606:
1820:
which equates to an oxygen partial pressure of 1.8 bar (180 kPa). Over time this limit has been reduced, until today a limit of 1.4 bar (140 kPa) during a recreational dive and 1.6 bar (160 kPa) during shallow decompression stops is generally recommended, though military divers using oxygen rebreathers may operate to greater depths for limited periods, at greater risk. Oxygen toxicity has now become a rare occurrence other than when caused by equipment malfunction and human error. Historically, the U.S. Navy has refined its Navy Diving Manual air and mixed gas tables to reduce oxygen toxicity incidents. Between 1995 and 1999, reports showed 405 surface-supported dives using the helium–oxygen tables; of these, oxygen toxicity symptoms were observed on 6 dives (1.5%). As a result, the U.S. Navy in 2000 modified the schedules and conducted field tests of 150 dives, none of which produced symptoms of oxygen toxicity. Revised tables were published in 2001.
1212:
516:) and changes in expiratory function and lung elasticity. Lung diffusing capacity decreases leading eventually to hypoxaemia. Tests in animals have indicated a variation in tolerance similar to that found in central nervous system toxicity, as well as significant variations between species. When the exposure to oxygen above 0.5 bar (50 kPa) is intermittent, it permits the lungs to recover and delays the onset of toxicity. A similar progression is common to all mammalian species. If death from hypoxaemia has not occurred after exposure for several days a proliferative phase occurs, developing a chronic thickening of the alveolar membrane and a decrement in lung diffusing capacity. These changes are mostly reversible on return to normoxia, but the time required for complete recovery is not known.
746:
1220:
1252:. Upon reaching the surface, emergency services are always contacted as there is a possibility of further complications requiring medical attention. If symptoms develop other than a seizure underwater the diver should immediately switch to a gas with a lower oxygen fraction or ascend to a shallower depth if decompression obligations allow. If a chamber is available at the surface, surface decompression is a recommended option. The U.S. Navy has published procedures for completing decompression stops where a recompression chamber is not immediately available. Some dive computers will recalculate decompression requirements for alternative mixtures provided the actual gas setting is activated.
1811:
1240:(AGE), there is some evidence that the glottis does not fully obstruct the airway. This has led to the current recommendation by the Diving Committee of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society that a diver should be raised during the seizure's clonic (convulsive) phase if the regulator is not in the diver's mouth—as the danger of drowning is then greater than that of AGE—but the ascent should be delayed until the end of the clonic phase otherwise. Rescuers ensure that their own safety is not compromised during the convulsive phase. They then ensure that where the victim's air supply is established it is maintained, and carry out a
42:
960:
687:. Damage to the developing eye of infants exposed to high oxygen fraction at normal pressure has a different mechanism and effect from the eye damage experienced by adult divers under hyperbaric conditions. Hyperoxia may be a contributing factor for the disorder called retrolental fibroplasia or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants. In preterm infants, the retina is often not fully vascularised. Retinopathy of prematurity occurs when the development of the retinal vasculature is arrested and then proceeds abnormally. Associated with the growth of these new vessels is
1893:
may be referred to as the "Lorrain Smith effect". The first recorded human exposure was undertaken in 1910 by
Bornstein when two men breathed oxygen at 2.8 bar (280 kPa) for 30 minutes, while he went on to 48 minutes with no symptoms. In 1912, Bornstein developed cramps in his hands and legs while breathing oxygen at 2.8 bar (280 kPa) for 51 minutes. Smith then went on to show that intermittent exposure to a breathing gas with less oxygen permitted the lungs to recover and delayed the onset of pulmonary toxicity.
1861:
lungs, which can exacerbate problems of tissue oxygenation for which the supplemental oxygen was intended as a treatment. Similar problems can occur in oxygen therapy for chronic conditions which involve hypoxia. Careful titration of oxygen supply to minimise the excess to physiological need also reduces pulmonary hyperoxic exposure to the reasonably practicable minimum. The incidence of pulmonary symptoms of oxygen toxicity is about 5%, and some drugs can increase the risk, such as the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin.
777:), is possibly involved in iron acquisition. Higher than normal concentrations of oxygen lead to increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Oxygen is necessary for cell metabolism, and the blood supplies it to all parts of the body. When oxygen is breathed at high partial pressures, a hyperoxic condition will rapidly spread, with the most vascularised tissues being most vulnerable. During times of environmental stress, levels of reactive oxygen species can increase dramatically, which can damage cell structures and produce
1870:
3457:
205:
19276:
9088:
1974:
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138:, an excess of oxygen in body tissues. The body is affected in different ways depending on the type of exposure. Central nervous system toxicity is caused by short exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary and ocular toxicity result from longer exposure to increased oxygen levels at normal pressure. Symptoms may include disorientation, breathing problems, and vision changes such as
9112:
19288:
9100:
1123:(280 kPa), equivalent to a depth of 18 metres (60 ft). This is followed by a slow reduction in pressure to 1.9 atm (190 kPa) over 30 minutes on oxygen. The patient then remains at that pressure for a further 150 minutes, consisting of two periods of 15 minutes air/60 minutes oxygen, before the pressure is reduced to atmospheric over 30 minutes on oxygen.
19374:
722:, which are an increase in opacity of the lens of the eye which reduces visual acuity, and can eventually result in blindness. This is a rare event, associated with lifetime exposure to raised oxygen concentration, and may be under-reported as it develops very slowly. The cause is not fully understood, but evidence suggests that raised oxygen levels may cause accelerated deterioration of the
1041:
the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas and the depth of the dive, the diver obtains more time on the oxygen clock by diving at a shallower depth, by breathing a less oxygen-rich gas, or by shortening the duration of exposure to oxygen-rich gases. This function is provided by some technical diving decompression computers and rebreather control and monitoring hardware.
1342:
exposure. Some dive computers will automatically track the dosage based on measured depth and selected gas mixture. The limits allow a greater exposure when the person has not been exposed recently, and daily allowable dose decreases with an increase in consecutive days with exposure. These values may not be fully supported by current data.
580:)—about eight times normal atmospheric partial pressure—are usually associated with central nervous system oxygen toxicity and are most likely to occur among patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy and divers. Since sea level atmospheric pressure is about 1 bar (100 kPa), central nervous system toxicity can only occur under
558:
the blood is carried by haemoglobin, but the amount of dissolved oxygen will increase at partial pressures of arterial oxygen exceeding 100 millimetres of mercury (0.13 bar), when oxyhemoglobin saturation is nearly complete. At higher concentrations the effects of hyperoxia are more widespread in the body tissues beyond the lungs.
2050:. Claims have been made that this reduces stress, increases energy, and lessens the effects of hangovers and headaches, despite the lack of any scientific evidence to support them. There are also devices on sale that offer "oxygen massage" and "oxygen detoxification" with claims of removing body toxins and reducing body fat. The
618:
atmospheric pressure. The earliest signs of pulmonary toxicity begin with evidence of tracheobronchitis, or inflammation of the upper airways, after an asymptomatic period between 4 and 22 hours at greater than 95% oxygen, with some studies suggesting symptoms usually begin after approximately 14 hours at this level of oxygen.
1953:
Retinopathy of prematurity was not observed before World War II, but with the availability of supplemental oxygen in the decade following, it rapidly became one of the principal causes of infant blindness in developed countries. By 1960 the use of oxygen had become identified as a risk factor and its
1892:
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity was first described by J. Lorrain Smith in 1899 when he noted central nervous system toxicity and discovered in experiments in mice and birds that 0.43 bar (43 kPa) had no effect but 0.75 bar (75 kPa) of oxygen was a pulmonary irritant. Pulmonary toxicity
1860:
Administration of supplemental oxygen is extensively and effectively used in emergency and intensive care medicine, but the reactive oxygen species caused by excessive oxygenation tend to cause a vicious cycle of tissue injury, characterized by cell damage, cell death, and inflammation, mostly in the
1797:
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants frequently regresses without intervention and eyesight may be normal in later years. Where the disease has progressed to the stages requiring surgery, the outcomes are generally good for the treatment of stage 3 ROP, but are much worse for the later stages.
1255:
The occurrence of symptoms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or acute respiratory distress syndrome is treated by lowering the fraction of oxygen administered, along with a reduction in the periods of exposure and an increase in the break periods where normal air is supplied. Where supplemental oxygen is
1177:
Careful titration of dosage to minimise delivered concentration while achieving the desired level of oxygenation will both minimise the risk of oxygen toxicity damage and the amount of oxygen used for long term therapy. A typical target for oxygen saturation when receiving oxygen therapy, would be in
1040:
calculate an oxygen loading and can track it across multiple dives. The aim is to avoid activating the alarm by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas or by reducing the time spent breathing gas of greater oxygen partial pressure. As the partial pressure of oxygen increases with
1018:
The risk of seizure appears to be a function of dose – a cumulative combination of partial pressure and duration. The threshold for oxygen partial pressure below which seizures never occur has not been established, and may depend on many variables, some of them personal. The risk to a specific person
557:
Under normal or reduced ambient pressures, the effects of hyperoxia are initially restricted to the lungs, which are directly exposed, but after prolonged exposure or at hyperbaric pressures, other organs can be at risk. At normal partial pressures of inhaled oxygen, most of the oxygen transported in
470:
Exposure to oxygen pressures greater than 0.5 bar, such as during diving, oxygen prebreathing prior to flight, or hyperbaric therapy is associated with the onset of pulmonary toxicity symptoms. Pulmonary toxicity symptoms result from an inflammation that starts in the airways leading to the lungs and
1793:
The majority of infants who have survived following an incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia will eventually recover near-normal lung function, since lungs continue to grow during the first 5–7 years and the damage caused by bronchopulmonary dysplasia is to some extent reversible (even in adults).
1341:
The Repex (repetitive exposure) method, developed in 1988, allows oxygen toxicity dosage to be calculated using a single dose value equivalent to 1 minute of 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure called an Oxygen
Tolerance Unit (OTU), and is used to avoid toxic effects over several days of operational
1231:
During hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the patient will usually breathe 100% oxygen from a mask while inside a hyperbaric chamber pressurised with air to about 2.8 bar (280 kPa). Seizures during the therapy are managed by removing the mask from the patient, thereby dropping the partial pressure
1044:
Diving below 56 m (184 ft) on air would expose a diver to increasing danger of oxygen toxicity as the partial pressure of oxygen exceeds 1.4 bar (140 kPa), so a gas mixture should be used which contains less than 21% oxygen (termed a hypoxic mixture). Increasing the proportion of
536:
and non-vascularised regions of an infant's retina. The degree of this demarcation is used to designate four stages: (I) the demarcation is a line; (II) the demarcation becomes a ridge; (III) growth of new blood vessels occurs around the ridge; (IV) the retina begins to detach from the inner wall of
2073:
to separate oxygen and hydrogen. He then pumps the pure oxygen throughout the town of
Quiquendone, causing the normally tranquil inhabitants and their animals to become aggressive and plants to grow rapidly. An explosion of the hydrogen and oxygen in Dr Ox's factory brings his experiment to an end.
1936:
made further discoveries on the effects of breathing oxygen under pressure and methods of prevention. Their work on intermittent exposures for extension of oxygen tolerance and on a model for prediction of pulmonary oxygen toxicity based on pulmonary function are key documents in the development of
1819:
The incidence of central nervous system toxicity among divers has decreased since the Second World War, as protocols have developed to limit exposure and partial pressure of oxygen inspired. In 1947, Donald recommended limiting the depth allowed for breathing pure oxygen to 7.6 m (25 ft),
1801:
Provision of supplementary oxygen remains of life-saving importance in critical care, and can increase survival in some chronic conditions, but hyperoxia and the formation of reactive oxygen species is involved in the pathogenesis of several life-threatening diseases. The toxic effects of hyperoxia
1789:
Although the convulsions caused by central nervous system oxygen toxicity may lead to incidental injury to the victim, it remained uncertain for many years whether damage to the nervous system following the seizure could occur and several studies searched for evidence of such damage. An overview of
453:
and exposure duration. However, exposure time before onset is unpredictable, as tests have shown a wide variation, both amongst individuals, and in the same individual from day to day. In addition, many external factors, such as underwater immersion, exposure to cold, and exercise will decrease the
1089:
is to identify divers with low tolerance to high partial pressures of hyperbaric oxygen who may be more prone to oxygen convulsions during diving operations or during hyperbaric treatment for decompression sickness. The value of this test has been questioned, and statistical studies have shown low
1031:
Diving Manual. For the following partial pressures of oxygen the limits are: 45 minutes at 1.6 bar (160 kPa), 120 minutes at 1.5 bar (150 kPa), 150 minutes at 1.4 bar (140 kPa), 180 minutes at 1.3 bar (130 kPa) and 210 minutes at 1.2 bar (120 kPa),
967:
The prevention of oxygen toxicity depends entirely on the setting. Both underwater and in space, proper precautions can eliminate the most pernicious effects. Premature infants commonly require supplemental oxygen to treat complications of preterm birth. In this case prevention of bronchopulmonary
1337:
and others determined acceptable levels of exposure for single and repeated exposures. A distinction is made between acceptable exposure for acute and chronic toxicity, but these are really the extremes of a possible continuous range of exposures. A further distinction can be made between routine
1186:
In low-pressure environments oxygen toxicity may be avoided since the toxicity is caused by high partial pressure of oxygen, not by high oxygen fraction. This is illustrated by the use of pure oxygen in spacesuits, which must operate at low pressure, and a high oxygen fraction and cabin pressure
1118:
allow for periods of breathing air rather than 100% oxygen (air breaks) to reduce the chance of seizure or lung damage. The U.S. Navy uses treatment tables based on periods alternating between 100% oxygen and air. For example, USN table 6 requires 75 minutes (three periods of 20 minutes
1072:
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity is an entirely avoidable event while diving. The limited duration and naturally intermittent nature of most diving makes this a relatively rare (and even then, reversible) complication for divers. Established guidelines enable divers to calculate when they are at risk of
1026:
courses for modes of diving in which exposure may reach levels with significant risk, divers are taught to plan and monitor what is called the 'oxygen clock' of their dives. This is a notional alarm clock, which ticks more quickly at increased oxygen pressure and is set to activate at the maximum
1006:
is prevention of regulator loss in the event of a seizure. Mouthpiece retaining straps are a relatively inexpensive alternative with a similar but less effective function. As there is an increased risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity on deep dives, long dives and dives where oxygen-rich
621:
At partial pressures of oxygen of 2 to 3 bar (200 to 300 kPa)—100% oxygen at 2 to 3 times atmospheric pressure—these symptoms may begin as early as 3 hours into exposure to oxygen. Experiments on rats breathing oxygen at pressures between 1 and 3 bars (100 and 300 kPa) suggest that
234:
Central nervous system oxygen toxicity can cause seizures, brief periods of rigidity followed by convulsions and unconsciousness, and is of concern to divers who encounter greater than atmospheric pressures. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity results in damage to the lungs, causing pain and difficulty in
2042:
use pure oxygen or nitrox containing up to 80% oxygen to accelerate decompression. Divers who breathe oxygen fractions greater than of air (21%) need to be educated on the dangers of oxygen toxicity and how to manage the risk. To buy nitrox, a diver may be required to show evidence of relevant
1798:
Although surgery is usually successful in restoring the anatomy of the eye, damage to the nervous system by the progression of the disease leads to comparatively poorer results in restoring vision. The presence of other complicating diseases also reduces the likelihood of a favourable outcome.
1832:
and equipment used. A study by
Welslau in 1996 reported 16 incidents out of a population of 107,264 patients (0.015%), while Hampson and Atik in 2003 found a rate of 0.03%. Yildiz, Ay and Qyrdedi, in a summary of 36,500 patient treatments between 1996 and 2003, reported only 3 oxygen toxicity
1856:
babies developed retinopathy of prematurity, which rose to 72% in extremely low birth weight babies, defined as less than 1 kg (2.2 lb) at birth. However, severe outcomes are much less frequent: for very low birth weight babies—those less than 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) at birth—the
549:
Oxygen toxicity is caused by hyperoxia, exposure to oxygen at partial pressures greater than those to which the body is normally exposed. This occurs in three principal settings: underwater diving, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the provision of supplemental oxygen, in critical care, and for
617:
are exposed to the highest concentration of oxygen in the human body and are therefore the first organs to show toxicity. Pulmonary toxicity occurs only with exposure to partial pressures of oxygen greater than 0.5 bar (50 kPa), corresponding to an oxygen fraction of 50% at normal
1961:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was first described by
Northway in 1967, who outlined the conditions that would lead to the diagnosis. This was later expanded by Bancalari and in 1988 by Shennan, who suggested the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks could predict long-term outcomes.
1105:
and US National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is to breathe 100% oxygen delivered by BIBS mask at an ambient pressure of 2.8 bar absolute (18 msw) for 30 minutes, at rest in a dry hyperbaric chamber. No symptoms of CNS oxygen toxicity may be observed by the attendant.
1823:
The variability in tolerance and other variable factors such as workload have resulted in the U.S. Navy abandoning screening for oxygen tolerance. Of the 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests performed between 1976 and 1997, only 6 episodes of oxygen toxicity were observed (0.1%).
1093:
The variability in tolerance and other variable factors such as workload have resulted in the U.S. Navy abandoning screening for oxygen tolerance. Of the 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests performed between 1976 and 1997, only 6 episodes of oxygen toxicity were observed (0.1%).
483:
regions). This begins as a mild tickle on inhalation and progresses to frequent coughing. If breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen continues, subjects experience a mild burning on inhalation along with uncontrollable coughing and occasional shortness of breath
6509:
Lambertsen, Christian J; Clark, John M; Gelfand, R (2000). "The Oxygen research program, University of
Pennsylvania: Physiologic interactions of oxygen and carbon dioxide effects and relations to hyperoxic toxicity, therapy, and decompression. Summation: 1940 to 1999".
1848:
infants and its incidence has grown as the survival of extremely premature infants has increased. Nevertheless, the severity has decreased as better management of supplemental oxygen has resulted in the disease now being related mainly to factors other than hyperoxia.
1154:
is reversible in the early stages by use of break periods on lower pressures of oxygen, but it may eventually result in irreversible lung injury if allowed to progress to severe damage. One or two days of exposure without oxygen breaks are needed to cause such damage.
1802:
are particularly prevalent in the pulmonary compartment, and cerebral and coronary circulations are at risk when vascular changes occur. Long-term hyperoxia harms the immune responses and susceptibility to infectious complications and tissue injury are increased.
880:
The diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity in infants is typically suggested by the clinical setting. Prematurity, low birth weight, and a history of oxygen exposure are the principal indicators, while no hereditary factors have been shown to yield a pattern.
1840:
The overall risk of CNS toxicity may be as high as 1 in 2000 to 3000 treatments. but it varies with the pressure and may be as high as 1 in 200 at higher pressure treatment schedules of 2.8 to 3.0 ATA, or as low as 1 in 10,000 for schedules at 2 ATA or less.
15479:
832:
that guard against oxidative stress, these systems are eventually overwhelmed at very high concentrations of free oxygen, and the rate of cell damage exceeds the capacity of the systems that prevent or repair it. Cell damage and cell death then result.
1761:, where t is time and c is the power term. This was derived from the chemical reactions producing reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, and has been shown to give good predictions for CNS toxicity with c = 6.8 and for pulmonary toxicity for c = 4.57.
841:
Diagnosis of central nervous system oxygen toxicity in divers prior to seizure is difficult as the symptoms of visual disturbance, ear problems, dizziness, confusion and nausea can be due to many factors common to the underwater environment such as
2000:
in rats. In the years since, research on central nervous system toxicity has centred on methods of prevention and safe extension of tolerance. Sensitivity to central nervous system oxygen toxicity has been shown to be affected by factors such as
1833:
incidents, giving a rate of 0.008%. A later review of over 80,000 patient treatments revealed an even lower rate: 0.0024%. The reduction in incidence may be partly due to use of a mask rather than a hood to deliver oxygen as there is less
1338:
exposure and exposure required for emergency treatment, where a higher risk of oxygen toxicity may be justified to achieve a reduction of a more critical injury, particularly when in a relatively safe controlled and monitored environment.
15417:
508:. An increase in the width of the interstitial space may be seen in histological examination. X-rays of the lungs show little change in the short term, but extended exposure leads to increasing diffuse shadowing throughout both lungs.
2074:
Verne summarised his story by explaining that the effects of oxygen described in the tale were his own invention (they are not in any way supported by empirical evidence). There is also a brief episode of oxygen intoxication in his "
695:, is not the main risk factor for development of this disease. Restricting supplemental oxygen use does not necessarily reduce the rate of retinopathy of prematurity, and may raise the risk of hypoxia-related systemic complications.
294:
of atmospheric air at atmospheric pressures does not cause oxygen toxicity, because sea-level air has a partial pressure of oxygen of 0.21 bar (21 kPa) whereas toxicity does not occur below 0.3 bar (30 kPa).
726:
due to degradation of lens crystallins by cross-linking, forming aggregates capable of scattering light. This may be an end-state development of the more commonly observed myopic shift associated with hyperbaric treatment.
1814:
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 1997 was more common in middle income countries where neonatal intensive care services were increasing; but greater awareness of the problem, leading to preventive measures, had not yet
702:
has occurred in closed circuit oxygen rebreather divers with prolonged exposures. It also occurs frequently in those undergoing repeated hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This is due to an increase in the refractive power of the
1235:
A seizure underwater requires that the diver be brought to the surface as soon as practicable. Although for many years the recommendation has been not to raise the diver during the seizure itself, owing to the danger of
1277:
s which are based on exposure time at specified partial pressures. In the event of emergency treatment for decompression illness, it may be necessary to exceed normal exposure limits to manage more critical symptoms.
846:, congestion and coldness. However, these symptoms may be helpful in diagnosing the first stages of oxygen toxicity in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In either case, unless there is a prior history of
998:, because a seizure results in high risk of death by drowning. The seizure may occur suddenly and with no warning symptoms. The effects are sudden convulsions and unconsciousness, during which victims can lose their
1958:-related complications. Since then, more sophisticated monitoring and diagnosis have established protocols for oxygen use which aim to balance between hypoxic conditions and problems of retinopathy of prematurity.
7626:
7611:
239:. Pulmonary and ocular damage are most likely to occur when supplemental oxygen is administered as part of a treatment, particularly to newborn infants, but are also a concern during hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
195:
has warned those who have conditions such as heart or lung disease not to use oxygen bars. Scuba divers use breathing gases containing up to 100% oxygen, and should have specific training in using such gases.
1941:
when breathing increased pressures of oxygen. Lambertsen's work showing the effect of carbon dioxide in decreasing time to onset of central nervous system symptoms has influenced work from current exposure
1827:
Central nervous system oxygen toxicity among patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy is rare, and is influenced by a number of a factors: individual sensitivity and treatment protocol; and probably
1169:
in 1954 showed a causal link between supplemental oxygen and retinopathy of prematurity, but subsequent curtailment of supplemental oxygen caused an increase in infant mortality. To balance the risks of
588:
is above normal. Divers breathing air at depths beyond 60 m (200 ft) face an increasing risk of an oxygen toxicity "hit" (seizure). Divers breathing a gas mixture enriched with oxygen, such as
281:
In unusual circumstances, effects on other tissues may be observed: it is suspected that during spaceflight, high oxygen concentrations may contribute to bone damage. Hyperoxia can also indirectly cause
1133:
were proposed and later rejected as a potential method of protection against pulmonary oxygen toxicity. There is however some experimental evidence in rats that vitamin E and selenium aid in preventing
15431:
597:
accepted for the mixture. CNS toxicity is aggravated by a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide, stress, fatigue and cold, all of which are much more likely in diving than in hyperbaric therapy.
441:
consisting of two phases: intense muscle contraction occurs for several seconds (tonic phase); followed by rapid spasms of alternate muscle relaxation and contraction producing convulsive jerking (
184:. These protocols have resulted in the increasing rarity of seizures due to oxygen toxicity, with pulmonary and ocular damage being largely confined to the problems of managing premature infants.
5850:
857:
Diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn infants with breathing difficulties is difficult in the first few weeks. However, if the infant's breathing does not improve during this time,
11667:
7189:. Philadelphia, PA: Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008
15424:
242:
Oxidative damage may occur in any cell in the body but the effects on the three most susceptible organs will be the primary concern. It may also be implicated in damage to red blood cells (
669:
are at increased risk of oxygen toxicity as treatment entails exposure to long periods of oxygen breathing under hyperbaric conditions, in addition to any oxygen exposure during the dive.
16300:
13072:
16148:
12828:
11708:
753:
The biochemical basis for the toxicity of oxygen is the partial reduction of oxygen by one or two electrons to form reactive oxygen species, which are natural by-products of the normal
162:. Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Studies show that, in the long term, a robust recovery from most types of oxygen toxicity is possible.
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1090:
incidence of seizures during standard hyperbaric treatment schedules, so some navies have discontinued its use, though an others continue to require the test for all candidate divers.
19177:
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1794:
However, they are likely to be more susceptible to respiratory infections for the rest of their lives and the severity of later infections is often greater than that in their peers.
1790:
these studies by
Bitterman in 2004 concluded that following removal of breathing gas containing high fractions of oxygen, no long-term neurological damage from the seizure remains.
630:
conditions. Evidence of decline in lung function as measured by pulmonary function testing can occur as quickly as 24 hours of continuous exposure to 100% oxygen, with evidence of
14371:
6637:
Shennan, AT; Dunn, MS; Ohlsson, A; Lennox, K; Hoskins, EM (1988). "Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period".
14297:
6683:; Sadek, Mona; Barnet, Jodi H; et al. (January 1998). "Evaluation of criteria for chronic lung disease in surviving very low birth weight infants. Newborn Lung Project".
15524:
609:
The curves show typical decrement in lung vital capacity when breathing oxygen. Lambertsen concluded in 1987 that 0.5 bar (50 kPa) could be tolerated indefinitely.
1273:
5642:
Boadi, WY; Thaire, L; Kerem, D; Yannai, S (1991). "Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E, riboflavin and selenium on central nervous system oxygen toxicity".
3231:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program.
5702:
Stone, WL; Henderson, RA; Howard, GH; Hollis, AL; Payne, PH; Scott, RL (1989). "The role of antioxidant nutrients in preventing hyperbaric oxygen damage to the retina".
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11703:
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9055:
5799:
Webb, James T; Olson, RM; Krutz, RW; Dixon, G; Barnicott, PT (1989). "Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures".
3884:
Ricci, B; Lepore, D; Iossa, M; Santo, A; D'Urso, M; Maggiano, N (1990). "Effect of light on oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat model. Light and OIR in the rat".
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5743:. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Ophthalmologists & British Association of Perinatal Medicine. 2007. p. i. Archived from
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Divers manage the risk of pulmonary damage by limiting exposure to levels shown to be generally acceptable by experimental evidence, using a system of accumulated
223:
Pulmonary (lungs), characterised by difficulty in breathing and pain within the chest, occurring when breathing increased pressures of oxygen for extended periods;
18874:
1086:
16738:
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1922:
diving developed a mythology about a monster called "Oxygen Pete", who lurked in the bottom of the
Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit "wet pot" (a water-filled
854:, a seizure occurring in the setting of breathing oxygen at partial pressures greater than 1.4 bar (140 kPa) suggests a diagnosis of oxygen toxicity.
9247:
2013:
operations. Even today, models for the prediction of pulmonary oxygen toxicity do not explain all the results of exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen.
13119:
784:
While all the reaction mechanisms of these species within the body are not yet fully understood, one of the most reactive products of oxidative stress is the
15410:
14079:
12496:
4802:
2627:
657:
with exposure to levels of oxygen greater than 50%, and patients exposed to chemicals that increase risk for oxygen toxicity such the chemotherapeutic agent
5737:
2493:
Edstrom, JE; Rockert, H (1962). "The effect of oxygen at high pressure on the histology of the central nervous system and sympathetic and endocrine cells".
646:), while—at the same partial pressure of oxygen—the presence of significant partial pressures of inert gases, typically nitrogen, will prevent this effect.
15940:
12120:
963:
The label on the diving cylinder shows that it contains oxygen-rich gas (36%) and is boldly marked with a maximum operating depth of 28 metres (92 ft)
1889:, molluscs, earthworms, fungi, germinating seeds, birds, and other animals. Central nervous system toxicity may be referred to as the "Paul Bert effect".
16777:
14281:
5854:
19007:
16743:
1260:
may be needed to ensure that the lung tissue remains inflated. Reductions in pressure and exposure will be made progressively, and medications such as
6602:
Northway, WH; Rosan, RC; Porter, DY (1967). "Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia".
1019:
can vary considerably depending on individual sensitivity, level of exercise, and carbon dioxide retention, which is influenced by work of breathing.
16490:
14401:
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Clinical diagnosis can be confirmed with arterial oxygen levels. A number of other conditions can be confused with oxygen toxicity, these include:
16118:
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14361:
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8167:
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1114:
The presence of a fever or a history of seizure is a relative contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen treatment. The schedules used for treatment of
3759:
Bancalari, Eduardo; Claure, Nelson; Sosenko, Ilene RS (2003). "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition".
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15464:
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6514:. Philadelphia, PA: Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center.
2561:
Hess, RT; Menzel, DB (1971). "Effect of dietary antioxidant level and oxygen exposure on the fine structure of the proximal convoluted tubules".
1330:
1199:, high-fraction oxygen is non-toxic, even at breathing mixture fractions approaching 100%, because the oxygen partial pressure is not allowed to
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204:
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16356:
16226:
16220:
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has stated "there is no evidence that oxygen at the low flow levels used in bars can be dangerous to a normal person's health", but the U.S.
1165:
or having a birth weight less than 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) should be screened for retinopathy of prematurity at least every two weeks. The
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dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity must be carried out without compromising a supply of oxygen adequate to preserve the infant's life.
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1227:, blue) is placed around the eye. This brings the wall of the eye into contact with the detached retina, allowing the retina to re-attach.
49:
In 1942–43 the UK Government carried out extensive testing for oxygen toxicity in divers. The chamber is pressurised with air to 3.7
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16787:
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The lipid peroxidation mechanism shows a single radical initiating a chain reaction which converts unsaturated lipids to lipid peroxides.
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123:
effect, after the researchers who pioneered the discoveries and descriptions in the late 19th century. Oxygen toxicity is a concern for
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4273:
Ghio, Andrew J; Nozik-Grayck, Eva; Turi, Jennifer; Jaspers, Ilona; Mercatante, Danielle R; Kole, Ryszard; Piantadosi, Claude A (2003).
3682:
1313:
Repeated exposure to potentially toxic oxygen concentrations in breathing gas is fairly common in hyperbaric activity, particularly in
16344:
16154:
3412:
Helmerhorst, Hendrik J.F.; Schultz, Marcus J.; van der Voort, Peter H.J.; de Jonge, Evert; van
Westerloo, David J. (1 December 2015).
1174:
and retinopathy of prematurity, modern protocols now require monitoring of blood oxygen levels in premature infants receiving oxygen.
168:
for avoidance of the effects of hyperoxia exist in fields where oxygen is breathed at higher-than-normal partial pressures, including
19304:
18331:
15979:
15958:
15541:
15474:
14291:
12145:
4274:
3112:
Clark, John M; Lambertsen, Christian J (1971). "Rate of development of pulmonary O2 toxicity in man during O2 breathing at 2.0 Ata".
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cautions that people with heart or lung disease need their supplementary oxygen carefully regulated and should not use oxygen bars.
1286:
19421:
18237:
15946:
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12962:
9252:
8046:
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6388:
Behnke, Alfred R; Johnson, FS; Poppen, JR; Motley, EP (1935). "The effect of oxygen on man at pressures from 1 to 4 atmospheres".
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4099:
Shykoff, Barbara E (2008). "Pulmonary effects of submerged oxygen breathing in resting divers: repeated exposures to 140 kPa".
2046:
Since the late 1990s the recreational use of oxygen has been promoted by oxygen bars, where customers breathe oxygen through a
2652:
1954:
administration restricted. The resulting fall in retinopathy of prematurity was accompanied by a rise in infant mortality and
142:. Prolonged exposure to above-normal oxygen partial pressures, or shorter exposures to very high partial pressures, can cause
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agencies as an advanced skill, and for professional divers it is a basic skill, as it is one of the primary functions of the
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have been shown to reduce the risk of blindness as an outcome. Where the disease has progressed further, techniques such as
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5952:"Calculated risk of pulmonary and central nervous system oxygen toxicity: a toxicity index derived from the power equation"
1285:
spontaneously, but should the disease progress beyond a threshold (defined as five contiguous or eight cumulative hours of
11553:
6884:"Gender differences in human skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue gases under ambient and hyperbaric oxygen conditions"
6457:
1910:) on dives between 1.0 bar (100 kPa) and 4.1 bar (410 kPa). During World War II, Donald and Yarbrough
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with extended exposure to high concentrations of oxygen. Other groups at higher risk for oxygen toxicity are patients on
635:
230:), characterised by alterations to the eyes, occurring when breathing increased pressures of oxygen for extended periods.
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7013:
6943:. Panama City, FL: U.S. Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008
6416:
Behnke, Alfred R; Forbes, HS; Motley, EP (1935). "Circulatory and visual effects of oxygen at 3 atmospheres pressure".
1834:
6937:"Performance of various models in predicting vital capacity changes caused by breathing high oxygen partial pressures"
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7430:. SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-106-0957, revision 6 with Change A entered. U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from
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7127:
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4066:. Panama City, FL: US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008
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In 1997 a summary of studies of neonatal intensive care units in industrialised countries showed that up to 60% of
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7334:
Hamilton, Robert W; Thalmann, Edward D (2003). "Decompression practice". In Brubakk, Alf O; Neuman, Tom S (eds.).
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Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Hyperbaric Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Kim, YS; Kim, SU (1991). "Oligodendroglial cell death induced by oxygen radicals and its protection by catalase".
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2009:
wrote procedures for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to establish oxygen exposure limits for
1143:
and free radical damage, and therefore prevent retinal changes following repetitive hyperbaric oxygen exposures.
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usually occurring after 48 hours on 100% oxygen. Breathing 100% oxygen also eventually leads to collapse of the
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10338:
9983:
9932:
9672:
8729:
8724:
8036:
5609:
Schatte, CL (1977). "Dietary selenium and vitamin E as a possible prophylactic to pulmonary oxygen poisoning".
3477:"Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning"
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3805:. United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
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is largely preventable by screening. Current guidelines require that all babies of less than 32 weeks
7154:
Clark, James M; Thom, Stephen R (2003). "Oxygen under pressure". In Brubakk, Alf O; Neuman, Tom S (eds.).
5253:"Repex habitat diving procedures: Repetitive vertical excursions, oxygen limits, and surfacing techniques"
5209:"Repex habitat diving procedures: Repetitive vertical excursions, oxygen limits, and surfacing techniques"
4455:
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time to onset of central nervous system symptoms. Decrease of tolerance is closely linked to retention of
212:
The effects of oxygen toxicity may be classified by the organs affected, producing three principal forms:
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3683:"Similar but not the same: normobaric and hyperbaric pulmonary oxygen toxicity, the role of nitric oxide"
1977:
1334:
16835:
10532:
7547:
5999:
Lambertsen, Christian J (1965). Fenn, WO; Rahn, H (eds.). "Effects of oxygen at high partial pressure".
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Freiberger, John J; Coulombe, Kathy; Suliman, Hagir; Carraway, Martha-sue; Piantadosi, Claude A (2004).
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In: Bove, Alfred A; Bachrach, Arthur J; Greenbaum, Leon (Eds.) Ninth International Symposium of the UHMS
1914:
performed over 2,000 experiments on oxygen toxicity to support the initial use of closed circuit oxygen
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but it is impossible to predict with any reliability whether or when toxicity symptoms will occur. Many
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This forum post's author chairs the diving committee of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
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ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
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Verne, Jules (1877) . "VIII" [At seventy-eight thousand one hundred and fourteen leagues].
6014:
5358:"The Extended Oxygen Window Concept for Programming Saturation Decompressions Using Air and Nitrox"
4892:; Kay, Edward; Moon, Richard E; Neuman, Tom S; Vann, Richard D; Walker, Richard; Wyatt, HA (2012).
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870:
691:(scar tissue) that may contract to cause retinal detachment. Supplemental oxygen exposure, while a
550:
long-term treatment of chronic disorders, and particularly to premature infants. In each case, the
438:
11403:
4150:
Schaal, S; Beiran, I; Rubinstein, I; Miller, B; Dovrat, A (2005). "Oxygen effect on ocular lens".
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Patel, Dharmeshkumar N; Goel, Ashish; Agarwal, SB; Garg, Praveenkumar; Lakhani, Krishna K (2003).
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5259:. Rockville, MD: NOAA Office of Undersea Research. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008
5215:. Rockville, MD: NOAA Office of Undersea Research. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008
1930:
1241:
1008:
977:
736:
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488:). Physical findings related to pulmonary toxicity have included bubbling sounds heard through a
4591:"Glutathione in the cellular defense of human lung cells exposed to hyperoxia and high pressure"
2425:
Caulfield, JB; Shelton, RW; Burke, JF (1972). "Cytotoxic effects of oxygen on striated muscle".
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recommend keeping oxygen concentration less than 60%. Likewise, divers who undergo treatment of
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1997:
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7367:. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network, 197 pages. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011
5913:
3643:
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Goldstein, JR; Mengel, CE (1969). "Hemolysis in mice exposed to varying levels of hyperoxia".
593:, similarly increase the risk of a seizure at shallower depths, should they descend below the
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7967:
7202:
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6819:
6759:
Hof, DG; Dexter, JD; Mengel, CE (1971). "Effect of circadian rhythm on CNS oxygen toxicity".
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718:
A possible side effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the initial or further development of
472:
14126:
6839:
Troy, SS; Ford, DH (1972). "Hormonal protection of rats breathing oxygen at high pressure".
3710:
19248:
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5369:
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4428:
1326:
1265:
4479:"Extracellular superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and central nervous system O2 toxicity"
4302:
4023:
Nichols, CW; Lambertsen, Christian (1969). "Effects of high oxygen pressures on the eye".
3461:
3456:
1211:
1077:
it can be avoided by limiting the oxygen content of gas in living areas to below 0.4 bar.
304:
Oxygen poisoning at 90 feet (27 m) in the dry in 36 subjects in order of performance
8:
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8755:
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5572:
2095: – Reversible narcotic effects of respiratory nitrogen at elevated partial pressures
2031:
1926:) to catch unwary divers. They called having an oxygen toxicity attack "getting a Pete".
1314:
1219:
627:
120:
67:
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15340:
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15178:
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5373:
4743:
4742:. Harvey, LA: National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology. Archived from
4494:
4383:
3460: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2240:
Fielder, Alistair R (1993). Fielder, Alistair R; Best, Anthony; Bax, Martin C O (eds.).
462:, increase tolerance in test animals, but these effects have not been proven in humans.
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7242:
7217:
7183:"Pulmonary oxygen tolerance in man and derivation of pulmonary oxygen tolerance curves"
6864:
6852:
6662:
6151:"Decompression sickness and oxygen toxicity in U.S. Navy surface-supplied He-O2 diving"
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2010:
1923:
1322:
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941:
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688:
639:
572:
Exposures, from minutes to a few hours, to partial pressures of oxygen above about 1.6
512:
are reduced, as indicated by a reduction in the amount of air that the lungs can hold (
235:
breathing. Oxidative damage to the eye may lead to myopia or partial detachment of the
155:
151:
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6696:
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5894:
5592:
5590:
3772:
3080:
Clark, John M; Lambertsen, Christian J (1971). "Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: a review".
605:
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Dazed and lip-twitching; paraesthesiae; vertigo; "Diaphragmatic spasm"; severe nausea
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4538:"Free radical reactions and the inhibitory and lethal actions of high-pressure gases"
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Demchenko, Ivan T; Welty-Wolf, Karen E; Allen, Barry W; Piantadosi, Claude A (2007).
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Convulsed; vertigo and severe lip twitching; epigastric aura; spasmodic respiration;
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8145:
7550:– Video of "Oxygen Toxicity" lecture by Dr. Richard Vann (free download, mp4, 86MB).
7077:
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4724:
4218:
2454:"Adrenocortical response to single and repeated exposure to oxygen at high pressure"
2246:. London: Mac Keith Press : Distributed by Cambridge University Press. p.
2061:
Victorian society had a fascination for the rapidly expanding field of science. In "
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Convulsed; drowsiness; severe lip-twitching; epigastric aura; twitch L arm; amnesia
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Bitterman, N; Schaal, S (1995). "Caffeine attenuates CNS oxygen toxicity in rats".
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2002:
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4740:"Recommended Guidelines for Clinical Internship in Hyperbaric Technology (V: C.D)"
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6248:"Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy"
6195:"Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy"
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either by completely replacing nitrogen with helium (the resulting mix is called
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3166:"The pathological effects due to increase of oxygen tension in the air breathed"
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1754:
A more recent proposal uses a simple power equation, Toxicity Index (TI) = t Ă— P
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The following external sites contain resources specific to particular topics:
4189:
Rhee, SG (2006). "Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling".
3475:
Hampson, Neal B; Simonson, Steven G; Kramer, CC; Piantadosi, Claude A (1996).
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6788:"Effects of age and magnesium ions on oxygen toxicity in the neonate chicken"
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4894:"Recommendations for rescue of a submerged unresponsive compressed-gas diver"
4290:
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1907:
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lower than normal atmospheric pressure in early spacecraft, for example, the
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Prolonged exposure to high inspired fractions of oxygen causes damage to the
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6100:"Oxygen Toxicity and Special Operations Forces Diving: Hidden and Dangerous"
5680:
In: The Mysterious Malady: Toward an understanding of decompression injuries
5628:
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Breathing air with high oxygen pressure can lead to several adverse effects.
127:, those on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen, and those undergoing
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6726:. Durham, NC: Duke University. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
6542:
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6263:
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5207:
Hamilton, RW; Kenyon, David J; Peterson, RE; Butler, GJ; Beers, DM (1988).
5046:
4909:
4868:
4850:
4659:
4606:
4436:
4401:
4344:
4298:
4275:"Superoxide-dependent iron uptake: a new role for anion exchange protein 2"
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3414:"Bench-to-bedside review: the effects of hyperoxia during critical illness"
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3199:
3044:
2772:
2514:
2479:
2287:
2223:
1967:
1903:
1873:
Paul Bert, a French physiologist, first described oxygen toxicity in 1878.
1346:
NOAA REPEX limits for whole-body exposure in multiple day oxygen exposures
1058:
995:
926:
905:
851:
809:
805:
551:
449:). The onset of seizure depends upon the partial pressure of oxygen in the
18693:
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7568:– Discussion of the effects of breathing oxygen on the respiratory system.
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6704:
6658:
6650:
6623:
5820:
5723:
5663:
5535:
5418:
Ghosh, D.K.; Kodange, C.; Mohanty, C.S.; Sarkar, S.; Verma, Rohit (2015).
4993:
4978:"Central nervous system oxygen toxicity in closed circuit scuba divers II"
4716:
4708:
4553:
4522:
4352:
4259:
4044:
3953:
3905:
3799:"Symptoms of Oxygen Poisoning and Limits of Tolerance at Rest and at Work"
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3492:
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661:. Therefore, current guidelines for patients on mechanical ventilation in
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Inspiratory predominance; lip-twitching and syncope; nausea and confusion
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7515:(2nd ed.). Victoria, Australia: J.L. Publications. pp. 121–24.
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6157:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009
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858:
829:
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692:
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489:
429:, twitching (especially of the face), behavioural changes (irritability,
417:
oxygen toxicity manifests as symptoms such as visual changes (especially
227:
104:
83:
is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular
10905:
8262:
4131:
Anderson Jr, B; Shelton, DL (1987). "Axial length in hyperoxic myopia".
3738:
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine
3382:(22). London: International Centre for Eye Health: 22–24. Archived from
3176:(1). London: The Physiological Society and Blackwell Publishing: 19–35.
2378:"Changes in Hepatic Structure in Rats Produced by Breathing Pure Oxygen"
715:
or length basis for a myopic shift. It is usually reversible with time.
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6301:"Seizure incidence in 80,000 patient treatments with hyperbaric oxygen"
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1973:
1943:
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required for treatment of another disease (particularly in infants), a
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and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system,
50:
7603:
5891:– Section "What do you do if oxygen toxicity or a convulsion happens?"
3687:
American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is among the most common complications of
1126:
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804:. High concentrations of oxygen also increase the formation of other
745:
658:
348:
Severe lip-twitching; dazzle; blubbering of lips; fell asleep; dazed
187:
In recent years, oxygen has become available for recreational use in
135:
116:
9132:
6015:"National Institutes of Health: What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?"
5173:
2873:"The PADI enriched air diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits"
622:
pulmonary manifestations of oxygen toxicity may not be the same for
19178:
Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command
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1993:
1989:
1810:
1130:
1046:
947:
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may be used to confirm bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In addition, an
847:
719:
459:
422:
220:
followed by unconsciousness, occurring under hyperbaric conditions;
159:
4368:"Carbon Monoxide, Reactive Oxygen Signaling, and Oxidative Stress"
3680:
1980:, lead researcher on tolerable repetitive exposure limits at NOAA.
19157:
18978:
18793:
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12506:
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11985:
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2823:
Richardson, Drew; Menduno, Michael; Shreeves, Karl, eds. (1996).
1781:
in atmospheres absolute, and a TI of 26,108 indicates a 1% risk.
1136:
1102:
1065:), or by replacing part of the nitrogen with helium, producing a
538:
485:
430:
267:
217:
134:
The result of breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen is
53:. The subject in the centre is breathing 100% oxygen from a mask.
14372:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
11668:
Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming
9059:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
4780:
3797:
Yarbrough, OD; Welham, W; Brinton, ES; Behnke, Alfred R (1947).
3312:
Hochberg, C.H.; Semler, M.W.; Brower, R.G. (15 September 2021).
3261:"Incidence of oxygen toxicity during the treatment of dysbarism"
18705:
18700:
12646:
12528:
11990:
11950:
10885:
10851:
10423:
10393:
9341:
9336:
9321:
9056:
8852:
8813:
8201:
7703:
7615:
5464:"Screening for oxygen sensitivity in U.S. Navy combat swimmers"
4644:"Superoxide dismutase responds to hyperoxia in rat hippocampus"
3932:
Drack, AV (1998). "Preventing blindness in premature infants".
3474:
2035:
2022:
1970:
evidence was the most accurate predictor of long-term effects.
1062:
1054:
1033:
959:
899:
862:
797:
712:
699:
684:
590:
501:
445:
phase). The seizure ends with a period of unconsciousness (the
442:
426:
337:
Severe lip-twitching; euphoria; nausea and vertigo; arm twitch
271:
236:
139:
84:
35:
Oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, oxygen poisoning
14298:
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association
5462:
Walters, KC; Gould, MT; Bachrach, EA; Butler, Frank K (2000).
5185:
3552:
Cooper, Jeffrey S.; Phuyal, Prabin; Shah, Neal (August 2022).
2937:"CNS oxygen toxicity in the rat: role of ambient illumination"
2685:
496:), fever, and increased blood flow to the lining of the nose (
18914:
18893:
15525:
The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
13680:
13135:
11079:
10348:
10333:
10323:
10283:
10249:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10144:
9070:
9066:
8225:
7510:
4828:
4826:
4824:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1485:
Oxygen toxicity units per minute at varying partial pressure
1244:. Lifting an unconscious body is taught by most recreational
909:
493:
263:
247:
6571:
6067:
5206:
4149:
3972:"Hyperoxic myopia in a closed-circuit mixed-gas scuba diver"
3796:
3045:
Physical and physiological aspects of submarine tower escape
2112:
2110:
2108:
1869:
10895:
10124:
10119:
8100:
7799:
7158:(5th ed.). United States: Saunders. pp. 358–418.
6357:
Sport diving : the British Sub-Aqua Club diving manual
6258:(2). Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc: 147–53.
6205:(2). Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc: 189–90.
4884:
4272:
3227:
NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).
3140:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2702:
2700:
1007:
breathing gases are used, divers are taught to calculate a
108:
16:
Toxic effects of breathing oxygen at high partial pressures
14272:
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
13073:
Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus
7338:(5th ed.). United States: Saunders. pp. 475–79.
6340:
Barometric pressure: Researches in Experimental Physiology
6098:
Wingelaar, T.T.; van Ooij, P.A.M; Van Hulst, R.A. (2017).
6097:
5701:
5461:
5356:
Kot, Jacek; Sicko, Zdzislaw; Doboszynski, Tadeusz (2015).
5251:
Hamilton, Robert W; Kenyon, David J; Peterson, RE (1988).
4821:
4477:
Oury, TD; Ho, YS; Piantadosi, Claude A; Crapo, JD (1992).
4279:
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
4060:"Repeated Six-Hour Dives 1.35 ATM Oxygen Partial Pressure"
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
2122:
504:). Initially, there is an exudative phase that results in
18909:
18904:
6527:"Lambertsen and O2: Beginnings of operational physiology"
6387:
6299:
Yildiz, S; Aktas, S; Cimsit, M; Ay, H; Togrol, E (2004).
5417:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
2822:
2334:
2269:
2267:
2105:
2088:
Effect of oxygen on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1119:
oxygen/5 minutes air) at an ambient pressure of 2.8
821:
18870:
International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office
16351:
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
16173:
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
11926:
Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei
7483:
6636:
4938:
4234:"Inert gas enhancement of superoxide radical production"
4170:
3054:
2697:
2335:
Larkin, EC; Adams, JD; Williams, WT; Duncan, DM (1972).
2274:
Bennett, Michael H.; Cooper, Jeffrey S. (21 June 2022).
1857:
incidence of blindness was found to be no more than 8%.
18875:
Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)
15418:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
13068:
Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment
7420:
7394:
Regillo, Carl D; Brown, Gary C; Flynn, Harry W (1998).
7336:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
7301:
Revised version of Donald's articles also available as:
7156:
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
6345:
Translated by: Hitchcock, Mary Alice; Hitchcock, Fred A
6003:. Sec 3 Vol 2. American Physiological Society: 1027–46.
5900:
5879:"OXTOX: If You Dive Nitrox You Should Know About OXTOX"
5833:
5596:
3207:
2934:
2735:
2723:
1877:
Central nervous system toxicity was first described by
1178:
the range of 91-95%, in both term and preterm infants.
16744:
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
16149:
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
14733:
12829:
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
11709:
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
9248:
Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment
6583:
6508:
5641:
5520:"Screening for oxygen intolerance in U.S. Navy divers"
5420:"Oxygen tolerance test : A standardised protocol"
5250:
4975:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4588:
3758:
3398:
2831:: 286. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008
2264:
2151:"Oxygen toxicity: A brief history of oxygen in diving"
1771:
in atmospheres absolute, TI should be limited to 250.
19362:
8175:
7548:
2008 Divers Alert Network Technical Diving Conference
6975:
6679:
6354:
6091:
4888:; Bennett, Michael H; Bird, Nick; Doolette, David J;
4797:
4795:
4476:
3883:
3849:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
3229:
NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology
2424:
1881:
in 1878. He showed that oxygen was toxic to insects,
1232:
of oxygen inspired below 0.6 bar (60 kPa).
15941:
International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum
7593:
6079:
3803:
Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 47-01
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3311:
2650:
869:
can help to eliminate other possible causes such as
649:
Preterm newborns are known to be at higher risk for
16778:
14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship
14282:
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
6601:
6437:
6298:
5798:
5413:
5411:
5355:
5121:
4950:
3305:
1215:
The retina (red) is detached at the top of the eye.
824:and other biomolecules. Although the body has many
792:), which can initiate a damaging chain reaction of
18355:
16698:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
16333:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
16137:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
16072:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
12817:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
11897:
11704:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
7511:Lippmann, John; Mitchell, Simon (2005). "Oxygen".
7076:
6983:. British Sub-Aqua Club. p. 6. Archived from
6415:
6155:Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop
4792:
4415:Imlay, JA (2003). "Pathways of oxidative damage".
4130:
2870:
2801:
561:
475:). The symptoms appear in the upper chest region (
16491:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course
14402:History of decompression research and development
7488:. Teddington, UK: Underwater World Publications.
7393:
7014:"Oxygen Bars: Is a Breath of Fresh Air Worth It?"
6720:"Factors Affecting CNS Oxygen Toxicity in Humans"
6061:
5934:
5301:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
4786:
4758:
4022:
3536:
3521:
2877:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
2626:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2155:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
1049:is not viable, since it would produce a strongly
524:In premature babies, signs of damage to the eye (
19388:
18225:
16424:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group
16167:International Association for Handicapped Divers
14389:
14362:List of legislation regulating underwater diving
12835:International Association for Handicapped Divers
12577:
10820:
7333:
6188:
6186:
6017:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
5408:
5179:
4832:
4768:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
3740:. NAS/NRC, 1404, Washington DC. pp. 179–88.
3731:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3551:
2818:
2816:
2243:The Management of Visual Impairment in Childhood
16739:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas
16143:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas
15964:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
15465:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)
13577:Association of Diving Contractors International
12823:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas
7258:
7181:Clark, John M; Lambertsen, Christian J (1970).
7180:
6902:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
6806:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
6758:
6577:
6381:
6266:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
6213:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
6192:
6073:
6007:
5945:
5943:
5794:
5792:
5191:
5081:
5031:"Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy"
4880:
4878:
4662:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
4556:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
4126:
4124:
4122:
3743:
3111:
3079:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2990:
2955:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
2899:. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008
2691:
2307:
1764:For pulmonary toxicity, time is in hours, and P
1331:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1305:surgery may assist in re-attaching the retina.
1029:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
19026:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)
16430:National Association of Underwater Instructors
16375:Rebreather Association of International Divers
16369:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
16357:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
16227:Rebreather Association of International Divers
16221:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
16209:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
16197:National Association of Underwater Instructors
16119:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée
13676:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
7215:
6409:
5775:. Grune & Stratton. pp. 39, 41, 143.
5613:. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press: 84–91.
5573:"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Contraindications"
5538:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
5513:
5511:
5482:. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008
5323:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
5022:
4996:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
4766:"How is bronchopulmonary dysplasia diagnosed?"
4609:. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011
3990:. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008
3969:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3842:
3107:
3105:
3103:
2986:
2984:
2930:
2928:
2775:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
2492:
2375:
2337:"Hematologic responses to hypobaric hyperoxia"
2177:. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008
2116:
19208:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid
18959:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28
16007:Commercial diver registration in South Africa
15578:
12342:
12016:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit
11835:
9148:
8529:
8161:
7674:
7459:The Practice of Oxygen Measurement for Divers
6875:
6779:
6292:
6239:
6183:
5914:"NIH MedlinePlus: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia"
5517:
4969:
4912:. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013
4589:Djurhuus, R; Svardal, AM; Thorsen, E (1999).
3838:
3836:
3834:
3572:
2935:Bitterman, N; Melamed, Y; Perlman, I (1986).
2813:
2273:
1057:is not narcotic, and a usable mixture may be
19108:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association
18984:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System
15953:International Marine Contractors Association
13582:International Marine Contractors Association
12456:International Marine Contractors Association
10445:
7065:
7047:"O2 Planet – Exercise and Fitness Equipment"
6928:
6832:
6752:
6673:
6630:
6595:
6545:. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008
6494:(6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey:
5940:
5789:
5049:. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008
4976:Butler, Frank K; Thalmann; Edward D (1986).
4875:
4833:Doolette, D.J.; Mitchell, S.J. (June 2018).
4635:
4582:
4359:
4266:
4182:
4143:
4119:
4092:
3754:
3752:
3734:Pathophysiology of pulmonary oxygen toxicity
3674:
3468:
3027:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2660:Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine
2486:
2445:
2005:, drugs, age, and gender. In 1988, Hamilton
994:Oxygen toxicity is a catastrophic hazard in
326:Prolonged dazzle; severe spasmodic vomiting
19083:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia
18576:Environmental impact of recreational diving
16788:Underwater Orienteering World Championships
16363:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation
16215:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation
16107:American Canadian Underwater Certifications
15404:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
14310:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit
14277:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
14266:European Underwater and Baromedical Society
13161:
12881:Environmental impact of recreational diving
7105:
7020:. Vol. 36, no. 6. pp. 9–11.
6969:
6882:Hart, George B; Strauss, Michael B (2007).
6881:
6785:
6724:Report to the U.S. Office of Naval Research
6458:"Oxygen Enriched Air: A New Breathing Mix?"
6305:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
6245:
6029:
5801:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
5695:
5635:
5508:
4688:
4535:
4529:
4470:
4454:. Colorado State University. Archived from
4225:
4051:
3920:
3877:
3588:"Bench-to-bedside review: Oxygen as a drug"
3495:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011
3279:. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011
3100:
3073:
2981:
2925:
2581:
2554:
2527:
2451:
2418:
2203:
19299:
19168:Society for Underwater Historical Research
16749:South African Underwater Sports Federation
13531:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
13387:Hazard identification and risk assessment
9155:
9141:
8168:
8154:
7688:
7681:
7667:
6717:
6518:
6480:
5998:
5564:
4809:. The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
4803:"Nursing guidelines: Oxygen saturation SpO
4365:
3970:Butler, Frank K; White, E; Twa, M (1999).
3831:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3372:"Retinopathy of prematurity: epidemiology"
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3314:"Oxygen Toxicity in Critically Ill Adults"
2560:
2369:
2328:
2301:
2210:Beehler, CC (1964). "Oxygen and the eye".
359:Nausea, vertigo, lip-twitching; convulsed
40:
19034:
18332:Physiological response to water immersion
16396:
15980:World Recreational Scuba Training Council
15959:List of diver certification organizations
15542:List of Divers Alert Network publications
15475:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
14292:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
12146:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
12121:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
7461:. Flagstaff: Best Publishing, 120 pages.
7284:
7241:
7153:
7039:
6711:
6125:
6115:
6036:Spear, Michael L – reviewer (June 2008).
5992:
5975:
5870:
5772:Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Modern Parable
5768:
5762:
5738:"UK Retinopathy of Prematurity Guideline"
5435:
5391:
5381:
5246:
5244:
5202:
5200:
5143:
5117:
5115:
5087:
4944:
4858:
4512:
4502:
4408:
4391:
4323:
4317:
4249:
4176:
3965:
3963:
3860:
3792:
3790:
3749:
3613:
3603:
3585:
3439:
3429:
3337:
3189:
3146:
3067:
2871:Richardson, Drew; Shreeves, Karl (1996).
2754:
2741:
2706:
2545:
2469:
2401:
2376:Schaffner, Fenton; Felig, Philip (1965).
2352:
2133:
1027:single exposure limit recommended in the
884:
409:
216:Central nervous system, characterised by
18238:List of researchers in underwater diving
15947:International Diving Schools Association
15432:The new science of skin and scuba diving
14417:List of researchers in underwater diving
12963:Human factors in diving equipment design
9253:Human factors in diving equipment design
7007:
7005:
6838:
5876:
5845:
5839:
5457:
5455:
5294:
5290:
5288:
4326:"Oxygen toxicity: a radical explanation"
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3159:
3157:
3155:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
1972:
1868:
1809:
1218:
1210:
958:
761:. One species produced by the body, the
744:
604:
290:or with central respiratory depression.
119:effect, and the pulmonary condition the
18337:Thermal balance of the underwater diver
16468:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center
16345:Federazione Italiana AttivitĂ Subacquee
16295:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
16155:Federazione Italiana AttivitĂ Subacquee
15199:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident
14874:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
14777:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
14442:US Navy decompression models and tables
14304:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
12674:
11735:
10110:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment
7421:U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving (2011).
6934:
6434:Note: 1 atmosphere (atm) is 1.013 bars.
6406:Note: 1 atmosphere (atm) is 1.013 bars.
5608:
5602:
5122:Shearwater Research (15 January 2020).
4238:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
4137:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
4098:
4057:
4016:
3725:
3641:
3630:
3369:
3354:
3204:Note: 1 atmosphere (atm) is 1.013 bars.
3042:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2530:"Metabolic factors in oxygen poisoning"
2239:
2209:
2144:
2142:
2056:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
1774:For CNS toxicity, time is in minutes, P
1101:, which follows recommendations of the
286:in patients with lung ailments such as
19389:
19223:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
18954:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
18923:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
14347:Civil liability in recreational diving
13018:List of diving hazards and precautions
12096:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)
11085:Underwater acoustic positioning system
10595:High pressure breathing air compressor
7571:
7304:
7012:Bren, Linda (November–December 2002).
6455:
6443:
6142:
5949:
5906:
5877:Thalmann, Edward D (2 December 2003).
5670:
5570:
5241:
5197:
5149:
5112:
5028:
4737:
4731:
4694:
4429:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938
3960:
3843:Anderson, B; Farmer, Joseph C (1978).
3787:
3767:(1). London: Elsevier Science: 63–71.
2829:Diving Science and Technology Workshop
2594:American Review of Respiratory Disease
2235:
2233:
2016:
1929:In the decade following World War II,
1308:
1097:The oxygen tolerance test used by the
1002:and drown. One of the advantages of a
757:of oxygen and have important roles in
458:. Other factors, such as darkness and
18605:
18224:
16814:
16813:
16783:Underwater Hockey World Championships
16729:British Underwater Sports Association
16512:
16511:
16001:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme
15702:
15577:
15370:
14848:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
14388:
14335:
13651:
12949:
12673:
12036:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)
11734:
11112:
10600:Low pressure breathing air compressor
10444:
9234:
9162:
9136:
8149:
7662:
7396:Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials
7111:
7071:
7002:
6502:
6486:
6449:
6359:. London: Stanley Paul. p. 110.
6348:
6343:. Columbus, OH: College Book Company.
6330:
6193:Yildiz, S; Ay, H; Qyrdedi, T (2004).
6148:
6035:
5730:
5518:Butler, Frank K; Knafelc, ME (1986).
5452:
5285:
5093:
4443:
4414:
3931:
3258:
3245:
3163:
3152:
2825:"Proceedings of rebreather forum 2.0"
2635:
2587:
2521:
2148:
1918:. Naval divers in the early years of
1146:
1109:
298:
288:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
19287:
19059:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment
18390:Thermodynamic model of decompression
16793:Underwater Rugby World Championships
16406:Cave Divers Association of Australia
16321:American Nitrox Divers International
16179:International Life Saving Federation
16113:American Nitrox Divers International
16078:Performance Freediving International
14260:European Diving Technology Committee
12901:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites
12799:Cave Divers Association of Australia
12519:Remotely operated underwater vehicle
12116:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
11714:Performance Freediving International
10931:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System
10847:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station
9235:
9099:
8047:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
7590:– Clinical overview with references.
7456:
7360:
7049:. O2Planet LLC. 2006. Archived from
7011:
6718:Natoli, MJ; Vann, Richard D (1996).
6589:
6524:
6492:Deep Diving and Submarine Operations
6336:
6085:
4963:
4536:Thom, Steven R; Marquis, RE (1987).
4231:
4188:
3530:
3043:Loveman, Geoff A.M. (January 2017).
2857:
2807:
2139:
1996:would delay the onset of changes to
1203:exceed 0.3 bar (4.4 psi).
1181:
1085:The intention of screening using an
19244:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device
18459:List of diving environments by type
16754:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
16263:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
16191:National Academy of Scuba Educators
16023:Department of Employment and Labour
15425:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
14879:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures
14053:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive
13652:
13553:Breathing performance of regulators
9111:
7572:Rajiah, Prabhakar (11 March 2009).
7484:Lippmann, John; Bugg, Stan (1993).
6001:Handbook of Physiology: Respiration
5916:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
5704:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5349:
4452:"Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen"
4384:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.013
4372:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
2230:
2069:in 1872, the eponymous doctor uses
2038:containing up to 40% oxygen, while
636:acute respiratory distress syndrome
613:The lungs and the remainder of the
13:
19021:Submarine escape training facility
18622:Defense against swimmer incursions
15975:Recreational diver course referral
12891:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands
12702:Outline of recreational dive sites
12106:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage
11278:Variable weight apnea without fins
7973:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
7450:
7261:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part II"
6853:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1972.tb07544.x
6038:"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)"
5683:(DVD). Global Underwater Explorers
5656:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb02039.x
4898:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
3732:Wittner, M; Rosenbaum, RM (1966).
2507:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02438.x
1902:in 1935 were the first to observe
1287:stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity
672:
203:
14:
19438:
19173:Society for Underwater Technology
14367:Investigation of diving accidents
12950:
12841:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey
12081:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
11921:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)
11090:Underwater acoustic communication
9822:Underwater acoustic communication
9385:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel
7553:
7538:
7218:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I"
6978:"The Ocean Diver Nitrox Workshop"
5853:. RebreatherWorld. Archived from
5851:"Standardizing CCR rescue skills"
5424:Journal of Marine Medical Society
5131:. DOC. 13007-SI-RevD (2020-01-15)
4449:
199:
19372:
19344:
19332:
19298:
19286:
19275:
19274:
19044:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
18370:BĂĽhlmann decompression algorithm
16714:Australian Underwater Federation
16203:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond
15371:
14787:Shallow Water Combat Submersible
13951:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
13828:Inner ear decompression sickness
13408:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
12692:Index of recreational dive sites
12031:Naval Special Operations Command
11694:Australian Underwater Federation
9110:
9098:
9087:
9086:
6888:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
6531:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
6430:10.1152/ajplegacy.1935.114.2.436
6402:10.1152/ajplegacy.1934.110.3.565
6252:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
6199:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
5950:Arieli, R. (30 September 2019).
5903:, pp. 37–39, vol. 2, ch. 9.
5468:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
5150:Parker, Martin (November 2012).
5035:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
4697:Journal of Neuroscience Research
4648:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
4595:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
4101:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
3976:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
3481:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
3455:
3265:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
2761:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
2547:10.1152/ajplegacy.1945.144.2.270
2471:10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.179.3.410
2354:10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.431
600:
19422:Neurobiological brain disorders
19333:
19128:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
18804:-class deep submergence vehicle
16473:Underwater Escape Training Unit
14254:Diving Medical Advisory Council
14248:Diving Diseases Research Centre
12086:Special Forces Command (Turkey)
7398:. New York: Thieme, 693 pages.
7364:DAN nitrox workshop proceedings
6604:New England Journal of Medicine
6456:Taylor, Larry "Harris" (1993).
6246:Hampson, Neal; Atik, D (2003).
6062:Regillo, Brown & Flynn 1998
5935:Regillo, Brown & Flynn 1998
5571:Latham, Emi (7 November 2008).
4787:Regillo, Brown & Flynn 1998
4333:Journal of Experimental Biology
4025:New England Journal of Medicine
3934:New England Journal of Medicine
3376:Journal of Community Eye Health
1805:
1281:Retinopathy of prematurity may
875:pulmonary arterial hypertension
562:Central nervous system toxicity
510:Pulmonary function measurements
193:US Food and Drug Administration
16719:British Freediving Association
16436:Technical Diving International
16012:Divers Institute of Technology
15935:European Underwater Federation
15771:Surface-supplied diving skills
13986:Hyperbaric treatment schedules
13946:Salt water aspiration syndrome
13845:High-pressure nervous syndrome
13120:Diver behaviour and competence
12968:Human factors in diving safety
12484:Baited remote underwater video
12317:Underwater search and recovery
12285:Underwater cutting and welding
12091:Special Forces Group (Belgium)
11699:British Freediving Association
11454:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych
11113:
10673:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
10339:Diving Unlimited International
9984:Mechanism of diving regulators
9673:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
7560:Essentials of Human Physiology
7309:. UK: Harley Swan, 237 pages.
6976:British Sub-Aqua Club (2006).
6786:Torley, LW; Weiss, HS (1975).
6512:EBSDC-IFEM Report No. 3-1-2000
6496:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd
6418:American Journal of Physiology
6390:American Journal of Physiology
6355:British Sub-aqua Club (1985).
5096:"Oxygen toxicity calculations"
3182:10.1113/jphysiol.1899.sp000746
2608:(inactive 12 September 2024).
2534:American Journal of Physiology
2495:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
2458:American Journal of Physiology
2452:Bean, JW; Johnson, PC (1954).
2341:American Journal of Physiology
528:, or ROP) are observed via an
111:, and eyes. Historically, the
1:
18560:Underwater diving environment
18380:Reduced gradient bubble model
18375:Haldane's decompression model
16759:Underwater Society of America
16339:Diving Science and Technology
16245:Scuba Educators International
15439:Professional Diver's Handbook
14747:Advanced SEAL Delivery System
14437:Pearling in Western Australia
14432:Timeline of diving technology
14237:Aerospace Medical Association
14137:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant
14063:Psychological fitness to dive
13936:Instinctive drowning response
13338:Gas blending for scuba diving
12847:Woodville Karst Plain Project
12136:Underwater Demolition Command
12131:Underwater Construction Teams
12021:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)
11981:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine
11911:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)
11877:United States military divers
10837:Continental Shelf Station Two
10612:Gas blending for scuba diving
7486:The Diving Emergency Handbook
7361:Lang, Michael A, ed. (2001).
6841:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
6697:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70485-8
5677:Piantadosi, Claude A (2006).
5644:Pharmacology & Toxicology
5599:, p. 41, vol. 5, ch. 20.
5161:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd
4417:Annual Review of Microbiology
4366:Piantadosi, Claude A (2008).
3773:10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6
3742:– and others as discussed by
3114:Journal of Applied Physiology
2738:, p. 22, vol. 4, ch. 18.
2528:Gersh, I; Wagner, CE (1945).
2282:. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
2099:
1988:in 1986 and 1995 showed that
1939:standard operating procedures
1206:
971:
954:
532:as a demarcation between the
471:then spreads into the lungs (
103:. Severe cases can result in
19123:Nautical Archaeology Society
19118:Nautical Archaeology Program
18946:NATO Submarine Rescue System
18227:Science of underwater diving
17965:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
17870:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
16724:British Octopush Association
16041:Divers Academy International
15970:Nautical Archaeology Society
15648:Public safety diver training
15634:Occupational diver training
14526:JerĂłnimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
14391:History of underwater diving
13627:Standard operating procedure
13418:Hierarchy of hazard controls
12451:Helix Energy Solutions Group
12101:Special Service Group (Navy)
12066:Special Air Service Regiment
12026:Naval Service Diving Section
11852:Canadian Armed Forces Divers
11231:Constant weight without fins
9817:Through-water communications
7574:"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"
6792:Undersea Biomedical Research
5901:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 2011
5836:, p. 45, vol. 1, ch. 3.
5834:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 2011
5716:10.1016/0891-5849(89)90043-9
5597:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 2011
5524:Undersea Biomedical Research
5383:10.1371/journal.pone.0130835
5297:"Tolerating oxygen exposure"
5180:Hamilton & Thalmann 2003
4982:Undersea Biomedical Research
4807:level targeting in neonates"
4542:Undersea Biomedical Research
4251:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90532-2
3560:. Bethesda, MD: Statpearls.
3558:National Library of Medicine
3005:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00820-G
2941:Undersea Biomedical Research
2736:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 2011
2726:, p. 44, vol. 1, ch. 3.
2724:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 2011
2606:10.1164/arrd.1974.110.6P2.40
2065:", a short story written by
1784:
1080:
836:
730:
437:. This may be followed by a
399:
396:
388:
385:
377:
374:
366:
363:
355:
352:
344:
341:
333:
330:
322:
319:
7:
19427:Underwater diving disorders
19198:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
18644:Underwater domain awareness
18412:Physiology of decompression
17600:Michael Barratt (astronaut)
16418:Global Underwater Explorers
16257:Scuba Schools International
16161:Global Underwater Explorers
16084:Scuba Schools International
16017:Health and Safety Executive
15660:Recreational diver training
14767:Motorised Submersible Canoe
14157:Robert William Hamilton Jr.
14022:Diving Medical Practitioner
13971:Demand valve oxygen therapy
12988:Underwater diving emergency
12594:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun
12194:Recreational diver training
11689:Scuba Schools International
10788:Combat rubber raiding craft
10294:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique
9185:Atmospheric pressure diving
8005:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
7856:pulmonary stretch receptors
6935:Shykoff, Barbara E (2007).
6616:10.1056/NEJM196702162760701
6578:Clark & Lambertsen 1970
5769:Silverman, William (1980).
5295:Hamilton, Robert W (1997).
5192:Clark & Lambertsen 1970
5082:Clark & Lambertsen 1970
4058:Shykoff, Barbara E (2005).
4037:10.1056/NEJM196907032810106
3946:10.1056/NEJM199805283382210
3744:Clark & Lambertsen 1970
3644:"Pulmonary oxygen toxicity"
3126:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.5.739
2692:Clark & Lambertsen 1970
2666:(3): 234–37. Archived from
2081:
626:conditions as they are for
10:
19443:
19397:Underwater diving medicine
19213:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
18395:Varying Permeability Model
18285:Underwater computer vision
16592:Underwater target shooting
16239:Scuba Diving International
15599:Competence and assessment
15122:Peter Henry Michael Holmes
13113:Uncontrolled decompression
12697:List of wreck diving sites
12179:Commercial offshore diving
12141:Underwater Demolition Team
12071:Special Actions Detachment
11243:Dynamic apnea without fins
11190:Underwater target shooting
10735:Launch and recovery system
10505:Launch and recovery system
9683:Submersible pressure gauge
8839:Arthropod bites and stings
8458:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
8037:alveolar–arterial gradient
7305:Donald, Kenneth W (1992).
7259:Donald, Kenneth W (1947).
7216:Donald, Kenneth W (1947).
7147:
7122:]. London: Ward Lock.
4738:NBDHMT (4 February 2009).
3699:10.1152/ajplung.00450.2006
3330:10.1164/rccm.202102-0417CI
2076:From the Earth to the Moon
2020:
1864:
1195:. In such applications as
1167:National Cooperative Study
1159:Retinopathy of prematurity
1152:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
975:
734:
679:Retinopathy of prematurity
676:
651:bronchopulmonary dysplasia
565:
526:retinopathy of prematurity
19270:
19231:
19186:
19113:Karst Underwater Research
19071:
19006:
18860:
18657:
18612:
18606:
18601:
18568:
18451:
18424:
18322:Equivalent narcotic depth
18295:
18246:
18233:
18220:
18196:
18165:
18134:
18073:
17565:
17452:
17219:
17159:
17111:
16904:
16826:
16822:
16809:
16770:
16678:
16662:
16626:
16600:
16540:
16524:
16520:
16507:
16481:
16453:
16309:
16301:CMAS Scientific Committee
16283:
16269:United Diving Instructors
16185:Israeli Diving Federation
16093:
16054:
16031:
15989:
15919:
15894:
15859:
15811:Advanced Open Water Diver
15803:
15788:
15653:Scientific diver training
15638:Commercial diver training
15603:Competency-based learning
15588:
15584:
15579:Training and registration
15573:
15550:
15534:
15488:
15455:
15381:
15377:
15366:
15187:
15127:Johnson Sea Link accident
15084:
15012:
14973:
14947:
14926:
14904:
14897:
14889:Women Divers Hall of Fame
14861:
14840:
14824:Raid on Alexandria (1941)
14814:
14669:
14516:
14493:
14450:
14397:
14384:
14342:
14331:
14225:
14078:
14071:
14040:
14027:Diving Medical Technician
14009:
14001:Therapeutic recompression
13963:
13906:
13894:Carbon monoxide poisoning
13884:
13863:
13833:Isobaric counterdiffusion
13805:
13774:
13699:
13664:
13660:
13647:
13563:
13516:
13493:Diving systems technician
13458:
13371:
13216:
13006:
12958:
12945:
12914:
12906:Underwater diving on Guam
12856:
12781:
12710:
12682:
12669:
12542:
12489:In-water surface cleaning
12464:
12434:
12278:Archaeology of shipwrecks
12167:
11765:Commercial offshore diver
11747:
11743:
11730:
11676:
11650:
11602:
11346:
11288:
11198:
11125:
11121:
11108:
11050:
10999:
10869:
10770:
10757:Recreational Dive Planner
10705:Built-in breathing system
10688:
10661:Pressure swing adsorption
10523:
10457:
10453:
10440:
10267:
10208:
10090:
10021:
9931:
9758:
9691:
9633:
9581:Lightweight demand helmet
9556:
9487:
9422:
9360:
9287:
9261:
9243:
9230:
9170:
9082:
9054:
9050:
9014:
8958:
8906:
8829:
8745:
8681:
8674:
8633:
8606:
8598:Tricyclic antidepressants
8538:
8520:
8466:
8438:
8408:
8399:
8362:
8344:
8324:
8281:
8233:
8224:
8215:
8197:
8110:
7986:
7960:
7918:respiratory minute volume
7871:
7830:ventral respiratory group
7789:
7696:
7597:
7385:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7207:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6961:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6920:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6824:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6744:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6563:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6284:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6231:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6175:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5556:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5500:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5341:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5277:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5233:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5067:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5014:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4930:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4680:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4627:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4574:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4084:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4008:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3886:Documenta Ophthalmologica
3823:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3513:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3431:10.1186/s13054-015-0996-4
3318:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
3297:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3164:Smith, J Lorrain (1899).
2973:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2917:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2849:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2793:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2195:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2052:American Lung Association
2032:Recreational scuba divers
1998:brain electrical activity
918:(Carbon dioxide narcosis)
894:Carbon monoxide poisoning
711:readings do not reveal a
707:, since axial length and
544:
314:
129:hyperbaric oxygen therapy
115:condition was called the
57:
48:
39:
31:
26:
19218:Space Systems Laboratory
16988:Fernando Garfella Palmer
16836:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro
16387:Technical Extended Range
16381:Trimix Scuba Association
15692:Stress exposure training
15259:Fernando Garfella Palmer
14541:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
14407:History of Diving Museum
13478:Diver medical technician
13228:Ascending and descending
13204:Non-freezing cold injury
12046:Russian commando frogmen
11827:Underwater archaeologist
10447:Diving support equipment
9868:Emergency locator beacon
9701:Diver propulsion vehicle
7825:dorsal respiratory group
7719:obligate nasal breathing
7556:"Section 4/4ch7/s4ch7_7"
6525:Vann, Richard D (2004).
6117:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01263
5968:10.28920/dhm49.3.154-160
5437:10.4103/0975-3605.203391
5152:"Rebreather user manual"
5029:Butler, Frank K (2004).
4835:"In-water recompression"
4291:10.1165/rcmb.2003-0070OC
2590:"The toxicity of oxygen"
1354:average daily dose (OTU)
1197:extra-vehicular activity
871:congenital heart defects
554:are markedly different.
465:
421:), ringing in the ears (
311:
308:
274:, and general damage to
19407:Intensive care medicine
19153:Save Ontario Shipwrecks
18964:Russian submarine AS-34
18684:American submarine NR-1
18550:Recreational dive sites
18327:Maximum operating depth
18074:Writers and journalists
17595:Serena Auñón-Chancellor
17038:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova
17003:Swietenia Puspa Lestari
16649:Underwater orienteering
15643:Military diver training
15620:Diver training standard
15397:U.S. Navy Diving Manual
15316:Chris and Chrissy Rouse
15139:Gerard Anthony Prangley
14641:Willard Franklyn Searle
14606:Christian J. Lambertsen
14412:History of scuba diving
14336:
14207:Charles Wesley Shilling
14182:Christian J. Lambertsen
14162:Henry Valence Hempleman
14017:Diving Medical Examiner
13602:Emergency response plan
13541:Sustained load cracking
13503:Life support technician
13078:Single point of failure
12983:Scuba diving fatalities
12687:Recreational dive sites
12642:ASM-DT amphibious rifle
12622:AAI underwater revolver
12612:SPP-1 underwater pistol
12221:Underwater construction
11936:Frogman Corps (Denmark)
11449:Elisabeth Kristoffersen
11225:Constant weight bi-fins
10656:Membrane gas separation
10565:Carbon dioxide scrubber
10485:Diving platform (scuba)
10100:Carbon dioxide scrubber
9945:Atmospheric diving suit
9497:Atmospheric diving suit
9392:Diving weighting system
9215:Surface-supplied diving
9210:Surface oriented diving
9037:List of types of poison
8593:Serotonergic substances
8027:pulmonary gas pressures
7424:U.S. Navy Diving Manual
7265:British Medical Journal
7222:British Medical Journal
6149:Gerth, Wayne A (2006).
6104:Frontiers in Psychology
5125:Perdix Operating Manual
4504:10.1073/pnas.89.20.9715
4232:Thom, Steven R (1992).
4203:10.1126/science.1130481
3761:Seminars in Neonatology
3370:Gilbert, Clare (1997).
3082:Pharmacological Reviews
2632:(subscription required)
2382:Journal of Cell Biology
2212:Survey of Ophthalmology
1966:in 1998 concluded that
1242:controlled buoyant lift
1073:pulmonary toxicity. In
1009:maximum operating depth
978:Maximum operating depth
898:Cerebrovascular event (
737:Reactive oxygen species
632:diffuse alveolar damage
595:maximum operating depth
519:
284:carbon dioxide narcosis
228:retinopathic conditions
176:, hyperbaric medicine,
18555:Underwater environment
18436:Underwater exploration
18366:Decompression models:
17439:John Ernest Williamson
17018:Anna Marguerite McCann
16851:Amelia Behrens-Furniss
16670:Underwater photography
16654:Underwater photography
16541:Snorkeling/breath-hold
16251:Scottish Sub Aqua Club
16046:Norwegian diver school
15670:ISO training standards
14939:Tham Luang cave rescue
14757:Dry Combat Submersible
14656:Pierre-Marie Touboulic
14596:Karl Heinrich Klingert
14142:Kenneth William Donald
13991:In-water recompression
13823:Dysbaric osteonecrosis
13818:Decompression sickness
13756:Compression arthralgia
13269:Decompression practice
13245:Canoe and kayak diving
13174:Decompression sickness
12998:Water surface searches
12978:Safety-critical system
12876:Diving in the Maldives
12768:Underwater photography
12607:Heckler & Koch P11
12329:Underwater videography
12312:Underwater photography
12300:Nondestructive testing
12273:Underwater archaeology
12006:Marine Raider Regiment
11872:Royal Navy ships diver
11630:Shallow-water blackout
10783:Canoe and kayak diving
10570:Cascade filling system
10043:Decompression cylinder
9768:Alternative air source
9601:Standard diving helmet
9444:Decompression cylinder
8325:Other non-toxic metals
7781:mechanical ventilation
7690:Respiratory physiology
7457:Lamb, John S. (1999).
7277:10.1136/bmj.1.4507.712
7234:10.1136/bmj.1.4506.667
7141:Translated from French
7102:Translated from French
5881:. Divers Alert Network
5257:Technical Report 88-1B
5213:Technical Report 88-1A
5094:Baker, Erik C (2000).
4851:10.28920/dhm48.2.84-95
4345:10.1242/jeb.201.8.1203
3660:10.1378/chest.88.6.900
2588:Clark, John M (1974).
2276:"Hyperbaric Cataracts"
1981:
1874:
1816:
1228:
1216:
964:
885:Differential diagnosis
750:
667:decompression sickness
655:mechanical ventilation
610:
415:Central nervous system
410:Central nervous system
209:
113:central nervous system
19203:Neutral buoyancy pool
18885:Submarine rescue ship
18880:McCann Rescue Chamber
18639:Rugged compact camera
18627:Diver detection sonar
18474:Confined water diving
18188:James Joseph Magennis
17825:Michael LĂłpez-AlegrĂa
17555:Aristotelis Zervoudis
17294:John Christopher Fine
16968:John Christopher Fine
16634:Immersion finswimming
16463:Defence Diving School
16327:British Sub-Aqua Club
16125:British Sub-Aqua Club
15112:Francis P. Hammerberg
14792:Siluro San Bartolomeo
14782:SEAL Delivery Vehicle
14715:Standard diving dress
14561:Charles Anthony Deane
14546:Joseph-Martin Cabirol
14508:Jason deCaires Taylor
14427:Man in the Sea Museum
14422:Lyons Maritime Museum
13761:Decompression illness
13744:Middle ear barotrauma
13612:Diving superintendent
13607:Diving safety officer
13526:Breathing gas quality
13131:Overconfidence effect
12793:British Sub-Aqua Club
12618:Underwater revolvers
12295:Underwater inspection
12290:Underwater demolition
12216:Offshore construction
12111:Tactical Divers Group
12001:Marinejegerkommandoen
11931:Decima Flottiglia MAS
11887:U.S.Navy master diver
11792:Diving superintendent
11787:Diving safety officer
11399:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank
11272:Variable weight apnea
10805:Diving support vessel
10580:Diving air compressor
10255:Standard diving dress
10230:Diving air compressor
10013:Full-face diving mask
10001:Single-hose regulator
9989:Regulator malfunction
9892:Navigation equipment
9834:Diving safety harness
9449:Decompression trapeze
9439:Decompression chamber
8705:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
8032:alveolar gas equation
7968:pulmonary circulation
6685:Journal of Pediatrics
6651:10.1542/peds.82.4.527
4945:Clark & Thom 2003
4709:10.1002/jnr.490290111
4324:Fridovich, I (1998).
4177:Clark & Thom 2003
3586:Bitterman, H (2009).
3170:Journal of Physiology
3147:Clark & Thom 2003
3068:Clark & Thom 2003
3050:(Report). p. 16.
2757:"CNS oxygen toxicity"
2755:Bitterman, N (2004).
2707:Clark & Thom 2003
2427:Archives of Pathology
2149:Acott, Chris (1999).
2134:Clark & Thom 2003
2071:electrolysis of water
1978:Robert W. Hamilton Jr
1976:
1872:
1813:
1266:pulmonary surfactants
1238:arterial gas embolism
1222:
1214:
1116:decompression illness
1087:oxygen tolerance test
1004:full-face diving mask
962:
748:
608:
473:tracheobronchial tree
207:
19417:Respiratory diseases
19249:Scuba diving therapy
19239:Nautilus Productions
19163:Sea Research Society
19098:Divers Alert Network
18531:Torricellian chamber
18441:Deep-sea exploration
18402:Equivalent air depth
18273:Modulated ultrasound
18268:Underwater acoustics
17735:Christopher E. Gerty
17730:Michael L. Gernhardt
17620:Timothy J. Broderick
17495:William Hogarth Main
17186:Jean-Michel Cousteau
17151:Krzysztof Starnawski
16233:Sub-Aqua Association
15497:The Darkness Beckons
15028:diving bell accident
14955:John Day (carpenter)
14477:Queen Anne's Revenge
14242:Divers Alert Network
14167:Leonard Erskine Hill
14048:Atrial septal defect
13749:Pulmonary barotrauma
13709:Alternobaric vertigo
13353:Scuba gas management
13313:Diver communications
12929:Underwater Bike Race
12886:Scuba diving tourism
12871:Diving in East Timor
12637:APS underwater rifle
12632:ADS amphibious rifle
12248:Public safety diving
12243:Potable water diving
12076:Special Boat Service
12051:Sappers Divers Group
12011:Minedykkerkommandoen
11409:Leonardo D'Imporzano
11267:Skandalopetra diving
11027:Hyperbaric stretcher
10986:T1200 Trenching Unit
10961:Sea Dragon-class ROV
10810:HMS Challenger (K07)
10710:Decompression tables
10680:Oxygen compatibility
10115:Cryogenic rebreather
9960:Scuba cylinder valve
9861:Screw gate carabiner
9839:Emergency gas supply
9800:Diver's cutting tool
9666:Helium release valve
9596:Shallow water helmet
9524:Standard diving suit
9370:Buoyancy compensator
9317:Emergency gas supply
8087:respiratory quotient
7942:body plethysmography
7861:Hering–Breuer reflex
7736:pulmonary surfactant
7307:Oxygen and the diver
7187:IFEM Report No. 1-70
6337:Bert, Paul (1943) .
6074:Donald, Part II 1947
5182:, pp. 475, 479.
4746:on 20 September 2007
4305:on 30 September 2011
3642:Jackson, RM (1985).
2673:on 22 September 2015
2394:10.1083/jcb.27.3.505
2280:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1962:Nevertheless, Palta
1327:decompression diving
1274:oxygen toxicity unit
1121:standard atmospheres
439:tonic–clonic seizure
19093:Coral Reef Alliance
18469:Benign water diving
18312:Cold shock response
18081:Michael C. Barnette
18035:Douglas H. Wheelock
17940:David Saint-Jacques
17725:Ronald J. Garan Jr.
17434:Michele Westmorland
16734:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
16553:Underwater football
16131:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
15831:Introductory diving
15776:Underwater searches
15762:Diamond Reef System
15665:Introductory diving
15489:General non-fiction
15411:Underwater Handbook
15311:François de Roubaix
15164:Lothar Michael Ward
15107:Victor F. Guiel Jr.
14934:Alpazat cave rescue
14841:Scientific projects
14720:Sub Marine Explorer
14626:Joseph Salim Peress
14621:Ernest William Moir
13981:Hyperbaric medicine
13782:Freediving blackout
13450:Situation awareness
13396:Job safety analysis
13279:Ratio decompression
13088:Cold shock response
13038:Entanglement hazard
12973:Life-support system
12811:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
12676:Recreational diving
12603:Underwater pistols
12497:Cavitation cleaning
12322:Underwater searches
12211:Marine construction
12061:Special Air Service
11847:Army engineer diver
11817:Public safety diver
11737:Professional diving
11625:Deep-water blackout
11620:Freediving blackout
11444:Mehgan Heaney-Grier
11175:Underwater football
11022:Hyperbaric lifeboat
10916:Goldfish-class ROUV
10911:Global Explorer ROV
10873:underwater vehicles
10409:Shearwater Research
10070:Scuba configuration
10053:Manifolded twin set
10048:Independent doubles
10006:Twin-hose regulator
9916:Surface marker buoy
9075:foodborne illnesses
9032:Lists of poisonings
8715:Shellfish poisoning
8423:Aluminium phosphide
7930:Lung function tests
7764:hyperresponsiveness
7437:on 10 December 2014
5849:(20 January 2008).
5750:on 18 February 2012
5374:2015PLoSO..1030835K
4495:1992PNAS...89.9715O
4158:(11): 777–80, 822.
2117:Donald, Part I 1947
2063:Dr. Ox's Experiment
2017:Society and culture
1948:breathing apparatus
1486:
1347:
1323:underwater habitats
1315:hyperbaric medicine
1309:Repetitive exposure
1223:The silicone band (
796:in the unsaturated
305:
68:hyperbaric medicine
19402:Element toxicology
19191:Astronaut training
19148:Rubicon Foundation
18994:URF (Swedish Navy)
18779:Russian submarine
18767:-class submersible
18737:Deepsea Challenger
18722:-class bathyscaphe
18649:Underwater vehicle
18521:Penetration diving
18509:Black-water diving
18385:Thalmann algorithm
18197:Commercial salvors
17830:Joseph B. MacInnis
17339:Joseph B. MacInnis
17176:David Attenborough
17098:Peter Throckmorton
17058:Andreas Rechnitzer
17048:Mendel L. Peterson
16909:archaeologists and
16693:AIDA International
16644:Underwater cycling
16627:Open Circuit Scuba
16613:Apnoea finswimming
16525:Surface snorkeling
16275:YMCA SCUBA Program
16066:AIDA International
15841:Master Scuba Diver
15826:CMAS** scuba diver
15804:Core diving skills
15742:Finning techniques
15608:Refresher training
15390:NOAA Diving Manual
15204:Ricardo Armbruster
15132:Edwin Clayton Link
15004:Natalia Molchanova
14752:Cosmos CE2F series
14710:Porpoise regulator
14576:Auguste Denayrouze
14352:Diving regulations
14287:Rubicon Foundation
14212:Edward D. Thalmann
14177:Felix Hoppe-Seyler
14172:Brian Andrew Hills
14152:John Scott Haldane
14127:Albert A. BĂĽhlmann
14092:Arthur J. Bachrach
14032:Hyperbaric nursing
13931:Immersion diuresis
13813:Avascular necrosis
13597:Diving regulations
13306:Scuba gas planning
12628:Underwater rifles
12307:Underwater logging
12268:Submarine pipeline
12206:Hyperbaric welding
11941:Fuerzas Especiales
11684:AIDA International
11574:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy
11499:Natalia Molchanova
11429:Francisco Ferreras
11316:Snorkel (swimming)
11138:Apnoea finswimming
11042:Reserve gas supply
11017:ENOS Rescue-System
10832:Aquarius Reef Base
10624:Gas reclaim system
10419:Submarine Products
10092:Diving rebreathers
9434:Decompression buoy
9402:Integrated weights
9027:EPA list of hazard
8809:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
8553:Anticholinesterase
8097:diffusion capacity
8092:arterial blood gas
8072:carbonic anhydrase
7806:pneumotaxic center
7513:Deeper into Diving
7083:. Hesperus Press.
7079:A Fantasy of Dr Ox
6761:Aerospace Medicine
6042:Nemours Foundation
5084:, pp. 157–62.
3898:10.1007/BF00145813
3845:"Hyperoxic myopia"
3386:on 31 January 2013
3259:Smerz, RW (2004).
3149:, pp. 386–87.
2563:Aerospace Medicine
2310:Aerospace Medicine
2136:, pp. 358–60.
1982:
1924:hyperbaric chamber
1875:
1830:therapy indication
1817:
1484:
1345:
1329:. Research at the
1229:
1217:
1147:Normobaric setting
1141:lipid peroxidation
1110:Hyperbaric setting
1053:mixture. However,
982:Scuba gas planning
965:
946:Seizure disorder (
942:Multiple sclerosis
850:or tests indicate
794:lipid peroxidation
751:
611:
584:conditions, where
433:, confusion), and
303:
299:Signs and symptoms
210:
156:retinal detachment
150:, collapse of the
19360:
19359:
19266:
19265:
19262:
19261:
19067:
19066:
19002:
19001:
18714:class bathyscaphe
18597:
18596:
18593:
18592:
18589:
18588:
18581:Low impact diving
18514:Blue-water diving
18504:Open-water diving
18420:
18419:
18347:Work of breathing
18342:Underwater vision
18280:Underwater vision
18216:
18215:
18212:
18211:
18178:Ian Edward Fraser
18025:John Morgan Wells
18005:Mark T. Vande Hei
17850:K. Megan McArthur
17820:Kjell N. Lindgren
17755:José M. Hernández
17710:Andrew J. Feustel
17670:Philippe Cousteau
17650:Catherine Coleman
17640:Gregory Chamitoff
17610:Robert L. Behnken
17590:Richard R. Arnold
17575:Andrew Abercromby
17550:Valerie van Heest
17480:Jochen Hasenmayer
17404:Philippe Tailliez
17329:Henry Way Kendall
17279:Bernard Delemotte
17078:Stephanie Schwabe
17043:John Peter Oleson
16973:George R. Fischer
16918:Michael Arbuthnot
16911:environmentalists
16816:Underwater divers
16805:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16558:Underwater hockey
16514:Underwater sports
16503:
16502:
16499:
16498:
16449:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16412:Cave Diving Group
16032:Commercial diving
15915:
15914:
15895:Specialist skills
15884:Master Instructor
15879:Diving instructor
15860:Leadership skills
15821:CMAS* scuba diver
15784:
15783:
15757:Low impact diving
15735:Valsalva maneuver
15710:Combat sidestroke
15625:Diving instructor
15569:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15458:Codes of Practice
15362:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15354:
15353:
15286:Henry Way Kendall
15159:Richard A. Walker
15149:Robert John Smyth
14862:Awards and events
14817:covert operations
14810:
14809:
14380:
14379:
14327:
14326:
14323:
14322:
14319:
14318:
14147:William Paul Fife
14082:diving physiology
13959:
13958:
13902:
13901:
13855:Nitrogen narcosis
13850:Hydrogen narcosis
13739:Dental barotrauma
13643:
13642:
13639:
13638:
13635:
13634:
13622:Operations manual
13617:Diving supervisor
13488:Diving supervisor
13483:Diver's attendant
13445:Safety data sheet
13348:Rebreather diving
13212:
13211:
13151:Willful violation
13098:Nitrogen narcosis
12941:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12805:Cave Diving Group
12748:Rebreather diving
12743:Open-water diving
12665:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12657:
12656:
12474:Abrasive waterjet
12430:
12429:
12334:Underwater survey
12253:Scientific diving
12163:
12162:
12159:
12158:
11797:Diving supervisor
11782:Diving instructor
11726:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11663:Octopus wrestling
11594:Nataliia Zharkova
11569:William Trubridge
11524:Umberto Pelizzari
11180:Underwater hockey
11104:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11068:Saturation spread
10891:Atlantis ROV Team
10871:Remotely operated
10865:
10864:
10842:Helgoland Habitat
10762:Saturation system
10651:Nitrox production
10585:Diving air filter
10436:
10435:
10432:
10431:
10399:Oceanic Worldwide
10289:Aqua Lung America
10263:
10262:
10245:Scuba replacement
10225:Diver's umbilical
10190:Siebe Gorman CDBA
10175:Mark IV Amphibian
9812:Diver's telephone
9773:Octopus regulator
9312:Decompression gas
9195:Saturation diving
9175:Diving activities
9164:Underwater diving
9130:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9010:
9009:
8992:Poisonous animals
8670:
8669:
8635:Vitamin poisoning
8629:
8628:
8516:
8515:
8395:
8394:
8340:
8339:
8143:
8142:
8051:Oxygen saturation
8017:zones of the lung
7756:airway resistance
7656:
7655:
7566:on 24 March 2016.
7554:Nosek, Thomas M.
7405:978-0-86577-761-3
7345:978-0-7020-2571-6
7165:978-0-7020-2571-6
7115:Autour de la Lune
7090:978-1-84391-067-1
6592:, pp. 81–86.
5956:Diving Hyperb Med
5847:Mitchell, Simon J
5782:978-0-8089-1264-4
4886:Mitchell, Simon J
4839:Diving Hyperb Med
4197:(5782): 1882–83.
3746:, pp. 256–60
3554:"Oxygen Toxicity"
3238:978-0-941332-70-5
2653:"Oxygen toxicity"
2600:(6 Pt 2): 40–50.
2093:Nitrogen narcosis
2034:commonly breathe
1920:oxygen rebreather
1752:
1751:
1482:
1481:
1357:total dose (OTU)
1325:, and repetitive
1319:saturation diving
1193:Apollo spacecraft
1182:Hypobaric setting
1075:saturation diving
990:Saturation diving
986:Rebreather diving
634:and the onset of
615:respiratory tract
407:
406:
312:Num. of subjects
309:Exposure (mins.)
182:human spaceflight
172:using compressed
170:underwater diving
125:underwater divers
101:partial pressures
78:
77:
72:neonatal medicine
21:Medical condition
19434:
19377:
19376:
19375:
19368:
19348:
19336:
19335:
19302:
19301:
19290:
19289:
19278:
19277:
19187:Neutral buoyancy
19143:Reef Life Survey
19032:
19031:
19008:Submarine escape
18895:Deep-submergence
18891:
18890:
18862:Submarine rescue
18659:Deep-submergence
18655:
18654:
18603:
18602:
18449:
18448:
18353:
18352:
18263:Neutral buoyancy
18244:
18243:
18222:
18221:
18050:Jeffrey Williams
17900:Nicholas Patrick
17875:Andreas Mogensen
17840:Thomas Marshburn
17810:Dominic Landucci
17800:Karen Kohanowich
17720:Satoshi Furukawa
17615:Randolph Bresnik
17585:Clayton Anderson
17520:Arthur C. Clarke
17490:Jarrod Jablonski
17394:Wesley C. Skiles
17379:Leni Riefenstahl
17264:Jacques Cousteau
17146:Claudia Serpieri
17063:William R. Royal
17028:Charles T. Meide
16958:James P. Delgado
16896:Arne Zetterström
16861:Jacques Cousteau
16824:
16823:
16811:
16810:
16679:Sports governing
16575:Underwater rugby
16522:
16521:
16509:
16508:
16484:training courses
16456:training centres
16394:
16393:
16284:Scientific diver
15990:Commercial diver
15987:
15986:
15925:and registration
15851:Supervised diver
15846:Open Water Diver
15836:Low Impact Diver
15816:Autonomous diver
15801:
15800:
15730:Frenzel maneuver
15715:Diver navigation
15700:
15699:
15613:Skill assessment
15586:
15585:
15575:
15574:
15379:
15378:
15368:
15367:
15341:Esbjörn Svensson
15326:Wesley C. Skiles
15229:Cláudio Coutinho
15179:Arne Zetterström
15154:Albert D. Stover
15117:Craig M. Hoffman
14960:Charles Spalding
14902:
14901:
14731:
14730:
14571:Louis de Corlieu
14556:Jacques Cousteau
14448:
14447:
14386:
14385:
14333:
14332:
14102:Peter B. Bennett
14097:Albert R. Behnke
14076:
14075:
13772:
13771:
13697:
13696:
13662:
13661:
13649:
13648:
13592:Contingency plan
13587:Code of practice
13548:Diving regulator
13536:Hydrostatic test
13473:Chamber operator
13456:
13455:
13233:Emergency ascent
13159:
13158:
13004:
13003:
12947:
12946:
12763:Technical diving
12753:Sidemount diving
12708:
12707:
12671:
12670:
12575:
12574:
12502:Pressure washing
12340:
12339:
11996:Marine Commandos
11895:
11894:
11833:
11832:
11822:Scientific diver
11760:Commercial diver
11745:
11744:
11732:
11731:
11589:Alessia Zecchini
11494:Alexey Molchanov
11404:Yasemin Dalkılıç
11185:Underwater rugby
11123:
11122:
11110:
11109:
11075:Hot water system
11000:Safety equipment
10818:
10817:
10639:Gas storage tube
10634:Gas storage quad
10629:Gas storage bank
10538:Activated carbon
10465:Boarding stirrup
10458:Access equipment
10455:
10454:
10442:
10441:
10379:Johnson Outdoors
10374:HeinrichsWeikamp
10212:diving equipment
10210:Surface-supplied
10135:Halcyon PVR-BASC
10019:
10018:
9994:Regulator freeze
9979:Diving regulator
9883:Shark-proof cage
9678:Pneumofathometer
9576:Free-flow helmet
9259:
9258:
9237:Diving equipment
9232:
9231:
9157:
9150:
9143:
9134:
9133:
9114:
9113:
9102:
9101:
9090:
9089:
9063:, which is rare.
9052:
9051:
8987:Venomous animals
8679:
8678:
8536:
8535:
8527:
8526:
8428:Organophosphates
8406:
8405:
8283:Dietary minerals
8231:
8230:
8222:
8221:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8147:
8146:
7952:nitrogen washout
7811:apneustic center
7726:respiratory rate
7683:
7676:
7669:
7660:
7659:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7567:
7562:. Archived from
7534:
7507:
7480:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7436:
7429:
7417:
7390:
7384:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7357:
7328:
7298:
7288:
7271:(4507): 712–17.
7255:
7245:
7228:(4506): 667–72.
7212:
7206:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7177:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7082:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7053:on 15 April 2006
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7009:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6989:
6982:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6919:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6743:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6562:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6464:. Archived from
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6190:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5204:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5159:www.apdiving.com
5156:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5119:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4830:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4799:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4330:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4301:. Archived from
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:on 22 March 2009
3709:. Archived from
3678:
3672:
3671:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3472:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3224:
3205:
3203:
3193:
3161:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3025:
3024:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2657:
2648:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2040:technical divers
2003:circadian rhythm
1897:Albert R. Behnke
1854:low birth weight
1846:prematurely born
1487:
1483:
1351:Days of exposure
1348:
1344:
1299:scleral buckling
1276:
1011:for oxygen-rich
922:Hyperventilation
828:systems such as
791:
786:hydroxyl radical
779:oxidative stress
776:
775:
774:
741:Oxidative stress
586:ambient pressure
568:Technical diving
306:
302:
292:Hyperventilation
256:endocrine glands
144:oxidative damage
98:
97:
96:
44:
24:
23:
19442:
19441:
19437:
19436:
19435:
19433:
19432:
19431:
19387:
19386:
19383:
19373:
19371:
19363:
19361:
19356:
19258:
19227:
19190:
19188:
19182:
19075:
19073:
19063:
19030:
18998:
18896:
18889:
18856:
18773:Limiting Factor
18660:
18653:
18634:Offshore survey
18608:
18585:
18564:
18464:Altitude diving
18447:
18427:
18416:
18358:
18351:
18298:
18291:
18258:Metre sea water
18249:
18242:
18229:
18208:
18192:
18161:
18130:
18069:
18055:Sunita Williams
18045:Dafydd Williams
18030:Joachim Wendler
17925:Kathleen Rubins
17920:Garrett Reisman
17865:Simone Melchior
17845:Matthias Maurer
17785:Norishige Kanai
17770:Akihiko Hoshide
17760:John Herrington
17675:Timothy Creamer
17665:Fabien Cousteau
17660:Craig B. Cooper
17635:Scott Carpenter
17630:Berry L. Cannon
17605:Robert A. Barth
17580:Joseph M. Acaba
17561:
17535:John Chatterton
17465:Graham Balcombe
17454:
17448:
17444:J. Lamar Worzel
17259:Neville Coleman
17239:Georges Beuchat
17221:
17215:
17163:
17161:
17155:
17113:
17107:
17103:Cristina Zenato
17023:Innes McCartney
16910:
16908:
16906:
16900:
16856:James F. Cahill
16828:
16818:
16797:
16766:
16683:and federations
16682:
16680:
16674:
16658:
16622:
16596:
16536:
16516:
16495:
16483:
16477:
16455:
16441:
16398:
16392:
16313:
16311:
16310:Technical diver
16305:
16287:
16285:
16279:
16099:
16097:
16095:
16089:
16058:
16056:
16050:
16033:
16027:
15993:
15991:
15985:
15926:
15924:
15922:
15911:
15890:
15855:
15795:
15793:
15791:
15780:
15752:Buddy breathing
15698:
15677:Teaching method
15591:
15580:
15561:
15546:
15530:
15484:
15457:
15451:
15373:
15350:
15291:Artur Kozłowski
15254:Maurice Fargues
15219:Berry L. Cannon
15190:
15183:
15174:Bradley Westell
15169:Joachim Wendler
15087:
15080:
15076:diving accident
15068:diving accident
15060:diving accident
15052:diving accident
15050:Stena Seaspread
15044:diving accident
15036:diving accident
15015:
15008:
14999:Nicholas Mevoli
14969:
14965:Ebenezer Watson
14943:
14922:
14893:
14869:Hans Hass Award
14857:
14836:
14831:Rainbow Warrior
14829:Sinking of the
14816:
14806:
14738:
14736:
14729:
14700:Magnesium torch
14671:
14665:
14631:Auguste Piccard
14616:John Lethbridge
14536:Georges Beuchat
14518:
14512:
14495:
14489:
14452:
14446:
14393:
14376:
14338:
14315:
14229:
14227:
14221:
14197:Neal W. Pollock
14083:
14081:
14067:
14058:Fitness to dive
14036:
14005:
13955:
13908:
13898:
13886:
13880:
13859:
13801:
13797:Oxygen toxicity
13770:
13701:
13695:
13686:Motion sickness
13667:
13656:
13654:Diving medicine
13631:
13568:
13566:
13559:
13518:
13512:
13454:
13401:Risk assessment
13391:Hazard analysis
13374:
13367:
13219:
13208:
13157:
13103:Oxygen toxicity
13009:
13002:
12954:
12933:
12916:
12910:
12858:
12852:
12784:
12777:
12718:Altitude diving
12706:
12678:
12653:
12580:
12573:
12544:
12538:
12466:
12460:
12437:
12426:
12338:
12258:Ships husbandry
12170:
12155:
12041:Royal Engineers
11956:Grup Gerak Khas
11916:Commando Hubert
11902:
11900:
11893:
11882:U.S. Navy diver
11857:Clearance diver
11838:
11831:
11739:
11718:
11672:
11646:
11598:
11554:Martin Štěpánek
11549:Aharon Solomons
11539:Stig Severinsen
11489:Stéphane Mifsud
11439:Flavia Eberhard
11414:Flavia Eberhard
11379:Derya Can Göçen
11364:Peppo Biscarini
11359:Simone Arrigoni
11354:Deborah Andollo
11342:
11284:
11255:No-limits apnea
11219:Constant weight
11194:
11117:
11096:
11046:
11007:Diver down flag
10995:
10872:
10861:
10857:Tektite habitat
10823:
10816:
10766:
10691:
10684:
10668:Oxygen analyser
10646:Helium analyzer
10590:Water separator
10548:Molecular sieve
10525:
10519:
10449:
10428:
10271:
10269:
10259:
10211:
10204:
10150:Interspiro DCSC
10086:
10024:
10017:
9950:Diving cylinder
9936:
9934:
9927:
9760:
9754:
9693:
9687:
9634:Instrumentation
9629:
9558:
9552:
9483:
9425:
9418:
9362:
9356:
9283:
9262:Basic equipment
9257:
9239:
9226:
9220:Unmanned diving
9166:
9161:
9131:
9122:
9078:
9064:
9046:
9006:
8954:
8902:
8825:
8741:
8666:
8661:
8625:
8602:
8568:Benzodiazepines
8512:
8498:Carbon monoxide
8486:Ethylene glycol
8462:
8434:
8391:
8358:
8336:
8320:
8277:
8211:
8193:
8174:
8144:
8139:
8130:oxygen toxicity
8106:
7994:ventilation (V)
7982:
7978:pulmonary shunt
7956:
7947:peak flow meter
7867:
7785:
7692:
7687:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7606:
7583:
7581:
7541:
7523:
7496:
7469:
7453:
7451:Further reading
7440:
7438:
7434:
7427:
7406:
7378:
7377:
7370:
7368:
7346:
7317:
7200:
7199:
7192:
7190:
7166:
7150:
7145:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7110:
7106:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7030:
7028:
7010:
7003:
6993:
6991:
6990:on 16 July 2011
6987:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6933:
6929:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6903:
6880:
6876:
6837:
6833:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6784:
6780:
6767:(12): 1293–96.
6757:
6753:
6737:
6736:
6729:
6727:
6716:
6712:
6678:
6674:
6635:
6631:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6546:
6523:
6519:
6507:
6503:
6488:Davis, Robert H
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6468:on 10 June 2020
6454:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6414:
6410:
6386:
6382:
6367:
6353:
6349:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6297:
6293:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6244:
6240:
6224:
6223:
6216:
6214:
6191:
6184:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6147:
6143:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5997:
5993:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5884:
5882:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5858:
5857:on 3 March 2012
5844:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5640:
5636:
5621:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5565:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5539:
5516:
5509:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5483:
5460:
5453:
5416:
5409:
5354:
5350:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5293:
5286:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5249:
5242:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5027:
5023:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4904:(6): 1099–108.
4883:
4876:
4831:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4736:
4732:
4693:
4689:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4640:
4636:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4587:
4583:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4534:
4530:
4489:(20): 9715–19.
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4448:
4444:
4413:
4409:
4364:
4360:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4271:
4267:
4230:
4226:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4148:
4144:
4129:
4120:
4097:
4093:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4056:
4052:
4021:
4017:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3968:
3961:
3940:(22): 1620–21.
3930:
3921:
3882:
3878:
3841:
3832:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3795:
3788:
3757:
3750:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3679:
3675:
3640:
3631:
3584:
3573:
3550:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3473:
3469:
3410:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3368:
3355:
3310:
3306:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3257:
3246:
3239:
3225:
3208:
3162:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3110:
3101:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3028:
2999:(1–2): 250–53.
2989:
2982:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2869:
2858:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2753:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2586:
2582:
2559:
2555:
2526:
2522:
2501:(2–3): 255–63.
2491:
2487:
2450:
2446:
2423:
2419:
2374:
2370:
2333:
2329:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2238:
2231:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2084:
2043:qualification.
2029:
2019:
1867:
1808:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1500:OTU per minute
1496:
1495:
1311:
1262:bronchodilators
1209:
1184:
1163:gestational age
1149:
1112:
1083:
1013:breathing gases
992:
974:
957:
887:
839:
789:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
759:cell signalling
743:
735:Main articles:
733:
724:vitreous humour
681:
675:
673:Ocular toxicity
603:
570:
564:
547:
522:
506:Pulmonary edema
468:
447:postictal state
412:
301:
202:
174:breathing gases
99:) at increased
95:
92:
91:
90:
88:
81:Oxygen toxicity
64:Diving medicine
27:Oxygen toxicity
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19440:
19430:
19429:
19424:
19419:
19414:
19409:
19404:
19399:
19382:
19381:
19358:
19357:
19355:
19354:
19342:
19330:
19323:
19316:
19308:
19296:
19284:
19271:
19268:
19267:
19264:
19263:
19260:
19259:
19257:
19256:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19235:
19233:
19229:
19228:
19226:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19194:
19192:
19189:facilities for
19184:
19183:
19181:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19140:
19135:
19130:
19125:
19120:
19115:
19110:
19105:
19100:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19079:
19077:
19069:
19068:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19061:
19056:
19051:
19046:
19040:
19038:
19029:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19012:
19010:
19004:
19003:
19000:
18999:
18997:
18996:
18991:
18989:Type 7103 DSRV
18986:
18981:
18976:
18968:
18967:
18966:
18961:
18948:
18943:
18942:
18941:
18933:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18901:
18899:
18897:rescue vehicle
18888:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18866:
18864:
18858:
18857:
18855:
18854:
18846:
18838:
18830:
18822:
18814:
18806:
18798:
18791:
18784:
18776:
18769:
18761:
18754:
18747:
18740:
18733:
18732:
18731:
18724:
18716:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18686:
18681:
18673:
18665:
18663:
18652:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18631:
18630:
18629:
18619:
18613:
18610:
18609:
18599:
18598:
18595:
18594:
18591:
18590:
18587:
18586:
18584:
18583:
18578:
18572:
18570:
18566:
18565:
18563:
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18546:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18534:
18533:
18518:
18517:
18516:
18511:
18501:
18496:
18491:
18489:Inshore diving
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18461:
18455:
18453:
18452:Classification
18446:
18445:
18444:
18443:
18432:
18430:
18422:
18421:
18418:
18417:
18415:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18398:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18363:
18361:
18350:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18303:
18301:
18293:
18292:
18290:
18289:
18288:
18287:
18277:
18276:
18275:
18265:
18260:
18254:
18252:
18241:
18240:
18234:
18231:
18230:
18218:
18217:
18214:
18213:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18206:
18200:
18198:
18194:
18193:
18191:
18190:
18185:
18183:Sydney Knowles
18180:
18175:
18169:
18167:
18163:
18162:
18160:
18159:
18157:John Volanthen
18154:
18149:
18147:Richard Harris
18144:
18138:
18136:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18116:Trevor Jackson
18113:
18111:Hillary Hauser
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18091:Philippe Diolé
18088:
18083:
18077:
18075:
18071:
18070:
18068:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18020:Shannon Walker
18017:
18015:Rex J. Walheim
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17990:Daniel M. Tani
17987:
17982:
17977:
17975:Hervé Stevenin
17972:
17970:Robert Sténuit
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17930:Dick Rutkowski
17927:
17922:
17917:
17912:
17910:Thomas Pesquet
17907:
17902:
17897:
17895:Luca Parmitano
17892:
17887:
17885:John D. Olivas
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17855:Craig McKinley
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17745:Chris Hadfield
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17715:Michael Fincke
17712:
17707:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17647:
17645:Steve Chappell
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17571:
17569:
17563:
17562:
17560:
17559:
17558:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17524:
17523:
17522:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17492:
17487:
17482:
17477:
17472:
17467:
17458:
17456:
17450:
17449:
17447:
17446:
17441:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17419:Albert Tillman
17416:
17414:Valerie Taylor
17411:
17406:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17346:
17341:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17289:Candice Farmer
17286:
17284:David Doubilet
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17234:Tamara Benitez
17231:
17225:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17171:Samir Alhafith
17167:
17165:
17164:and presenters
17157:
17156:
17154:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17121:Pascal Bernabé
17117:
17115:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17093:Robert Sténuit
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17073:Gunter Schöbel
17070:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17033:Mark M. Newell
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17013:Robert F. Marx
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16978:Anders Franzén
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16923:Robert Ballard
16920:
16914:
16912:
16902:
16901:
16899:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16886:Dick Rutkowski
16883:
16878:
16876:Trevor Hampton
16873:
16871:Dottie Frazier
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16832:
16830:
16820:
16819:
16807:
16806:
16803:
16802:
16799:
16798:
16796:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16774:
16772:
16768:
16767:
16765:
16764:
16763:
16762:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16703:
16702:
16701:
16695:
16689:International
16686:
16684:
16676:
16675:
16673:
16672:
16666:
16664:
16660:
16659:
16657:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16636:
16630:
16628:
16624:
16623:
16621:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16604:
16602:
16598:
16597:
16595:
16594:
16589:
16588:
16587:
16582:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16555:
16550:
16544:
16542:
16538:
16537:
16535:
16534:
16528:
16526:
16518:
16517:
16505:
16504:
16501:
16500:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16493:
16487:
16485:
16482:Military diver
16479:
16478:
16476:
16475:
16470:
16465:
16459:
16457:
16454:Military diver
16451:
16450:
16447:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16439:
16433:
16427:
16421:
16415:
16409:
16402:
16400:
16391:
16390:
16384:
16378:
16372:
16366:
16360:
16354:
16348:
16342:
16336:
16330:
16324:
16317:
16315:
16307:
16306:
16304:
16303:
16298:
16291:
16289:
16281:
16280:
16278:
16277:
16272:
16266:
16260:
16254:
16248:
16242:
16236:
16230:
16224:
16218:
16212:
16206:
16200:
16194:
16188:
16182:
16176:
16170:
16164:
16158:
16152:
16146:
16140:
16134:
16128:
16122:
16116:
16110:
16103:
16101:
16091:
16090:
16088:
16087:
16081:
16075:
16069:
16062:
16060:
16052:
16051:
16049:
16048:
16043:
16037:
16035:
16029:
16028:
16026:
16025:
16020:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15997:
15995:
15984:
15983:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15961:
15956:
15950:
15944:
15938:
15931:
15929:
15921:Diver training
15917:
15916:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15909:
15904:
15898:
15896:
15892:
15891:
15889:
15888:
15887:
15886:
15876:
15875:
15874:
15863:
15861:
15857:
15856:
15854:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15807:
15805:
15798:
15786:
15785:
15782:
15781:
15779:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15767:
15766:
15765:
15764:
15754:
15744:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15732:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15706:
15704:
15697:
15696:
15695:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15674:
15673:
15672:
15667:
15657:
15656:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15596:
15594:
15582:
15581:
15571:
15570:
15567:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15560:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15548:
15547:
15545:
15544:
15538:
15536:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15528:
15521:
15514:
15507:
15500:
15492:
15490:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15461:
15459:
15453:
15452:
15450:
15449:
15442:
15435:
15428:
15421:
15414:
15407:
15400:
15393:
15385:
15383:
15375:
15374:
15364:
15363:
15360:
15359:
15356:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15301:Kirsty MacColl
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15277:
15276:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15234:E. Yale Dawson
15231:
15226:
15224:Cotton Coulson
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15195:
15193:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15135:
15134:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15093:
15091:
15082:
15081:
15079:
15078:
15070:
15066:Waage Drill II
15062:
15054:
15046:
15038:
15030:
15026:Byford Dolphin
15021:
15019:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14984:Stephen Keenan
14980:
14978:
14971:
14970:
14968:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14951:
14949:
14945:
14944:
14942:
14941:
14936:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14920:
14915:Sinking of MV
14911:
14909:
14899:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14865:
14863:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14844:
14842:
14838:
14837:
14835:
14834:
14826:
14820:
14818:
14812:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14743:
14741:
14728:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14689:
14681:
14675:
14673:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14663:
14661:Jacques Triger
14658:
14653:
14651:Augustus Siebe
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14611:Yves Le Prieur
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14551:John R. Clarke
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14522:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14510:
14505:
14499:
14497:
14494:Underwater art
14491:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14480:
14473:
14465:
14456:
14454:
14445:
14444:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14398:
14395:
14394:
14382:
14381:
14378:
14377:
14375:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14343:
14340:
14339:
14329:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14321:
14320:
14317:
14316:
14314:
14313:
14307:
14301:
14295:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14245:
14239:
14233:
14231:
14226:Diving medical
14223:
14222:
14220:
14219:
14217:Jacques Triger
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14192:Charles Momsen
14189:
14187:Simon Mitchell
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14132:John R. Clarke
14129:
14124:
14122:Alf O. Brubakk
14119:
14114:
14112:George F. Bond
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14088:
14086:
14080:Researchers in
14073:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14044:
14042:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14013:
14011:
14007:
14006:
14004:
14003:
13998:
13996:Oxygen therapy
13993:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13967:
13965:
13961:
13960:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13912:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13900:
13899:
13897:
13896:
13890:
13888:
13882:
13881:
13879:
13878:
13873:
13867:
13865:
13864:Carbon dioxide
13861:
13860:
13858:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13841:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13815:
13809:
13807:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13778:
13776:
13769:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13716:
13711:
13705:
13703:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13672:
13670:
13658:
13657:
13645:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13637:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13573:
13571:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13555:
13545:
13544:
13543:
13538:
13528:
13522:
13520:
13514:
13513:
13511:
13510:
13508:Stand-by diver
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13464:
13462:
13453:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13435:Permit To Work
13432:
13430:Lockout–tagout
13427:
13422:
13421:
13420:
13410:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13385:
13379:
13377:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13328:Doing It Right
13325:
13323:Diver training
13320:
13315:
13310:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13301:Rule of thirds
13293:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13261:
13260:
13259:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13224:
13222:
13214:
13213:
13210:
13209:
13207:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13165:
13163:
13156:
13155:
13154:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13084:Physiological
13082:
13081:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13057:
13056:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13020:
13014:
13012:
13001:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12959:
12956:
12955:
12943:
12942:
12939:
12938:
12935:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12926:
12920:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12862:
12860:
12857:Diving tourism
12854:
12853:
12851:
12850:
12844:
12838:
12832:
12826:
12820:
12814:
12808:
12802:
12796:
12789:
12787:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12714:
12712:
12705:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12659:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12626:
12625:
12624:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12609:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12585:
12583:
12572:
12571:
12570:
12569:
12564:
12562:Hawaiian sling
12554:
12548:
12546:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12470:
12468:
12462:
12461:
12459:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12442:
12440:
12432:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12424:
12417:
12409:
12401:
12394:
12387:
12379:
12371:
12364:
12357:
12348:
12346:
12344:Salvage diving
12337:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12325:
12324:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12218:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12197:
12196:
12189:Diver training
12186:
12181:
12175:
12173:
12165:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11884:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11843:
11841:
11830:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11767:
11757:
11751:
11749:
11741:
11740:
11728:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11680:
11678:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11654:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11633:
11632:
11627:
11617:
11612:
11606:
11604:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11564:Tanya Streeter
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11519:Herbert Nitsch
11516:
11514:Guillaume NĂ©ry
11511:
11509:Patrick Musimu
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11484:Kate Middleton
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11419:Ĺžahika ErcĂĽmen
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11350:
11348:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11340:
11338:Water polo cap
11335:
11334:
11333:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11306:Hawaiian sling
11303:
11298:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11275:
11269:
11264:
11258:
11252:
11249:Free immersion
11246:
11240:
11234:
11228:
11222:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11129:
11127:
11119:
11118:
11106:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11087:
11077:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11065:
11054:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10991:VideoRay UROVs
10988:
10983:
10981:SJT-class ROUV
10978:
10973:
10968:
10966:Seabed tractor
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10936:Mini Rover ROV
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10881:8A4-class ROUV
10877:
10875:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
10826:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10812:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10747:Diving chamber
10744:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10696:
10694:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10682:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10658:
10648:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10636:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10533:Air filtration
10529:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10517:
10512:
10510:Messenger line
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10461:
10459:
10451:
10450:
10438:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10354:Maurice Fernez
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10275:
10273:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10216:
10214:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10096:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10084:
10083:
10082:
10080:Sling cylinder
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10058:Scuba manifold
10050:
10045:
10040:
10038:Bailout bottle
10029:
10027:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9986:
9976:
9975:
9974:
9972:Reclaim helmet
9964:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9947:
9941:
9939:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9901:Diving compass
9898:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9849:Bailout bottle
9846:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9814:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9775:
9764:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9725:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9703:
9697:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9618:Full-face mask
9615:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9591:Reclaim helmet
9588:
9583:
9578:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9546:Hot-water suit
9543:
9533:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9504:
9493:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9375:Power inflator
9366:
9364:
9363:trim equipment
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9293:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9167:
9160:
9159:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9120:
9108:
9096:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
9002:Mycotoxicology
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8962:
8960:
8959:Related topics
8956:
8955:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8898:Tick paralysis
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8865:Scorpion venom
8862:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8797:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8752:
8750:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8689:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8608:Cardiovascular
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8544:
8542:
8533:
8531:Drug overdoses
8524:
8522:Pharmaceutical
8518:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8444:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8228:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8173:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8150:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8076:chloride shift
8069:
8066:Haldane effect
8063:
8058:
8053:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8007:
7996:
7990:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:FEV1/FVC ratio
7920:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7838:chemoreceptors
7834:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7746:elastic recoil
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7663:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7638:
7623:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:Classification
7592:
7591:
7569:
7551:
7540:
7539:External links
7537:
7536:
7535:
7521:
7508:
7494:
7481:
7467:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7418:
7404:
7391:
7358:
7344:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7315:
7302:
7256:
7213:
7178:
7164:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7128:
7120:Round the Moon
7104:
7089:
7064:
7038:
7001:
6968:
6927:
6874:
6831:
6778:
6751:
6710:
6672:
6629:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6517:
6501:
6498:. p. 291.
6479:
6448:
6436:
6408:
6380:
6365:
6347:
6329:
6311:(11): 992–94.
6291:
6238:
6182:
6141:
6090:
6088:, p. 183.
6078:
6066:
6064:, p. 190.
6054:
6028:
6006:
5991:
5962:(3): 154–160.
5939:
5937:, p. 184.
5927:
5905:
5893:
5869:
5838:
5826:
5813:10.4271/881071
5788:
5781:
5761:
5729:
5694:
5669:
5634:
5619:
5601:
5586:
5563:
5507:
5451:
5407:
5348:
5284:
5240:
5196:
5194:, p. 270.
5184:
5172:
5142:
5111:
5086:
5074:
5021:
4988:(2): 193–223.
4968:
4966:, p. 195.
4949:
4947:, p. 375.
4937:
4874:
4820:
4804:
4791:
4789:, p. 178.
4779:
4757:
4730:
4687:
4634:
4581:
4548:(6): 485–501.
4528:
4469:
4458:on 12 May 2008
4442:
4407:
4358:
4339:(8): 1203–09.
4316:
4265:
4224:
4181:
4179:, p. 360.
4169:
4142:
4118:
4091:
4050:
4015:
3959:
3919:
3892:(4): 287–301.
3876:
3830:
3786:
3748:
3724:
3693:(1): L229–38.
3673:
3629:
3605:10.1186/cc7151
3571:
3535:
3520:
3467:
3397:
3353:
3324:(6): 632–641.
3304:
3271:(2): 199–202.
3244:
3237:
3206:
3151:
3139:
3099:
3072:
3070:, p. 383.
3053:
3026:
2993:Brain Research
2980:
2924:
2856:
2812:
2800:
2740:
2728:
2711:
2709:, p. 376.
2696:
2694:, p. 159.
2684:
2634:
2580:
2553:
2520:
2485:
2444:
2417:
2368:
2327:
2300:
2263:
2256:
2229:
2202:
2138:
2121:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2018:
2015:
1866:
1863:
1807:
1804:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1478:as calculated
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1310:
1307:
1246:diver training
1225:scleral buckle
1208:
1205:
1183:
1180:
1148:
1145:
1111:
1108:
1082:
1079:
1038:dive computers
1024:diver training
973:
970:
956:
953:
952:
951:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
903:
896:
886:
883:
867:echocardiogram
838:
835:
802:cell membranes
771:
732:
729:
689:fibrous tissue
674:
671:
663:intensive care
602:
599:
563:
560:
546:
543:
530:ophthalmoscope
521:
518:
514:vital capacity
467:
464:
456:carbon dioxide
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
310:
300:
297:
260:adrenal glands
232:
231:
224:
221:
201:
200:Classification
198:
154:in the lungs,
148:cell membranes
93:
76:
75:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19439:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19403:
19400:
19398:
19395:
19394:
19392:
19385:
19380:
19370:
19369:
19366:
19353:
19352:
19347:
19343:
19341:
19340:
19331:
19329:
19328:
19324:
19322:
19321:
19317:
19315:
19314:
19309:
19307:
19306:
19297:
19295:
19294:
19285:
19283:
19282:
19273:
19272:
19269:
19255:
19254:Seabed mining
19252:
19250:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19236:
19234:
19230:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19195:
19193:
19185:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19131:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19109:
19106:
19104:
19101:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19080:
19078:
19070:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19041:
19039:
19037:
19033:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19013:
19011:
19009:
19005:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18985:
18982:
18980:
18977:
18975:
18974:
18969:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18955:
18953:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18940:
18939:
18934:
18932:
18931:
18926:
18925:
18924:
18922:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18902:
18900:
18898:
18892:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18867:
18865:
18863:
18859:
18853:
18852:
18847:
18845:
18844:
18839:
18837:
18836:
18831:
18829:
18828:
18823:
18821:
18820:
18815:
18813:
18812:
18807:
18805:
18803:
18799:
18797:
18796:
18792:
18790:
18789:
18785:
18783:
18782:
18777:
18775:
18774:
18770:
18768:
18766:
18762:
18760:
18759:
18755:
18753:
18752:
18748:
18746:
18745:
18741:
18739:
18738:
18734:
18730:
18729:
18725:
18723:
18721:
18717:
18715:
18713:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18696:
18692:
18691:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18679:
18674:
18672:
18671:
18667:
18666:
18664:
18662:
18656:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18628:
18625:
18624:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18614:
18611:
18604:
18600:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18573:
18571:
18567:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18532:
18529:
18528:
18527:
18524:
18523:
18522:
18519:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18506:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18484:Inland diving
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18456:
18454:
18450:
18442:
18439:
18438:
18437:
18434:
18433:
18431:
18429:
18423:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18407:Oxygen window
18405:
18403:
18400:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18364:
18362:
18360:
18357:Decompression
18354:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18317:Diving reflex
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18304:
18302:
18300:
18294:
18286:
18283:
18282:
18281:
18278:
18274:
18271:
18270:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18255:
18253:
18251:
18245:
18239:
18236:
18235:
18232:
18228:
18223:
18219:
18205:
18202:
18201:
18199:
18195:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18170:
18168:
18164:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18142:Craig Challen
18140:
18139:
18137:
18133:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18078:
18076:
18072:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18040:Peggy Whitson
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18010:Koichi Wakata
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17995:Robert Thirsk
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17985:James Talacek
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17960:Steve Squyres
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17950:Robert Sheats
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17890:Takuya Onishi
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17835:Sandra Magnus
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17815:Jon Lindbergh
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17805:Timothy Kopra
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17775:Mark Hulsbeck
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17750:Jeremy Hansen
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17695:Jeanette Epps
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17680:Jonathan Dory
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17572:
17570:
17568:
17564:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17540:Clive Cussler
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17527:
17525:
17521:
17518:
17517:
17515:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17505:Jack Sheppard
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17485:Jill Heinerth
17483:
17481:
17478:
17476:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17462:
17460:
17459:
17457:
17451:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17429:Stan Waterman
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17399:E. Lee Spence
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17384:Peter Scoones
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17349:Agnes Milowka
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17309:Stephen Frink
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17269:John D. Craig
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17249:Jonathan Bird
17247:
17245:
17244:Adrian Biddle
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17226:
17224:
17222:photographers
17218:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17191:Richie Kohler
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17168:
17166:
17158:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17118:
17116:
17110:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17088:E. Lee Spence
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17068:Margaret Rule
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16998:Graham Jessop
16996:
16994:
16993:David Gibbins
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16954:
16953:Eugenie Clark
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16915:
16913:
16903:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16833:
16831:
16825:
16821:
16817:
16812:
16808:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16775:
16773:
16769:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16690:
16688:
16687:
16685:
16681:organisations
16677:
16671:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16661:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16631:
16629:
16625:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16605:
16603:
16599:
16593:
16590:
16586:
16585:United States
16583:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16573:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16545:
16543:
16539:
16533:
16530:
16529:
16527:
16523:
16519:
16515:
16510:
16506:
16492:
16489:
16488:
16486:
16480:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16452:
16437:
16434:
16431:
16428:
16425:
16422:
16419:
16416:
16413:
16410:
16407:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16395:
16388:
16385:
16382:
16379:
16376:
16373:
16370:
16367:
16364:
16361:
16358:
16355:
16352:
16349:
16346:
16343:
16340:
16337:
16334:
16331:
16328:
16325:
16322:
16319:
16318:
16316:
16312:certification
16308:
16302:
16299:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16290:
16286:certification
16282:
16276:
16273:
16270:
16267:
16264:
16261:
16258:
16255:
16252:
16249:
16246:
16243:
16240:
16237:
16234:
16231:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16216:
16213:
16210:
16207:
16204:
16201:
16198:
16195:
16192:
16189:
16186:
16183:
16180:
16177:
16174:
16171:
16168:
16165:
16162:
16159:
16156:
16153:
16150:
16147:
16144:
16141:
16138:
16135:
16132:
16129:
16126:
16123:
16120:
16117:
16114:
16111:
16108:
16105:
16104:
16102:
16098:certification
16092:
16085:
16082:
16079:
16076:
16073:
16070:
16067:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16057:certification
16053:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16038:
16036:
16030:
16024:
16021:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16002:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15992:certification
15988:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15954:
15951:
15948:
15945:
15942:
15939:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15930:
15928:
15927:organisations
15923:certification
15918:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15893:
15885:
15882:
15881:
15880:
15877:
15873:
15870:
15869:
15868:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15858:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15808:
15806:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:certification
15787:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15769:
15763:
15760:
15759:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15701:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15682:Muscle memory
15680:
15679:
15678:
15675:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15662:
15661:
15658:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15635:
15633:
15631:
15630:Diving school
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15600:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15593:
15587:
15583:
15576:
15572:
15558:
15557:
15555:
15553:
15549:
15543:
15540:
15539:
15537:
15533:
15527:
15526:
15522:
15520:
15519:
15518:Shadow Divers
15515:
15513:
15512:
15511:The Last Dive
15508:
15506:
15505:
15501:
15499:
15498:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15487:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15462:
15460:
15456:Standards and
15454:
15448:
15447:
15443:
15441:
15440:
15436:
15434:
15433:
15429:
15427:
15426:
15422:
15420:
15419:
15415:
15413:
15412:
15408:
15406:
15405:
15401:
15399:
15398:
15394:
15392:
15391:
15387:
15386:
15384:
15380:
15376:
15369:
15365:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15306:Agnes Milowka
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15275:
15272:
15271:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15196:
15194:
15192:
15186:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15133:
15130:
15129:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15097:Roger Baldwin
15095:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15083:
15077:
15075:
15071:
15069:
15067:
15063:
15061:
15059:
15055:
15053:
15051:
15047:
15045:
15043:
15039:
15037:
15035:
15031:
15029:
15027:
15023:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15011:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14994:Audrey Mestre
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14972:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14946:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14931:
14929:
14927:Diver rescues
14925:
14919:
14918:
14913:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14903:
14900:
14896:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14839:
14833:
14832:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14819:
14813:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14762:Human torpedo
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14742:
14740:
14732:
14726:
14725:Vintage scuba
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14695:
14690:
14688:
14687:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14674:
14668:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14531:William Beebe
14529:
14527:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14519:and inventors
14515:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14500:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14485:
14481:
14479:
14478:
14474:
14472:
14471:
14466:
14464:
14463:
14458:
14457:
14455:
14451:Archeological
14449:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14399:
14396:
14392:
14387:
14383:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14344:
14341:
14334:
14330:
14311:
14308:
14305:
14302:
14299:
14296:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14267:
14264:
14261:
14258:
14255:
14252:
14249:
14246:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14230:organisations
14224:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14089:
14087:
14085:
14077:
14074:
14070:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14045:
14043:
14039:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14014:
14012:
14008:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13962:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13905:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13889:
13885:Breathing gas
13883:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13868:
13866:
13862:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13804:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13734:Barodontalgia
13732:
13730:
13729:Aerosinusitis
13727:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13714:Barostriction
13712:
13710:
13707:
13706:
13704:
13698:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13650:
13646:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13572:
13570:
13562:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13533:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13515:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13461:
13457:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13376:
13370:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13298:
13297:
13296:Dive planning
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13286:Dive briefing
13284:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13264:Decompression
13262:
13258:
13255:
13254:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13221:
13215:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13146:Trait anxiety
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13118:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13093:Decompression
13091:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13060:
13058:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13024:
13023:Environmental
13021:
13019:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12960:
12957:
12953:
12952:Diving safety
12948:
12944:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12917:and festivals
12915:Diving events
12913:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12896:Shark tourism
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12855:
12848:
12845:
12842:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12830:
12827:
12824:
12821:
12818:
12815:
12812:
12809:
12806:
12803:
12800:
12797:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12785:organisations
12780:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12709:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12681:
12677:
12672:
12668:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12576:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12541:
12535:
12534:Water jetting
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12524:Thermal lance
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12492:
12491:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12463:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12439:
12433:
12423:
12422:
12418:
12416:
12415:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12400:
12399:
12395:
12393:
12392:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12378:
12377:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12365:
12363:
12362:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12345:
12341:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12263:Sponge diving
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12238:Police diving
12236:
12234:
12233:Pearl hunting
12231:
12229:
12226:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12201:Hazmat diving
12199:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12166:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12126:US Navy SEALs
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11976:JW KomandosĂłw
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11904:
11896:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11840:
11834:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11752:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11738:
11733:
11729:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11677:Organisations
11675:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11653:
11649:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11622:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11601:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11584:Danai Varveri
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11534:Annelie Pompe
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11474:Audrey Mestre
11472:
11470:
11469:Jacques Mayol
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11434:Pierre Frolla
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11374:Sara Campbell
11372:
11370:
11369:Michael Board
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11339:
11336:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11279:
11276:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11262:
11259:
11256:
11253:
11250:
11247:
11244:
11241:
11238:
11237:Dynamic apnea
11235:
11232:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11212:
11211:Vertical Blue
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11154:
11153:Pearl hunting
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11111:
11107:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11058:Diving spread
11056:
11055:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11002:
10998:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10946:ROV KIEL 6000
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10868:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10819:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10769:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10693:
10690:Decompression
10687:
10681:
10678:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10605:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10524:Breathing gas
10522:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10480:Diving ladder
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10443:
10439:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10304:René Cavalero
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10272:manufacturers
10266:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10105:Carleton CDBA
10103:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10089:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10020:
10014:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9973:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9967:Diving helmet
9965:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9938:
9930:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9896:Distance line
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9878:Safety helmet
9876:
9874:
9873:Rescue tether
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9844:Bailout block
9842:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9806:
9805:Diver's knife
9803:
9802:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9690:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9651:Dive computer
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9586:Orinasal mask
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9572:
9571:Diving helmet
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9555:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9474:Jersey upline
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9454:Dive computer
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9424:Decompression
9421:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9397:Ankle weights
9395:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9307:Breathing air
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9289:Breathing gas
9286:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9238:
9233:
9229:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9158:
9153:
9151:
9146:
9144:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9119:
9118:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9058:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:Miscellaneous
9013:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8997:Deadly fungus
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8870:Charybdotoxin
8868:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8761:Batrachotoxin
8759:
8758:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8744:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8663:
8658:Megavitamin-B
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8372:Sulfuric acid
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8118:high altitude
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:Insufficiency
8109:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8082:oxyhemoglobin
8080:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:hysteresivity
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7672:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7522:0-9752290-1-X
7518:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7495:0-946020-18-3
7491:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7468:0-941332-68-3
7464:
7460:
7455:
7454:
7433:
7426:
7425:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7316:1-85421-176-5
7312:
7308:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7131:
7129:2-253-00587-8
7125:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7108:
7092:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7006:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6942:
6941:Nedu-Tr-07-13
6938:
6931:
6923:
6917:
6901:
6897:
6894:(3): 147–61.
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6847:(2): 231–42.
6846:
6842:
6835:
6827:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6798:(3): 223–27.
6797:
6793:
6789:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6741:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6645:(4): 527–32.
6644:
6640:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6610:(7): 357–68.
6609:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6560:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6467:
6463:
6462:IANTD Journal
6459:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6424:(2): 436–42.
6423:
6419:
6412:
6403:
6399:
6396:(3): 565–72.
6395:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6366:0-09-163831-3
6362:
6358:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6333:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6172:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6043:
6039:
6032:
6016:
6010:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5880:
5873:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5807:(5): 415–21.
5806:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5746:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5710:(5): 505–12.
5709:
5705:
5698:
5682:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5620:0-08-024918-3
5616:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5503:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5236:
5230:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5127:
5126:
5118:
5116:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5011:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4927:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4890:Hobbs, Gene W
4887:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4767:
4761:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4703:(1): 100–06.
4702:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4654:(2): 227–32.
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:(5): 562–69.
4377:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4285:(6): 653–60.
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4244:(2): 391–96.
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:(in Hebrew).
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4107:(2): 131–43.
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4065:
4064:Nedu-Tr-05-20
4061:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:(6): 900–05.
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:Critical Care
3589:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3487:(4): 215–19.
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:Critical Care
3415:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:(5): 739–52.
3119:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3088:(2): 37–133.
3087:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2810:, p. 82.
2809:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2569:(6): 646–49.
2568:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2540:(2): 270–77.
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2464:(3): 410–44.
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2433:(2): 127–32.
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(3): 505–17.
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2347:(2): 431–37.
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2257:0-521-45150-7
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:(3): 150–55.
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:nasal cannula
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:tunnel vision
1906:contraction (
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:R.W. Hamilton
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:laser surgery
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1268:may be used.
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1250:standby diver
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
983:
979:
969:
961:
949:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
852:hypoglycaemia
849:
845:
834:
831:
827:
823:
820:, which harm
819:
815:
814:peroxynitrite
811:
807:
806:free radicals
803:
799:
795:
787:
782:
780:
764:
760:
756:
747:
742:
738:
728:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
680:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
616:
607:
601:Lung toxicity
598:
596:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
559:
555:
553:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:of the nasal
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
463:
461:
457:
452:
451:breathing gas
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:tunnel vision
416:
402:
395:
391:
384:
380:
373:
369:
362:
358:
351:
347:
340:
336:
329:
325:
318:
307:
296:
293:
289:
285:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
214:
213:
206:
197:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
178:neonatal care
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:Lorrain Smith
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
86:
82:
73:
69:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
19384:
19349:
19337:
19325:
19318:
19310:
19303:
19291:
19279:
19054:Steinke hood
19016:Escape trunk
18972:
18951:
18937:
18929:
18920:
18850:
18842:
18835:Shinkai 6500
18834:
18827:Shinkai 2000
18826:
18818:
18810:
18801:
18794:
18787:
18780:
18772:
18764:
18757:
18750:
18743:
18736:
18727:
18719:
18711:
18694:
18677:
18669:
18543:Wreck diving
18499:Night diving
18428:environments
18204:Keith Jessop
18173:Lionel Crabb
18152:Rick Stanton
18126:John Mattera
18106:Bob Halstead
18101:Bret Gilliam
18096:Gary Gentile
18086:Victor Berge
18060:Reid Wiseman
17980:Nicole Stott
17945:Josef Schmid
17935:Tara Ruttley
17880:Karen Nyberg
17860:Jessica Meir
17740:David Gruber
17705:Albert Falco
17690:Sylvia Earle
17625:Justin Brown
17530:Leigh Bishop
17389:Brian Skerry
17374:Pierre Petit
17364:Steve Parish
17354:Noel Monkman
17334:Rudie Kuiter
17314:Peter Gimbel
17211:Andrew Wight
17131:Mark Ellyatt
17112:Scuba record
17053:Richard Pyle
16963:Sylvia Earle
16948:Cathy Church
16943:Hugh Bradner
16938:Louis Boutan
16933:Mensun Bound
16771:Competitions
16639:Sport diving
16548:Spearfishing
16094:Recreational
15902:Rescue Diver
15790:Recreational
15747:Scuba skills
15725:Ear clearing
15687:Overlearning
15523:
15516:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15444:
15437:
15430:
15423:
15416:
15409:
15402:
15395:
15388:
15372:Publications
15214:David Bright
15209:Allan Bridge
15189:Scuba diving
15102:John Bennett
15086:Professional
15073:
15065:
15057:
15049:
15042:Star Canopus
15041:
15034:Drill Master
15033:
15025:
14989:LoĂŻc Leferme
14948:Early diving
14916:
14830:
14815:Military and
14797:Welfreighter
14772:Necker Nymph
14693:
14685:
14646:Gordon Smith
14601:Peter Kreeft
14591:Émile Gagnan
14586:Henry Fleuss
14484:Whydah Gally
14482:
14475:
14469:
14461:
14357:Duty of care
14202:John Rawlins
14117:Robert Boyle
14084:and medicine
13941:Laryngospasm
13887:contaminants
13796:
13724:Air embolism
13691:Surfer's ear
13565:Occupational
13425:Incident pit
13413:Risk control
13343:Night diving
13333:Drift diving
13318:Diver rescue
13252:Buddy diving
13199:Hyperthermia
13162:Consequences
13141:Task loading
13102:
12993:Water safety
12773:Wreck diving
12420:
12414:Royal George
12413:
12405:
12397:
12390:
12383:
12375:
12367:
12360:
12353:
12228:Media diving
11961:Jagdkommando
11867:Minentaucher
11812:Police diver
11770:Hazmat diver
11559:Walter Steyn
11504:Dave Mullins
11464:Enzo Maiorca
11459:LoĂŻc Leferme
11424:Emma Farrell
11394:Robert Croft
11389:Carlos Coste
11261:Static apnea
11215:Disciplines
11199:Competitions
11170:Spearfishing
10971:Seafox drone
10752:Diving stage
10730:Clump weight
10607:Gas blending
10575:Diver's pump
10560:Booster pump
10490:Diving stage
10414:Siebe Gorman
10389:Morse Diving
10140:Halcyon RB80
10023:Open-circuit
9723:Diving stage
9661:Diving watch
9641:Bottom timer
9469:Diving stage
9407:Trim weights
9361:Buoyancy and
9200:Scuba diving
9180:Diving modes
9115:
9103:
9091:
8886:Latrodectism
8877:spider venom
8700:Haff disease
8621:Dipyridamole
8563:Barbiturates
8502:
8473:
8235:Toxic metals
8129:
8022:gas exchange
7987:Interactions
7912:calculations
7873:Lung volumes
7836:
7817:
7798:
7769:constriction
7731:respirometer
7640:
7625:
7610:
7582:. Retrieved
7577:
7564:the original
7559:
7542:
7512:
7485:
7458:
7439:. Retrieved
7432:the original
7423:
7395:
7371:20 September
7369:. Retrieved
7363:
7335:
7306:
7268:
7264:
7225:
7221:
7203:cite journal
7191:. Retrieved
7186:
7155:
7133:. Retrieved
7119:
7114:
7107:
7094:. Retrieved
7078:
7073:Verne, Jules
7067:
7055:. Retrieved
7051:the original
7041:
7029:. Retrieved
7018:FDA Consumer
7017:
6994:15 September
6992:. Retrieved
6985:the original
6971:
6957:cite journal
6945:. Retrieved
6940:
6930:
6916:cite journal
6906:20 September
6904:. Retrieved
6891:
6887:
6877:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6820:cite journal
6810:20 September
6808:. Retrieved
6795:
6791:
6781:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6740:cite journal
6728:. Retrieved
6723:
6713:
6691:(1): 57–63.
6688:
6684:
6675:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6585:
6573:
6559:cite journal
6547:. Retrieved
6537:(1): 21–31.
6534:
6530:
6520:
6511:
6504:
6491:
6482:
6470:. Retrieved
6466:the original
6451:
6439:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6356:
6350:
6339:
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6308:
6304:
6294:
6280:cite journal
6268:. Retrieved
6255:
6251:
6241:
6227:cite journal
6215:. Retrieved
6202:
6198:
6171:cite journal
6159:. Retrieved
6154:
6144:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6031:
6019:. Retrieved
6009:
6000:
5994:
5959:
5955:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5908:
5896:
5883:. Retrieved
5872:
5859:. Retrieved
5855:the original
5841:
5829:
5804:
5800:
5771:
5764:
5752:. Retrieved
5745:the original
5732:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5679:
5672:
5650:(2): 77–82.
5647:
5643:
5637:
5610:
5604:
5579:25 September
5577:. Retrieved
5566:
5552:cite journal
5540:. Retrieved
5530:(1): 91–98.
5527:
5523:
5496:cite journal
5484:. Retrieved
5474:(1): 21–26.
5471:
5467:
5427:
5423:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5337:cite journal
5325:. Retrieved
5304:
5300:
5273:cite journal
5261:. Retrieved
5256:
5229:cite journal
5217:. Retrieved
5212:
5187:
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5158:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5124:
5102:. Retrieved
5089:
5077:
5063:cite journal
5051:. Retrieved
5038:
5034:
5024:
5010:cite journal
4998:. Retrieved
4985:
4981:
4971:
4940:
4926:cite journal
4914:. Retrieved
4901:
4897:
4845:(2): 84–95.
4842:
4838:
4811:. Retrieved
4782:
4772:28 September
4770:. Retrieved
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4744:the original
4733:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4676:cite journal
4666:26 September
4664:. Retrieved
4651:
4647:
4637:
4623:cite journal
4613:26 September
4611:. Retrieved
4601:(2): 75–85.
4598:
4594:
4584:
4570:cite journal
4560:26 September
4558:. Retrieved
4545:
4541:
4531:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4462:26 September
4460:. Retrieved
4456:the original
4445:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4336:
4332:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4282:
4278:
4268:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4132:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4080:cite journal
4070:19 September
4068:. Retrieved
4063:
4053:
4031:(1): 25–30.
4028:
4024:
4018:
4004:cite journal
3992:. Retrieved
3982:(1): 41–45.
3979:
3975:
3937:
3933:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3852:
3848:
3819:cite journal
3807:. Retrieved
3802:
3764:
3760:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3711:the original
3690:
3686:
3676:
3651:
3647:
3595:
3591:
3557:
3533:, p. 7.
3509:cite journal
3497:. Retrieved
3484:
3480:
3470:
3454:
3424:(284): 284.
3421:
3417:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3379:
3375:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3293:cite journal
3281:. Retrieved
3268:
3264:
3228:
3173:
3169:
3142:
3117:
3113:
3085:
3081:
3075:
2996:
2992:
2969:cite journal
2959:20 September
2957:. Retrieved
2947:(1): 19–25.
2944:
2940:
2913:cite journal
2901:. Retrieved
2880:
2876:
2845:cite journal
2835:20 September
2833:. Retrieved
2828:
2803:
2789:cite journal
2777:. Retrieved
2767:(1): 63–72.
2764:
2760:
2731:
2687:
2677:28 September
2675:. Retrieved
2668:the original
2663:
2659:
2622:cite journal
2597:
2593:
2583:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2316:(1): 12–13.
2313:
2309:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2279:
2242:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2191:cite journal
2179:. Retrieved
2158:
2154:
2060:
2045:
2030:
2006:
1985:
1983:
1968:radiographic
1963:
1960:
1952:
1933:
1928:
1911:
1904:visual field
1899:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1806:Epidemiology
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1340:
1312:
1280:
1270:
1254:
1234:
1230:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1125:
1113:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1071:
1043:
1021:
1017:
996:scuba diving
993:
966:
927:Hypoglycemia
906:Envenomation
888:
879:
856:
840:
810:nitric oxide
783:
752:
717:
697:
682:
648:
620:
612:
571:
556:
552:risk factors
548:
534:vascularised
523:
469:
413:
280:
241:
233:
211:
186:
164:
133:
80:
79:
18:
19088:CMAS Europe
19049:Momsen lung
18689:Bathyscaphe
18617:Bathysphere
18526:Cave diving
18494:Muck diving
18479:Deep diving
18307:Blood shift
18121:Steve Lewis
17955:Dewey Smith
17915:Marc Reagan
17795:Scott Kelly
17790:Les Kaufman
17700:Sheck Exley
17685:Pedro Duque
17475:Martyn Farr
17470:Sheck Exley
17424:John Veltri
17359:Pete Oxford
17344:Luis Marden
17319:Monty Halls
17304:Ric Frazier
17201:Andy Torbet
17181:RamĂłn Bravo
17136:Sheck Exley
17083:Myriam Seco
16983:Honor Frost
16928:George Bass
16891:Teseo Tesei
16866:Billy Deans
16846:Mary Bonnin
16709:AIDA Hellas
16601:Breath-hold
16532:Finswimming
16288:authorities
16055:Free-diving
15994:authorities
15867:Dive leader
15552:Dive guides
15446:Basic Scuba
15346:Josef Velek
15336:Rob Stewart
15331:Dewey Smith
15296:Yuri Lipski
15269:Steve Irwin
15249:Sheck Exley
15244:Milan Dufek
15239:Deon Dreyer
15144:Per Skipnes
15058:Venture One
14884:NOGI Awards
14496:and artists
13926:Hypothermia
13871:Hypercapnia
13806:Inert gases
13460:Diving team
13363:Wall diving
13358:Solo diving
13257:buddy check
13240:Boat diving
13194:Hypercapnia
13184:Hypothermia
13108:Seasickness
13053:Wave action
12924:Diversnight
12866:Dive center
12758:Solo diving
12738:Muck diving
12728:Deep diving
12723:Cave diving
12711:Specialties
12552:Limpet mine
12514:Lifting bag
12438:contractors
12184:Dive leader
12056:Shayetet 13
11807:Media diver
11748:Occupations
11642:Hypothermia
11637:Hypercapnia
11479:Karol Meyer
11384:Goran ÄŚolak
11301:Diving suit
11296:Diving mask
11206:Nordic Deep
11012:Diving shot
10956:Scorpio ROV
10725:Closed bell
10720:Bell cursor
10715:Diving bell
10475:Diving bell
10364:Oscar Gugen
10065:Pony bottle
9911:Line marker
9888:Snoopy loop
9829:Diving bell
9778:Pony bottle
9711:Closed bell
9706:Diving bell
9646:Depth gauge
9608:Diving mask
9519:Sladen suit
9489:Diving suit
9464:Diving shot
9459:Diving bell
9412:Weight belt
9297:Bailout gas
9269:Diving mask
9117:WikiProject
8930:Fish toxins
8891:Loxoscelism
8804:Snake venom
8776:Physalaemin
8748:vertebrates
8588:Paracetamol
8061:Bohr effect
7961:Circulation
7697:Respiration
7135:2 September
6681:Palta, Mari
6444:Donald 1992
5368:(6): 1–20.
5041:(1): 3–20.
4813:22 December
4423:: 395–418.
2067:Jules Verne
1916:rebreathers
1837:in a mask.
1291:cryosurgery
1201:chronically
1099:Indian Navy
916:Hypercapnia
859:blood tests
830:glutathione
826:antioxidant
709:keratometry
693:risk factor
644:atelectasis
490:stethoscope
218:convulsions
189:oxygen bars
105:cell damage
32:Other names
19391:Categories
19313:Dive sites
19138:Reef Check
19133:PADI AWARE
19103:Green Fins
19036:Escape set
18728:Trieste II
18538:Ice diving
18299:physiology
18065:Kimiya Yui
17780:Emma Hwang
17655:Robin Cook
17545:Bill Nagle
17510:Bill Stone
17453:Underwater
17409:Ron Taylor
17369:Zale Parry
17299:Rodney Fox
17254:Eric Cheng
17229:Doug Allan
17220:Underwater
17162:filmmakers
17160:Underwater
17141:Nuno Gomes
17126:Jim Bowden
17008:Pilar Luna
16907:scientists
16905:Underwater
16663:Rebreather
16618:Freediving
15907:Solo diver
15872:Divemaster
15720:Diver trim
15504:Goldfinder
15264:Guy Garman
15191:fatalities
15090:fatalities
14977:fatalities
14975:Freediving
14917:Conception
14853:Mission 31
14802:Wet Nellie
14737:propulsion
14670:Historical
14636:Joe Savoie
14581:Ted Eldred
14566:John Deane
13876:Hypocapnia
13719:Barotrauma
13567:safety and
13440:Redundancy
13375:management
13220:procedures
13169:Barotrauma
13126:competence
13059:Equipment
12733:Ice diving
12579:Underwater
12543:Underwater
12493:Brush cart
12169:Underwater
11966:JW Formoza
11777:Divemaster
11651:Historical
11610:Barotrauma
11579:Fatma Uruk
11544:Tom Sietas
11529:Liv Philip
11347:Freedivers
11165:Snorkeling
11143:Freediving
11126:Activities
11115:Freediving
11063:Air spread
10926:KaĹźif ROUV
10901:Deep Drone
10822:Underwater
10798:Subskimmer
10793:Liveaboard
10553:Silica gel
10470:Diver lift
10344:Drägerwerk
10329:Dive Xtras
10314:Cressi-Sub
9955:Burst disc
9933:Underwater
9921:Silt screw
9795:Dive light
9790:Buddy line
9656:Dive timer
9541:Dive skins
9380:Dump valve
9347:Travel gas
9302:Bottom gas
9205:Snorkeling
9190:Freediving
9065:including
9022:Antibiotic
8950:Strychnine
8920:Cinchonism
8882:Latrotoxin
8831:Arthropods
8819:Batroxobin
8730:Neurotoxic
8725:Diarrhetic
8675:Biological
8418:Pesticides
8410:Phosphorus
8346:Metalloids
8123:death zone
8042:hemoglobin
7937:spirometry
7896:dead space
7849:peripheral
7774:dilatation
7760:bronchial
7741:compliance
7714:exhalation
7709:inhalation
7441:29 January
7057:21 October
6639:Pediatrics
6270:20 October
5885:11 October
5575:. Medscape
4450:Bowen, R.
3855:: 116–24.
3598:(1): 205.
2218:: 549–60.
2100:References
2027:Oxygen bar
2021:See also:
1984:Bitterman
1946:to future
1944:guidelines
1931:Lambertsen
1835:dead space
1333:(NOAA) by
1303:vitrectomy
1258:ventilator
1207:Management
976:See also:
972:Underwater
955:Prevention
818:trioxidane
808:, such as
763:superoxide
755:metabolism
698:Hyperoxic
677:See also:
628:hyperbaric
624:normobaric
582:hyperbaric
576:(160
566:See also:
498:hyperaemia
492:(bubbling
477:substernal
244:haemolysis
19311:Indexes:
18811:Sea Cliff
18744:Ictineu 3
18695:Archimède
18670:Aluminaut
18000:Bill Todd
17905:Tim Peake
17765:Paul Hill
17567:Aquanauts
17500:Tom Mount
17455:explorers
17324:Hans Hass
17274:Ben Cropp
17206:Ivan Tors
17196:Paul Rose
16881:Hans Hass
16829:of diving
16705:National
16608:Aquathlon
16563:Australia
16253:(ScotSAC)
15321:Dave Shaw
15281:Jim Jones
15018:incidents
14908:incidents
14906:Dive boat
14898:Incidents
14679:Aqua-Lung
14672:equipment
14517:Engineers
14503:The Diver
14462:Commodore
14107:Paul Bert
14041:Screening
14010:Personnel
13976:First aid
13964:Treatment
13907:Immersion
13787:Hyperoxia
13766:Dysbarism
13668:disorders
13517:Equipment
13383:Checklist
13274:Pyle stop
12599:Powerhead
12567:Polespear
12467:equipment
12465:Tools and
12398:Mary Rose
12384:Lusitania
12376:Laurentic
11311:Polespear
11289:Equipment
11133:Aquathlon
10951:ROV PHOCA
10921:KaikĹŤ ROV
10778:Dive boat
10771:Platforms
10692:equipment
10619:Gas panel
10543:Hopcalite
10515:Moon pool
10359:Technisub
10309:Cis-Lunar
10279:AP Diving
10270:equipment
10235:Gas panel
10075:Sidemount
10033:Scuba set
9937:apparatus
9935:breathing
9906:Dive reel
9785:Bolt snap
9761:equipment
9738:PowerSwim
9694:equipment
9623:Half mask
9613:Band mask
9559:and masks
9531:Rash vest
9426:equipment
9327:Hydreliox
9042:Pollution
8982:Cnidocyte
8935:Lathyrism
8848:Bee venom
8844:Bee sting
8788:Coturnism
8771:Bufotenin
8756:Amphibian
8735:Paralytic
8710:Scombroid
8695:Ciguatera
8653:Vitamin E
8648:Vitamin D
8643:Vitamin A
8364:Nonmetals
8311:Manganese
8243:Beryllium
8217:Inorganic
8179:Poisoning
7999:Perfusion
7578:eMedicine
7381:cite book
7075:(2004) .
6590:Lang 2001
6217:3 October
6161:2 October
6086:Lang 2001
6047:3 October
6021:2 October
5920:2 October
5542:2 October
5486:2 October
5446:100427932
5313:0813-1988
4964:Lang 2001
4139:: 607–11.
3531:Lang 2001
3462:CC BY 4.0
3390:4 October
2889:0813-1988
2808:Lang 2001
2167:0813-1988
1887:myriapods
1883:arachnids
1879:Paul Bert
1815:occurred.
1785:Prognosis
1127:Vitamin E
1081:Screening
1036:-capable
1000:regulator
932:Infection
912:ingestion
837:Diagnosis
731:Mechanism
720:cataracts
659:bleomycin
537:the eye (
435:dizziness
315:Symptoms
166:Protocols
136:hyperoxia
117:Paul Bert
59:Specialty
19379:Medicine
19305:Glossary
19281:Category
19074:interest
18781:Losharik
18758:Jiaolong
18720:Sea Pole
18135:Rescuers
16841:Aquanaut
16827:Pioneers
16580:Colombia
16371:(ProTec)
16314:agencies
16223:(ProTec)
16151:(FFESSM)
16100:agencies
16059:agencies
15592:training
15535:Research
15470:DIN 7876
15074:Wildrake
15014:Offshore
14739:vehicles
14300:(SAUHMA)
14228:research
14072:Research
13921:Drowning
13916:Asphyxia
13838:Taravana
13700:Pressure
13291:Dive log
13179:Drowning
13124:Lack of
13063:Freeflow
13048:Silt out
13043:Overhead
12859:industry
12831:(FFESSM)
12557:Speargun
12368:La Belle
11899:Military
11837:Military
11615:Drowning
11326:Swimfins
11321:Speargun
11032:Jackstay
10976:SeaPerch
10906:Épaulard
10740:Wet bell
10700:Air-lock
10526:handling
10500:Jackstay
10495:Downline
10404:Porpoise
10220:Air line
10180:Porpoise
9856:Lifeline
9745:Towboard
9716:Wet bell
9692:Mobility
9566:Anti-fog
9514:Dry suit
9507:Newtsuit
9502:JIM suit
9093:Category
8945:Mushroom
8925:Ergotism
8910: /
8884: /
8858:Melittin
8846: /
8802: /
8766:Bombesin
8685: /
8662:syndrome
8491:Methanol
8453:Nicotine
8440:Nitrogen
8387:Fluoride
8382:Chlorine
8377:Selenium
8291:Chromium
8268:Thallium
8189:Overdose
8184:Toxicity
8010:V/Q scan
7531:66524750
7504:52056845
7477:44018369
7414:39170393
7354:51607923
7325:26894235
7295:20248096
7252:20248086
7193:29 April
7174:51607923
7031:25 March
7026:12523293
6900:17672171
6869:28618515
6804:15622741
6730:29 April
6549:29 April
6543:15233157
6490:(1955).
6375:12807848
6317:15559001
6264:12964858
6211:15485078
6136:28790955
6110:: 1263.
5986:31523789
5629:16428246
5480:10813436
5402:26111113
5362:PLOS ONE
5327:29 April
5321:16986801
5263:29 April
5219:29 April
5053:29 April
5047:15233156
5000:29 April
4916:13 March
4910:23342767
4869:29888380
4750:26 March
4725:19165217
4660:15485085
4607:10372426
4437:14527285
4402:18549826
4299:12791678
4219:83598498
4211:16809515
4164:16358652
4152:Harefuah
4113:18500077
3994:29 April
3988:10353183
3809:29 April
3781:12667831
3707:17416738
3624:19291278
3566:28613494
3499:29 April
3464:license.
3450:26278383
3348:34086536
3283:30 April
3277:15485081
3200:16992479
2897:16986801
2779:29 April
2773:15233161
2515:13889254
2480:13228600
2288:29261974
2224:14232720
2181:29 April
2175:16986801
2082:See also
1994:caffeine
1990:darkness
1950:design.
1472:11 to 30
1289:), both
1131:selenium
1051:narcotic
1047:nitrogen
1022:In some
948:epilepsy
937:Migraine
848:epilepsy
844:narcosis
460:caffeine
423:tinnitus
246:), the
226:Ocular (
160:seizures
19339:Outline
19293:Commons
19158:SeaKeys
19072:Special
18979:SRV-300
18936:DSRV-2
18928:DSRV-1
18819:Shinkai
18795:Nautile
18712:Harmony
18661:vehicle
18250:physics
18166:Frogmen
17526:Wrecks
17114:holders
16353:(IANTD)
16175:(IANTD)
16145:(FEDAS)
16034:schools
15982:(WRSTC)
15943:(IDRCF)
15382:Manuals
14705:Nikonos
14692:SP-350
14686:Calypso
14470:Monitor
14294:(SPUMS)
13909:related
13792:Hypoxia
13702:related
13498:Gas man
13468:Bellman
13189:Hypoxia
13033:Delta-P
13028:Current
13010:hazards
12825:(FEDAS)
12589:Gyrojet
12581:firearm
12545:weapons
12507:Pigging
12479:Airlift
12406:Monitor
12151:UNGERIN
11986:KOPASKA
11971:JW GROM
11946:Fukuryu
11862:Frogman
11802:Haenyeo
11603:Hazards
11331:Monofin
11148:Haenyeo
11051:General
11037:Jonline
10941:OpenROV
10824:habitat
10299:Beuchat
10130:Dolphin
9750:Wet sub
9733:Monofin
9728:Swimfin
9557:Helmets
9536:Wetsuit
9479:Jonline
9279:Swimfin
9274:Snorkel
9105:Commons
9061:argyria
8970:Stinger
8940:Locoism
8720:Amnesic
8687:Seafood
8616:Digoxin
8583:Opioids
8578:Lithium
8573:Cocaine
8558:Aspirin
8548:Alcohol
8540:Nervous
8508:Toluene
8481:Ethanol
8475:alcohol
8448:Cyanide
8401:Organic
8354:Arsenic
8258:Mercury
8248:Cadmium
8207:History
8135:hypoxia
8056:2,3-BPG
7844:central
7819:medulla
7791:Control
7647:D018496
7584:29 June
7580:. WebMD
7286:2053400
7243:2053251
7148:Sources
6861:5061633
6773:5130131
6705:9470001
6667:2398582
6659:3174313
6624:5334613
6127:5524741
5977:6881196
5821:2730484
5754:2 April
5724:2744583
5687:2 April
5664:1852722
5536:3705251
5393:4482426
5370:Bibcode
5135:16 July
5104:29 June
4994:3727183
4860:6156824
4717:1886163
4554:2825395
4523:1329105
4491:Bibcode
4393:2570053
4353:9510531
4309:29 June
4260:1316738
4191:Science
4045:4891642
3954:9603802
3906:1701697
3862:1311617
3717:29 June
3668:3905287
3615:2688103
3493:8989851
3441:4538738
3339:8521700
3191:1516623
3134:4929472
3094:4948324
3021:9020944
3013:8574677
2953:3705247
2614:4613232
2575:5155150
2439:5046798
2412:5885427
2403:2106769
2363:4403030
2322:5782651
2293:30 July
2011:habitat
1956:hypoxia
1865:History
1283:regress
1172:hypoxia
1137:in vivo
1103:US Navy
1059:blended
800:within
765:anion (
713:corneal
640:alveoli
539:choroid
486:dyspnea
481:carinal
431:anxiety
272:kidneys
268:thyroid
152:alveoli
19412:Oxygen
19365:Portal
19351:Portal
19327:Diving
19320:Divers
19076:groups
18973:Remora
18938:Avalon
18930:Mystic
18921:Mystic
18849:DSV-5
18843:Turtle
18802:Pisces
18765:Konsul
18706:FNRS-3
18701:FNRS-2
18569:Impact
18426:Diving
18359:theory
18297:Diving
18248:Diving
17516:Reefs
17461:Caves
16568:Turkey
16432:(NAUI)
16408:(CDAA)
16399:diving
16377:(RAID)
16365:(PDIC)
16359:(PADI)
16347:(FIAS)
16341:(DSAT)
16335:(CMAS)
16329:(BSAC)
16323:(ANDI)
16297:(AAUS)
16265:(TSSF)
16229:(RAID)
16217:(PDIC)
16211:(PADI)
16199:(NAUI)
16193:(NASE)
16187:(TIDF)
16169:(IAHD)
16157:(FIAS)
16139:(CMAS)
16127:(BSAC)
16121:(ANMP)
16115:(ANDI)
16109:(ACUC)
16074:(CMAS)
16068:(AIDA)
16003:(ADAS)
15966:(NOAA)
15955:(IMCA)
15949:(IDSA)
15796:levels
15703:Skills
15088:diving
15016:diving
14694:Denise
14312:(NEDU)
14306:(UHMS)
14268:(EUBS)
14262:(EDTC)
14256:(DMAC)
14250:(DDRC)
13775:Oxygen
13666:Diving
13569:health
13519:safety
13218:Diving
13008:Diving
12849:(WKPP)
12843:(QRSS)
12837:(IAHD)
12819:(CMAS)
12801:(CDAA)
12795:(BSAC)
12647:QBS-06
12529:Tremie
12436:Diving
12361:Kronan
11991:MARCOS
11951:GRUMEC
11901:diving
11839:diving
11227:(CWTB)
10886:ABISMO
10852:SEALAB
10424:Suunto
10394:Nemrod
10369:Heinke
10268:Diving
10240:Hookah
10195:Salvus
9759:Safety
9352:Trimix
9342:Oxygen
9337:Nitrox
9332:Hydrox
9322:Heliox
9071:toxins
9067:venoms
9057:Silver
8908:Plants
8853:Apamin
8814:Ancrod
8800:Snakes
8795:Mammal
8746:Other
8503:Oxygen
8332:Silver
8301:Copper
8296:Cobalt
8263:Nickel
8226:Metals
8202:Poison
7704:breath
7529:
7519:
7502:
7492:
7475:
7465:
7412:
7402:
7352:
7342:
7323:
7313:
7293:
7283:
7250:
7240:
7172:
7162:
7126:
7087:
7024:
6947:6 June
6898:
6867:
6859:
6802:
6771:
6703:
6665:
6657:
6622:
6541:
6472:29 May
6373:
6363:
6322:1 July
6315:
6262:
6209:
6134:
6124:
5984:
5974:
5861:26 May
5819:
5779:
5722:
5662:
5627:
5617:
5534:
5478:
5444:
5430:: 30.
5400:
5390:
5319:
5311:
5165:11 May
5045:
4992:
4908:
4867:
4857:
4723:
4715:
4658:
4605:
4552:
4521:
4511:
4435:
4400:
4390:
4351:
4297:
4258:
4217:
4209:
4162:
4111:
4043:
3986:
3952:
3914:688116
3912:
3904:
3871:754368
3869:
3859:
3779:
3705:
3666:
3622:
3612:
3564:
3491:
3448:
3438:
3346:
3336:
3275:
3235:
3198:
3188:
3132:
3092:
3019:
3011:
2951:
2895:
2887:
2771:
2612:
2573:
2513:
2478:
2437:
2410:
2400:
2361:
2320:
2286:
2254:
2222:
2173:
2165:
2036:nitrox
2023:Nitrox
2007:et al.
1986:et al.
1964:et al.
1934:et al.
1912:et al.
1900:et al.
1189:Gemini
1067:trimix
1063:heliox
1055:helium
1034:nitrox
988:, and
900:stroke
863:x-rays
816:, and
798:lipids
700:myopia
685:retina
591:nitrox
545:Causes
502:mucosa
443:clonic
427:nausea
386:11–15
375:16–20
364:21–30
353:31–35
342:50–55
331:60–69
270:), or
266:, and
264:gonads
237:retina
191:. The
158:, and
140:myopia
85:oxygen
19232:Other
18971:ASRV
18915:MSM-1
18678:Alvin
18607:Other
16438:(TDI)
16426:(CDG)
16420:(GUE)
16414:(CDG)
16389:(TXR)
16383:(TSA)
16271:(UDI)
16259:(SSI)
16247:(SEI)
16241:(SDI)
16235:(SAA)
16205:(NOB)
16181:(ILS)
16163:(GUE)
16133:(CFT)
16096:scuba
16086:(SSI)
16019:(HSE)
15937:(EUF)
15792:scuba
15590:Diver
15274:death
14735:Diver
14453:sites
14244:(DAN)
13681:Cramp
13136:Panic
12813:(CFT)
12807:(CDG)
12783:Diver
12446:COMEX
12354:Egypt
11903:units
11274:(VWT)
11263:(STA)
11257:(NLT)
11251:(FIM)
11245:(DNF)
11239:(DYN)
11233:(CNF)
11221:(CWT)
11080:Sonar
10384:Mares
10349:Fenzy
10334:Divex
10324:DESCO
10319:Dacor
10284:Apeks
10250:Snuba
10165:LAR-V
10160:LAR-6
10155:LAR-5
10145:IDA71
10025:scuba
8975:plant
8912:Fungi
8783:Birds
7636:987.8
7621:T59.8
7435:(PDF)
7428:(PDF)
7118:[
7096:8 May
6988:(PDF)
6981:(PDF)
6865:S2CID
6663:S2CID
5748:(PDF)
5741:(PDF)
5442:S2CID
5307:(1).
5155:(PDF)
5129:(PDF)
5099:(PDF)
4721:S2CID
4514:50203
4329:(PDF)
4215:S2CID
3910:S2CID
3648:Chest
3048:(PDF)
3017:S2CID
2903:2 May
2883:(3).
2671:(PDF)
2656:(PDF)
1748:2.49
1740:2.42
1732:2.35
1724:2.28
1716:2.21
1708:2.14
1700:2.07
1692:2.00
1684:1.92
1676:1.85
1668:1.78
1660:1.70
1652:1.63
1644:1.55
1636:1.48
1628:1.40
1620:1.32
1612:1.24
1604:1.16
1596:1.08
1588:1.00
1580:0.92
1572:0.83
1564:0.74
1556:0.65
1548:0.56
1540:0.47
1532:0.37
1524:0.27
1516:0.15
1508:0.00
1497:(atm)
1467:3100
1456:2970
1445:2800
1434:2660
1423:2520
1412:2300
1401:2100
1390:1860
1379:1400
910:toxin
494:rales
466:Lungs
397:6–10
276:cells
252:heart
248:liver
109:lungs
18952:Priz
18851:Nemo
18841:DSV
18833:DSV
18825:DSV
18817:DSV
18809:DSV
18751:JAGO
18676:DSV
16397:Cave
16080:(PI)
14468:USS
13373:Risk
12421:Vasa
12412:HMS
12404:USS
12391:Mars
12382:RMS
12171:work
10896:CURV
10200:Siva
10170:LARU
10125:DSEA
10120:CUMA
8968:and
8966:Bite
8683:Fish
8316:Zinc
8306:Iron
8253:Lead
8101:DLCO
8001:(Q)
7800:pons
7642:MeSH
7631:9-CM
7586:2009
7527:OCLC
7517:ISBN
7500:OCLC
7490:ISBN
7473:OCLC
7463:ISBN
7443:2015
7410:OCLC
7400:ISBN
7387:link
7373:2008
7350:OCLC
7340:ISBN
7321:OCLC
7311:ISBN
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7248:PMID
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7160:ISBN
7137:2009
7124:ISBN
7098:2009
7085:ISBN
7059:2008
7033:2020
7022:PMID
6996:2010
6963:link
6949:2008
6922:link
6908:2008
6896:PMID
6857:PMID
6826:link
6812:2008
6800:PMID
6769:PMID
6746:link
6732:2008
6701:PMID
6655:PMID
6620:PMID
6565:link
6551:2008
6539:PMID
6474:2008
6371:OCLC
6361:ISBN
6324:2009
6313:PMID
6286:link
6272:2008
6260:PMID
6233:link
6219:2008
6207:PMID
6177:link
6163:2008
6132:PMID
6049:2008
6023:2008
5982:PMID
5922:2008
5887:2015
5863:2009
5817:PMID
5777:ISBN
5756:2009
5720:PMID
5689:2012
5660:PMID
5625:OCLC
5615:ISBN
5581:2008
5558:link
5544:2008
5532:PMID
5502:link
5488:2008
5476:PMID
5398:PMID
5343:link
5329:2008
5317:OCLC
5309:ISSN
5279:link
5265:2008
5235:link
5221:2008
5167:2021
5137:2020
5106:2009
5069:link
5055:2008
5043:PMID
5016:link
5002:2008
4990:PMID
4932:link
4918:2013
4906:PMID
4865:PMID
4815:2023
4774:2008
4752:2009
4713:PMID
4682:link
4668:2008
4656:PMID
4629:link
4615:2008
4603:PMID
4576:link
4562:2008
4550:PMID
4519:PMID
4464:2008
4433:PMID
4398:PMID
4349:PMID
4311:2009
4295:PMID
4256:PMID
4207:PMID
4160:PMID
4109:PMID
4086:link
4072:2008
4041:PMID
4010:link
3996:2009
3984:PMID
3950:PMID
3902:PMID
3867:PMID
3825:link
3811:2008
3777:PMID
3719:2009
3703:PMID
3664:PMID
3620:PMID
3562:PMID
3515:link
3501:2008
3489:PMID
3446:PMID
3392:2008
3344:PMID
3299:link
3285:2008
3273:PMID
3233:ISBN
3196:PMID
3130:PMID
3090:PMID
3009:PMID
2975:link
2961:2008
2949:PMID
2919:link
2905:2008
2893:OCLC
2885:ISSN
2851:link
2837:2008
2795:link
2781:2008
2769:PMID
2679:2008
2628:link
2610:PMID
2571:PMID
2511:PMID
2476:PMID
2435:PMID
2408:PMID
2359:PMID
2318:PMID
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2284:PMID
2252:ISBN
2220:PMID
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2171:OCLC
2163:ISSN
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1992:and
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1729:1.90
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1689:1.65
1681:1.60
1673:1.55
1665:1.50
1657:1.45
1649:1.40
1641:1.35
1633:1.30
1625:1.25
1617:1.20
1609:1.15
1601:1.10
1593:1.05
1585:1.00
1577:0.95
1569:0.90
1561:0.85
1553:0.80
1545:0.75
1537:0.70
1529:0.65
1521:0.60
1513:0.55
1505:0.50
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18910:LR7
18905:LR5
18788:Mir
14684:RV
14460:SS
14337:Law
12374:SS
12352:SS
11755:Ama
11658:Ama
11158:Ama
10185:Ray
8467:CHO
8273:Tin
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7886:FRC
7627:ICD
7612:ICD
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7238:PMC
7230:doi
6849:doi
6693:doi
6689:132
6647:doi
6612:doi
6608:276
6426:doi
6422:114
6398:doi
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6122:PMC
6112:doi
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5964:doi
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5712:doi
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5432:doi
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4847:doi
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4509:PMC
4499:doi
4425:doi
4388:PMC
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4033:doi
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3938:338
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3857:PMC
3769:doi
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3691:293
3656:doi
3610:PMC
3600:doi
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3426:doi
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3326:doi
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3001:doi
2997:696
2602:doi
2598:110
2542:doi
2538:144
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2466:doi
2462:179
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2345:223
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1442:350
1431:380
1420:420
1409:460
1398:525
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908:or
873:or
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790:·OH
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320:96
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