145:'s controlling behavior offended immigrant workers who had escaped dictatorships. When artist Dan Glass died due to poor working conditions, the CADU blamed his death on Fleischer and began protesting outside the studio. Fleischer retaliated by firing union sympathizers and quoting sentiment from anti-union employees in print.
122:
treated them very poorly, having fired Bodin to replace her with someone "whose attitude was better". Bodin and her husband responded by protesting, becoming the first people to picket an animation studio. Inspired by Bodin's protest, the AMPWU brought legal action against Van Beuren, but lost.
59:
film studios with the cash flow they needed. Studio executives cut salaries for their employees but took no cuts for themselves, leading to a mass spree of unionization in
Hollywood. The executives retaliated by firing union members and picketers at a steady rate.
156:
intervened and demanded they sign a contract with the CADU. This led to better working conditions and a paid week of vacation, as well as holidays and screen credits, and previously fired employees were re-hired. Fleischer also relocated the studio to
283:
On
January 18, 1952, the union was succeeded by "The Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild, IATSE Local 839", also known as "Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild" for short. It still exists today and has been named
332:
In 1938, the Screen
Cartoonists Guild began aggressively recruiting and pushing for recognition, and several of the studios, including MGM and the producers of Looney Toons, soon accepted their employees'
99:
172:
However, the union's founding in 1938, with
Littlejohn as union president, has been attested by various sources, with this development caused by events at Van Beuren and Fleischer. The same year, the
809:
1040:
95:
875:
246:
264:
In 1944, the union sent organizers to New York City to form a local chapter, Local 1461. Three years later, in 1947, the Guild had an unsuccessful twenty-eight-week strike against
1007:
169:
In 1937, the
Hollywood Screen Cartoonists held their first union meeting and adopted a formal constitution in 1939, changing their name to "Screen Cartoonist's Guild" (SCG).
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319:
386:
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outlasted strikers with a "large backlog of unreleased films". The strike was later described as the animation industry's "most devastating blow" for animators.
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64:
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at an animation studio began in 1937 after the company fired thirteen pro-union employees. The strike lasted several months before
Fleischer's partner
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908:
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1101:
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196:. It was able to "significantly raise" the wage paid to animators through collective bargaining. The union won recognition in 1941, and
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363:
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799:
249:(FSC), following the end of the strike. The strike resulted in half the studio's employees leaving for other studios, such as
776:
627:
261:. Disney himself was left with a permanent distrust of pro-union employees, and blamed Babbitt among others for the strike.
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prevented them from doing so. Van Beuren ordered employees to take unpaid overtime or risk being fired, and supervisor
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102:(AMPWU). These two unions were the most immediately approached in New York when employees were mistreated.
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177:
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in 1932 was disbanded after executives began to threaten its employees and many members lost their jobs.
56:
123:
Gillett subsequently fired union members and had them blacklisted so that they could never regain work.
203:
The SCG was joined throughout its life by animators from Van Beuren and
Fleischer (and its successor,
576:""We Can't Get Much Spinach"!: The Organization and Implementation of the Fleischer Animation Strike"
71:
unsuccessfully tried to form such a union in 1925 named "Associated
Animators" and a group formed by
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1093:
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269:
903:
695:
544:
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24:
67:, which was founded in 1914. Noticing that there was not a union to solely represent animators,
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870:
387:"PR and Politics at Hollywood's Biggest Night: The Academy Awards and Unionization (1929–1939)"
1124:
726:
650:
504:
443:
114:
fired Sadie Bodin, an inker and scene planner, for pro-union sentiment, though she argued the
685:
591:
575:
505:"Art and Politics in the Popular Front: The Union Work and Social Realism of Philip Evergood"
208:
68:
52:
435:
805:
438:
Drawing the line : the untold story of the animation unions from Bosko to Bart
Simpson
355:
193:
180:
and was awarded jurisdiction over all matters pertaining to animation studios by the NLRB.
94:, John McManus, and Jim Tyer, formed the Unemployed Artists Association, which became the
35:, and represented workers and resolved issues at major American animation studios such as
8:
656:
189:
141:. The studio gave poor wages but generous bonuses and threw extravagant parties, though
1215:
1035:
998:"Walt Disney cheated his animators out of profits — and their strike changed the world"
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28:
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for being a member of the SCG, prompting more than 200 employees to go on strike.
250:
197:
87:
204:
76:
1275:
509:
The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the
Western Hemisphere
273:
242:
142:
966:
727:"Guide to the Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild, Local 839 Collection"
268:
despite receiving support from other unions. Terrytoons hired students from
241:
The strike ended with a victory for the Guild and defeat for Disney and the
1187:
1126:
Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America
119:
72:
866:"Why Original 'Lion King' Writers Are Losing Out With This Year's Remake"
254:
235:
231:
216:
91:
55:
in 1933 made it impossible for Wall Street investors to supply the major
176:
denied a studio challenge to the union. The SCG became a chapter of the
356:"Eighty Years Later: Looking Back on the Disney Artists Strike of 1941"
265:
115:
80:
507:. In Anreus, Alejandro; Linden, Diana L.; Weinberg, Jonathan (eds.).
472:"The Disney Strike of 1941: How It Changed Animation & Comics"
310:"'Sausage Party' Controversy Highlights How Animators Get Screwed"
226:
were successfully organized. The SCG would be instrumental in the
587:
158:
86:
In New York City, where studio unions were generally better off,
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188:
By 1940 the Guild had 115 members, representing cartoonists at
652:
Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution
1031:"80 Years Ago Today, Disney Animation Workers Went on Strike"
621:
63:
In Hollywood, animators were originally unionized under the
939:
1155:"Milestones Of The Animation Industry In The 20th Century"
801:
The Disney Strike of 1941: From the Animators' Perspective
209:
Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons)
137:
Bodin's strike led key Van Beuren employees to leave for
932:"The Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild Collection"
219:
cartoon studio, all of whom it secured contracts with.
1064:"The Brutal Truth Of The 1941 Disney Animators Strike"
27:. The SCG was formed in the aftermath of protests at
1282:
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
65:
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
98:(CADU) due to Roosevelt's policies, and later the
161:because it was reportedly an "anti-union state".
16:American labor union for animators formed in 1938
1273:
1094:"Warner Brothers Battle & Terrytoons Strike"
899:"The Hollywood Animation Union (M.P.S.C. #839)"
349:
347:
345:
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23:was an American labor union formed in 1938 in
303:
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51:in 1929 as well as bank holidays enacted by
538:
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715:
465:
463:
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648:
442:. University Press of Kentucky. pp.
402:
354:Cusumano, Teri Hendrich (July 22, 2021).
286:The Animation Guild, I.A.T.S.E. Local 839
573:
533:
353:
288:, or "The Animation Guild", since 2002.
1241:
1028:
911:from the original on September 27, 2021
830:
797:
738:California State University, Northridge
712:
580:Animation: Critical and Primary Sources
542:
460:
384:
307:
1274:
1208:
1061:
863:
683:
429:
427:
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230:in 1941, which began when studio head
200:became union president the same year.
100:Animated Motion Picture Worker's Union
96:Commercial Artists and Designers Union
1122:
878:from the original on December 7, 2022
864:Handel, Jonathan (January 11, 2019).
831:Fischer, William (October 26, 2021).
555:from the original on February 4, 2023
502:
484:from the original on January 25, 2023
183:
105:
1242:Solomon, Charles (August 10, 2002).
1198:from the original on August 5, 2018.
1167:from the original on August 16, 2022
995:
964:
896:
772:Social Networks and Archival Context
740:Special Collections & Archives.
614:
469:
433:
977:from the original on March 21, 2023
946:from the original on March 21, 2023
747:from the original on April 19, 2022
630:from the original on March 21, 2023
418:
366:from the original on March 30, 2023
308:Zakarin, Jordan (August 19, 2016).
126:
13:
1244:"Cartoonists' Union Gets New Name"
1223:from the original on July 26, 2023
1043:from the original on June 24, 2023
936:Special Collections & Archives
833:"The History of the Disney Strike"
812:from the original on July 23, 2023
779:from the original on July 27, 2023
213:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio
14:
1303:
1256:from the original on July 6, 2022
1074:from the original on May 28, 2023
1010:from the original on June 7, 2023
845:from the original on May 19, 2023
615:Hunt, Kristin (January 2, 2020).
322:from the original on May 29, 2023
228:strike at Walt Disney Productions
1292:Trade unions established in 1938
1209:McNary, Dave (August 17, 2002).
1185:
1104:from the original on May 8, 2023
996:Egan, Toussaint (May 29, 2023).
967:"Who's Who in the Disney Strike"
929:
687:Dreamers, Schemers and Scalawags
543:Dernoff, Henry (April 4, 2018).
247:Federation of Screen Cartoonists
222:From 1940 to 1941, animators at
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21:Screen Cartoonist's Guild (SCG)
1029:Prescod, Paul (May 30, 2021).
608:
567:
496:
470:Sito, Thomas (July 19, 2005).
378:
174:National Labor Relations Board
1:
897:Sito, Thomas (July 1, 1998).
513:University Park, Pennsylvania
404:10.3998/mij.15031809.0002.201
291:
259:United Productions of America
133:1937 Fleischer Studios strike
42:
1211:"Guild, Spaff toon 'Jungle'"
1062:Reigle, Matt (May 3, 2022).
734:Online Archive of California
661:University Press of Kentucky
617:"The Great Animation Strike"
7:
649:Fleischer, Richard (2005).
578:. In Pallant, Chris (ed.).
517:Penn State University Press
178:Conference of Studio Unions
164:
10:
1308:
767:"Screen Cartoonists Guild"
684:McIver, Stuart B. (2005).
130:
574:Deneroff, Harvey (2021).
545:"A Chat with Sadie Bodin"
1160:Animation World Magazine
696:Rowman & Littlefield
503:Hills, Patricia (2006).
385:Sandler, Monica (2015).
270:New Rochelle High School
150:first coordinated strike
1131:McFarland & Company
1123:Cohen, Karl F. (2004).
904:Animation World Network
477:Animation World Network
37:Walt Disney Productions
25:Los Angeles, California
871:The Hollywood Reporter
798:Johnson, Lisa (2008).
592:Bloomsbury Publishing
53:Franklin D. Roosevelt
942:University Library.
806:Rhode Island College
194:Walter Lantz Studios
1192:The Animation Guild
1133:. p. 163-164.
1098:The Animation Guild
657:Lexington, Kentucky
224:Walt Disney Studios
190:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
1287:American animation
965:Friedman, Jake S.
434:Sito, Tom (2006).
360:Key Frame Magazine
184:History and impact
154:Paramount Pictures
148:At Fleischer, the
112:Van Beuren Studios
106:Van Beuren protest
29:Van Beuren Studios
1249:Los Angeles Times
971:The Disney Revolt
139:Fleischer Studios
47:The onset of the
33:Fleischer Studios
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1163:. January 2000.
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127:Fleischer strike
49:Great Depression
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1188:"Guild History"
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120:Burt Gillett
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73:Grim Natwick
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1186:Sito, Tom.
255:John Hubley
236:Art Babbitt
232:Walt Disney
217:Screen Gems
92:Hicks Lokey
1276:Categories
1068:Grunge.com
804:(Honors).
453:0813124077
292:References
278:Paul Terry
215:, and the
116:Wagner Act
81:Al Eugster
69:Bill Nolan
43:Prehistory
245:known as
110:In 1935,
57:Hollywood
1260:July 26,
1254:Archived
1227:July 26,
1221:Archived
1196:Archived
1171:July 26,
1165:Archived
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843:Archived
838:Collider
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810:Archived
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628:Archived
559:July 26,
553:Archived
488:July 26,
482:Archived
410:July 26,
370:July 26,
364:Archived
326:July 26,
320:Archived
165:Founding
1216:Variety
1036:Jacobin
1003:Polygon
588:England
315:Inverse
159:Florida
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598:
584:London
523:
450:
446:–104.
276:, and
234:fired
211:, the
79:, and
745:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
624:Daily
622:JSTOR
397:(2).
274:scabs
1262:2023
1229:2023
1173:2023
1135:ISBN
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1080:2023
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1016:2023
983:2023
952:2023
940:CSUN
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596:ISBN
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328:2023
253:and
192:and
31:and
19:The
399:doi
272:as
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535:^
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480:.
474:.
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340:^
330:.
318:.
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300:^
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39:.
1264:.
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1175:.
1143:.
1112:.
1082:.
1051:.
1018:.
985:.
954:.
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886:.
853:.
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374:.
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