786:") spread the towing wires and keep the net open horizontally. The mouth of the net is held open vertically by the use of floats attached to the headline, while weight distributed along the ground rope allows the net to make good contact with the sea floor. The otter boards would scrape along the seabed making noises that attract fish. The fish would congregate between the boards keeping up with them until they tired and the net would then overtake them. This method is used mainly to catch the demersal species such as cod, haddock, whiting and flatfish. The boats themselves can be less than 10 metres in length for inshore fishing to 60 metres or more for deep sea fishing.
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to make recommendations (the
Washington Report). He pointed out that the boats were too small and being without decks prone to water inundation. However, not all of the fishermen were happy about larger decked boats. They felt that heavier boats would be harder to row and decks would make it easier for men to be washed overboard. Also beaching the boats would be impossible. But a good many fishermen took a contrary view and felt that the decked boats was a good idea. They realised that the boats could fish further from the shore and would be better in storm conditions. Larger boats could hold more fish and so profits would be greater. The first decked boat was built in
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hulls were soon introduced and were divided into watertight compartments. They were well designed for the crew with a large building that contained the wheelhouse and the deckhouse. The boats built in the 20th century only had a mizzen sail, which was used to help steady the boat when its nets were out. The main function of the mast was now as a crane for lifting the catch ashore. They also had a steam capstan on the foredeck near the mast for hauling nets. The boats had narrow, high funnels so that the steam and thick coal smoke was released high above the deck and away from the fishermen. These funnels were nicknamed
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altogether, and the engines were fitted in larger and larger boats. Motor engines were relatively cheap, making them affordable to individual
Fishermen. Early engines cost less than £100, and fuel costs were low. These boats also needed less maintenance than steam vessels. The two most popular engine brands were the Gardiner and Kelvin engines. The compact engines meant they could be fitted to existing sailing drifters such as Fifies and Zulus. The traditional Fifie style was better suited to the installation of a motor, which led to the custom building of a number of modified Fifie design boats with motors.
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Allan's largest were 105 feet (32 m). Some landowners questioned the sustainability of fish stocks to power trawlers. The Lammas Drive of 1878 states" It was reported that D. Allan of
Granton had built two steam drifters the Forward and the Onward. The latter was unable to get a Celardyke crew so she fished from Aberdeen." During this time Mr. Allan was also skippering the boats to ensure that they were successful in their catches. In total he built ten boats at Leith between 1877 and 1881. Twenty-one boats were completed at Granton, his last vessel being
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people. Above all, though, they were light enough to be hauled up on to the beaches. The boats were un-decked and provided no shelter for the crew. Because of the vulnerability of the boats, they stayed only a few miles out to sea in full view of the land. These boats were gradually built bigger and could be around 42 feet (13 m) long, and partially decked. This came about because the harbours that were constructed from the mid to late19th century meant that the boats no longer needed to be beached. Skaffies were not built in any great numbers after 1900.
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404:. Because of this, armed ships were employed to accompany and defend the fishing boats. Despite this, the Dutch style of fishing didn't produce the results the government wanted. The bulk of the Scottish fishery was still using the line and bait method in inshore waters. However, in 1785 the government instituted barrel bounties, which meant that the bounties were payable based on the amount of cured herring produced. This encouraged the herring curers to enter into contracts with the fishermen whereby they would be guaranteed a price for their catch.
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and with greater freedom from weather, wind and tide. Because less time was spent travelling to and from the fishing grounds, more time could be spent fishing. The steam boats also gained the highest prices for their fish, as they could return quickly to harbour with their fresh catch. The main disadvantage of the steam boats, though, was their high operating costs. Their engines were mechanically inefficient and took up much space, while fuel and fitting out costs were very high. Before the
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set. Both ropes are then winched in as the boat steams ahead slowly. Winch speed is gradually increased as the net gets closer to keep the net moving forward and also to herd the fish into the net. Like the trawl, floats and weighted footrope keep the mouth of the net open and in contact with the seabed. This method of fishing takes place on grounds on the continental shelf and not in deep sea. Seine netting is for all forms of whitefish.
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fleets. They got to the fishing grounds quickly and returned swiftly with the catch. Because of these qualities, the Zulus rapidly became very popular along the entire east coast. As the 20th century approached, steam capstans were introduced, and this made the hauling of the sails and nets much easier for the crews. One of the best of those was the capstans patented and built by MacDonald
Brothers of
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471:. Steam-powered fishing boats appeared towards the end of the 19th century and it was steam drifters that would take the volume of the catch to new heights. The powered winches allowed longer nets to be deployed and their speed enabled the boats to get to market quickly and to return to sea. In those early years of the 20th century, the Scottish catch reached 2 million barrels annually.
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design for this type of fishing was still proving to be an obstacle. That, and the cost of the majority steam boats prompted a new style of fishing boat. John
Campbell, nephew of William Campbell who designed the first Zulu boat built a wooden boat that resembled, to some extent, the "Fifie" but had a broad beam. His boat, the
691:, building costs were between £3,000 and £4,000, at least three times the cost of the sail boats. To cover these high costs, they needed to fish for longer seasons. The higher expenses meant that more steam drifters were company-owned or jointly owned. As the herring fishing industry declined, steam boats became too expensive.
498:. The herring industry continued to shrink. From the 1960s, trawling and purse-netting were the main methods of pelagic fishing, which not only includes herring but also mackerel. Although a quota is placed on the total herring catch and with no limit on mackerel, this sector is now the healthiest in the Scottish fleet.
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for Sharp and Murray of
Cellardyke. In an interview with the Scotsman Mr. Allan stated that his motivation for auxiliary power was to increase the safety of fishermen. However local fishermen saw power trawling as a threat, remember that local boats of this period were 45 feet (14 m) or so, Mr.
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because they looked like the popular brand of cigarette. These boats had a crew of twelve made up of a skipper, driver, fireman (to look after the boiler) and nine deck hands. The earliest purpose built fishing vessels were designed and made by David Allan (Born 1840 Orkney)In Leith in March 1875, he
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system of fishing as well as lines and drift nets. These were large boats, usually 80–90 feet (24–27 m) in length with a beam of around 20 feet (6.1 m). They weighed 40–50 tons and travelled at 9–11 knots (17–20 km/h; 10–13 mph). The first steam boats were made of wood, but steel
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region. The early skaffie boats were small with rounded stems and raked sterns. They were two-masted with a tall dipping lugsail and a mizzen sail. Their short keel gave them good manoeuvrability in good weather, but they tended to be unstable in bad weather. They were usually crewed by around six
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Scottish seining, sometimes called fly dragging, has the net attached to two long ropes usually made of leaded polypropylene and around 3 km in length. The net is deployed in a triangular fashion with the first rope attached to a marker buoy, the dhan, to which the boat returns to complete the
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Steam fishing boats had many advantages. They were usually about 20 ft longer (6.1 m) than the sailing vessels so they could carry more nets and catch more fish. This was important, as the market was growing quickly at the beginning of the 20th century. They could travel faster and further
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in 1886. Because of the prejudices mentioned, most of these were sold to foreign owners, France, Belgium, Spain and the West Indies amongst them. A full, complete account of his ventures can be found on
Grantontrawlers.com. David Allan was buried on Christmas Day in South Shields in 1911. On page 14
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The "Fifie" then became the predominant fishing boat on the
Scottish east coast. They were used from the 1850s until well into the 20th century. Fifies had a vertical stem and stern with a broad beam, which made them very stable. Their long keel was a disadvantage, especially manoeuvring in confined
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The fishermen did not venture far from the shore, as these boats were undecked and unstable under stormy conditions. In 1848, a violent storm hit the country and 124 boats were sunk, and 100 fishermen lost their lives. The government appointed
Captain John Washington to enquire into the disaster and
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In pair trawling, each boat has a wire fastened to the net. Because of this, otterboards are not required to hold the mouth of the net open, as the boats maintain at their maximum a distance apart of around 0.25 nautical miles (0.46 km). The boats, because they share the load, can be smaller
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boats were landing huge quantities of plaice and other white fish at the
English east coast ports. Their interest resulted in a few buying some seine nets and winches and trying this form of fishing. As they perfected seine net fishing, more of the Lossiemouth fleet converted to seine net. But boat
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method of fishing. In 1718, the government introduced the bounty system to promote large scale fishing. This meant that the government paid a bounty to the boat owner based on the tonnage of the vessel and would also pay a bounty to anyone for simply building a fishing boat. This continued until
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In 1884 the herring industry faced a crisis. The curers wanted an end to the contract system because they could not balance quantity and costs with market conditions and so wanted a move to an auction process. Fishermen wanted the status quo but reluctantly agreed and from 1887 the herring were
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The fishermen, with the support of the curers, invested in larger boats and additional nets. The fleet grew quickly but was still could only fish for herring during the two months when the fish were off the Scottish east coast. By 1880, there were around 7,000 Scottish boats involved in herring
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and on the mainland. They had fish as a large part of their diet, and excavations of Viking sites in Orkney and Shetland have found middens (kitchen waste areas) containing large quantities of fish bones. These bones were mainly of cod, saithe and ling but herring, haddock and whiting bones were
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This method is to use two trawls side by side. Three wires attach to this combination. Instead of having individual wires connected to each of the nets sides, a common wire attaches to the two inner sides and the outer sides of each net are wired individually. Again otter boards allow the net
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The beam trawl is one where a beam, up to 12 metres in length, is attached to a skid at each end. The beam is situated on top of the skids effectively keeping the top of the net open and the fish are channelled between the skids. Two beam trawls are deployed alongside each other from outrigger
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fore, a standing lug mizzen and a jib. The sails were very heavy and difficult to haul, and the masts had to be very long and strong. Masts could be 60 feet (18 m) tall on boats of 80 feet (24 m) in length. Their design produced very fast boats that became invaluable to herring fishing
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The 19th century saw the greatest growth in sea fishing on the Scottish east coast. In the early years of that century the boats were very small, made of wood and were either one or two masted. They were not expensive to build and small repairs were carried out by the fishermen themselves. These
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Petrol and paraffin engines began to be used in 1906. At first, they were mainly fitted to smaller boats of between 18 and 30 feet (5.5 and 9.1 m) in length, and they provided auxiliary power to assist the sails. However, as diesel engines became more powerful, the sails were replaced
456:. By this time, the Scottish fleet actually outnumbered the local one. The curers soon turned their attention to Shetland for the early summer fishing causing the local Shetland fishermen to adopt the drift net and larger boats. By the early 20th century, more than 1,800 boats fished the
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fishing so the fishing season needed to be extended. This led to a migration of a sizeable number of boats and curers to the west coast in May and June. By 1880, the numbers of boats fishing the west coast numbered more than 1,000. In the 1860s, Scottish boats were also to be found in
424:. The need for the larger boats spurred on the building of harbours all along the east coast, in the 1850s and 1860s. This heralded an enormous change in the size of the herring fishery. Initially, the market for the pickled herring was Ireland and the West Indies where it was fed to
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Line fishing used no nets. Line fishing boats harnessed a single line, up to a kilometre long, that was trailed behind the vessel. At intervals along that line drop lines were suspended at the end of which was tied a large hook onto which bait was hung. Halibut, cod, haddock,
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spaces. These boats were two masted with a main dipping lugsail and a mizzen sail. The masts were set quite far forward and aft to release a good working space. Fifies built from 1860 onwards were all decked, and from the 1870s onwards the bigger boats were built with
683:. It reads "The death was announced in South Shields of Mr David Allan, the founder of the steam fishing industry. In 1877 he designed and built the steam Drifter Onward especially for fishing purposes. He afterwards commanded and worked the vessel himself."
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Pelagic gears are designed to catch species such as herring, mackerel, scad, blue whiting and sprats. However pelagic fishing from boats from the Scottish east coast ports normally catch herring and an amount of blue whiting from the northern North Sea.
850:, ling and skate were the predominant prey. The line would be released and reeled in using winches. The largest line fishing boat in the Scottish fleet was the Radiation which sailed out of Aberdeen and which predominantly fished Icelandic and
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and less powerful yet can tow relatively large gear. These boats can be anything from 15 to 30 metres in length and have a typical combined power of 1,000 horsepower (750 kW). Again, this form of fishing is mainly for demersal species.
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can catch and store massive amounts of fish. They possess highly sensitive electronic equipment and remove the chance element from fishing. They operate by trawling the nets along the sea bed where the kind of fish they want to catch are
494:, the Scottish east coast fleet, with government assistance, was totally regenerated becoming mainly a whitefish industry. This in turn declined in the 1970s and 1980s due to overfishing and the subsequent imposition of quotas by the
661:.She was of wooden construction with two masts and carried a gaff rigged main and mizen using booms, and a single foresail. Pioneer is mentioned in the Shetland Times of 4 May 1877. In 1878 he completed three steam-powered trawlers:
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were skilled seamen and boat builders and their boat designs depended on their needs. Trading vessels were wide, to allow large cargo storage, while raiding boats were long and narrow and very fast. They all used the
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planking, i.e. the planks were laid edge-to-edge instead of the overlapping clinker style of previous boats. Some boats were now being built up to about 70 feet (21 m) in length and were very fast.
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method of planking. The shape of the Zulus gave the boats a long deck but a shorter keel, which greatly improved their manoeuvrability. Zulus were two-masted boats and carried three sails – a dipping
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mouths to spread apart horizontally while floats and ground ropes provide the vertical forces. This gear is usually used for catching target fish such as monkfish, flatfish and nephrops.
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fisherman, William "Dad" Campbell came up with a radical design for his new boat. It had the vertical stem of the Fifie and the steeply raked stern of the Skaffie, and he called this boat
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In 1920, though, the government changed the rules by removing the guaranteed price for the herring and prices dropped dramatically. In 1921, some Lossiemouth skippers noticed that the
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waters for the Autumn fishing. Initially, Scottish curers were not present in any great numbers in this fishery but by the end of the 19th century large numbers were represented in
723:, did very well and over a relatively short period the entire Lossiemouth fleet (the first in Scotland) converted to the seine net. Other east coast ports followed on very quickly.
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were built in the same way as the Norse boats. Early Scottish boat builders copied the Scandinavian designs with their clinker planking and characteristic sharp stems and sterns.
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and civil war. Other European countries started to compete strongly with the British fleets and for twenty years the industry went into a steep decline. The beginnings of the
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in 1856 and this soon became the norm for the Scottish fishing fleet. These sail boats were of three main types: Skaffies, Fifies and Zulus. Common to all three types were the
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set to catch the herring and were hauled by hand in the morning. The herring were salted and placed in barrels. These barrels were then transferred to small boats called
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is being seen. In this case, scraper trawls are used. The nets are shaped differently with a lower headline, longer wings allowing a greater area to be swept.
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forced a mass emigration from Ireland. However, improvements in curing techniques produced a superior product and soon meant that new markets opened up in
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Single boat pelagic trawl – similar to the demersal trawl but the gear is generally lighter, as it does not have to cope with dragging across the seabed.
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were the main market for British herring. After the war, however, Germany was racked by inflation and was impoverished. Russia underwent the
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fashion of planking, i.e. the planks overlapped one another. The boats used for fishing were scaled-down versions of their cargo boats. The
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fishing began in Scotland in 1921 but the use of the large inefficient steam boats greatly hindered this new whitefish fishery. After the
428:. The market received a setback in the 1830s following the ending of slavery on British-owned plantations and, from 1845 to 1851 when the
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converted a drifter to steam power.In 1877 it is said that he built the first screw propelled steam trawler in the world. This vessel was
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booms on each side of the boat. This method is primarily for taking flatfish but these vessels can be used also for scallop dredging.
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611:, registration number INS 2118. She was relatively small, 52 feet (16 m) overall with a 39-foot keel length (12 m). The
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1820 and did much to encourage the growth of the fishery. The fishery was valuable and the fleets often came under attack from
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nets are shaped like a funnel with the sides extended ahead to guide the fish into the net. Otter boards (sometimes called "
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Pelagic pair trawling – operate in a similar method to the demersal pair trawl and again with lighter gear.
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had a near monopoly of the herring fishing from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The boats, called
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influence affected boat building long after the Viking period came to an end.
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early boats needed to be light so they could be dragged up the beaches.
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fishing is the main industrial method of catching white fish. These
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also found. They used the line fishing method with hooks and bait.
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Fishing for pelagic species (fish occurring in mid and upper water)
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has been in existence for more than a thousand years, spanning the
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of 27 December 1911 there is a photograph and a line drawing of
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Web Historian's pages on the fishing villages of the North East
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Fishing for demersal species (fish occurring near the seabed)
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
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The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy
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at the time gave the name to this new class of boat.
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211:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
339:from the 9th to 11th centuries and settled in the
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138:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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903:Fish Salesmen (auctioneers) and Ship Chandlers
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83:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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420:, which may have given rise to their name –
1825:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1750:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
921:Herring Fishing in Scotland: Coull, Dr J.R.
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50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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289:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
99:Learn how and when to remove this message
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323:The fishery has always been for both
515:Viking boat showing clinker planking
209:adding citations to reliable sources
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1019:Munster pilchard fishery 1570–1750
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626:The Zulu boats were built to the
31:This section has multiple issues.
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1134:Morecambe Bay cockling disaster
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196:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1149:Steveston Fisherman's Memorial
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1:
1024:Pearling in Western Australia
1014:Migratory Fishery of Labrador
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754:Bottom trawling – single boat
315:right up to the present day.
220:"Scottish east coast fishery"
2098:Economic history of Scotland
1144:Moray Firth fishing disaster
977:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
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474:Before the First World War,
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1725:Fish diseases and parasites
1039:Scottish east coast fishery
1029:S'Argamassa Roman fish farm
992:Fishery Protection Squadron
797:Bottom trawling – two boats
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1154:Stotfield fishing disaster
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507:The Scandinavian influence
384:The 18th century saw some
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1931:Gathering seafood by hand
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665:for Methven of Leith and
1745:Individual fishing quota
1629:List of fishing villages
1044:Traditional fishing boat
502:Fishing boat development
124:This article includes a
1129:1959 Escuminac disaster
1049:Yorkshire coast fishery
388:fishermen emulate this
153:more precise citations.
1074:Bering Sea Arbitration
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1581:Newfoundland outports
814:Scottish seine method
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571:Fifie sail drifter –
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1735:Fisheries management
880:Ancillary industries
205:improve this article
2103:Fishing in Scotland
1893:Fishing tournaments
1755:Sustainable fishery
987:Fishing in Cornwall
910:Whaling in Scotland
81:editing the article
2108:History of fishing
1835:Commercial fishing
1807:History of fishing
1104:Pacific Salmon War
972:History of fishing
952:History of fishing
823:Twin beam trawling
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430:Great Irish Famine
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126:list of references
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1888:Catch and release
1792:Artisanal fishing
1740:Fisheries science
1720:Diversity of fish
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1969:Artificial flies
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1883:Big-game fishing
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695:The seine netter
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536:from the Orkney
492:Second World War
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450:Great Yarmouth
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341:Northern Isles
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222: –
221:
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216:Find sources:
210:
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194:This article
192:
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70:This article
68:
59:
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53:
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44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2074:
2062:
1941:Spearfishing
1730:Fish farming
1429:Portmahomack
1369:Old Perlican
1259:Dunmore East
1094:Newlyn riots
1038:
1006:
982:Chasse-marée
861:
844:
841:Line fishing
835:
826:
817:
800:
788:
783:
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703:Seine Netter
685:
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677:Daily Mirror
676:
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621:South Africa
612:
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530:Scandinavian
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446:East Anglian
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241:
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227:
215:
203:Please help
198:verification
195:
165:
156:
145:Please help
137:
95:
89:January 2023
86:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1926:Fishing net
1898:Fly fishing
1760:Overfishing
1715:Aquaculture
1700:topic areas
1566:Hạ Long Bay
1548:Communities
1394:Peggys Cove
1304:Hondarribia
1254:Cullercoats
1234:Catalan Bay
1224:Bolungarvík
1099:Oyster Wars
1089:Lobster War
900:Sale Makers
897:Rope Makers
888:Fish Curers
852:Faroe Isles
727:The trawler
639:, in 1908.
605:Lossiemouth
550:Moray Firth
544:The Skaffie
464:auctioned.
440:countries.
306:east coast
151:introducing
2113:Boat types
2092:Categories
2020:Fish ponds
1921:Fishfinder
1908:Techniques
1870:Recreation
1850:Processing
1830:By country
1464:Saint Malo
1424:Portavogie
1419:Port Isaac
1399:Pittenweem
1339:Marsaxlokk
1109:Turbot War
916:References
894:Net Makers
854:' waters.
848:lemon sole
619:raging in
597:Catterline
595:A Zulu at
402:privateers
375:drift nets
313:Viking Age
231:newspapers
36:improve it
2013:Locations
1916:Fish trap
1840:Marketing
1797:Fisherman
1707:Fisheries
1694:Fisheries
1556:Atlit Yam
1494:Suðureyri
1484:Steveston
1434:Portofino
1314:Huanchaco
1284:Gilleleje
1269:Elantxobe
1219:Bethsaida
1176:Historic
1121:memorials
1084:Crab Wars
1067:Conflicts
762:trawl net
716:seine net
654:woodbines
603:In 1879,
557:The Fifie
488:seine net
454:Lowestoft
418:lug sails
325:whitefish
261:July 2015
159:July 2015
42:talk page
2076:Category
2048:Glossary
1951:Trolling
1946:Trawling
1855:Products
1817:Industry
1634:Glossary
1616:more ...
1596:Sørvágur
1576:Makassan
1519:Vernazza
1479:Staithes
1469:Sayulita
1449:Sa Riera
1414:Polperro
1409:Po Toi O
1404:Plentzia
1374:Ondarroa
1359:Newhaven
1344:Moskenes
1334:Lekeitio
1299:Gümüşlük
1294:Guéthary
1249:Clovelly
1229:Cadgwith
1209:Ardglass
1204:Algajola
1079:Cod Wars
791:flatfish
776:trawling
740:located.
737:trawlers
721:Marigold
617:Zulu War
613:Nonesuch
609:Nonesuch
587:The Zulu
521:Norsemen
460:waters.
458:Shetland
436:and the
414:Eyemouth
386:Scottish
337:Scotland
335:came to
333:Norsemen
304:Scottish
2064:Outline
1878:Angling
1860:Seafood
1845:Markets
1784:Fishing
1698:fishing
1644:Outline
1601:Tlingit
1571:Lofoten
1509:Trinity
1504:Tilting
1489:Súðavík
1454:St Abbs
1439:Red Bay
1364:Nyksund
1354:Mutriku
1349:Mundaka
1329:Lamorna
1279:Getaria
1244:Ciboure
1239:Chorkor
1199:Akwidaa
964:History
891:Coopers
867:Methods
731:Today,
675:of the
672:Degrave
663:Forward
637:Portsoy
526:clinker
476:Germany
422:luggers
399:Spanish
331:. The
329:herring
308:fishery
245:scholar
147:improve
2004:Sinker
1961:Tackle
1529:Zumaia
1514:Udappu
1389:Pasaia
1324:Ladner
1309:Hovden
1274:Findon
1214:Bermeo
713:Danish
681:Onward
667:Onward
628:carvel
581:carvel
573:Reaper
480:Russia
438:Baltic
434:Russia
426:slaves
395:French
379:jagers
370:busses
247:
240:
233:
226:
218:
2053:Index
1994:Lures
1639:Index
1499:Tai O
1474:Sigri
1444:Reine
1002:Garum
932:Scran
784:doors
780:Trawl
733:trawl
649:trawl
563:Fifie
534:Yoles
390:Dutch
365:Dutch
252:JSTOR
238:books
132:, or
1989:Line
1984:Hook
1974:Bait
1696:and
1611:Vezo
1606:Uros
1561:Bhoi
1384:Orio
1289:Grip
778:".
519:The
478:and
452:and
397:and
363:The
327:and
301:The
224:news
1999:Rod
1379:Ona
632:lug
207:by
2094::
1264:Ea
343:,
136:,
128:,
45:.
1686:e
1679:t
1672:v
599:.
292:)
286:(
274:)
268:(
263:)
259:(
249:·
242:·
235:·
228:·
201:.
172:)
166:(
161:)
157:(
143:.
102:)
96:(
91:)
87:(
77:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.