963:
overlap like roof shingles. Their bodies are cylindrical in their cross section and have body scales that have bony plates underneath them called “osteoderms”. Osteoderms are dermal bone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection against the elements in a large variety of extinct and extant organisms, especially reptiles. This structure is commonly called "dermal armor" and serves to protect the organism, while also helping with temperature regulation. The roofs of their mouths are made up of two bony plates instead of one. One of their bony plates is called a palate and the other bony palate in the roof of their mouth separates the respiratory and digestive passages. They also have very long tapering tails with small legs and five toes.
872:
696:
948:
822:
747:
932:
129:
109:
1796:
1786:
967:
in
Florida. Five-lined skinks are very popular throughout Georgia and North Carolina, they are found in very wooded areas and like to hide in fallen trees. Skinks are more abundant and endangered in Africa and Indo Australia because of predators and loss of habitat. Another very popular area is New Zealand, the
962:
There are many characteristics that are shared upon all skinks. All skinks have very cone shaped heads with large, symmetrical, and shield-like scales. Their scales are smooth, glossy, and circular all throughout their body. Once you get to their back and belly areas, they have more round scales that
966:
For their distribution, there are around 1,275 species of skinks all around the world. They are very popular and can be mostly found in
Southeast Asia, most areas of Australia, and temperate regions of North America. There are also desert species skinks that are called “sand swimmers” that are found
797:
Alternatively, Zheng & Wiens (2016) found the following phylogeny of extant groups using molecular data; this phylogeny has largely been supported through other studies using molecular evidence:
975:) is very common. They are also found in the suburban gardens in Auckland. Some skink species are more terrestrial and fossorial, some arboreal meaning tree-dwelling, and others are semiaquatic.
396:, though different authors use these terms in a broader or more restricted usage relative to true skinks. They first appear in the fossil record about 170 million years ago, during the
1139:"Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species"
1030:
Alifanov, V.R. (2019). "Lizards of the
Families Eoxantidae, Ardeosauridae, Globauridae, and Paramacellodidae (Scincomorpha) from the Aptian-Albian of Mongolia".
1114:
Evans, S.E. and Jones, M.E.H. (2010). "The Origin, Early
History and Diversification of Lepidosauromorph Reptiles," pp. 27-44 in Bandyopadhyay, S. (ed.),
1432:
1922:
517:
242:
1871:
327:
727:
478:
236:
1259:
1225:
947:
1800:
1066:
931:
1917:
1176:
Brownstein, Chase D.; Meyer, Dalton L.; Fabbri, Matteo; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2022-11-29).
1126:
1876:
1927:
1252:
871:
695:
1076:. La théorie de Darwin revisitée par la biologie d'aujourd'hui / Darwin's theory revisited by today's biology.
1790:
1224:(Skinks (Scincidae) ." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. . Retrieved March 25, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com:
968:
128:
116:
1245:
1138:
1226:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/skinks-scincidae
821:
746:
1889:
1849:
1811:
390:
1912:
1884:
382:(night lizards), as well as many extinct taxa. Other roughly equivalent terms include the
8:
1212:
1047:
1009:
954:
123:
1858:
1363:
1199:
1177:
1158:
1097:
1089:
1051:
1013:
1863:
1670:
1445:
1353:
1338:
1207:
1189:
1150:
1119:
1081:
1039:
1001:
992:
Nydam, R.L. (2013). "Squamates from the
Jurassic and Cretaceous of North America".
676:
305:
1713:
1680:
1623:
1343:
938:
28:
1154:
1123:
1834:
1753:
1690:
1660:
1603:
1578:
1573:
1550:
1530:
1468:
1440:
1386:
1194:
1085:
887:
575:
375:
320:
1043:
1005:
1906:
1708:
1698:
1665:
1652:
1628:
1593:
1583:
1520:
1515:
1493:
1348:
1203:
1162:
1093:
612:
264:
66:
1768:
1733:
1633:
1608:
1535:
1460:
1101:
335:
229:
1232:
1843:
1758:
1743:
1723:
1675:
1613:
1588:
1545:
1507:
1488:
1410:
1396:
1358:
844:
589:
433:
379:
370:(Scincidae) and their close relatives. These include the living families
278:
253:
210:
108:
41:
1067:"The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians"
1748:
1728:
1422:
1381:
1373:
1333:
867:
691:
628:
501:
403:
Alifanov (2016) found the following phylogeny with morphological data:
371:
355:
315:
271:
248:
86:
51:
1703:
1643:
1618:
1598:
1525:
1473:
1315:
817:
742:
455:
298:
217:
140:
91:
35:
1805:
1237:
1828:
1795:
1738:
1568:
1540:
1483:
1478:
1406:
1299:
1287:
1268:
397:
383:
180:
160:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1560:
1450:
1293:
1178:"Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation"
170:
96:
71:
1785:
1718:
1281:
363:
150:
1231:(Vitt, L. (2018, October 10). Skink. Encyclopædia Britannica.
1763:
1391:
1325:
367:
359:
1175:
1108:
1904:
1065:Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (2009-02-01).
1025:
1023:
1253:
1137:Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (2016-01-01).
1064:
1020:
1260:
1246:
1136:
1118:, 27 Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132.
107:
1211:
1193:
994:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
1923:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances
1029:
1233:https://www.britannica.com/animal/skink
1905:
985:
1810:
1809:
1267:
1241:
1143:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
991:
1116:New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity
13:
14:
1939:
1794:
1784:
946:
930:
870:
820:
745:
694:
127:
39:
1169:
1130:
1058:
1:
978:
969:pale-flecked garden sunskink
7:
1155:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009
1124:10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_2
117:Eastern blue-tongued lizard
10:
1944:
1918:Bajocian first appearances
1195:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5
1086:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010
939:Polyglyphanodon sternbergi
1818:
1689:
1651:
1642:
1559:
1506:
1459:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1372:
1324:
1308:
1276:
1044:10.1134/S0031030119010039
1006:10.1007/s12549-013-0129-5
885:
865:
858:
842:
835:
815:
808:
740:
725:
718:
689:
673:
666:
659:
625:
609:
602:
586:
579:
569:
514:
498:
491:
475:
468:
453:
446:
431:
424:
414:
205:
200:
124:Scientific classification
122:
115:
106:
23:
1074:Comptes Rendus Biologies
1032:Paleontological Journal
973:Lampropholis guichenoti
1928:Vertebrate infraorders
378:(plated lizards), and
288:Paramacellodicordylida
1885:Paleobiology Database
1793:at Wikimedia Commons
1182:Nature Communications
16:Infraorder of lizards
374:(girdled lizards),
955:Eutropis macularia
1900:
1899:
1812:Taxon identifiers
1789:Media related to
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1502:
1501:
1433:Gymnophthalmoidea
1364:Sphaerodactylidae
925:
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
898:
897:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
707:
706:
648:
647:
639:
638:
555:
554:
546:
545:
537:
536:
528:
527:
349:
348:
293:
260:†Ardeosauroidea?
196:
1935:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1807:
1806:
1799:Data related to
1798:
1788:
1671:Leptotyphlopidae
1649:
1648:
1446:Gymnophthalmidae
1416:
1415:
1354:Phyllodactylidae
1339:Carphodactylidae
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1027:
1018:
1017:
989:
950:
934:
874:
861:
860:
838:
837:
824:
811:
810:
801:
800:
749:
721:
720:
698:
677:Paramacellodidae
669:
668:
662:
661:
605:
604:
582:
581:
572:
571:
494:
493:
471:
470:
449:
448:
427:
426:
417:
416:
407:
406:
306:Paramacellodidae
291:
194:
132:
131:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1803:at Wikispecies
1782:
1773:
1734:Cylindrophiidae
1714:Atractaspididae
1685:
1681:Xenotyphlopidae
1638:
1624:Phrynosomatidae
1555:
1498:
1455:
1427:
1401:
1368:
1344:Diplodactylidae
1320:
1304:
1272:
1266:
1222:
1221:
1174:
1170:
1135:
1131:
1113:
1109:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1021:
990:
986:
981:
958:
951:
942:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
708:
649:
640:
556:
547:
538:
529:
193:
126:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
29:Middle Jurassic
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1840:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Tropidophiidae
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1691:Alethinophidia
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Anomalepididae
1657:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Leiocephalidae
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Corytophanidae
1576:
1574:Chamaeleonidae
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1551:Diploglossidae
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Helodermatidae
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Amphisbaenidae
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Alopoglossidae
1437:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:Gerrhosauridae
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1220:
1219:
1168:
1129:
1107:
1080:(2): 129–139.
1057:
1019:
1000:(4): 535–565.
983:
982:
980:
977:
960:
959:
952:
945:
943:
936:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
910:
909:
905:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:Gerrhosauridae
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
864:
859:
857:
856:Cordyliformes
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
814:
809:
807:
799:
792:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
724:
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
608:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
585:
580:
578:
576:Ardeosauroidea
570:
568:
562:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:Hodzhakuliidae
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
497:
492:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
474:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
452:
447:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
430:
425:
423:
421:Xantusiomorpha
415:
413:
405:
376:Gerrhosauridae
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
331:
323:
321:Gerrhosauridae
318:
308:
302:
284:
283:
282:
275:
268:
258:
257:
256:
251:
245:
243:Hodzhakuliidae
239:
233:
223:Xantusiomorpha
220:
215:
203:
202:
198:
197:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Anomochilidae
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Acrochordidae
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Gerrhopilidae
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1653:Scolecophidia
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Polychrotidae
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Hoplocercidae
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Crotaphytidae
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Lanthanotidae
1519:
1517:
1516:Shinisauridae
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1494:Trogonophidae
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Eublepharidae
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
976:
974:
970:
964:
957:
956:
949:
944:
941:
940:
933:
928:
927:
921:
920:
912:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
890:
889:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
873:
869:
863:
862:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
823:
819:
813:
812:
806:
803:
802:
798:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
750:
748:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
723:
722:
716:
715:
712:
711:
703:
702:
699:
697:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
671:
670:
664:
663:
657:
656:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
631:
630:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
613:Ardeosauridae
607:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
584:
583:
577:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
551:
550:
542:
541:
533:
532:
524:
523:
520:
519:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
496:
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489:
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473:
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435:
429:
428:
422:
419:
418:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
399:
395:
392:
388:
387:Scinciformata
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
338:
337:
332:
330:
329:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:Cordyliformes
309:
307:
303:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
280:
276:
273:
269:
266:
265:Ardeosauridae
262:
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88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
1913:Scincomorpha
1850:Scincomorpha
1820:Scincomorpha
1819:
1801:Scincomorpha
1791:Scincomorpha
1783:
1769:Xenopeltidae
1634:Tropiduridae
1609:Leiosauridae
1536:Xenosauridae
1461:Amphisbaenia
1230:
1223:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1038:(1): 74–88.
1035:
1031:
997:
993:
987:
972:
965:
961:
953:
937:
886:
866:
843:
816:
804:
796:
741:
726:
690:
674:
626:
610:
587:
565:
515:
499:
476:
454:
432:
420:
411:Scincomorpha
410:
402:
393:
386:
352:Scincomorpha
351:
350:
336:Deccansaurus
334:
326:
310:
297:
287:
230:Retinosaurus
228:
222:
209:
191:Scincomorpha
190:
187:Infraorder:
24:Scincomorphs
18:
1844:Wikispecies
1759:Uropeltidae
1744:Loxocemidae
1724:Bolyeriidae
1676:Typhlopidae
1614:Liolaemidae
1589:Dactyloidae
1546:Anniellidae
1508:Anguimorpha
1489:Rhineuridae
1411:Lacertoidea
1397:Xantusiidae
1359:Pygopodidae
1188:(1): 7087.
1149:: 537–547.
845:Xantusiidae
590:Globauridae
566:Leptoglossa
434:Xantusiidae
391:superfamily
380:Xantusiidae
328:Konkasaurus
292:Nydam, 2013
279:Globauridae
254:Xantusiidae
211:Saurillodon
34:170–0
1907:Categories
1749:Pythonidae
1729:Colubridae
1423:Lacertidae
1382:Cordylidae
1374:Scincoidea
1334:Gekkonidae
979:References
868:Cordylidae
805:Scincoidea
728:Acontiidae
692:Cordylidae
629:Carusiidae
502:Slavoiidae
479:Eoxantidae
394:Scincoidea
372:Cordylidae
366:including
356:infraorder
316:Cordylidae
272:Carusiidae
249:Slavoiidae
237:Eoxantidae
201:Subgroups
195:Camp, 1923
31:—present,
1764:Viperidae
1704:Aniliidae
1644:Serpentes
1619:Opluridae
1599:Iguanidae
1526:Varanidae
1474:Bipedidae
1392:Scincidae
1316:Dibamidae
1280:Kingdom:
1204:2041-1723
1163:1055-7903
1094:1631-0691
1052:181824832
1014:129773133
818:Scincidae
743:Scincidae
456:Dibamidae
400:period.
389:, or the
299:Sciroseps
218:Scincidae
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
1835:Q1050423
1829:Wikidata
1739:Elapidae
1569:Agamidae
1541:Anguidae
1484:Cadeidae
1479:Blanidae
1407:Laterata
1300:Squamata
1294:Reptilia
1288:Chordata
1286:Phylum:
1282:Animalia
1271:families
1269:Squamata
1102:19281946
398:Jurassic
384:suborder
181:Squamata
171:Reptilia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
1561:Iguania
1451:Teiidae
1326:Gekkota
1309:Dibamia
1298:Order:
1292:Class:
1213:9708687
364:lizards
177:Order:
167:Class:
1719:Boidae
1210:
1202:
1161:
1100:
1092:
1050:
1012:
368:skinks
354:is an
1890:57293
1877:35033
1864:8GK5Q
1070:(PDF)
1048:S2CID
1010:S2CID
360:clade
1872:NCBI
1200:ISSN
1159:ISSN
1098:PMID
1090:ISSN
358:and
42:Preęž’
1859:CoL
1208:PMC
1190:doi
1151:doi
1120:doi
1082:doi
1078:332
1040:doi
1002:doi
362:of
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1008:.
998:93
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92:Pg
36:Ma
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
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1122::
1104:.
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