
952:Critical pressures
796:= ambient pressure
789:= Reserve pressure
487:
479:
52:Scuba gas planning
49:
41:
33:
25:
13118:
13117:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13019:
12825:
12824:
12760:
12759:
12472:class bathyscaphe
12355:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12347:
12346:
12339:Low impact diving
12272:Blue-water diving
12262:Open-water diving
12178:
12177:
12105:Work of breathing
12100:Underwater vision
12038:Underwater vision
11974:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11936:Ian Edward Fraser
11783:John Morgan Wells
11763:Mark T. Vande Hei
11608:K. Megan McArthur
11578:Kjell N. Lindgren
11513:José M. Hernåndez
11468:Andrew J. Feustel
11428:Philippe Cousteau
11408:Catherine Coleman
11398:Gregory Chamitoff
11368:Robert L. Behnken
11348:Richard R. Arnold
11333:Andrew Abercromby
11308:Valerie van Heest
11238:Jochen Hasenmayer
11162:Philippe Tailliez
11087:Henry Way Kendall
11037:Bernard Delemotte
10836:Stephanie Schwabe
10801:John Peter Oleson
10731:George R. Fischer
10676:Michael Arbuthnot
10669:environmentalists
10574:Underwater divers
10563:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10316:Underwater hockey
10272:Underwater sports
10261:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10207:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10170:Cave Diving Group
9790:Commercial diving
9673:
9672:
9653:Specialist skills
9642:Master Instructor
9637:Diving instructor
9618:Leadership skills
9579:CMAS* scuba diver
9542:
9541:
9515:Low impact diving
9493:Valsalva maneuver
9468:Combat sidestroke
9383:Diving instructor
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9216:Codes of Practice
9120:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9044:Henry Way Kendall
8917:Richard A. Walker
8907:Robert John Smyth
8620:Awards and events
8575:covert operations
8568:
8567:
8138:
8137:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8076:
7905:William Paul Fife
7840:diving physiology
7717:
7716:
7660:
7659:
7613:Nitrogen narcosis
7608:Hydrogen narcosis
7497:Dental barotrauma
7401:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7380:Operations manual
7375:Diving supervisor
7246:Diving supervisor
7241:Diver's attendant
7203:Safety data sheet
7106:Rebreather diving
6970:
6969:
6909:Willful violation
6856:Nitrogen narcosis
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6563:Cave Diving Group
6506:Rebreather diving
6501:Open-water diving
6423:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6232:Abrasive waterjet
6188:
6187:
6092:Underwater survey
6011:Scientific diving
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5555:Diving supervisor
5540:Diving instructor
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5421:Octopus wrestling
5352:Nataliia Zharkova
5327:William Trubridge
5282:Umberto Pelizzari
4938:Underwater hockey
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4826:Saturation spread
4649:Atlantis ROV Team
4629:Remotely operated
4623:
4622:
4600:Helgoland Habitat
4520:Saturation system
4409:Nitrox production
4343:Diving air filter
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4157:Oceanic Worldwide
4047:Aqua Lung America
4021:
4020:
4003:Scuba replacement
3983:Diver's umbilical
3948:Siebe Gorman CDBA
3933:Mark IV Amphibian
3570:Diver's telephone
3531:Octopus regulator
3070:Decompression gas
2953:Saturation diving
2933:Diving activities
2922:Underwater diving
2710:978-0-915539-10-9
2339:978-0-941332-70-5
2239:978-0-915539-10-9
2123:
2122:
2100:Total mass of gas
1942:
1941:
1884:
1883:
1880:0°C, 1.01325 bar
1867:0°C, 1.01325 bar
1854:0°C, 1.01325 bar
1841:0°C, 1.01325 bar
1702:, which may be a
1624:work of breathing
1614:Rebreather diving
1605:
1604:
1556:
1555:
1265:
1264:
1258:= 176 x (303/283)
1161:
1160:
535:Side mount diving
336:Decompression gas
187:nitrogen narcosis
54:is the aspect of
13138:
13106:
13094:
13093:
13060:
13059:
13048:
13047:
13036:
13035:
12945:Neutral buoyancy
12901:Reef Life Survey
12790:
12789:
12766:Submarine escape
12653:Deep-submergence
12649:
12648:
12620:Submarine rescue
12417:Deep-submergence
12413:
12412:
12361:
12360:
12207:
12206:
12111:
12110:
12021:Neutral buoyancy
12002:
12001:
11980:
11979:
11808:Jeffrey Williams
11658:Nicholas Patrick
11633:Andreas Mogensen
11598:Thomas Marshburn
11568:Dominic Landucci
11558:Karen Kohanowich
11478:Satoshi Furukawa
11373:Randolph Bresnik
11343:Clayton Anderson
11278:Arthur C. Clarke
11248:Jarrod Jablonski
11152:Wesley C. Skiles
11137:Leni Riefenstahl
11022:Jacques Cousteau
10904:Claudia Serpieri
10821:William R. Royal
10786:Charles T. Meide
10716:James P. Delgado
10654:Arne Zetterström
10619:Jacques Cousteau
10582:
10581:
10569:
10568:
10437:Sports governing
10333:Underwater rugby
10280:
10279:
10267:
10266:
10242:training courses
10214:training centres
10152:
10151:
10042:Scientific diver
9748:Commercial diver
9745:
9744:
9683:and registration
9609:Supervised diver
9604:Open Water Diver
9594:Low Impact Diver
9574:Autonomous diver
9559:
9558:
9488:Frenzel maneuver
9473:Diver navigation
9458:
9457:
9371:Skill assessment
9344:
9343:
9333:
9332:
9137:
9136:
9126:
9125:
9099:Esbjörn Svensson
9084:Wesley C. Skiles
8987:ClĂĄudio Coutinho
8937:Arne Zetterström
8912:Albert D. Stover
8875:Craig M. Hoffman
8718:Charles Spalding
8660:
8659:
8489:
8488:
8329:Louis de Corlieu
8314:Jacques Cousteau
8206:
8205:
8144:
8143:
8091:
8090:
7860:Peter B. Bennett
7855:Albert R. Behnke
7834:
7833:
7530:
7529:
7455:
7454:
7420:
7419:
7407:
7406:
7350:Contingency plan
7345:Code of practice
7306:Diving regulator
7294:Hydrostatic test
7231:Chamber operator
7214:
7213:
6991:Emergency ascent
6917:
6916:
6762:
6761:
6705:
6704:
6521:Technical diving
6511:Sidemount diving
6466:
6465:
6429:
6428:
6333:
6332:
6260:Pressure washing
6098:
6097:
5754:Marine Commandos
5653:
5652:
5591:
5590:
5580:Scientific diver
5518:Commercial diver
5503:
5502:
5490:
5489:
5347:Alessia Zecchini
5252:Alexey Molchanov
5162:Yasemin Dalkılıç
4943:Underwater rugby
4881:
4880:
4868:
4867:
4833:Hot water system
4758:Safety equipment
4576:
4575:
4397:Gas storage tube
4392:Gas storage quad
4387:Gas storage bank
4296:Activated carbon
4223:Boarding stirrup
4216:Access equipment
4213:
4212:
4200:
4199:
4137:Johnson Outdoors
4132:HeinrichsWeikamp
3970:diving equipment
3968:Surface-supplied
3893:Halcyon PVR-BASC
3777:
3776:
3752:Regulator freeze
3737:Diving regulator
3641:Shark-proof cage
3436:Pneumofathometer
3334:Free-flow helmet
3017:
3016:
2995:Diving equipment
2990:
2989:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2821:(8 March 2017).
2815:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2292:US Navy (2006).
2289:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2244:
2243:
2225:
2181:Bailout cylinder
2073:Mass of nitrogen
1947:
1946:
1894:
1893:
1819:
1818:
1700:bailout cylinder
1667:passive addition
1600:
1597:
1579:
1572:
1295:
1294:
1218:
1217:
1184:Gay-Lussac's law
1009:
1008:
968:Reserve pressure
713:ambient pressure
611:
610:
557:bailout cylinder
254:tendency to leak
100:
94:
13146:
13145:
13141:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13136:
13135:
13121:
13120:
13119:
13114:
13016:
12985:
12948:
12946:
12940:
12833:
12831:
12821:
12788:
12756:
12654:
12647:
12614:
12531:Limiting Factor
12418:
12411:
12392:Offshore survey
12366:
12343:
12322:
12222:Altitude diving
12205:
12185:
12174:
12116:
12109:
12056:
12049:
12016:Metre sea water
12007:
12000:
11987:
11966:
11950:
11919:
11888:
11827:
11813:Sunita Williams
11803:Dafydd Williams
11788:Joachim Wendler
11683:Kathleen Rubins
11678:Garrett Reisman
11623:Simone Melchior
11603:Matthias Maurer
11543:Norishige Kanai
11528:Akihiko Hoshide
11518:John Herrington
11433:Timothy Creamer
11423:Fabien Cousteau
11418:Craig B. Cooper
11393:Scott Carpenter
11388:Berry L. Cannon
11363:Robert A. Barth
11338:Joseph M. Acaba
11319:
11293:John Chatterton
11223:Graham Balcombe
11212:
11206:
11202:J. Lamar Worzel
11017:Neville Coleman
10997:Georges Beuchat
10979:
10973:
10921:
10919:
10913:
10871:
10865:
10861:Cristina Zenato
10781:Innes McCartney
10668:
10666:
10664:
10658:
10614:James F. Cahill
10586:
10576:
10555:
10524:
10441:and federations
10440:
10438:
10432:
10416:
10380:
10354:
10294:
10274:
10253:
10241:
10235:
10213:
10199:
10156:
10150:
10071:
10069:
10068:Technical diver
10063:
10045:
10043:
10037:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9847:
9816:
9814:
9808:
9791:
9785:
9751:
9749:
9743:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9669:
9648:
9613:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9538:
9510:Buddy breathing
9456:
9435:Teaching method
9349:
9338:
9319:
9304:
9288:
9242:
9215:
9209:
9131:
9108:
9049:Artur KozĆowski
9012:Maurice Fargues
8977:Berry L. Cannon
8948:
8941:
8932:Bradley Westell
8927:Joachim Wendler
8845:
8838:
8834:diving accident
8826:diving accident
8818:diving accident
8810:diving accident
8808:Stena Seaspread
8802:diving accident
8794:diving accident
8773:
8766:
8757:Nicholas Mevoli
8727:
8723:Ebenezer Watson
8701:
8680:
8651:
8627:Hans Hass Award
8615:
8594:
8589:Rainbow Warrior
8587:Sinking of the
8574:
8564:
8496:
8494:
8487:
8458:Magnesium torch
8429:
8423:
8389:Auguste Piccard
8374:John Lethbridge
8294:Georges Beuchat
8276:
8270:
8253:
8247:
8210:
8204:
8151:
8134:
8096:
8073:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7955:Neal W. Pollock
7841:
7839:
7825:
7816:Fitness to dive
7794:
7763:
7713:
7666:
7656:
7644:
7638:
7617:
7559:
7555:Oxygen toxicity
7528:
7459:
7453:
7444:Motion sickness
7425:
7414:
7412:Diving medicine
7389:
7326:
7324:
7317:
7276:
7270:
7212:
7159:Risk assessment
7149:Hazard analysis
7132:
7125:
6977:
6966:
6915:
6861:Oxygen toxicity
6767:
6760:
6712:
6691:
6674:
6668:
6616:
6610:
6542:
6535:
6476:Altitude diving
6464:
6436:
6411:
6338:
6331:
6302:
6296:
6224:
6218:
6195:
6184:
6096:
6016:Ships husbandry
5928:
5913:
5799:Royal Engineers
5714:Grup Gerak Khas
5674:Commando Hubert
5660:
5658:
5651:
5640:U.S. Navy diver
5615:Clearance diver
5596:
5589:
5497:
5476:
5430:
5404:
5356:
5312:Martin Ć tÄpĂĄnek
5307:Aharon Solomons
5297:Stig Severinsen
5247:Stéphane Mifsud
5197:Flavia Eberhard
5172:Flavia Eberhard
5137:Derya Can Göçen
5122:Peppo Biscarini
5117:Simone Arrigoni
5112:Deborah Andollo
5100:
5042:
5013:No-limits apnea
4977:Constant weight
4952:
4875:
4854:
4804:
4765:Diver down flag
4753:
4630:
4619:
4615:Tektite habitat
4581:
4574:
4524:
4449:
4442:
4426:Oxygen analyser
4404:Helium analyzer
4348:Water separator
4306:Molecular sieve
4283:
4277:
4207:
4186:
4029:
4027:
4017:
3969:
3962:
3908:Interspiro DCSC
3844:
3782:
3775:
3708:Diving cylinder
3694:
3692:
3685:
3518:
3512:
3451:
3445:
3392:Instrumentation
3387:
3316:
3310:
3241:
3183:
3176:
3120:
3114:
3041:
3020:Basic equipment
3015:
2997:
2984:
2978:Unmanned diving
2924:
2919:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2816:
2812:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2510:www.youtube.com
2502:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2435:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2381:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2322:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2283:
2272:
2247:
2240:
2226:
2207:
2202:
2171:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2050:50% is nitrogen
1923:
1900:
1809:
1795:
1770:
1748:
1739:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1659:active addition
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1585:needs expansion
1562:
1275:risk assessment
1271:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1173:
999:
963:
959:
954:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
901:
897:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
795:
788:
781:
774:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
734:
726:
718:
706:
695:
684:
675:
641:
635:
618:
608:
607:
596:
585:, but the term
583:stage cylinders
570:
541:
527:
505:
492:
471:
442:
429:
428:
422:
421:
408:
407:
386:
382:
381:
375:
374:
356:
346:
337:
328:
314:
304:
299:
276:
231:
225:
212:
206:
185:the effects of
172:
164:
79:breathing gases
17:
12:
11:
5:
13144:
13134:
13133:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13112:
13100:
13088:
13081:
13074:
13066:
13054:
13042:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13015:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12952:
12950:
12947:facilities for
12942:
12941:
12939:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12837:
12835:
12827:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12820:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12798:
12796:
12787:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12770:
12768:
12762:
12761:
12758:
12757:
12755:
12754:
12749:
12747:Type 7103 DSRV
12744:
12739:
12734:
12726:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12706:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12691:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12659:
12657:
12655:rescue vehicle
12646:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12624:
12622:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12612:
12604:
12596:
12588:
12580:
12572:
12564:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12534:
12527:
12519:
12512:
12505:
12498:
12491:
12490:
12489:
12482:
12474:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12444:
12439:
12431:
12423:
12421:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12388:
12387:
12377:
12371:
12368:
12367:
12357:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12349:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12330:
12328:
12324:
12323:
12321:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12292:
12291:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12269:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12247:Inshore diving
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12213:
12211:
12210:Classification
12204:
12203:
12202:
12201:
12190:
12188:
12180:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12121:
12119:
12108:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12061:
12059:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12023:
12018:
12012:
12010:
11999:
11998:
11992:
11989:
11988:
11976:
11975:
11972:
11971:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11964:
11958:
11956:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11941:Sydney Knowles
11938:
11933:
11927:
11925:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11917:
11915:John Volanthen
11912:
11907:
11905:Richard Harris
11902:
11896:
11894:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11874:Trevor Jackson
11871:
11869:Hillary Hauser
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11849:Philippe Diolé
11846:
11841:
11835:
11833:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11778:Shannon Walker
11775:
11773:Rex J. Walheim
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11748:Daniel M. Tani
11745:
11740:
11735:
11733:Hervé Stevenin
11730:
11728:Robert Sténuit
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11688:Dick Rutkowski
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11668:Thomas Pesquet
11665:
11660:
11655:
11653:Luca Parmitano
11650:
11645:
11643:John D. Olivas
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11613:Craig McKinley
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11503:Chris Hadfield
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11473:Michael Fincke
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11403:Steve Chappell
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11329:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11216:
11214:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11177:Albert Tillman
11174:
11172:Valerie Taylor
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11047:Candice Farmer
11044:
11042:David Doubilet
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10992:Tamara Benitez
10989:
10983:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10929:Samir Alhafith
10925:
10923:
10922:and presenters
10915:
10914:
10912:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10879:Pascal Bernabé
10875:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10851:Robert Sténuit
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10831:Gunter Schöbel
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10791:Mark M. Newell
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10771:Robert F. Marx
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10736:Anders Franzén
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10681:Robert Ballard
10678:
10672:
10670:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10644:Dick Rutkowski
10641:
10636:
10634:Trevor Hampton
10631:
10629:Dottie Frazier
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10590:
10588:
10578:
10577:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10453:
10447:International
10444:
10442:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10430:
10424:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10386:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10355:
10353:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10323:
10313:
10308:
10302:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10286:
10284:
10276:
10275:
10263:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10245:
10243:
10240:Military diver
10237:
10236:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10217:
10215:
10212:Military diver
10209:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10191:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10167:
10160:
10158:
10149:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10075:
10073:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10056:
10049:
10047:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9861:
9859:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9839:
9833:
9827:
9820:
9818:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9795:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9755:
9753:
9742:
9741:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9719:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9689:
9687:
9679:Diver training
9675:
9674:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9565:
9563:
9556:
9544:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9512:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9354:
9352:
9340:
9339:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9296:
9294:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9151:
9143:
9141:
9133:
9132:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9059:Kirsty MacColl
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8992:E. Yale Dawson
8989:
8984:
8982:Cotton Coulson
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8953:
8951:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8851:
8849:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8828:
8824:Waage Drill II
8820:
8812:
8804:
8796:
8788:
8784:Byford Dolphin
8779:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8742:Stephen Keenan
8738:
8736:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8673:Sinking of MV
8669:
8667:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8499:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8447:
8439:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8419:Jacques Triger
8416:
8411:
8409:Augustus Siebe
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8369:Yves Le Prieur
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8309:John R. Clarke
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8252:Underwater art
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8223:
8214:
8212:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7984:Diving medical
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7975:Jacques Triger
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7950:Charles Momsen
7947:
7945:Simon Mitchell
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7890:John R. Clarke
7887:
7882:
7880:Alf O. Brubakk
7877:
7872:
7870:George F. Bond
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7838:Researchers in
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7754:Oxygen therapy
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7622:Carbon dioxide
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7416:
7415:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7266:Stand-by diver
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7193:Permit To Work
7190:
7188:Lockoutâtagout
7185:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Doing It Right
7083:
7081:Diver training
7078:
7073:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7059:Rule of thirds
7051:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7005:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6982:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6842:Physiological
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6615:Diving tourism
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6320:Hawaiian sling
6312:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6106:
6104:
6102:Salvage diving
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5947:Diver training
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:Tanya Streeter
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Herbert Nitsch
5274:
5272:Guillaume NĂ©ry
5269:
5267:Patrick Musimu
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5242:Kate Middleton
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5177:Ćahika ErcĂŒmen
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5096:Water polo cap
5093:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5064:Hawaiian sling
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5007:Free immersion
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4749:VideoRay UROVs
4746:
4741:
4739:SJT-class ROUV
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Seabed tractor
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Mini Rover ROV
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:8A4-class ROUV
4635:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Diving chamber
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4291:Air filtration
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:Messenger line
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Maurice Fernez
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:Sling cylinder
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3816:Scuba manifold
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Bailout bottle
3787:
3785:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:Reclaim helmet
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Diving compass
3656:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:Bailout bottle
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3376:Full-face mask
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Reclaim helmet
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:Hot-water suit
3301:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Power inflator
3124:
3122:
3121:trim equipment
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2879:. Mobile, AL:
2868:
2839:
2810:
2769:
2762:
2741:
2734:
2716:
2709:
2670:
2644:
2626:
2597:
2579:
2553:
2523:
2496:
2489:
2467:
2453:
2422:
2400:
2393:
2368:
2346:
2338:
2309:
2281:
2245:
2238:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:Mass of helium
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:Mass of oxygen
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1808:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1707:
1687:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1172:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
998:
995:
961:
957:
953:
950:
936:
933:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
899:
895:
888:
884:
880:
876:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
843:
830:
829:Available Time
827:
826:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
765:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
733:
730:
724:
716:
705:
702:
694:
691:
683:
680:
674:
671:
637:Main article:
634:
633:Rule of thirds
631:
617:
614:
595:
592:
587:stage cylinder
569:
568:Drop cylinders
566:
539:Bailout bottle
526:
523:
504:
501:
491:
488:
470:
467:
451:
450:
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
414:
405:
403:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
342:
338:
335:
333:
329:
326:
324:
315:
312:
302:
298:
295:
275:
272:
237:helium is low
227:Main article:
224:
221:
208:Main article:
205:
202:
198:
197:
190:
171:
168:
163:
160:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
134:
124:
123:
120:
117:
110:
106:
87:
81:
60:gas management
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13143:
13132:
13131:Dive planning
13129:
13128:
13126:
13111:
13110:
13105:
13101:
13099:
13098:
13089:
13087:
13086:
13082:
13080:
13079:
13075:
13073:
13072:
13067:
13065:
13064:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13013:
13012:Seabed mining
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12988:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12953:
12951:
12943:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12828:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12732:
12727:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12698:
12697:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12650:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12603:
12602:
12597:
12595:
12594:
12589:
12587:
12586:
12581:
12579:
12578:
12573:
12571:
12570:
12565:
12563:
12561:
12557:
12555:
12554:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12543:
12541:
12540:
12535:
12533:
12532:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12520:
12518:
12517:
12513:
12511:
12510:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12499:
12497:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12475:
12473:
12471:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12454:
12450:
12449:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12414:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12369:
12362:
12358:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12329:
12325:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12290:
12287:
12286:
12285:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12242:Inland diving
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12208:
12200:
12197:
12196:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12181:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12165:Oxygen window
12163:
12161:
12158:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12118:
12115:Decompression
12112:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12075:Diving reflex
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12052:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12009:
12003:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11990:
11986:
11981:
11977:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11928:
11926:
11922:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11900:Craig Challen
11898:
11897:
11895:
11891:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11830:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11798:Peggy Whitson
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11768:Koichi Wakata
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11753:Robert Thirsk
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11743:James Talacek
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11718:Steve Squyres
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11708:Robert Sheats
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11648:Takuya Onishi
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11593:Sandra Magnus
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11573:Jon Lindbergh
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11563:Timothy Kopra
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11533:Mark Hulsbeck
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11508:Jeremy Hansen
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11453:Jeanette Epps
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11438:Jonathan Dory
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11322:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11298:Clive Cussler
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11263:Jack Sheppard
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11243:Jill Heinerth
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11187:Stan Waterman
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11157:E. Lee Spence
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11142:Peter Scoones
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11107:Agnes Milowka
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11067:Stephen Frink
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11027:John D. Craig
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11007:Jonathan Bird
11005:
11003:
11002:Adrian Biddle
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:photographers
10976:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10949:Richie Kohler
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10916:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10868:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10846:E. Lee Spence
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10826:Margaret Rule
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10756:Graham Jessop
10754:
10752:
10751:David Gibbins
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10711:Eugenie Clark
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10661:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10570:
10566:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10439:organisations
10435:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10357:
10351:
10348:
10344:
10343:United States
10341:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10297:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10268:
10264:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10238:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10210:
10195:
10192:
10189:
10186:
10183:
10180:
10177:
10174:
10171:
10168:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10153:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10119:
10116:
10113:
10110:
10107:
10104:
10101:
10098:
10095:
10092:
10089:
10086:
10083:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10070:certification
10066:
10060:
10057:
10054:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10044:certification
10040:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10019:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10007:
10004:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9856:certification
9850:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9815:certification
9811:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9750:certification
9746:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9685:organisations
9681:certification
9676:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:certification
9545:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9459:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9440:Muscle memory
9438:
9437:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9388:Diving school
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9345:
9341:
9334:
9330:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9276:Shadow Divers
9273:
9271:
9270:
9269:The Last Dive
9266:
9264:
9263:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9214:Standards and
9212:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9127:
9123:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9064:Agnes Milowka
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8855:Roger Baldwin
8853:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8752:Audrey Mestre
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:Diver rescues
8683:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8571:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8520:Human torpedo
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8490:
8484:
8483:Vintage scuba
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8289:William Beebe
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:and inventors
8273:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:Archeological
8207:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8092:
8088:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:organisations
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7663:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:Breathing gas
7641:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:Barodontalgia
7490:
7488:
7487:Aerosinusitis
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:Barostriction
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7404:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7320:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7054:Dive planning
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:Dive briefing
7042:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7022:Decompression
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6973:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:Trait anxiety
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:Decompression
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6781:Environmental
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6710:Diving safety
6706:
6702:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:and festivals
6673:Diving events
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:Shark tourism
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6543:organisations
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6334:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6292:Water jetting
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Thermal lance
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:Sponge diving
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Police diving
5994:
5992:
5991:Pearl hunting
5989:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:Hazmat diving
5957:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:US Navy SEALs
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:JW KomandosĂłw
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:Organisations
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Danai Varveri
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Annelie Pompe
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Audrey Mestre
5230:
5228:
5227:Jacques Mayol
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Pierre Frolla
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Sara Campbell
5130:
5128:
5127:Michael Board
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4995:Dynamic apnea
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4969:Vertical Blue
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:Pearl hunting
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:Diving spread
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:ROV KIEL 6000
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4448:Decompression
4445:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:Breathing gas
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Diving ladder
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:René Cavalero
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:manufacturers
4024:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Carleton CDBA
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:Diving helmet
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Distance line
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Safety helmet
3634:
3632:
3631:Rescue tether
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Bailout block
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:Diver's knife
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Dive computer
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Orinasal mask
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:Diving helmet
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Jersey upline
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Dive computer
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3182:Decompression
3179:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Ankle weights
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Breathing air
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3047:Breathing gas
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2763:99946-633-7-2
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2735:0-9713267-0-3
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:0-7020-2571-2
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2490:1-903513-00-6
2486:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2394:0-7020-2571-2
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:Dive planning
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:30% is helium
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:20% is oxygen
1949:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1790:
1787:
1786:stage dropped
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:pony cylinder
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1682:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1583:This section
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
949:
945:
941:
931:
907:
905:
891:
872:
869:
850:
842:
838:
834:
807:
806:
805:
791:
784:
777:
770:
769:
768:
743:
742:
741:
738:
732:Available gas
728:
720:
714:
711:
701:
699:
690:
687:
679:
673:Half + 15 bar
670:
668:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
646:
645:rule of thumb
640:
630:
627:
623:
613:
604:
602:
591:
588:
584:
580:
575:
565:
562:
561:pony cylinder
558:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
522:
519:
518:Side mounting
515:
512:
508:
500:
498:
483:
475:
466:
464:
459:
455:
448:
445:
438:
435:
432:
415:
412:
411:
410:
400:
396:
393:
388:
366:
362:
360:
348:
339:
330:
321:
316:
310:
308:
294:
292:
287:
285:
284:decompression
281:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
235:
230:
220:
216:
211:
201:
195:
194:decompression
191:
188:
184:
183:
182:
179:
176:
167:
159:
152:
149:
146:
143:
138:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:decompression
99:
93:
88:
86:
82:
80:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:dive planning
53:
45:
37:
29:
21:
13107:
13095:
13083:
13076:
13068:
13061:
13049:
13037:
12812:Steinke hood
12774:Escape trunk
12730:
12709:
12695:
12687:
12678:
12608:
12600:
12593:Shinkai 6500
12592:
12585:Shinkai 2000
12584:
12576:
12568:
12559:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12530:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12485:
12477:
12469:
12452:
12435:
12427:
12301:Wreck diving
12257:Night diving
12186:environments
11962:Keith Jessop
11931:Lionel Crabb
11910:Rick Stanton
11884:John Mattera
11864:Bob Halstead
11859:Bret Gilliam
11854:Gary Gentile
11844:Victor Berge
11818:Reid Wiseman
11738:Nicole Stott
11703:Josef Schmid
11693:Tara Ruttley
11638:Karen Nyberg
11618:Jessica Meir
11498:David Gruber
11463:Albert Falco
11448:Sylvia Earle
11383:Justin Brown
11288:Leigh Bishop
11147:Brian Skerry
11132:Pierre Petit
11122:Steve Parish
11112:Noel Monkman
11092:Rudie Kuiter
11072:Peter Gimbel
10969:Andrew Wight
10889:Mark Ellyatt
10870:Scuba record
10811:Richard Pyle
10721:Sylvia Earle
10706:Cathy Church
10701:Hugh Bradner
10696:Louis Boutan
10691:Mensun Bound
10529:Competitions
10397:Sport diving
10306:Spearfishing
9852:Recreational
9660:Rescue Diver
9548:Recreational
9505:Scuba skills
9483:Ear clearing
9445:Overlearning
9281:
9274:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9202:
9195:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9130:Publications
8972:David Bright
8967:Allan Bridge
8947:Scuba diving
8860:John Bennett
8844:Professional
8831:
8823:
8815:
8807:
8800:Star Canopus
8799:
8792:Drill Master
8791:
8783:
8747:LoĂŻc Leferme
8706:Early diving
8674:
8588:
8573:Military and
8555:Welfreighter
8530:Necker Nymph
8451:
8443:
8404:Gordon Smith
8359:Peter Kreeft
8349:Ămile Gagnan
8344:Henry Fleuss
8242:Whydah Gally
8240:
8233:
8227:
8219:
8115:Duty of care
7960:John Rawlins
7875:Robert Boyle
7842:and medicine
7699:Laryngospasm
7645:contaminants
7482:Air embolism
7449:Surfer's ear
7323:Occupational
7183:Incident pit
7171:Risk control
7101:Night diving
7091:Drift diving
7076:Diver rescue
7063:
7010:Buddy diving
6957:Hyperthermia
6920:Consequences
6899:Task loading
6751:Water safety
6531:Wreck diving
6178:
6172:Royal George
6171:
6163:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6118:
6111:
5986:Media diving
5719:Jagdkommando
5625:Minentaucher
5570:Police diver
5528:Hazmat diver
5317:Walter Steyn
5262:Dave Mullins
5222:Enzo Maiorca
5217:LoĂŻc Leferme
5182:Emma Farrell
5152:Robert Croft
5147:Carlos Coste
5019:Static apnea
4973:Disciplines
4957:Competitions
4928:Spearfishing
4729:Seafox drone
4510:Diving stage
4488:Clump weight
4365:Gas blending
4333:Diver's pump
4318:Booster pump
4248:Diving stage
4172:Siebe Gorman
4147:Morse Diving
3898:Halcyon RB80
3781:Open-circuit
3481:Diving stage
3419:Diving watch
3399:Bottom timer
3227:Diving stage
3165:Trim weights
3119:Buoyancy and
2958:Scuba diving
2938:Diving modes
2876:
2871:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:
2819:Lewis, Steve
2813:
2799:cite journal
2787:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2753:
2725:
2719:
2700:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2588:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2539:
2514:. Retrieved
2509:
2499:
2480:
2456:
2447:
2439:
2413:. Retrieved
2403:
2384:
2359:. Retrieved
2349:
2327:
2302:15 September
2300:. Retrieved
2294:
2275:
2229:
2163:
2146:
2143:
2130:
2125:
1943:
1890:
1887:
1810:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1693:
1689:
1652:
1641:
1629:breakthrough
1617:
1593:
1589:adding to it
1584:
1567:
1563:
1560:Gas matching
1455:40 x 1.3 x 6
1400:40 x 2.5 x 3
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1272:
1210:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1005:
1000:
990:
986:
982:
978:
976:
971:
967:
966:
955:
946:
942:
938:
909:
893:
874:
870:
851:
848:
840:
836:
832:
799:
766:
739:
735:
722:
707:
696:
688:
685:
676:
664:
653:
649:
642:
619:
605:
600:
597:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
554:
550:
546:
542:
517:
516:
510:
509:
506:
493:
460:
456:
452:
401:
397:
389:
368:
364:
357:
319:
300:
288:
277:
265:
261:Graham's Law
258:
247:
232:
217:
213:
199:
180:
173:
165:
156:
125:
72:
67:
64:dive profile
51:
50:
12846:CMAS Europe
12807:Momsen lung
12447:Bathyscaphe
12375:Bathysphere
12284:Cave diving
12252:Muck diving
12237:Deep diving
12065:Blood shift
11879:Steve Lewis
11713:Dewey Smith
11673:Marc Reagan
11553:Scott Kelly
11548:Les Kaufman
11458:Sheck Exley
11443:Pedro Duque
11233:Martyn Farr
11228:Sheck Exley
11182:John Veltri
11117:Pete Oxford
11102:Luis Marden
11077:Monty Halls
11062:Ric Frazier
10959:Andy Torbet
10939:RamĂłn Bravo
10894:Sheck Exley
10841:Myriam Seco
10741:Honor Frost
10686:George Bass
10649:Teseo Tesei
10624:Billy Deans
10604:Mary Bonnin
10467:AIDA Hellas
10359:Breath-hold
10290:Finswimming
10046:authorities
9813:Free-diving
9752:authorities
9625:Dive leader
9310:Dive guides
9204:Basic Scuba
9104:Josef Velek
9094:Rob Stewart
9089:Dewey Smith
9054:Yuri Lipski
9027:Steve Irwin
9007:Sheck Exley
9002:Milan Dufek
8997:Deon Dreyer
8902:Per Skipnes
8816:Venture One
8642:NOGI Awards
8254:and artists
7684:Hypothermia
7629:Hypercapnia
7564:Inert gases
7218:Diving team
7121:Wall diving
7116:Solo diving
7015:buddy check
6998:Boat diving
6952:Hypercapnia
6942:Hypothermia
6866:Seasickness
6811:Wave action
6682:Diversnight
6624:Dive center
6516:Solo diving
6496:Muck diving
6486:Deep diving
6481:Cave diving
6469:Specialties
6310:Limpet mine
6272:Lifting bag
6196:contractors
5942:Dive leader
5814:Shayetet 13
5565:Media diver
5506:Occupations
5400:Hypothermia
5395:Hypercapnia
5237:Karol Meyer
5142:Goran Äolak
5059:Diving suit
5054:Diving mask
4964:Nordic Deep
4770:Diving shot
4714:Scorpio ROV
4483:Closed bell
4478:Bell cursor
4473:Diving bell
4233:Diving bell
4122:Oscar Gugen
3823:Pony bottle
3669:Line marker
3646:Snoopy loop
3587:Diving bell
3536:Pony bottle
3469:Closed bell
3464:Diving bell
3404:Depth gauge
3366:Diving mask
3277:Sladen suit
3247:Diving suit
3222:Diving shot
3217:Diving bell
3170:Weight belt
3055:Bailout gas
3027:Diving mask
2857:(2): 85â9.
2572:21 November
2361:14 November
2062:2561 litres
2029:0.1786 kg/m
2012:1536 litres
1962:1024 litres
1851:0.1786 kg/m
1838:1.2754 kg/m
1647:loop volume
1643:Diluent gas
1637:metabolised
1475:320+300+312
904:Boyle's law
719:) and RMV.
609:reserve gas
497:rebreathers
359:Henry's law
327:Bailout gas
307:hypercapnia
291:rebreathers
13071:Dive sites
12896:Reef Check
12891:PADI AWARE
12861:Green Fins
12794:Escape set
12486:Trieste II
12296:Ice diving
12057:physiology
11823:Kimiya Yui
11538:Emma Hwang
11413:Robin Cook
11303:Bill Nagle
11268:Bill Stone
11211:Underwater
11167:Ron Taylor
11127:Zale Parry
11057:Rodney Fox
11012:Eric Cheng
10987:Doug Allan
10978:Underwater
10920:filmmakers
10918:Underwater
10899:Nuno Gomes
10884:Jim Bowden
10766:Pilar Luna
10665:scientists
10663:Underwater
10421:Rebreather
10376:Freediving
9665:Solo diver
9630:Divemaster
9478:Diver trim
9262:Goldfinder
9022:Guy Garman
8949:fatalities
8848:fatalities
8735:fatalities
8733:Freediving
8675:Conception
8611:Mission 31
8560:Wet Nellie
8495:propulsion
8428:Historical
8394:Joe Savoie
8339:Ted Eldred
8324:John Deane
7634:Hypocapnia
7477:Barotrauma
7325:safety and
7198:Redundancy
7133:management
6978:procedures
6927:Barotrauma
6884:competence
6817:Equipment
6491:Ice diving
6337:Underwater
6301:Underwater
6251:Brush cart
5927:Underwater
5724:JW Formoza
5535:Divemaster
5409:Historical
5368:Barotrauma
5337:Fatma Uruk
5302:Tom Sietas
5287:Liv Philip
5105:Freedivers
4923:Snorkeling
4901:Freediving
4884:Activities
4873:Freediving
4821:Air spread
4684:KaĆif ROUV
4659:Deep Drone
4580:Underwater
4556:Subskimmer
4551:Liveaboard
4311:Silica gel
4228:Diver lift
4102:DrÀgerwerk
4087:Dive Xtras
4072:Cressi-Sub
3713:Burst disc
3691:Underwater
3679:Silt screw
3553:Dive light
3548:Buddy line
3414:Dive timer
3299:Dive skins
3138:Dump valve
3105:Travel gas
3060:Bottom gas
2963:Snorkeling
2948:Freediving
2546:30 October
2355:"Heliox21"
2200:References
2079:1.251 kg/m
2056:0.5 Ă 5121
2006:0.3 Ă 5121
1979:1.429 kg/m
1956:0.2 Ă 5496
1877:1.429 kg/m
1864:1.251 kg/m
1828:Condition
1756:Diver trim
1750:See also:
1722:travel gas
1679:See also:
1612:See also:
1342:40 x 4 x 2
1261:= 188 bar
1243:= 10 + 273
1228:= 30 + 273
529:See also:
511:Back mount
416:Required P
345:Travel gas
313:Bottom gas
112:Choice of
98:travel gas
92:bottom gas
83:Choice of
77:Choice of
13069:Indexes:
12569:Sea Cliff
12502:Ictineu 3
12453:ArchimĂšde
12428:Aluminaut
11758:Bill Todd
11663:Tim Peake
11523:Paul Hill
11325:Aquanauts
11258:Tom Mount
11213:explorers
11082:Hans Hass
11032:Ben Cropp
10964:Ivan Tors
10954:Paul Rose
10639:Hans Hass
10587:of diving
10463:National
10366:Aquathlon
10321:Australia
10011:(ScotSAC)
9079:Dave Shaw
9039:Jim Jones
8776:incidents
8666:incidents
8664:Dive boat
8656:Incidents
8437:Aqua-Lung
8430:equipment
8275:Engineers
8261:The Diver
8220:Commodore
7865:Paul Bert
7799:Screening
7768:Personnel
7734:First aid
7722:Treatment
7665:Immersion
7545:Hyperoxia
7524:Dysbarism
7426:disorders
7275:Equipment
7141:Checklist
7032:Pyle stop
6357:Powerhead
6325:Polespear
6225:equipment
6223:Tools and
6156:Mary Rose
6142:Lusitania
6134:Laurentic
5069:Polespear
5047:Equipment
4891:Aquathlon
4709:ROV PHOCA
4679:KaikĆ ROV
4536:Dive boat
4529:Platforms
4450:equipment
4377:Gas panel
4301:Hopcalite
4273:Moon pool
4117:Technisub
4067:Cis-Lunar
4037:AP Diving
4028:equipment
3993:Gas panel
3833:Sidemount
3791:Scuba set
3695:apparatus
3693:breathing
3664:Dive reel
3543:Bolt snap
3519:equipment
3496:PowerSwim
3452:equipment
3381:Half mask
3371:Band mask
3317:and masks
3289:Rash vest
3184:equipment
3085:Hydreliox
2615:cite book
2516:6 October
2415:28 August
2119:4.941 kg
2095:3.203 kg
2045:0.274 kg
1995:1.464 kg
1944:Of this,
1596:June 2021
1543:93.2 + 10
810:available
746:available
531:Scuba set
243:viscosity
114:cylinders
13125:Category
13063:Glossary
13039:Category
12832:interest
12539:Losharik
12516:Jiaolong
12478:Sea Pole
11893:Rescuers
10599:Aquanaut
10585:Pioneers
10338:Colombia
10129:(ProTec)
10072:agencies
9981:(ProTec)
9909:(FFESSM)
9858:agencies
9817:agencies
9350:training
9293:Research
9228:DIN 7876
8832:Wildrake
8772:Offshore
8497:vehicles
8058:(SAUHMA)
7986:research
7830:Research
7679:Drowning
7674:Asphyxia
7596:Taravana
7458:Pressure
7049:Dive log
6937:Drowning
6882:Lack of
6821:Freeflow
6806:Silt out
6801:Overhead
6617:industry
6589:(FFESSM)
6315:Speargun
6126:La Belle
5657:Military
5595:Military
5373:Drowning
5084:Swimfins
5079:Speargun
4790:Jackstay
4734:SeaPerch
4664:Ăpaulard
4498:Wet bell
4458:Air-lock
4284:handling
4258:Jackstay
4253:Downline
4162:Porpoise
3978:Air line
3938:Porpoise
3614:Lifeline
3503:Towboard
3474:Wet bell
3450:Mobility
3324:Anti-fog
3272:Dry suit
3265:Newtsuit
3260:JIM suit
2863:21848111
2663:30 March
2607:51607923
2169:See also
2068:2.561 m
2018:1.536 m
1968:1.024 m
1860:Nitrogen
1746:Material
1435:3/10 + 1
1369:minutes
1311:minutes
1246:= 283 K
958:critical
930:- 1 bar)
710:absolute
392:narcotic
383:and/or P
361:states:
320:back gas
268:Trimixes
241:and low
13097:Outline
13051:Commons
12916:SeaKeys
12830:Special
12737:SRV-300
12694:DSRV-2
12686:DSRV-1
12577:Shinkai
12553:Nautile
12470:Harmony
12419:vehicle
12008:physics
11924:Frogmen
11284:Wrecks
10872:holders
10111:(IANTD)
9933:(IANTD)
9903:(FEDAS)
9792:schools
9740:(WRSTC)
9701:(IDRCF)
9140:Manuals
8463:Nikonos
8450:SP-350
8444:Calypso
8228:Monitor
8052:(SPUMS)
7667:related
7550:Hypoxia
7460:related
7256:Gas man
7226:Bellman
6947:Hypoxia
6791:Delta-P
6786:Current
6768:hazards
6583:(FEDAS)
6347:Gyrojet
6339:firearm
6303:weapons
6265:Pigging
6237:Airlift
6164:Monitor
5909:UNGERIN
5744:KOPASKA
5729:JW GROM
5704:Fukuryu
5620:Frogman
5560:Haenyeo
5361:Hazards
5089:Monofin
4906:Haenyeo
4809:General
4795:Jonline
4699:OpenROV
4582:habitat
4057:Beuchat
3888:Dolphin
3508:Wet sub
3491:Monofin
3486:Swimfin
3315:Helmets
3294:Wetsuit
3237:Jonline
3037:Swimfin
3032:Snorkel
2883:. 2019.
2832:11 July
2658:gue.com
2103:mixture
2085:2.561 m
2035:1.536 m
1985:1.024 m
1938:litres
1915:litres
1825:Density
1484:litres
1464:litres
1409:litres
1380:15/10+1
1351:litres
1322:30/10+1
1117:litres
1103:litres
1090:litres
1076:litres
1062:litres
1048:litres
1034:litres
1020:litres
822:reserve
802:ambient
794:ambient
787:reserve
767:Where:
762:ambient
758:reserve
579:staging
574:dropped
239:density
109:ascent.
58:and of
13109:Portal
13085:Diving
13078:Divers
12834:groups
12731:Remora
12696:Avalon
12688:Mystic
12679:Mystic
12607:DSV-5
12601:Turtle
12560:Pisces
12523:Konsul
12464:FNRS-3
12459:FNRS-2
12327:Impact
12184:Diving
12117:theory
12055:Diving
12006:Diving
11274:Reefs
11219:Caves
10326:Turkey
10190:(NAUI)
10166:(CDAA)
10157:diving
10135:(RAID)
10123:(PDIC)
10117:(PADI)
10105:(FIAS)
10099:(DSAT)
10093:(CMAS)
10087:(BSAC)
10081:(ANDI)
10055:(AAUS)
10023:(TSSF)
9987:(RAID)
9975:(PDIC)
9969:(PADI)
9957:(NAUI)
9951:(NASE)
9945:(TIDF)
9927:(IAHD)
9915:(FIAS)
9897:(CMAS)
9885:(BSAC)
9879:(ANMP)
9873:(ANDI)
9867:(ACUC)
9832:(CMAS)
9826:(AIDA)
9761:(ADAS)
9724:(NOAA)
9713:(IMCA)
9707:(IDSA)
9554:levels
9461:Skills
8846:diving
8774:diving
8452:Denise
8070:(NEDU)
8064:(UHMS)
8026:(EUBS)
8020:(EDTC)
8014:(DMAC)
8008:(DDRC)
7533:Oxygen
7424:Diving
7327:health
7277:safety
6976:Diving
6766:Diving
6607:(WKPP)
6601:(QRSS)
6595:(IAHD)
6577:(CMAS)
6559:(CDAA)
6553:(BSAC)
6405:QBS-06
6287:Tremie
6194:Diving
6119:Kronan
5749:MARCOS
5709:GRUMEC
5659:diving
5597:diving
4985:(CWTB)
4644:ABISMO
4610:SEALAB
4182:Suunto
4152:Nemrod
4127:Heinke
4026:Diving
3998:Hookah
3953:Salvus
3517:Safety
3110:Trimix
3100:Oxygen
3095:Nitrox
3090:Hydrox
3080:Heliox
2861:
2789:5 July
2760:
2732:
2707:
2605:
2595:
2487:
2391:
2336:
2236:
1873:Oxygen
1847:Helium
1766:; and
1737:Volume
1686:Number
1670:ratio.
985:, and
916:sector
889:sector
885:sector
881:sector
877:sector
866:sector
862:sector
858:sector
854:sector
665:In an
601:ad hoc
537:, and
274:Oxygen
234:Helium
210:Nitrox
204:Nitrox
101:, and
12990:Other
12729:ASRV
12673:MSM-1
12436:Alvin
12365:Other
10196:(TDI)
10184:(CDG)
10178:(GUE)
10172:(CDG)
10147:(TXR)
10141:(TSA)
10029:(UDI)
10017:(SSI)
10005:(SEI)
9999:(SDI)
9993:(SAA)
9963:(NOB)
9939:(ILS)
9921:(GUE)
9891:(CFT)
9854:scuba
9844:(SSI)
9777:(HSE)
9695:(EUF)
9550:scuba
9348:Diver
9032:death
8493:Diver
8211:sites
8002:(DAN)
7439:Cramp
6894:Panic
6571:(CFT)
6565:(CDG)
6541:Diver
6204:COMEX
6112:Egypt
5661:units
5032:(VWT)
5021:(STA)
5015:(NLT)
5009:(FIM)
5003:(DNF)
4997:(DYN)
4991:(CNF)
4979:(CWT)
4838:Sonar
4142:Mares
4107:Fenzy
4092:Divex
4082:DESCO
4077:Dacor
4042:Apeks
4008:Snuba
3923:LAR-V
3918:LAR-6
3913:LAR-5
3903:IDA71
3783:scuba
2444:(PDF)
1662:size.
879:= RMV
818:start
780:start
754:start
286:gas.
12710:Priz
12609:Nemo
12599:DSV
12591:DSV
12583:DSV
12575:DSV
12567:DSV
12509:JAGO
12434:DSV
10155:Cave
9838:(PI)
8226:USS
7131:Risk
6179:Vasa
6170:HMS
6162:USS
6149:Mars
6140:RMS
5929:work
4654:CURV
3958:Siva
3928:LARU
3883:DSEA
3878:CUMA
2859:PMID
2834:2022
2805:link
2791:2008
2758:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2665:2023
2621:link
2603:OCLC
2593:ISBN
2574:2019
2548:2019
2518:2021
2485:ISBN
2417:2008
2389:ISBN
2363:2011
2334:ISBN
2304:2016
2234:ISBN
1935:5121
1552:bar
1517:bar
1514:93.2
1444:bar
1389:bar
1331:bar
1198:Ă (T
1157:bar
1144:bar
1130:bar
1100:3745
1045:2625
962:crit
960:or P
816:Ă (P
752:Ă (P
12668:LR7
12663:LR5
12546:Mir
8442:RV
8218:SS
8095:Law
6132:SS
6110:SS
5513:Ama
5416:Ama
4916:Ama
3943:Ray
1834:Air
1822:Gas
1813:STP
1657:An
1591:.
1549:103
1481:932
1461:312
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1406:300
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989:or
981:or
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924:cyl
920:atm
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912:cyl
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