505:
786:
164:
1980:
1876:
1891:
1647:
309:
2004:
902:
2016:
1231:
1729:, to be used in the destruction of enemy ships entering Venetian waters. A suit was constructed for a BBC documentary using pigskin treated with fish oil to repel water. The head was covered by a helmet with two eyeglasses at the front. A breathing tube of bamboo with pigskin joints was attached to the back of the helmet and connected to a float of cork and wood. When the scuba divers tested the suit, they found it to be a workable precursor to a modern diving suit, the cork float acting as a compressed air chamber when submerged. His inventions were very futuristic which meant they were very expensive and proved not to be useful.
1961:
1811:
981:
283:
1429:
1681:
2055:
1992:
1933:
1918:
1291:
1903:
2043:
824:
655:
1175:
273:
that before I am at the end of this I shall have to repeat the same things several times; for which, O reader! do not blame me, for the subjects are many and memory cannot retain them and say: 'I will not write this because I wrote it before.' And if I wished to avoid falling into this fault, it would be necessary in every case when I wanted to copy that, not to repeat myself, I should read over all that had gone before; and all the more since the intervals are long between one time of writing and the next.
1349:
623:, as he believed that blood was pumped to the muscles where it was consumed. In 2005 a UK heart surgeon, Francis Wells, from Papworth Hospital Cambridge, pioneered repair to damaged hearts, using Leonardo's depiction of the opening phase of the mitral valve to operate without changing its diameter allowing an individual to recover more quickly. Wells said "Leonardo had a depth of appreciation of the anatomy and physiology of the body – its structure and function – that perhaps has been overlooked by some."
569:
2031:
1761:
384:
1744:
412:
4112:
1949:
466:
175:, the study of art and science was not perceived as mutually exclusive; on the contrary, the one was seen as informing upon the other. Although Leonardo's training was primarily as an artist, it was largely through his scientific approach to the art of painting, and his development of a style that coupled his scientific knowledge with his unique ability to render what he saw that created the outstanding masterpieces of art for which he is famous.
1539:
379:...to obtain a true and perfect knowledge ... I have dissected more than ten human bodies, destroying all the other members, and removing the very minutest particles of the flesh by which these veins are surrounded, ... and as one single body would not last so long, since it was necessary to proceed with several bodies by degrees, until I came to an end and had a complete knowledge; this I repeated twice, to learn the differences...
20:
408:. As a student he would have been taught to draw the human body from life, to memorize the muscles, tendons and visible subcutaneous structure and to familiarise himself with the mechanics of the various parts of the skeletal and muscular structure. It was common workshop practice to have plaster casts of parts of the human anatomy available for students to study and draw.
716:
1700:, but could not be made to fire successfully. In 1481 Leonardo designed a breech-loading, water cooled cannon with three racks of barrels allowed the re-loading of one rack while another was being fired and thus maintaining continuous fire power. The "fan type" gun with its array of horizontal barrels allowed for a wide scattering of shot.
1663:
by the method of bombardment either because of its height or its location, I have methods for destroying any fortress or other stronghold, even if it be founded upon rock. ....If the engagement be at sea, I have many engines of a kind most efficient for offence and defence, and ships that can resist cannons and powder.
1676:
documentary, a military team built the machine and changed the gears in order to make the machine work. It has been suggested that
Leonardo deliberately left this error in the design, in order to prevent it from being put to practice by unauthorized people. Another machine, propelled by horses with a
1662:
When a place is besieged I know how to cut off water from the trenches and construct an infinite variety of bridges, mantlets and scaling ladders, and other instruments pertaining to sieges. I also have types of mortars that are very convenient and easy to transport.... when a place cannot be reduced
450:
In conjunction with studies of aspects of the body are drawings of faces displaying different emotions and many drawings of people suffering facial deformity, either congenital or through illness. Some of these drawings, generally referred to as "caricatures", on analysis of the skeletal proportions,
2480:
of New York, as largely by the hand of someone other than
Leonardo, because the rocks appear incongruous and the lake looks like a fjord. Pizzorusso says "Fjords do not exist in Italy and it is highly unlikely the glacial lakes of the Lombard region would have such steep relief surrounding them." In
1851:
In the late 20th century, interest in
Leonardo's inventions escalated. There have been many projects which have sought to turn diagrams on paper into working models. One of the factors is the awareness that, although in the 15th and 16th centuries Leonardo had available a limited range of materials,
1768:
The desire to fly is expressed in the many studies and drawings. His later journals contain a detailed study of the flight of birds and several different designs for wings based in structure upon those of bats which he described as being less heavy because of the impenetrable nature of the membrane.
1528:
How by means of a certain machine many people may stay some time under water. How and why I do not describe my method of remaining under water, or how long I can stay without eating; and I do not publish nor divulge these by reason of the evil nature of men who would use them as means of destruction
1408:
machines and engines that could be driven by water-power... In addition he used to make models and plans showing how to excavate and tunnel through mountains without difficulty, so as to pass from one level to another; and he demonstrated how to lift and draw great weights by means of levers, hoists
1373:
mixed with accidental perspective" explains how to apply an accidental viewpoint to that of a natural surface, in order for the moving observer to obtain the vision of a "monstrous" figure. This was the procedure used to accomplish the "Fight
Between a Dragon and a Lion" and Painting with Horses, so
1026:
Leonardo's interest manifested itself in the drawing of streams and rivers, the action of water in eroding rocks, and the cataclysmic action of water in floods and tidal waves. The knowledge that he gained from his studies was employed in devising a range of projects, particularly in relation to the
682:
I have found that in the composition of the human body as compared with the bodies of animals, the organs of sense are duller and coarser... I have seen in the Lion tribe that the sense of smell is connected with part of the substance of the brain which comes down the nostrils, which form a spacious
489:
I have removed the skin from a man who was so shrunk by illness that the muscles were worn down and remained in a state like thin membrane, in such a way that the sinews instead of merging in muscles ended in wide membrane; and where the bones were covered by the skin they had very little over their
272:
Begun at
Florence, in the house of Piero di Braccio Martelli, on the 22nd day of March 1508. And this is to be a collection without order, taken from many papers which I have copied here, hoping to arrange them later each in its place, according to the subjects of which they may treat. But I believe
1051:
The earth is not in the centre of the Sun's orbit nor at the centre of the universe, but in the centre of its companion elements, and united with them. And any one standing on the moon, when it and the sun are both beneath us, would see this our earth and the element of water upon it just as we see
840:
has been formed, where it turned towards Castel
Florentino; farther on, the mud was deposited in which the shells lived, and which rose in layers according to the levels at which the turbid Arno flowed into that sea. And from time to time the bottom of the sea was raised, depositing these shells in
350:
to the picture space and turns her head so that her face is almost parallel to her nearer shoulder. The back of her head and the further shoulder are deeply shadowed. Around the ovoid solid of her head and across her breast and hand the light is diffused in such a way that the distance and position
1220:
Those who are in love with practice without knowledge are like the sailor who gets into a ship without rudder or compass and who never can be certain whither he is going. Practice must always be founded on sound theory, and to this
Perspective is the guide and the gateway; and without this nothing
1124:
Old alchemists... have never either by chance or by experiment succeeded in creating the smallest element that can be created by nature; however deserve unmeasured praise for the usefulness of things invented for the use of men, and would deserve it even more if they had not been the inventors of
711:
was long established by
Leonardo's time, a treatise on the subject having been written as early as 300 BCE. Leonardo's study of plants, resulting in many detailed drawings in his notebooks, was not to record in diagrammatic form the parts of the plant, but rather, as an artist and observer to
698:
He studied the topographical anatomy of a bear in detail, making many drawings of its paws. There is also a drawing of the muscles and tendons of the bear's hind feet. Other drawings of particular interest include the uterus of a pregnant cow, the hindquarters of a decrepit mule and studies of the
332:, that an appearance of space and distance could be achieved in a background landscape by painting in tones that were less in contrast and colours that were less bright than in the foreground of the painting. The effects of light on solids were achieved by trial and error, since few artists except
190:. Because of these factors, his scientific studies were largely ignored by other scholars. Leonardo's approach to science was one of intense observation and detailed recording, his tools of investigation being almost exclusively his eyes. His journals give insight into his investigative processes.
1859:
A difficulty encountered in the creation of models is that often
Leonardo had not entirely thought through the mechanics of a machine before he drew it, or else he used a sort of graphic shorthand, simply not bothering to draw a gear or a lever at a point where one is essential in order to make a
1046:
theories were the most widely used explanations to account for the relationship between the Earth and Sun's movement. He wrote that "The Sun has substance, shape, movement, radiance, heat, and generative power; and these qualities all emanate from itself without its diminution." He further wrote,
626:
Leonardo's observational acumen, drawing skill, and the clarity of depiction of bone structures reveal him at his finest as an anatomist. However, his depiction of the internal soft tissues of the body are incorrect in many ways, showing that he maintained concepts of anatomy and functioning that
264:
These pages deal with scientific subjects generally but also specifically as they touch upon the creation of artworks. In relating to art, this is not science that is dependent upon experimentation or the testing of theories. It deals with detailed observation, particularly the observation of the
1436:
With the same rational and analytical approach that he used in anatomic studies, Leonardo faced the study and design of a bewildering number of machines and devices. He drew their "anatomy" with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected
339:
At the time when
Leonardo commenced painting, it was unusual for figures to be painted with extreme contrast of light and shade. Faces, in particular, were shadowed in a manner that was bland and maintained all the features and contours clearly visible. Leonardo broke with this. In the painting
193:
As a researcher, Leonardo divided nature and phenomena into ever smaller segments, concretely with knives and measuring instruments, intellectually with formulas and numbers, to wrest the secrets of creation from it. The smaller the particles, runs the assumption; the closer one will get to the
1755:
An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object. You may see that the beating of its wings against the air supports a heavy eagle in the highest and rarest atmosphere, close to the sphere of elemental fire. Again you may see the air in motion over the sea, fill the
1500:
It is impossible to say with any certainty how many or even which of his inventions passed into general and practical use, and thereby had impact over the lives of many people. Among those inventions that are credited with passing into general practical use are the strut bridge, the automated
1022:
There are several elaborate drawings of water curling over an object placed at a diagonal to its course. There are several drawings of water dropping from a height and curling upwards in spiral forms. One such drawing, as well as curling waves, shows splashes and details of spray and bubbles.
261:, published in 1509. He was also preparing a major treatise on his scientific observations and mechanical inventions. It was to be divided into a number of sections or "Books", Leonardo leaving some instructions as to how they were to be ordered. Many sections of it appear in his notebooks.
723:
One such study shows a page with several species of flower of which ten drawings are of wild violets. Along with a drawing of the growing plant and a detail of a leaf, Leonardo has repeatedly drawn single flowers from different angles, with their heads set differently on the stem.
494:
In 30 years, Leonardo dissected 30 male and female corpses of different ages. Together with Marcantonio, he prepared to publish a theoretical work on anatomy and made more than 200 drawings. However, his book was published only in 1680 (161 years after his death) under the heading
1517:-grinding machine pictured at right. In the lens-grinding machine, the hand rotation of the grinding wheel operates an angle-gear, which rotates a shaft, turning a geared dish in which sits the glass or crystal to be ground. A single action rotates both surfaces at a fixed speed
793:
As an adult, Leonardo had only two childhood memories, one of which was the finding of a cave in the Apennines. Although fearing that he might be attacked by a wild beast, he ventured in driven "by the burning desire to see whether there might be any marvelous thing within."
209:, and other scientists who followed him, his theorizing and hypothesizing integrating the arts and particularly painting. Capra sees Leonardo's unique integrated, holistic views of science as making him a forerunner of modern systems theory and complexity schools of thought.
3674:
1327:
identified and studied. Anamorphosis is a type of optical artifice in which images are represented with altered proportions, and are recognizable only when the image is observed from a specific vantage point or using distorting instruments. A notable example in painting is
1364:
angle, placing the eye on the right side of the sheet, about middle height. The original paper displays a preparation with a bundle of lines traced with a metal tip inside which the figures are inscripted; these lines are invisible in any reproduction. A chapter in the
1529:
at the bottom of the sea, by sending ships to the bottom, and sinking them together with the men in them. And although I will impart others, there is no danger in them; because the mouth of the tube, by which you breathe, is above the water supported on bags of corks.
303:
The lights which may illuminate other bodies that's of 4 kinds. These are; diffused light as that of the atmosphere; And Direct, as that of the sun; The third is Reflected light; and there is a 4th which is that which passes through bodies, as linen or paper
1756:
swelling sails and drive heavily laden ships. From these instances, and the reasons given, a man with wings large enough and duly connected might learn to overcome the resistance of the air, and by conquering it, succeed in subjugating it and rising above it.
841:
layers, as may be seen in the cutting at Colle Gonzoli, laid open by the Arno which is wearing away the base of it; in which cutting the said layers of shells are very plainly to be seen in clay of a bluish colour, and various marine objects are found there.
1281:, which are:—the point, the line, the angle, the superficies and the solid. The point is unique of its kind. And the point has neither height, breadth, length, nor depth, whence it is to be regarded as indivisible and as having no dimensions in space.
109:
to protect Venice from invasion, proved too costly or impractical. Some of his smaller inventions entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. As an engineer, Leonardo conceived ideas vastly ahead of his own time, conceptually inventing the
1204:
was intended to be a masterpiece revealing much of Leonardo's knowledge of figure drawing and perspective. There exists a number of studies that he made, including a detailed study of the perspective, showing the complex background of ruined
236:
from eighteen of Leonardo's 'books' (two-thirds of which have gone missing). The publishing did not take place in Melzi's lifetime, and the writings were eventually bound in different forms and dispersed. Some of his works were published as
1671:
to be propelled by two men powering crank shafts. Although the drawing itself looks quite finished, the mechanics were apparently not fully developed because, if built as drawn, the vehicle would never progress in a forward direction. In a
1310:...And if you will paint this on a wall in front of which you can move freely, it will look out of proportion… and if notwithstanding that you still wish to paint it, it will be necessary that your perspective is seen through a single hole…
1360:("Rules for the Painter") and in the Codex Atlanticus. Two anamorphic drawings of the Codex Atlanticus, representing the head of a baby and an eye, are examples of plane anamorphosis. The two drawings can be adjusted when observed from a
442:
His continued investigations in this field occupied many pages of notes, each dealing systematically with a particular aspect of anatomy. It appears that the notes were intended for publication, a task entrusted on his death to his pupil
678:, comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. On one page of his journal Leonardo drew five profile studies of a horse with its teeth bared in anger and, for comparison, a snarling lion and a snarling man.
1558:...very light and strong bridges that can easily be carried, with which to pursue, and sometimes flee from, the enemy; and others safe and indestructible by fire or assault, easy and convenient to transport and place into position.
878:
paintings is a town on the edge of a lake. Although distant, the mountains can be seen to be scored by vertical strata. This characteristic can be observed in other paintings by Leonardo, and closely resembles the mountains around
2095:"The Da Vinci Machines Exhibition" was held in a pavilion in the Cultural Forecourt, at South Bank, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia in 2009. The exhibits shown were on loan from the Museum of Leonardo da Vinci, Florence, Italy.
425:
on which he famously collaborated with his master Verrocchio, then his understanding of topographical anatomy had surpassed that of his master at an early age as can be seen by a comparison of the arms of Christ with those of
104:
While the full extent of his scientific studies has only become recognized in the last 150 years, during his lifetime he was employed for his engineering and skill of invention. Many of his designs, such as the movable
1378:
demonstrating the presence of a geometric construction underlying the sketches, which can be seen in their real proportions only observing them with the usual technique needed for ‘anamorphic’ paintings. According to
1437:"exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects have been collected in his codices and fill more than 5,000 pages. Leonardo was a master of mechanical principles. He utilized
1875:
437:
Remember that to be certain of the point of origin of any muscle, you must pull the sinew from which the muscle springs in such a way as to see that muscle move, and where it is attached to the ligaments of the
366:
was to change forever the way in which artists perceived light and used it in their paintings. Of all Leonardo's scientific legacies, this is probably the one that had the most immediate and noticeable effect.
627:
were in some cases millennia old, and that his investigations were probably hampered by the lack of preservation techniques available at the time. Leonardo's detailed drawing of the internal organs of a woman
1118:
The false interpreters of nature declare that quicksilver is the common seed of every metal, not remembering that nature varies the seed according to the variety of the things she desires to produce in the
1773:
with one of his apprentices, and that the apprentice fell and broke his leg. Experts Martin Kemp and Liana Bortolon agree that there is no evidence of such a test, which is not mentioned in his journals.
1088:
running off the wall. In Leonardo's many pages of notes about artistic processes, there are some that pertain to the use of silver and gold in artworks, information he would have learned as a student.
1852:
modern technological advancements have made available a number of robust materials of light-weight which might turn Leonardo's designs into reality. This is particularly the case with his designs for
948:
Recent research by Donato Pezzutto suggests that the background landscapes in Leonardo's paintings depict specific locations as aerial views with enhanced depth, employing a technique called
1493:
and applied these to his inventions. His scientific studies remained unpublished with, for example, his manuscripts describing the processes governing friction predating the introduction of
1072:. He was trained in the workshop of Verrocchio, who according to Vasari, was an able alchemist. Leonardo was a chemist in so much as that he experimented with different media for suspending
750:
may have been for one of Leonardo's early Annunciation paintings, carried in the hand of the Archangel Gabriel. In both the Annunciation pictures the grass is dotted with blossoming plants.
1843:, was to use one or more wheels, continuously rotating, each of which pulled a looping bow, rather like a fanbelt in an automobile engine, and perpendicular to the instrument's strings.
3535:
1091:
Leonardo's scientific process was based mainly upon observation. His practical experiments are also founded in observation rather than belief. Leonardo, who questioned the order of the
941:, which he surveyed, without the benefit of modern equipment, by pacing the distances. In 1515, Leonardo produced a map of the Roman Southern Coast which is linked to his work for the
4053:
3732:
1396:
1171:
carried his work forward and by the 1470s a number of artists were able to produce works of art that demonstrated a full understanding of the principles of linear perspective.
2054:
221:
in which he wrote almost daily, as well as separate notes and sheets of observations, comments and plans. He wrote and drew with his left hand, and most of his writing is in
683:
receptacle for the sense of smell, which enters by a great number of cartilaginous vesicles with several passages leading up to where the brain, as before said, comes down.
1860:
machine function. This lack of refinement of mechanical details can cause considerable confusion. Thus, many models that are created, such as some of those on display at
695:
with the angles and proportions annotated, anatomical studies of horses' heads, a dozen detailed drawings of hooves and numerous studies and sketches of horses rearing.
2003:
3774:
2845:
Baltrušaitis, Jurgis (1976) "Anamorphic Art". Trans. W.J. Strachn. Harry N. Abrams Inc. New York. Standard Book Number: 8109-0662-7. Library of Congress: 77-73789
1692:
which he claimed "to hurl small stones like a storm with the smoke of these causing great terror to the enemy, and great loss and confusion." He also designed an
691:. In his notebooks are a series of plans for an equestrian monument. There are also a large number of related anatomical studies of horses. They include several
996:
Among Leonardo's drawings are many that are studies of the motion of water, in particular the forms taken by fast-flowing water on striking different surfaces.
4022:
2076:
2061:
968:
727:
Apart from flowers the notebooks contain many drawings of crop plants including several types of grain and a variety of berries including a detailed study of
1979:
712:
record the precise appearance of plants, the manner of growth and the way that individual plants and flowers of a single variety differed from one another.
532:. He also studied the anatomy of the human foot and its connection to the leg, and from these studies, he was able to further his studies in biomechanics.
45:, regarded as the epitome of the "Renaissance Man", displaying skills in numerous diverse areas of study. While most famous for his paintings such as the
1341:
One of the instruments used by Leonardo for his research on anamorphosis was the tool for the angle of contingence, recreated in modern times using the
1263:
system of bookkeeping, had already published a major treatise on mathematical knowledge, collaborated with Leonardo in the production of a book called
504:
1677:
pillion rider, carries in front of it four scythes mounted on a revolving gear, turned by a shaft driven by the wheels of a cart behind the horses.
1600:. Beyazid did not pursue the project, because he believed that such a construction was impossible. Leonardo's vision was resurrected in 2001 when a
328:, or a three-dimensional appearance was to be achieved in a two-dimensional medium. It was also well understood by artists like Leonardo's teacher,
2760:
1269:
about mathematical and artistic proportion. Leonardo prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates.
801:, strongly emphasizing its geological features. His notebooks contain landscapes with a wealth of geological observation from the regions of both
3489:
3371:
3739:
3688:
1932:
3007:
2711:
1890:
539:
as well as an anatomist, studying the function of the human body as well as examining and recording its structure. He dissected and drew the
4043:
2934:
2015:
4146:
3625:
3317:
232:, with the apparent intention that his scientific work should be published. Sometime before 1542, Melzi gathered together the papers for
3114:
2751:
Bassoli, F., Leonardo da Vinci e l'invenzione delle anamorfosi, in "Atti della società dei Naturalisti e Matematici in Modena" LXIX/1938
2485:, Garda, has just such steep geological formations. The sedimentary red limestone which appears in the picture is also typical of Italy.
1056:
In one of his notebooks, there is a note in the margin which states, "The Sun does not move," which may indicate Leonardo's support of
785:
147:, is a study of the proportions of the human body, linking art and science in a single work that has come to represent the concept of
3639:
3407:
3011:
163:
4061:
4038:
992:
All the branches of a water at every stage of its course, if they are of equal rapidity, are equal to the body of the main stream.
1213:, the use of a "perspective" to produce an image that is intelligible only with a curved mirror or from a specific vantage point.
3038:
1991:
759:
reflects the results of Leonardo's studies in a meticulous realism that makes each plant readily identifiable to the botanist.
1624:. Researchers concluded that the bridge would have been able to support its own weight, and maintain stability under load and
4086:
3281:
3273:
3190:
2674:
2265:
739:. His notebooks also direct the artist to observe how light reflects from foliage at different distances and under different
265:
natural world, and includes a great deal about the visual effects of light on different natural substances such as foliage.
2736:
2686:
3292:
The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings.
1345:. It is an instrument to determine the reflexion angle of a ray of light incident on the surface of a cylindrical mirror.
4136:
3760:
2832:
1917:
1781:. It would not have worked since the body of the craft itself would have rotated in the opposite direction to the rotor.
478:
53:
2030:
1383:
these are some of the oldest examples of anamorphosis known at the time, and with reference to the technique he stated:
809:, often including atmospheric effects such as a heavy rainstorm pouring down on a town at the foot of a mountain range.
3347:
3337:
2850:
2798:
2146:
2136:
421:
2279:
Capra, Fritjof. The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Genius of the Renaissance. (New York, Doubleday, 2007)
1751:
In Leonardo's infancy a hawk had once hovered over his cradle. Recalling this incident, Leonardo saw it as prophetic:
565:, the locus of the human senses, which, by Medieval tradition, was located at the exact physical center of the skull.
3891:
3681:
3578:
3549:
3510:
3183:
The Machines of Leonardo da Vinci and Franz Reuleaux, Kinematics of Machines from the Renaissance to the 20th Century
3150:
2645:
2428:
2347:
2213:
1960:
1902:
1419:
1084:
225:, which makes it difficult to read. Much has survived to illustrate Leonardo's studies, discoveries and inventions.
3767:
3646:
3611:
3400:
1646:
1200:
1180:
460:
1601:
3585:
3310:
3248:
2441:
1825:
1784:
While he designed a number of man powered flying machines with mechanical wings that flapped, he also designed a
1546:
Leonardo's study of the motion of water led him to design machinery that utilized its force. Much of his work on
816:
in mountains often contained bands of sea shells. Conservative science said that these could be explained by the
2126:
in April 2009, in which a team of builders try to construct various inventions of Leonardo based on his designs.
1187:
Leonardo studied linear perspective and employed it in his earlier paintings. His use of perspective in the two
4048:
4010:
3881:
3653:
3213:
1668:
1145:
The art of perspective is of such a nature as to make what is flat appear in relief and what is in relief flat.
776:
All the branches of a tree at every stage of its height when put together are equal in thickness to the trunk .
308:
474:
3289:
901:
3820:
3753:
3556:
2042:
913:
were rare and often inaccurate. Leonardo produced several extremely accurate maps such as the town plan of
619:
in detail. He correctly worked out how heart valves ebb the flow of blood yet he did not fully understand
1380:
1230:
4151:
3979:
3934:
3072:
2496:
2106:
820:
described in the Bible. Leonardo's observations convinced him that this could not possibly be the case.
481:(the first mainland Italian hospital). From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor
4115:
4005:
3871:
3542:
3451:
3303:
2086:
1939:
1078:
746:
A number of the drawings have their equivalents in Leonardo's paintings. An elegant study of a stem of
1034:
which were innovative for his time though not always aligned with findings of modern fluid mechanics.
3954:
3709:
3481:
3473:
3465:
2361:
1330:
1209:
that he planned for the left of the picture. In addition, Leonardo is credited with the first use of
962:
662:
Leonardo not only studied human anatomy, but the anatomy of many other animals as well. He dissected
2822:
Leonardo Da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, folio 98 recto-Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, dating around 1515
473:
As Leonardo became successful as an artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the
3379:
2089:, London, held an exhibition called "Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, and Design" in 2006
1577:
In 1502, Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span 240 m (720 ft) bridge as part of a
1335:
3238:
2980:
2575:
1810:
1494:
3944:
3916:
3815:
3364:
3089:
1370:
1303:
1158:
980:
889:
874:
828:
769:
755:
482:
356:
342:
313:
282:
148:
3444:
3142:
3136:
1839:
Leonardo's original idea, as preserved in his notebooks of 1488–1489 and in the drawings in the
3876:
3831:
3429:
2956:
1908:
1693:
1409:
and winches, and ways of cleansing harbours and using pumps to suck up water from great depths.
1108:
764:
82:
2612:
2599:
2206:
The innovators behind Leonardo: The True Story of the Scientific and Technological Renaissance
1428:
3223:
3118:
2079:
in Milan; permanent exhibition, the biggest collection of Leonardo's projects and inventions.
1864:, Leonardo's home in France, do not work, but would work, with a little mechanical tweaking.
1853:
1680:
1240:
1168:
1154:
405:
333:
1948:
1019:. In Leonardo's drawings can be seen the investigation of the spiral as it occurs in water.
3746:
3386:
2790:
2530:
2399:
2338:
2229:
1562:
Among his projects in Florence was one to divert the course of the Arno, in order to flood
1474:
1357:
1356:
The first examples of Leonardo's studies on anamorphosis can be found both in his treatise
1130:
And many have made a trade of delusions and false miracles, deceiving the stupid multitude.
152:
1714:
musket which first appeared in Europe by 1547), although as early as the 14th century the
8:
4141:
4074:
3901:
3886:
3592:
3437:
3422:
2473:
2239:
1833:
1764:
Design for a flying machine with wings based closely upon the structure of a bat's wings.
1641:
1571:
1423:
1375:
1235:
1016:
692:
643:
593:
106:
2543:
2534:
2518:
1352:
Two anamorphic drawings, a face of a baby and an eye in Codex Atlanticus folio 98 recto.
872:
of the background, with lakes and water, swathed in a misty light. In the larger of the
3969:
3854:
3810:
2916:
2556:
2253:
1924:
1265:
1206:
577:
257:
3253:
477:
in Florence. Later he dissected in Milan at the hospital Maggiore, and in Rome at the
4080:
3896:
3866:
3528:
3326:
3186:
3161:
3146:
2920:
2846:
2794:
2670:
2641:
2560:
2548:
2424:
2381:
2343:
2261:
2209:
2186:
2141:
2117:
1829:
1805:
1578:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1004:
926:
620:
58:
38:
24:
2113:, about the building and successful flight of a glider based upon Leonardo's design.
1290:
868:
In Leonardo's earliest paintings we see the remarkable attention given to the small
251:
Leonardo illustrated a book on mathematical proportion in art written by his friend
4069:
4017:
3959:
3795:
3264:
Da Vinci – The Genius: A comprehensive traveling exhibition about Leonardo da Vinci
3228:
2906:
2898:
2538:
2373:
2178:
1882:
1840:
1816:
1778:
1715:
1655:
1551:
1510:
1342:
1316:
1299:
1295:
850:
688:
548:
517:
427:
419:
If, as is thought to be the case, Leonardo painted the torso and arms of Christ in
324:
was essential. It was by the effective painting of light falling on a surface that
654:
3974:
3939:
3911:
3825:
3458:
3258:
3232:
3178:
2784:
2740:
2690:
1801:
1777:
One design that he produced shows a flying machine to be lifted by a man-powered
1462:
1174:
1076:. In the painting of murals, his experiments resulted in notorious failures with
854:
646:, was probably made around the year 1495 but was rediscovered only in the 1950s.
612:
561:
444:
229:
123:
2765:
Perspectiva artificialis: per la storia della prospettiva. Spigolature e appunti
2730:
1348:
1125:
noxious things like poisons and other similar things which destroy life or mind.
893:, which also include caverns of fractured, tumbled, and water-eroded limestone.
568:
3618:
3503:
3393:
3218:
2780:
2377:
2233:
1361:
884:
823:
687:
In the early 1490s Leonardo was commissioned to create a monument in honour of
513:
222:
2166:
1760:
4130:
3989:
3848:
3805:
3800:
3632:
3414:
3275:
Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle
2902:
2552:
2385:
2190:
2182:
2122:
1637:
1514:
1366:
1278:
1192:
1096:
1057:
934:
922:
880:
635:
589:
497:
239:
198:
143:
74:
3286:, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3278:, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1881:
Leonardo da Vinci: Tool for the angle of contingency reconstructed from the
1554:. Leonardo wrote to Ludovico describing his skills and what he could build:
1323:
Leonardo was the author of some of the earliest known examples of pictorial
3964:
3949:
3926:
2482:
2021:
1770:
1697:
1506:
1324:
1260:
1252:
1210:
1191:
is daring, as he uses various features such as the corner of a building, a
1188:
1150:
1092:
1012:
1008:
732:
556:
521:
252:
206:
130:. In practice, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of
94:
2813:
A Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci 1721 Senex and Taylor, London
1861:
1743:
1015:. An awareness of these rules of proportion had been revived in the early
433:
In the 1490s he wrote about demonstrating muscles and sinews to students:
383:
201:
argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from
3243:
3201:
The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Genius of the Renaissance
3062:
for detailed description of solutions and types of functional helicopter.
2911:
1789:
1726:
1667:
In Leonardo's notebooks there is an array of war machines which includes
1617:
1613:
1597:
1470:
1031:
949:
817:
798:
544:
540:
411:
287:
183:
172:
127:
119:
78:
3861:
3269:
The technical drawings of Leonardo da Vinci – a high resolution gallery
3059:
1738:
1704:
1625:
1585:
1566:. Fortunately, this was too costly to be carried out. He also surveyed
1547:
1442:
1256:
1163:
1043:
887:
in Northern Italy. It is a particular feature of both the paintings of
736:
536:
401:
329:
320:
For an artist working in the 15th century, some study of the nature of
187:
115:
2638:
Distilling Knowledge, Chemistry, Alchemy and the Scientific Revolution
845:
This quotation makes clear the breadth of Leonardo's understanding of
465:
3496:
1785:
1719:
1711:
1621:
1593:
1486:
930:
918:
869:
639:
604:. He was one of the first to draw a scientific representation of the
585:
529:
528:
and stressed that sacrum was not uniform, but composed of five fused
512:
Among the detailed images that Leonardo drew are many studies of the
362:
138:, civil engineering, optics, and the study of water (hydrodynamics).
135:
111:
62:
47:
3295:
3268:
3219:
Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
1725:
While Leonardo was working in Venice, he drew a sketch for an early
1538:
1524:
As an inventor, Leonardo was not prepared to tell all that he knew:
1277:
All the problems of perspective are made clear by the five terms of
1167:("On Painting"), which includes his findings on linear perspective.
576:
Leonardo studied internal organs, being the first to draw the human
3115:"About Doing DaVinci : Doing DaVinci : Discovery Channel"
2082:
Models of Leonardo's designs are on permanent display at Clos Lucé.
1589:
1478:
942:
862:
802:
552:
347:
70:
42:
3984:
3263:
2833:""Eyed Awry": Blind Spots and Memoria in the Zimmern Anamorphosis"
2478:
999:
Many of these drawings depict the spiralling nature of water. The
228:
On his death, the writings were left mainly to his pupil and heir
19:
1490:
1405:
1073:
1069:
938:
858:
846:
813:
740:
728:
671:
397:
202:
131:
98:
90:
66:
3733:
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist
2861:
J. Baltrusaitis, Anamorfosi o thaumaturgus opticus, Milano 2004
1707:
1689:
1605:
1592:. The bridge was intended to span an inlet at the mouth of the
1582:
1567:
1502:
1446:
1391:
1027:
Arno River. None of the major works was brought to completion.
1000:
708:
601:
597:
525:
197:
A recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by
86:
4023:
Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan)
16:
Leonardo da Vinci's inventions and his relationship to science
3906:
2957:"Engineers put Leonardo da Vinci's bridge design to the test"
2871:
1769:
There is a legend that Leonardo tested the flying machine on
1696:. Following his detailed drawing, one was constructed by the
1518:
1458:
1438:
914:
806:
675:
667:
616:
605:
321:
218:
179:
2109:(PBS), aired in October 2005, a television programme called
2991:
2258:
Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces
1563:
1454:
1248:
1104:
1100:
837:
747:
663:
581:
336:
actually had accurate scientific knowledge of the subject.
3224:
Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review)
3031:
2687:"Animations of anamorphosis of Leonardo and other artists"
2442:"Wonder Woman: 10 Interesting Facts About the Female Body"
1030:
Through experimentation, he developed ideas about natural
351:
of the light in relation to the figure can be calculated.
3239:
Digital and animated compendium of anatomy notebook pages
2839:
1673:
1609:
910:
286:
Study of the graduations of light and shade on a sphere (
3536:
Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist
3259:
Animations of anamorphosis of Leonardo and other artists
2009:
Model after Leonardo's design for the Golden Horn Bridge
1718:
had used a flintlock 'steel wheel' in order to detonate
1068:
Claims are sometimes made that Leonardo da Vinci was an
715:
516:. He was the first to describe the double S form of the
2872:"Rai Cultura - Il portale di Rai dedicato alla cultura"
1836:(of which any record has survived) ever to be devised.
1608:. A stone model of the bridge was evaluated in 2019 by
1052:
the moon, and the earth would light it as it lights us.
158:
118:, an armored fighting vehicle, the use of concentrated
3039:"The Helicopter » Leonardo Da Vinci's Inventions"
2077:
Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci
857:
of the Earth in raising the sea bed and the action of
2282:
396:
Leonardo began the formal study of the topographical
1413:
1099:, had little time for the alchemical quests to turn
797:
Leonardo's earliest dated drawing is a study of the
178:
As a scientist, Leonardo had no formal education in
1195:and a path to contrast enclosure and spaciousness.
905:
Leonardo's accurate map of Imola for Cesare Borgia.
559:. These drawings may be linked to a search for the
354:Leonardo's treatment of light in paintings such as
2517:Marusic, Ivan; Broomhall, Susan (5 January 2021).
2252:
836:And a little beyond the sandstone conglomerate, a
2477:is denounced by the geologist Ann C. Pizzorusso,
1247:While in Milan in 1496, Leonardo met a traveling
945:and relates to his plans to drain the marshland.
925:. Borgia was so impressed that he hired him as a
753:The plants which appear in the Louvre version of
4128:
3214:The Art of War: Leonardo da Vinci's War Machines
2889:Guarnieri, M. (2019). "Reconsidering Leonardo".
2775:
2773:
2516:
2439:
3229:Some digitized notebook pages with explanations
1259:. Pacioli, who first codified and recorded the
3520:
3311:
2770:
2238:. London: Constable and Company Ltd. p.
122:, the car and a gun, a rudimentary theory of
57:, Leonardo is also renowned in the fields of
3675:Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child
3141:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
2362:"Leonardo da Vinci: the search for the soul"
1574:for the city's protection against invaders.
1570:and came up with a plan to create a movable
1386:
849:, including the action of water in creating
2359:
2208:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2060:Model of wing by Leonardo da Vinci, in the
1971:
952:. Pezzutto identifies the location of the
572:Studies of a fœtus from Leonardo's journals
3318:
3304:
2981:"Da Vinci war machines "designed to fail""
2882:
1846:
1221:can be done well in the matter of drawing.
451:appear to be based on anatomical studies.
3689:Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist
2910:
2888:
2786:The Codex Atlanticus of Leonardo Da Vinci
2659:
2656:"Quicksilver" is an old name for mercury.
2542:
2203:
2062:National Museum of Science and Technology
1533:
1477:. He understood the principles governing
1298:: Painter using "glass" while drawing an
812:It had been observed for many years that
658:Comparison of the leg of a man and a dog.
2954:
2779:
2494:
1809:
1759:
1742:
1679:
1645:
1537:
1427:
1374:peculiar as to attract the attention of
1347:
1289:
1229:
1173:
1003:form had been studied in the art of the
979:
900:
822:
784:
714:
653:
631:reveal many traditional misconceptions.
567:
503:
464:
410:
382:
307:
281:
162:
18:
3159:
3134:
2519:"Leonardo da Vinci and Fluid Mechanics"
2510:
2288:
2171:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2036:Model of a fighting vehicle by Leonardo
1612:researchers. The self-supporting 1:500
1604:based on his design was constructed in
1369:(c.62, 9r.) with the title "On natural
1134:
1011:had been applied to its use in art and
4129:
3249:Leonardo da Vinci: The Leicester Codex
3008:"Youtube Video of the BBC documentary"
2733:Luca Pacioli: The Father of Accounting
2712:"Leonardo da Vinci by Walter Isaacson"
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2164:
2099:
1710:c. 1500 AD (the precedent of the
731:. There are also water plants such as
649:
391:
3325:
3299:
2630:
2573:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1795:
1703:Leonardo was the first to sketch the
520:. He also studied the inclination of
387:Study of the proportions of the head.
212:
3490:The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
3254:Leonardo's Letter to Ludovico Sforza
3177:
2891:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
2228:
1620:stone cross-sections, held together
1432:A machine for grinding convex lenses
1149:During the early 15th century, both
1082:deteriorating within a century, and
917:created in 1502 in order to win the
167:Investigating the motion of the arm.
159:Approach to scientific investigation
3283:Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman
3138:Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman
2689:. Illusionworks.com. Archived from
2665:Irma Ann Richter and Teresa Wells,
2574:Livio, Dr. Mario (8 October 2013).
2544:10.1146/annurev-fluid-022620-122816
13:
4147:Lists of inventions or discoveries
3171:
2927:
2423:, Oxford University Press, (2004)
2413:
2339:The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
2294:
2147:Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci
2137:List of works by Leonardo da Vinci
1095:and the deposit of fossils by the
933:. Leonardo also produced a map of
768:, Leonardo proposed the following
277:
14:
4163:
3761:Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm
3207:
2955:Chandler, David L. (2019-10-09).
2669:, Oxford University Press (2008)
2400:"Da Vinci clue for heart surgeon"
1414:Practical inventions and projects
969:The Virgin and Child with St Anne
4111:
4110:
3647:Studies of the Fetus in the Womb
3626:The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
3612:Study for the Madonna of the Cat
3163:The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519
3041:. leonardodavincisinventions.com
2523:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
2440:Stephanie Pappas (May 2, 2012).
2360:Del Maestro, Rolando F. (1998).
2053:
2041:
2029:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1959:
1947:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1889:
1874:
1114:Leonardo said about alchemists:
975:
600:and a detailed cross-section of
461:Studies of the Fetus in the Womb
370:
346:(about 1483) he sets the figure
141:One of Leonardo's drawings, the
3107:
3082:
3065:
3052:
3018:
3000:
2997:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 199.
2987:. Melbourne. December 14, 2002.
2973:
2948:
2935:"Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)"
2864:
2855:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2754:
2745:
2724:
2704:
2679:
2650:
2605:
2593:
2567:
2497:"Leonardo's Landscapes as Maps"
2495:Pezzutto, Donato (2012-10-24).
2488:
2465:
2452:
2433:
1826:experimental musical instrument
1688:Leonardo's notebooks also show
1631:
1285:
4065:replicas and reinterpretations
4011:Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci
3654:Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk
3408:Saint Jerome in the Wilderness
2392:
2353:
2273:
2246:
2222:
2197:
2158:
2069:
1509:, the machine for testing the
1420:Leonardo's self-propelled cart
1255:. Under him, Leonardo studied
1139:
1042:Leonardo lived at a time when
896:
246:
1:
3128:
2667:Leonardo da Vinci – Notebooks
2075:Leonardo da Vinci Gallery at
1997:Model of Leonardo's parachute
1178:Draft of the perspective for
699:musculature of a little dog.
638:led also to the design of an
475:Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova
454:
29:
4054:Conservation-restoration of
3821:Codex on the Flight of Birds
3754:Drapery of the Virgin's Legs
3380:The Madonna of the Carnation
3290:Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist
3166:. New York: Time-Life Books.
1942:, suggestive of a helicopter
1161:. In 1436 Alberti published
1037:
693:diagrams of a standing horse
642:which has come to be called
508:The organs of a woman's body
243:165 years after his death.
7:
3980:Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis
3935:Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
3640:Portrait of Isabella d'Este
3073:Public Broadcasting Service
2471:The London painting of the
2130:
2107:Public Broadcasting Service
1867:
1824:The viola organista was an
1684:Leonardo's proposed vehicle
1404:He made designs for mills,
1225:
41:(1452–1519) was an Italian
10:
4168:
4137:Leonardo da Vinci projects
4006:Museo leonardiano di Vinci
3543:The Holy Infants Embracing
2378:10.3171/jns.1998.89.5.0874
2204:Innocenzi, Plinio (2018).
2087:Victoria and Albert Museum
1985:Model of a Leonardo bridge
1799:
1736:
1635:
1542:Various hydraulic machines
1495:Amontons' laws of friction
1417:
1063:
956:to the Val di Chiana, the
909:In the early 16th century
780:
543:and cross-sections of the
458:
217:Leonardo kept a series of
4105:✻✻ Possible collaboration
4098:
4031:
3998:
3955:Giovanni Agostino da Lodi
3925:
3841:
3788:
3719:
3698:
3663:
3603:
3570:
3401:The Adoration of the Magi
3356:
3333:
3160:Wallace, Robert (1972) .
2789:. San Diego, California:
2388:– via ResearchGate.
2111:Leonardo's Dream Machines
1832:. It was the first bowed
1732:
1616:model was built from 126
1387:Engineering and invention
963:Madonna of the Yarnwinder
702:
479:Ospedale di Santo Spirito
194:solution of the enigmas.
3135:Bsmbach, Carmen (2003).
3077:Leonardo's Dream Machine
2903:10.1109/MIE.2019.2929366
2767:, Smolars, Trieste, 1957
2576:"The Da Vinci Astronomy"
2460:On the History of Plants
2183:10.1109/MAHC.1997.586074
2152:
1972:Models based on drawings
1792:which could have flown.
1521:determined by the gear.
1336:Hans Holbein the Younger
1111:that gave eternal life.
960:to the Arno Valley, the
950:cartographic perspective
469:Dissection of the skull.
294:
3199:Capra, Fritjof (2007).
2366:Journal of Neurosurgery
2350:. (accessed 2007-02-04)
2165:Kaplan, E. (Apr 1997).
1847:Inventions made reality
1273:was published in 1509.
1009:mathematical proportion
966:to the Adda Valley and
890:The Virgin of the Rocks
829:The Virgin of the Rocks
756:The Virgin of the Rocks
483:Marcantonio della Torre
357:The Virgin of the Rocks
343:The Lady with an Ermine
314:The Lady with an Ermine
149:macrocosm and microcosm
3832:A Treatise on Painting
3550:The Battle of Anghiari
3511:Saint John the Baptist
3430:Portrait of a Musician
3343:Science and inventions
3203:. New York: Doubleday.
2402:. BBC News. 2005-09-28
2120:began a series called
1821:
1765:
1758:
1748:
1685:
1665:
1651:
1560:
1543:
1534:Bridges and hydraulics
1531:
1433:
1411:
1353:
1321:
1306:
1283:
1244:
1223:
1184:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1085:The Battle of Anghiari
1054:
994:
985:
972:to the Sessia Valley.
906:
843:
832:
790:
778:
765:A Treatise on Painting
741:atmospheric conditions
720:
685:
659:
573:
509:
498:A Treatise on Painting
492:
470:
440:
430:in the same painting.
416:
415:Two anatomical studies
388:
381:
317:
306:
291:
275:
240:A Treatise on Painting
234:A Treatise on Painting
168:
83:mechanical engineering
35:
4049:Portraits of Leonardo
3724:Child with Saint Anne
3372:The Baptism of Christ
3244:BBC Leonardo homepage
3235:(Non HTML5 Available)
3028:, Paul Hamlyn, (1967)
2230:Cook, Theodore Andrea
1966:Sketch of a lifebelt
1911:for drawing parabolas
1813:
1763:
1753:
1746:
1683:
1660:
1654:Leonardo's letter to
1649:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1431:
1402:
1351:
1308:
1293:
1275:
1271:De divina proportione
1266:De divina proportione
1241:De divina proportione
1233:
1218:
1201:Adoration of the Magi
1181:Adoration of the Magi
1177:
1169:Piero della Francesca
1143:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1049:
990:
983:
904:
863:geographical features
834:
826:
788:
774:
718:
680:
657:
615:and drew a dissected
611:Leonardo studied the
596:, the muscles of the
571:
507:
487:
468:
435:
422:The Baptism of Christ
414:
406:Andrea del Verrocchio
386:
377:
334:Piero Della Francesca
311:
301:
285:
270:
258:De divina proportione
186:and did not attend a
166:
22:
3945:Bernardino de' Conti
3445:La Belle Ferronnière
2600:Da Vinci's notebooks
2260:, Hamburg: A.TE.M.,
1747:The flight of a bird
1581:project for Ottoman
1358:Treatise on Painting
1135:Mathematical studies
634:Leonardo's study of
404:when apprenticed to
153:Renaissance humanism
4090:(Galleria Borghese)
4075:Mathematics and art
4039:Cultural references
3902:Rapid fire crossbow
3892:Self-propelled cart
3666:Virgin of the Rocks
3438:Lady with an Ermine
3423:Virgin of the Rocks
2613:"Leonardo Da Vinci"
2535:2021AnRFM..53....1M
2474:Virgin of the Rocks
2458:E.g. Theophrastus,
2100:Television programs
2048:Model of a flywheel
1834:keyboard instrument
1642:Rapid fire crossbow
1381:Jurgis Baltrušaitis
1376:Francis I of France
1315:Leonardo da Vinci,
1294:Leonardo da Vinci,
1236:rhombicuboctahedron
1207:Classical buildings
861:in the creation of
789:A topographical map
650:Comparative anatomy
608:in the intrautero.
594:reproductive organs
392:Topographic anatomy
4152:Italian inventions
3855:Divina proportione
3811:Codex Trivulzianus
3775:Head of the Virgin
3768:Head of Saint Anne
3121:on April 19, 2009.
2739:2011-08-18 at the
2254:Marc van den Broek
2235:The Curves of Life
1925:gyroscopic compass
1822:
1796:Musical instrument
1766:
1749:
1686:
1652:
1544:
1457:, including angle
1434:
1400:says of Leonardo:
1354:
1307:
1245:
1238:, as published in
1185:
1159:linear perspective
986:
907:
833:
791:
721:
660:
574:
510:
471:
417:
389:
318:
292:
213:Notes and journals
169:
36:
4124:
4123:
4088:Leda and the Swan
4081:The Lost Leonardo
3897:Octant projection
3867:Harpsichord-viola
3784:
3783:
3682:Head of the Angel
3566:
3565:
3557:Leda and the Swan
3482:Lansdowne Madonna
3466:Buccleuch Madonna
3387:Ginevra de' Benci
3327:Leonardo da Vinci
3192:978-1-4020-5598-0
2731:L. Murphy Smith,
2675:978-0-19-929902-7
2617:Giants of Science
2334:Jean Paul Richter
2267:978-3-00-063700-1
2142:Ostrich Egg Globe
2118:Discovery Channel
1830:Leonardo da Vinci
1814:Viola organista (
1806:Harpsichord-viola
1694:enormous crossbow
1579:civil engineering
1483:centripetal force
1367:Codex Arundel 263
927:military engineer
630:
340:generally titled
59:civil engineering
39:Leonardo da Vinci
25:The Vitruvian Man
4159:
4114:
4113:
4070:High Renaissance
4018:Leonardo3 Museum
3960:Bernardino Luini
3882:Fighting vehicle
3796:Codex Atlanticus
3736:(London cartoon)
3720:Relating to the
3699:Studies for the
3664:Studies for the
3661:
3660:
3518:
3517:
3365:The Annunciation
3320:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3196:
3179:Moon, Francis C.
3167:
3156:
3123:
3122:
3117:. Archived from
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3024:Liana Bortolon,
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:. Nano-world.org
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2777:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2636:Bruce T. Moran,
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2357:
2351:
2331:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2162:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1963:
1954:Cannons (Firing)
1951:
1935:
1923:A water powered
1920:
1905:
1896:Walking on water
1893:
1883:Codex Atlanticus
1878:
1841:Codex Atlanticus
1817:Codex Atlanticus
1656:Ludovico il Moro
1552:Ludovico il Moro
1513:of wire and the
1511:tensile strength
1467:parallel linkage
1424:Leonardo's robot
1343:Codex Atlanticus
1319:
1317:Codex Atlanticus
1300:armillary sphere
1296:Codex Atlanticus
1216:Leonardo wrote:
1157:made studies of
988:Leonardo wrote:
984:Studies of water
851:sedimentary rock
689:Francesco Sforza
644:Leonardo's robot
628:
428:John the Baptist
375:Leonardo wrote:
299:Leonardo wrote:
268:Leonardo wrote:
34:
31:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4102:✻ Collaboration
4094:
4056:The Last Supper
4027:
3994:
3975:Francesco Melzi
3970:Marco d'Oggiono
3940:Cesare da Sesto
3921:
3912:Viola organista
3858:(illustrations)
3837:
3826:Codex Leicester
3780:
3723:
3715:
3694:
3659:
3599:
3586:Horse and Rider
3562:
3516:
3459:Sala delle Asse
3452:The Last Supper
3352:
3329:
3324:
3233:British Library
3210:
3193:
3174:
3172:Further reading
3153:
3131:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3094:Museoscienzaorg
3088:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2781:Pedretti, Carlo
2778:
2771:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:Wayback Machine
2729:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2568:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2446:livescience.com
2438:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2358:
2354:
2332:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2251:
2247:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2133:
2102:
2092:Logitech Museum
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1854:flying machines
1849:
1808:
1802:Viola organista
1800:Main articles:
1798:
1741:
1735:
1644:
1634:
1536:
1463:rack and pinion
1426:
1416:
1389:
1331:The Ambassadors
1320:
1314:
1288:
1228:
1198:The unfinished
1142:
1137:
1079:The Last Supper
1066:
1040:
978:
899:
855:tectonic action
783:
707:The science of
705:
652:
613:vascular system
562:sensus communis
535:Leonardo was a
463:
457:
394:
373:
297:
280:
278:Natural science
249:
230:Francesco Melzi
215:
161:
124:plate tectonics
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3842:Other projects
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3740:Second cartoon
3737:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3710:Head of Christ
3705:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3619:Head of a Bear
3615:
3607:
3605:
3604:Works on paper
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3579:Budapest Horse
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3521:Lost paintings
3515:
3514:
3507:
3504:La Scapigliata
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:Salvator Mundi
3470:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3394:Benois Madonna
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:External links
3206:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3081:
3079:, October 2005
3064:
3051:
3030:
3017:
3014:on 2010-10-13.
2999:
2990:
2972:
2947:
2926:
2881:
2863:
2854:
2851:978-0810906624
2838:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2800:978-3840950032
2799:
2769:
2761:Decio Gioseffi
2753:
2744:
2723:
2703:
2678:
2658:
2649:
2629:
2604:
2592:
2566:
2509:
2487:
2464:
2451:
2432:
2412:
2391:
2372:(5): 874–887.
2352:
2293:
2291:, p. 170.
2281:
2272:
2266:
2245:
2221:
2214:
2196:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:(or organ gun)
2020:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1940:"aerial screw"
1937:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1848:
1845:
1797:
1794:
1734:
1731:
1633:
1630:
1622:without mortar
1602:smaller bridge
1535:
1532:
1497:by 150 years.
1415:
1412:
1388:
1385:
1362:foreshortening
1312:
1287:
1284:
1279:mathematicians
1251:and academic,
1227:
1224:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1065:
1062:
1039:
1036:
977:
974:
898:
895:
782:
779:
770:branching rule
719:Study of sedge
704:
701:
651:
648:
514:human skeleton
456:
453:
393:
390:
372:
369:
296:
293:
279:
276:
248:
245:
214:
211:
160:
157:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4164:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3990:Andrea Solari
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:Architonnerre
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Codex Arundel
3804:
3802:
3801:Codex Windsor
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:Vitruvian Man
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:Madonna Litta
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3348:Personal life
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:List of works
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3152:0-300-09878-2
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2912:11577/3310853
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2693:on 2013-10-13
2692:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2646:0-674-01495-2
2643:
2639:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2602:on astronomy.
2601:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:0-19-280644-0
2426:
2422:
2419:Martin Kemp,
2416:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2348:0-486-22572-0
2345:
2342:Dover, 1970,
2341:
2340:
2336:editor 1880,
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2215:9783319904481
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2123:Doing DaVinci
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1658:assured him:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:Architonnerre
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:known as the
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:cantilevering
1440:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1193:walled garden
1190:
1189:Annunciations
1183:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:paint pigment
1071:
1061:
1059:
1058:heliocentrism
1053:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Classical era
1002:
997:
993:
989:
982:
976:Hydrodynamics
973:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:Chiana Valley
932:
928:
924:
923:Cesare Borgia
920:
916:
912:
903:
894:
892:
891:
886:
882:
881:Lago di Garda
877:
876:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
839:
831:
830:
825:
821:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
787:
777:
773:
771:
767:
766:
760:
758:
757:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
717:
713:
710:
700:
696:
694:
690:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
656:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:human anatomy
632:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:urinary tract
587:
583:
579:
570:
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
502:
500:
499:
491:
490:natural size.
486:
484:
480:
476:
467:
462:
452:
448:
446:
439:
434:
431:
429:
424:
423:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
385:
380:
376:
371:Human anatomy
368:
365:
364:
359:
358:
352:
349:
345:
344:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
289:
284:
274:
269:
266:
262:
260:
259:
254:
244:
242:
241:
235:
231:
226:
224:
223:mirror script
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
199:Fritjof Capra
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
165:
156:
154:
150:
146:
145:
144:Vitruvian Man
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:hydrodynamics
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
27:
26:
21:
4087:
4079:
4062:
4055:
3965:Cesare Magni
3950:Giampietrino
3927:Leonardeschi
3872:Aerial screw
3853:
3830:
3816:Codex Madrid
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3747:Christ Child
3745:
3731:
3721:
3708:
3700:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3596:(unexecuted)
3593:Sforza Horse
3591:
3584:
3577:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3342:
3282:
3274:
3200:
3185:. Springer.
3182:
3162:
3137:
3119:the original
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3076:
3067:
3054:
3043:. Retrieved
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:the original
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2964:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2929:
2897:(3): 35–38.
2894:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2841:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2785:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2715:. Retrieved
2706:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2681:
2666:
2661:
2652:
2637:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2490:
2483:glacial lake
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2420:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2394:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2337:
2333:
2289:Wallace 1972
2284:
2275:
2257:
2248:
2234:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2177:(2): 62–69.
2174:
2170:
2160:
2121:
2110:
2022:Ribauldequin
1858:
1850:
1838:
1828:invented by
1823:
1820:, 1488–1489)
1815:
1788:and a light
1783:
1776:
1771:Monte Ceceri
1767:
1754:
1750:
1724:
1702:
1698:British Army
1687:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1632:War machines
1576:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1527:
1523:
1507:rolling mill
1505:winder, the
1499:
1473:systems and
1435:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1355:
1340:
1329:
1325:anamorphosis
1322:
1309:
1286:Anamorphosis
1276:
1270:
1264:
1261:double entry
1253:Luca Pacioli
1246:
1239:
1219:
1215:
1211:anamorphosis
1199:
1197:
1186:
1179:
1162:
1151:Brunelleschi
1148:
1144:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1107:or create a
1093:Solar System
1090:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:architecture
998:
995:
991:
987:
967:
961:
958:Annunciation
957:
953:
947:
908:
888:
875:Annunciation
873:
867:
844:
835:
827:
811:
796:
792:
775:
763:
761:
754:
752:
745:
726:
722:
706:
697:
686:
681:
661:
633:
625:
610:
575:
560:
537:physiologist
534:
511:
496:
493:
488:
472:
449:
441:
436:
432:
420:
418:
395:
378:
374:
361:
355:
353:
341:
338:
325:
319:
312:
302:
298:
271:
267:
263:
256:
253:Luca Pacioli
250:
238:
233:
227:
216:
196:
192:
177:
170:
142:
140:
103:
95:pyrotechnics
52:
46:
37:
23:
3789:Manuscripts
3701:Last Supper
2876:Rai Cultura
2529:(1): 1–25.
2167:"Anecdotes"
2070:Exhibitions
1790:hang glider
1727:diving suit
1598:Golden Horn
1471:lubrication
1371:perspective
1304:perspective
1257:mathematics
1140:Perspective
1097:Great Flood
1032:fluid flows
1017:Renaissance
1007:and strict
897:Cartography
885:Lago d'Iseo
818:Great Flood
799:Arno valley
621:circulation
549:transversal
541:human skull
288:chiaroscuro
255:and called
247:Publication
184:mathematics
173:Renaissance
171:During the
128:double hull
120:solar power
79:mathematics
54:Last Supper
33: 1490
4142:Inventions
4131:Categories
3862:Great Kite
3722:Virgin and
3571:Sculptures
3129:References
3090:"Leonardo"
3060:Helicopter
3045:2016-03-21
2966:2019-10-29
2941:2013-07-24
2717:2022-07-20
2697:2013-07-18
2503:2012-11-07
2481:fact, the
2406:2013-07-18
1739:Great Kite
1737:See also:
1720:land mines
1705:wheel-lock
1650:An arsenal
1636:See also:
1626:wind shear
1618:3D-printed
1586:Beyazid II
1548:hydraulics
1418:See also:
1334:(1533) by
1164:De pictura
1044:geocentric
870:landscapes
629:(See left)
459:See also:
455:Dissection
402:human body
348:diagonally
330:Verrocchio
188:university
116:helicopter
4063:Mona Lisa
4044:Namesakes
3917:World Map
3497:Mona Lisa
3357:Paintings
3231:from the
2921:202729396
2640:, (2005)
2580:Huff Post
2561:224946752
2553:0066-4189
2386:0022-3085
2191:1058-6180
2105:The U.S.
1909:Compasses
1862:Clos Lucé
1786:parachute
1712:flintlock
1669:a vehicle
1594:Bosphorus
1397:The Lives
1070:alchemist
1038:Astronomy
954:Mona Lisa
931:architect
919:patronage
640:automaton
586:mesentery
530:vertebrae
363:Mona Lisa
326:modelling
136:astronomy
112:parachute
63:chemistry
48:Mona Lisa
4116:Category
3877:Crossbow
3181:(2007).
3026:Leonardo
2961:MIT News
2791:Harcourt
2783:(1978).
2737:Archived
2499:. OPUSeJ
2421:Leonardo
2256:(2019),
2232:(1914).
2131:See also
1868:Projects
1628:forces.
1590:Istanbul
1550:was for
1491:aerofoil
1489:and the
1487:friction
1479:momentum
1475:bearings
1439:leverage
1313:—
1226:Geometry
803:Florence
580:and the
578:appendix
553:sagittal
518:backbone
360:and the
219:journals
126:and the
71:geometry
51:and the
43:polymath
4032:Related
3999:Museums
3099:May 16,
3075:(PBS),
2985:The Age
2622:2 March
2585:2 March
2531:Bibcode
2064:, Milan
1716:Chinese
1690:cannons
1465:gears;
1447:pulleys
1406:fulling
1155:Alberti
1064:Alchemy
943:Vatican
939:Tuscany
859:erosion
847:geology
781:Geology
729:bramble
672:monkeys
557:frontal
400:of the
398:anatomy
203:Galileo
132:anatomy
99:zoology
91:physics
67:geology
3742:(lost)
3529:Medusa
3189:
3149:
2919:
2849:
2797:
2673:
2644:
2559:
2551:
2427:
2384:
2346:
2264:
2212:
2189:
1733:Flight
1708:musket
1606:Norway
1583:Sultan
1568:Venice
1503:bobbin
1451:cranks
1392:Vasari
1119:world.
1109:potion
1001:spiral
853:, the
814:strata
748:lilies
733:irises
709:botany
703:Botany
602:coitus
598:cervix
555:, and
526:sacrum
522:pelvis
438:bones.
207:Newton
114:, the
97:, and
87:optics
3985:Salaì
3907:Sonar
3887:Robot
3071:U.S.
2917:S2CID
2557:S2CID
2153:Notes
1779:rotor
1614:scale
1519:ratio
1459:gears
1455:gears
1103:into
915:Imola
807:Milan
737:sedge
676:frogs
668:birds
617:heart
606:fetus
582:lungs
545:brain
445:Melzi
322:light
295:Light
180:Latin
107:dikes
3187:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3101:2016
3058:see
2847:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2624:2020
2587:2020
2549:ISSN
2425:ISBN
2382:ISSN
2344:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2187:ISSN
2116:The
2085:The
1804:and
1640:and
1572:dyke
1564:Pisa
1515:lens
1461:and
1441:and
1422:and
1249:monk
1234:The
1153:and
1105:gold
1101:lead
929:and
911:maps
883:and
838:tufa
805:and
735:and
674:and
664:cows
524:and
304:etc.
182:and
3143:414
2907:hdl
2899:doi
2539:doi
2374:doi
2240:390
2179:doi
1938:An
1674:BBC
1610:MIT
1588:of
1394:in
1302:in
937:in
921:of
762:In
151:in
4133::
3477:✻✻
3433:✻✻
3145:.
3092:.
2983:.
2959:.
2915:.
2905:.
2895:13
2893:.
2874:.
2793:.
2772:^
2763:,
2615:.
2578:.
2555:.
2547:.
2537:.
2527:53
2525:.
2521:.
2444:.
2380:.
2370:89
2368:.
2364:.
2296:^
2185:.
2175:19
2173:.
2169:.
1856:.
1722:.
1485:,
1481:,
1469:,
1453:,
1449:,
1445:,
1338:.
1060:.
865:.
772::
743:.
670:,
666:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
551:,
547:,
501:.
485:.
447:.
290:).
205:,
155:.
134:,
101:.
93:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
30:c.
28:,
3485:✻
3469:✻
3418:✻
3375:✻
3319:e
3312:t
3305:v
3195:.
3155:.
3103:.
3048:.
2969:.
2944:.
2923:.
2909::
2901::
2878:.
2835:.
2803:.
2720:.
2700:.
2626:.
2589:.
2563:.
2541::
2533::
2506:.
2462:.
2448:.
2409:.
2376::
2242:.
2218:.
2193:.
2181::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
