779:) was introduced to Australia around 150 years ago and has since become the dominant fish in the Murray Darling Basin, forming up to 90% of the fish biomass. The carp is highly invasive, and is considered a pest in most Australian states due to a vast appetite for predation and its ability to recruit in hydrologically altered waterways where native fish often have a need for greater current variability. Bush Heritage Australia, together with the Upper Murrumbidgee Demonstration Reach is conducting research in an attempt to better deal with this pest. The research includes tracking the carp using acoustic telemetry and trapping – to remove the carp but also to help estimate population numbers and identify breeding and gathering locations.
43:
689:
630:
509:
342:
422:
607:). This Australian native freshwater fish is endemic to the south eastern component of the Murray-Darling River System and prefers clear, flowing water. In the 1970s the species was observed to be declining in abundance with a contracting range and this eventually led to a listing of nationally endangered under the EPBC Act 1999. Today, physical barriers such as dams and the distance between small populations that are geographically dispersed increase the extinction threat.
263:
722:
592:
494:
sites where stock have regular access. In the 18 months up to April 2015, more than 4,000 yellow and white box eucalypt plantings at
Scottsdale were experiencing survival rates of 96.5%. This level of success can be attributed to the absence of stock in paddocks where the plantings have been implemented and the use of sturdy tree guards to help reduce pest browsing by animals such as the swamp wallaby (
50:
298:
768:
661:) from development sites in Canberra. Trial areas were fenced prior to relocating the lizards whose original habitat prior to the advent of agriculture was natural treeless grasslands. Following human disturbance, the threatened lizard has a restricted range existing in fragmented secondary grasslands (where trees have been removed) in temperate areas of south eastern Australia.
477:) throughout the Monaro. The team at Scottsdale and a host of volunteers have planted 20,000 tube-stock plants from the critically endangered vegetation community in a trial to shade out the lovegrass. The team are trialling different methods of restoration ecology in an attempt to understand methods that will best suit the Reserve.
753:
growth in degraded soils and changing the fire behaviour of an area potentially transforming the ecosystem. In addition, the subdivision of large rural lands into smaller properties that are often bought by people with little weed knowledge is exacerbating an already severe problem through their lack of effective action.
733:
and rapidly established themselves as a serious vertebrate pest. Rabbits create warrens, or a series of burrows in the soil that leads to extensive soil disturbance in the near vicinity. Weeds tend to flourish in the disturbed soils associated with warren diggings at the expense of native vegetation.
653:
seeks cover from tussock grasses to help maintain its body temperature and moisture requirements. Habitat selection is also driven by predator avoidance (such as raptors) and the abundance of invertebrate food sources. A key conservation challenge in managing populations of this threatened lizard has
614:
are currently working to protect this species together with the team at
Scottsdale through the identification of spawning areas (utilising underwater listening posts and acoustic tags) which can then be analysed to help understand factors affecting recruitment. Fishing is a factor often attributed to
534:
are underway. Areas along the riparian corridor that have been less intensively grazed host a greater abundance and variety of shrubs from the grassy box woodlands community. Increasing the abundance of shrubs is an important component of creating a more complex vegetation structure that will support
407:
Approximately 90 Hectares of
Scottsdale Reserve originally contained natural temperate grassland. The original grassland was found beside the Gungoandra Creek along a chain of ponds and frost hollows. Managing the weeds prior to restoration is a challenge, with techniques including the application of
752:
The most serious environmental weed on the property is
African lovegrass – which has invaded much of the previously cleared pasture land and forms monocultures in many similar locations in the Kosciuszko to Coast management areas in south eastern NSW. This weed is highly invasive, choking out native
538:
Most of the riparian zone along the
Murrumbidgee is privately owned land. Stock access to water along the Murrumbidgee has had a particularly severe impact on the vegetation and habitat through trampling, grazing and erosion. While fencing can be erected in an attempt to control stock access, native
467:
Prior to
European arrival, millions of hectares in NSW was covered in grassy box woodlands, today less than 10% remains. The impacts of clearing for agriculture have resulted in fragmentation of the remnant vegetation, leading to efforts in conservation focussing on providing corridors linking these
1503:
Harris J.H., and Gehrke P.C. (1997) Fish and rivers in stress. The NSW Rivers Survey. NSW Fisheries office of
Conservation and the Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, in association with NSW Resource and Conservation Assessment Council (RACAC) in Mazumder et al. 2012. Trophic shifts
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in an attempt to build stocks of this threatened fish. While this is a common approach to increasing the stock of threatened fish species, survival rates can often be low due to the fish displaying domesticated behavioural traits. Greater success was experienced with the translocation of wild trout
488:
has historically been low. Higher historical levels of agricultural activity such as cultivation, grazing and degraded land being invaded by weeds tend to lead to less natural regeneration of eucalypt species and other desired vegetation from the threatened communities. Grazing intensity appears to
353:
and NSW contained around 480,000 hectares of native grasslands prior to
European settlement. There is less than 3% of that original area today unaffected by the changes settlers brought including land clearing, grazing and invasive plants. Other impacts that graziers have had on natural grasslands
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regenerative success as changes to the seedbed occur due to pasture grass introductions and seedlings are often browsed by either stock or pests reducing their survival rate. In areas without stock access, the abundance of young eucalypt plants can be up to three orders of magnitude greater than
412:
prior to seeding. In April 2014, 11 different native grasses and 30 different wildflowers were direct seeded into isolated trial areas. After 7 months, surveys showed that desirable plants were germinating at an average of 80 plants per square metre and seed was spreading into adjoining areas of
952:
Lunt, I., Morgan, J., Gilfedder, L., Williams, R.J. and Foster, S. 2008. Recent initiatives in biodiversity conservation in grazed temperate grasslands and woodlands in
Australia. Multifunctional grasslands in a changing world. Vol. II (Eds Organising Committee of 2008 IGC/IRC Conference) pp.
333:). Only ten natural populations of the silver-leafed mountain gum are thought to still exist in Australia and it has been listed as vulnerable to extinction. The Scottsdale team have obtained licenses and intend to propagate this species while in the process of identifying suitable sites.
1133:
Saunders, D.A., Smith, G.T., Ingram, J.A. and
Forrester, R.I. 2003. Changes in a remnant of salmon gum Eucalyptus salmonophloia and York gum E. loxophleba woodland, 1978 to 1997. Implications for woodland conservation in the wheat-sheep regions of Australia. Biological Conservation 110:
807:
In order to deliver against these objectives, Scottsdale Reserve hosts a large number of volunteers who under-take activities such as large scale planting in the previously cleared valley, propagation in the in-house nursery and weed control in remnant vegetation.
1207:
Hunt, T.L., Douglas, J.W., Allen, M.S., Gwinn, D.C., Tonkin, Z., Lyon, J. and Pickworth, A. 2011. Evaluation of population decline and fishing sustainability of the endangered Australian freshwater fish Macquaria australasica. Fisheries Management and Ecology 18:
737:
Scottsdale maintains an active program to help reduce the threat of rabbits. Since volunteers at Scottsdale have been inspecting and baiting warrens every 3 months, active rabbit sites have reduced from nearly 60% of 320 identified warrens to around 20%.
1123:
Di Stefano, J., Anson, J.A., York, A., Greenfield, A., Coulson, G., Berman, A. and Bladen, M. 2007. Interactions between timber harvesting and swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor): space use, density and browsing impact. Forest Ecology and Management 253:
1090:
McGinnes, H.M., Arthur, A.D., Davies, M. and McIntyre, S. 2013. Floodplain woodland structure and condition: the relative influence of flood history and surrounding irrigation land use intensity in contrasting regions of a dryland river. Ecohydrology 6:
199:(Kosciuszko to Coast). Since the 1870s up until 2006, the land was used for agriculture – primarily sheep grazing with some minor cropping. A significant component of the Reserve (around 25%) has been cleared of native vegetation (~300 Ha).
1023:
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW. 2010. National Recovery Plan for White Box - Yellow Box - Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW,
734:
Rabbits will graze extensively, removing native vegetation and degrading the landscape. They have a significant impact on shrub recruitment unless suitable guards are in place which can be an expensive means of protecting new growth.
1170:
Cadwallader, P.L. 1981. Past and present distribution and translocations of Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica (Pisces: Percichthyidae), with particular reference to Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 93:
1465:
Godfree, R.C. and Stol, J.M. 2015. Initial identification and prioritisation of weeds of conservation management areas in the Kosciuszko to Coast (K2C) corridor of New South Wales, Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 30:
891:
Costin, A.B. 1954. A Study of the Ecosystems of the Monaro Region of NSW Sydney: Government Printer – in Argue, D. 1995. Aboriginal occupation of the Southern Highlands: Was it really seasonal? Australian Archaeology 41:
1434:
Williams, C.J., Parer, I., Coman, B., Burley, J. and Braysher, M.L. 1995. Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits. Bureau of Resource Sciences/CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Australian Government Publishing Service,
1484:
Brooks, K.J., Setterfield, S.A. and Douglas, M.M. 2010. Exotic grass invasions: applying a conceptual framework to the dynamics of degradation and restoration in Australia’s tropical savannas. Restoration Ecology 18:
860:
Flood, J.M. 1973. The moth hunters: Investigations towards a prehistory of the south-eastern Highlands of Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University,
1513:
Matsuzaki S.S., Mabuchi K., Takamura N., Nishida M. and Washitani I. 2009. Behavioural and morphological differences between feral and domesticated strains of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Fish Biology
1220:
Haynes, G.D., Gilligan, D.M., Grewes, P., and Nicholas, F.W. 2009. Population genetics and management units of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Journal of Fish Biology
1424:
Eldridge, D.J. and Myers, C.N. 2001. The impact of warrens of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) on soil and ecological processes in a semi-arid Australian woodland. Journal of Arid Environments 47:
1532:
Gehrke, P.C., Brown, P., Schiller, C.B., Moffat, D.B. and Bruce, A.M. 1995. River regulation and fish communities in the Murray–Darling river system, Australia. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:
1143:
Jansen, A. and Robertson, A. I. 2001. Relationships between livestock management and the ecological condition of riparian habitats along an Australian floodplain river. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 63-75
943:
Butzer, K.W. and Helgren, D.M. 2005. Livestock, Land Cover, and Environmental History: The Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, 1820–1920. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95: 80–111
1014:
Prober, S.M., Thiele, K.R. and Higginson, E. 2001. The Grassy Box Woodlands Conservation Management Network: Picking up the pieces in fragmented woodlands. Ecological Management and Restoration 2: 179-188
433:
species that change with diminishing rainfall the further one travels from the coast. In the tablelands where Scottsdale Reserve is situated, the dominant eucalypts in grassy box woodlands are yellow box
1066:
Yates, C.J. and Hobbs, R.J. 1997. Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration. Australian Journal of Botany 45: 949–973.
1180:
Tonkin, Z., Lyon, J. and Pickworth, A. 2010. Spawning behaviour of the endangered Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica in an upland Australian river. Ecological Management and Restoration 11: 223–226.
1078:
Watson, J., Freudenberger, D. and Paull, D. 2001. An assessment of the focal-species approach for conserving birds in variegated landscapes in southeastern Australia. Conservation Biology 15: 1364–1373.
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Bardgett R.D., Wardle D.A. and Yeates, G.W. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30:
1385:
Ebner, B.C. and Thiem, J.D. 2009. Monitoring by telemetry reveals differences in movement and survival following hatchery or wild rearing of an endangered fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 60: 45-57
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cod where greater numbers of individuals were present (tracked using radio telemetry) after 12 months (more than 60% of the wild fish survived while less than 10% of the hatchery fish were present).
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Invasive weeds such as African lovegrass, serrated tussock, st johns wort and briar rose – management actions have historically utilised herbicide, although new methods are currently being trialled.
882:
Frawley, J., Nichols, S., Goodall, H. and Baker, E. 2011. Upper Murrumbidgee: Talking fish‐ making connections with the rivers of the Murray‐Darling Basin, Murray‐Darling Basin Authority, Canberra
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and the Colinton Gorge. This corridor will improve the habitat for the threatened murray cod, macquarie perch and trout cod. Trials of long-stem planting in the riparian verge of species such as
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Eldridge, D.J. and Simpson, R. 2001. Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) impacts on vegetation and soils, and implications for management of wooded rangelands. Basic and Applied Ecology 3: 19-29
270:
Scottsdale Reserve contains a diverse range of species including more than 217 plant species and 142 animal species including 113 bird species, primarily within two threatened communities:
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Schiller C.B. and Harris J.H. 2001. Native and alien fish. In: Young W.J. (ed) Rivers as ecological systems: the Murray-Darling basin. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra, pp 229–258
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the decline in the macquarie perch fish stocks, however evidence suggests that environmental factors such as altered hydrological flows and predation by carp have a far greater influence.
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Dieperink, C., Pedersen, S. and Pedersen, M. I. 2001. Estuarine predation on radio-tagged wild and domesticated sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) smolts. Ecology Freshwater Fish 10: 177–183.
1330:
King, K. L.; Hutchinson, K. J. (28 July 2006). "The effects of sheep grazing on invertebrate numbers and biomass in unfertilized natural pastures of the New England Tablelands (NSW)".
641:). Suburban development leading to habitat fragmentation and extensive agricultural impact on both native vegetation and soils have contributed to the decline of suitable habitat for
981:
Environment ACT, 2005. National Recovery Plan for Natural Temperate Grassland of the Southern Tablelands (NSW and ACT): an endangered ecological community. Environment ACT, Canberra.
1114:
Weinberg, A., Gibbons, P., Briggs, S.V. and Bonser, S.P. 2010. The extent and pattern of Eucalyptus regeneration in an agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 144: 227-233.
1057:
Maron, M. 2005. Agricultural change and paddock tree loss: implications for an endangered subspecies of Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo. Ecological Management and Restoration 6: 207–212.
1198:
Cadwallader, P.L. & Rogan, P.L. 1977. The Macquarie perch, Macquaria australasica (Pisces: Percichthyidae), of Lake Eildon, Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology 2: 409–418
327:). In addition to propagating the more common species expected to be present in the vegetation communities mentioned above, Scottsdale is host to the silver-leafed mountain gum (
696:
Management actions at Scottsdale are directed at reducing environmental threats in order to help protect the threatened ecosystems and species mentioned above. Threats include:
1189:
Ingram, B.A., Douglas, J.W. and Lintermans, M. 2000 Threatened fishes of the world: Macquaria australasica Cuvier, 1830 (Percichthyidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 59: 68
1105:
Robertson, A.I. and Rowling, R.W. 2000. Effects of livestock on riparian zone vegetation in an Australian dryland river. Regulated Rivers Research & Management 16: 527-541.
1048:
Dorrough, J. and Moxham, C. 2005. Eucalypt establishment in agricultural landscapes and implications for landscape-scale restoration. Biological Conservation 123: 55–66.
230:) Act 1999. The river would have provided water for many species of terrestrial fauna the local Aboriginal people are known to have utilised for food including the
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1454:
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Dorrough, Josh; Ash, Julian E. (December 1999). "Using past and present habitat to predict the current distribution and abundance of a rare cryptic lizard,
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Souter, N.J. and Milne, T. 2009. Grazing exclusion as a conservation measure in a South Australian temperate native grassland. Grassland Science 55: 79–88
1394:
Minckley, W. L. 1995. Translocation as a tool for conserving imperilled fishes: experiences in western United States. Biological Conservation 72: 297–309
42:
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Lange, R.T. and Graham, C.R. 1983. Rabbits and the failure of regeneration in Australian arid zone Acacia. Australian Journal of Ecology 8: 377 –381
91:
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Mendham, E., Curtis, A. and Millar, J. 2012. The natural resource management implications of rural property turnover. Ecology and Society 17: 1
1317:(Pygopodidae). Temperature preference, metabolic and allozyme correlates of activity in lizards, with particular reference to fossorial habit
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Scottsdale Reserve is home to a number of different animals – some native and some exotic. Threatened species include rosenberg’s monitor (
902:
870:
Bowdler, S. 1981. Hunters in the Highlands: Aboriginal adaptations in the eastern Australian Highlands. Archaeology in Oceania 16: 99-111.
1769:
990:
Gilmore, S., 2010. Preparing for African Lovegrass management in an ecosystem/biodiversity context. Bush Heritage Australia presentation.
195:(BHA), which purchased it in 2006. The purchase was supportive of projects aiming to connect existing fragmented remnant habitat such as
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1764:
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The striped legless lizard prefers undisturbed primary native grasslands with dense cover of tussock grasses such as kangaroo grass (
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Firn, J. (2009). African lovegrass in Australia: a valuable pasture species or embarrassing invader? Tropical Grasslands 43: 86-97
309:
restoration program is underway at Scottsdale with a nursery on site propagating plants including grasses such as river tussock (
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829:
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/ambitious-project-to-save-australias-biodiversity-launches-20150407-1mg2c4.html
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931:
Baines, G. 2006. Conserving Natural Temperate Grasslands in the Southern Highlands. Australian Plant Conservation 15: 16-17.
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Feral grazing and predation from pigs, deer, rabbits, cats, carp and foxes. Management actions include trapping and baiting.
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One of the management actions at Scottsdale is supporting the relocation of a number of vulnerable striped legless lizards (
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http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/scottsdale-reserve-rabbit-control-in-the-hands-of-volunteers-20150310-13zstk.html
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Fleischner, T.L. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Biological Conservation 8: 629–644.
1688:
922:
Scottsdale Reserve Bush Regeneration – Progress Report 2015/2016 – unknown author, available from Bush Heritage Australia
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Argue, D. 1995. Aboriginal occupation of the Southern Highlands: Was it really seasonal? Australian Archaeology 41: 30-36
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The macquarie perch is one of three threatened fish species found in the Upper Murrumbidgee River alongside murray cod (
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Erosion – management actions include the construction of leaky weirs, flumes and establishing vegetative ground cover.
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herbivores such as kangaroos and wallabies cause as much damage as stock and are relatively unaffected by fencing.
1036:
Bush Heritage Australia, 2015. Saving our Species. Bush Heritage Australia Science and Research Plan 2015-2025.
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been maintaining genetic diversity, as the habitat is highly fragmented and populations are relatively small.
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Lintermans, M. 2002. Fish in the Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment: A review of current knowledge. Environment ACT
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Smith, B., 2015. Ambitious project to save Australia’s biodiversity launches. The Sydney Morning Herald.
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involving native and exotic fish during hydrologic recession in floodplain wetlands. Wetlands 32:267-275
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http://www.bushheritage.org.au/downloads/reserve_scorecards/Scottsdale_Reserve_Scorecard_v2.00_2012.pdf
226:) – currently listed as endangered under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (
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European rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1788 as part of the settlement associated with the
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people. Aboriginal presence in the area was likely due to the availability of resources such as the
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1643:
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Le Lievre, K., 2015. Scottsdale reserve rabbit control in the hands of volunteers. Canberra Times.
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http://www.bushheritage.org.au/news/headlines/headlines_2006/scottsdale-the-land-and-its-river.html
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A large amount of cleared former yellow box grassy woodland is now covered in african lovegrass (
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73:
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http://www.bushheritage.org.au/news/headlines/headlines_2014/controlling-carp-on-the-bidgee.html
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Benson, J. S. (1994). "The native grasslands of the Monaro region: Southern Tablelands of NSW".
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1373:. Action Statement no. 17. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Victoria, Melbourne
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Habitat specialisation and the isolation of remnant populations of the Striped Legless Lizard,
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Valley floor – increase native grassland by 20% by 2030, while protecting remnant vegetation;
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Scottsdale in conjunction with the Upper Murrumbidgee Demonstration Reach have planted a 6km
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323:
239:
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Yellow box grassy woodlands (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999); and
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Cowell, S. 2006. Scottsdale the land and its river. Bush Heritage Summer 2006 Newsletter.
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In New South Wales, grassy box woodlands are characterised in the over-storey by distinct
8:
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Dry sclerophyll forest areas – will support priority species of flora and fauna by 2030.
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Natural temperate grassland (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999).
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Trout cod have been grown in a hatchery and introduced to the Murrumbidgee River near
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Cleared box woodland areas – restored with yellow box and associated species by 2030;
576:). The latter two species have specific conservation programs underway at Scottsdale.
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Smith, W.J.S. and Robertson, P. 1999. Recovery plan for the Striped Legless Lizard (
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Natural tree regeneration in Australian agricultural landscapes of species such as
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218:). The Murrumbidgee River would have been a good source of fish including the
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645:. Only around 3% of undisturbed temperate grasslands (suitable habitat for
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families while the ground layer consists of grasses and herbaceous plants.
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http://www.bushheritage.org.au/downloads/Reports/BHA-Science-Plan-2015.pdf
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https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/news/grassland-restoration-scottsdale
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Restore habitat in the Murrumbidgee riparian and in-stream zones by 2020;
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BHA maintain 5 main management objectives for the ecosystems on Reserve:
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include changes to soil chemistry resulting from the use of fertilisers,
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Webster, A., Fallu, R. & Preece, K. 1992. Striped Legless Lizard
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Cogger, H. G.; Cameron, E. E.; Sadlier, R. A.; Eggler, P. (1993).
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herbicide, soil scraping and burning being utilised to reduce the
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Bush Heritage Australia, 2014. Controlling carp on the ‘bidgee.
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1319:(BSc (Hons) Thesis). Australian National University, Canberra.
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Stabilise Gungoandra Creek and tributary gullies by 2030; and
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Bush Heritage Australia 2012. Scottsdale Reserve Scorecard.
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Other vegetation communities found on the reserve include:
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The reserve is within lands historically attributed to the
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Greening Australia. Grassland restoration at Scottsdale.
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989-992. (Guangdong People’s Publishing House Guangzhou).
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Natural temperate grassland is characterised by native
649:) are estimated to remain in south eastern Australia.
446:). The mid-storey consists of sparse shrubs from the
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535:a wider variety and abundance of bird species.
1360:): 1999–2003. Environment Australia, Canberra.
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633:CSIRO ScienceImage 6661 Striped legless lizard
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183:. It is 79 kilometres (49 mi) south of
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692:Feral deer at 2MT planting site (8069319548)
18:Protected area in New South Wales, Australia
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285:Scribbly gum-black cypress pine forest; and
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301:Typical Scottsdale flora in a small gully.
187:, and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of
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266:Typical landscape in Scottsdale Reserve.
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1234:The Action Plan for Australian Reptiles
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512:Murrumbidgee River (Irrigation peak)
358:and changes in microbial processes.
134:13.28 km (5.1 sq mi)
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1770:Nature reserves in New South Wales
1344:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1983.tb01322.x
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321:) and trees including yellowbox (
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1765:Bush Heritage Australia reserves
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925:
349:The southern tablelands of the
895:
885:
864:
854:
845:
833:
570:) and striped legless lizard (
504:Murrumbidgee riparian corridor
489:be the primary determinant of
191:. It is owned and managed by
1:
1332:Australian Journal of Ecology
1286:Australian Journal of Ecology
811:
782:
530:, in conjunction with 17,000
224:Maccullochhella macquariensis
668:Maccullochella macquariensis
605:Maccullochella macquariensis
7:
417:Yellow box grassy woodlands
378:) and river tussock grass (
337:Natural temperate grassland
10:
1791:
552:'), the speckled warbler (
1604:
150:
138:
130:
122:
83:
67:
36:
23:
619:Striped legless lizard (
542:
292:
1595:Bush Heritage Australia
1559:Bush Heritage Australia
555:Pyrrholaemus sagittatus
425:Yellow Box (8753993206)
330:Eucalyptus pulverulenta
193:Bush Heritage Australia
145:Bush Heritage Australia
772:
726:
693:
634:
612:University of Canberra
596:
584:Macquaria australasica
567:Macquaria australasica
558:), brown treecreeper (
513:
426:
346:
302:
267:
214:) and the daisy yam (
770:
724:
714:Oryctolagus cuniculus
691:
684:Environmental threats
632:
610:Researchers from the
601:Maccullochella peelii
594:
511:
437:Eucalyptus melliodora
424:
356:habitat fragmentation
344:
324:Eucalyptus melliodora
300:
265:
240:eastern grey kangaroo
236:Trichosurus vulpecula
216:Microseris lanceolata
1689:John Colahan Griffin
564:), macquarie perch (
561:Climacteris picumnus
527:Eucalyptus viminalis
413:Scottsdale Reserve.
398:) and wild sorghum (
391:), wallaby grasses (
140:Managing authorities
69:Nearest town or city
1739:Yarrabee Wesfarmers
1311:Osmond, H. (1994).
742:African lovegrass (
550:Varanus rosenbergi'
443:Eucalyptus blakelyi
258:Biology and ecology
107:35.9024°S 149.128°E
103: /
773:
745:Eragrostis curvula
727:
711:European rabbits (
694:
635:
597:
532:Poa labillardierei
514:
474:Eragrostis curvula
427:
401:Sorghum leiocladum
381:Poa labillardierei
347:
312:Poa labillardierei
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173:Murrumbidgee River
165:Scottsdale Reserve
156:Scottsdale Reserve
56:Scottsdale Reserve
25:Scottsdale Reserve
1752:
1751:
1634:Carnarvon Station
1244:978-0-642-16803-0
775:The common carp (
725:Young wild rabbit
603:) and trout cod (
581:Macquarie perch (
370:syn. T. australis
244:Macropus gigantus
175:in south-central
162:
161:
112:-35.9024; 149.128
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1679:Friendly Beaches
1654:Currumbin Valley
1644:Chereninup Creek
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1284:(Pygopodidae)".
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232:brushtail possum
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750:
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589:
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500:) and rabbits.
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394:Austrodanthonia
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1714:Nardoo Hills
1649:Cravens Peak
1619:Boolcoomatta
1538:
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1514:75:1206–1220
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1719:Reedy Creek
1371:Delma impar
1358:Delma impar
1315:Delma impar
1282:Delma impar
731:First Fleet
665:Trout cod (
651:Delma impar
647:Delma impar
643:Delma impar
622:Delma impar
573:Delma impar
468:fragments.
387:Austrostipa
208:Bogong moth
123:Established
110: /
98:149°07′41″E
85:Coordinates
1759:Categories
1724:Scottsdale
1221:75:295-320
972:1867–1878.
812:References
783:Management
677:Narrandera
491:Eucalyptus
482:Eucalyptus
246:) and the
95:35°54′09″S
1684:Goonderoo
1659:Edgbaston
1435:Canberra.
1266:: 609–50.
861:Canberra.
771:FeralCarp
449:Grevillea
363:perennial
307:ecosystem
220:trout cod
181:Australia
1704:Monjebup
1674:Fan Palm
1664:Ethabuka
1598:reserves
1134:245–256.
1124:128–137.
1091:201-213.
520:between
461:Cassinia
431:Eucalypt
410:seedbank
204:Ngunawal
185:Canberra
1694:Kojonup
1669:Eurardy
1614:Bon Bon
1609:Beringa
1533:363–375
1485:188-97.
1425:325–337
1208:513-520
171:on the
151:Website
1744:Yourka
1241:
1171:23–30.
1024:Sydney
757:Carp (
522:Bredbo
455:Acacia
189:Bredbo
74:Bredbo
1624:Brogo
1466:86-92
892:30-36
543:Fauna
293:Flora
1239:ISBN
484:and
458:and
228:EPBC
131:Area
126:2006
1340:doi
1294:doi
404:).
396:sp.
389:sp.
351:ACT
254:).
238:),
197:K2C
1761::
1408:^
1378:^
1334:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
