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In 1911, the idea of the superintendent as a separate professional emerged. The emergence of the superintendency was linked to the adoption of a business organizational model in education. Beginning in 1914, Columbia and other universities began to teach courses on educational administration,
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Early superintendents tended to focus on instruction, with "overall fiscal affairs, school building construction, and maintenance" remaining under school district control, becoming normal responsibilities of superintendents only in the early twentieth century. By the early twentieth century,
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wrote that the US was moving "unmistakably in the direction of a profession of educational administration as distinct from teaching." By 1925, journals and books on educational administration had adopted a view of superintendents as executives, as
Cubberley had advocated.
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colonies passed ordinances directing towns "to choose men to manage the important affairs of learning, such as deciding local taxes, hiring teachers, setting wages, and determining the length of the school year." The persons responsible were frequently
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enacted legislature authorizing the election of school districts and the establishment of high schools funded by local taxes. In
January 1873, three Kalamazoo property owners filed a lawsuit challenging the law. In a unanimous decision of the
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In early
America, school board members handled the day-to-day administration of schools without the need for a superintendent. By the 1830s, however, the increasing numbers of students, as well as the consolidation of
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are the more common terms nationwide, and a variety of other labels have been used). In 1986, about 95 percent of school board members were elected, with the rest appointed by town boards, mayors, or others.
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including school finance, business methods, budgeting, and organization. Cubberley wrote a book in 1916 on this "New
Profession" and emphasized the role of superintendent as
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The role and powers of the superintendent vary among areas
According to Sharp and Walter, a popularly held opinion is that "the most important role of the
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superintendents emphasized business affairs. Important leaders in
American education at the time were George D. Strayer,
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into larger districts, led districts to begin appointing the first superintendents.
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in the first decade of the 20th century. Cubberley served as superintendent in
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and other states, which led to an increase in the number of superintendents.
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The first education laws in the United States were enacted in the
379:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Kalamazoo Public Library. Archived from
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in a respective school district report to the superintendent.
377:"The Kalamazoo School Case: Supporting High School Education"
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Stuart v. School
District No. 1 of the Village of Kalamazoo
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in 1721; this became
America's first school board. (
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92:who had additional government responsibilities.
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104:and some other regions retain the term
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191:Teachers College, Columbia University
60:body overseeing public schools. All
48:or manager in charge of a number of
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140:was the "Kalamazoo school case" (
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71:is to hire its superintendent."
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375:Timmerman, Elizabeth (2012).
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205:of schools. In 1914, the
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177:on education finance at
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425:Sharp & Walter 2004
402:Sharp & Walter 2004
356:Sharp & Walter 2004
335:Sharp & Walter 2004
320:Sharp & Walter 2004
308:Sharp & Walter 2004
195:University of Wisconsin
503:Positions of authority
280:State education agency
255:Chancellor (education)
175:doctoral dissertations
151:Michigan Supreme Court
250:CEO of public schools
136:A major event in the
123:one-room schoolhouses
18:School superintendent
242:United States portal
189:, Strayer taught at
185:and later taught at
167:Ellwood P. Cubberley
146:Michigan Legislature
131:Louisville, Kentucky
270:Provost (education)
187:Stanford University
179:Columbia University
114:board of education
69:board of education
171:Edward C. Elliott
127:Buffalo, New York
62:school principals
16:(Redirected from
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476:. Retrieved
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385:. Retrieved
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85:New England
492:Categories
291:References
296:Footnotes
183:San Diego
90:selectmen
214:See also
159:Michigan
478:June 6,
387:June 8,
75:History
32:In the
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94:Boston
44:is an
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