343:
335:
59:
685:(TGF-ÎČ) signalling in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts has been observed in multiple studies of scleroderma-affected individuals. Activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts leads to excessive deposition of collagen and other related proteins, leading to fibrosis. B cells are implicated in this stage,
1458:
As of 2012, the five-year survival rate for systemic scleroderma was about 85%, whereas the 10-year survival rate was just under 70%. This varies according to the subtype; while localized scleroderma rarely results in death, the systemic form can, and the diffuse systemic form carries a worse
1467:, and scleroderma renal crisis. People with scleroderma are also at a heightened risk for developing osteoporosis and for contracting cancer (especially liver, lung, haematologic, and bladder cancers). Scleroderma is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
1503:
Scleroderma in pregnancy is a complex situation; it increases the risk to both mother and child. Overall, scleroderma is associated with reduced fetal weight for gestational age. The treatment for scleroderma often includes known teratogens such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate,
717:. Affected individuals may experience systemic organ involvement. No single test for scleroderma works all of the time, hence diagnosis is often a matter of exclusion. Atypical scleroderma may show any variation of these changes without skin changes or with finger swelling only.
2495:
Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N, Alon D, Sånchez-Castañón M, López-Hoyos M, et al. (June 2011). "Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature".
314:
About three per 100,000 people per year develop the systemic form. The condition most often begins in middle age. Women are more often affected than men. Scleroderma symptoms were first described in 1753 by Carlo Curzio and then well documented in 1842. The term is from the
704:
is implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease. An inverse correlation between plasma levels of vitamin D and scleroderma severity has been noted, and vitamin D is known to play a crucial role in regulating (usually suppressing) the actions of the immune system.
249:. The disease can be either localized to the skin or involve other organs, as well. Symptoms may include areas of thickened skin, stiffness, feeling tired, and poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure. One form of the condition, known as
1470:
According to a study of an
Australian cohort, between 1985 and 2015, the average life expectancy of a person with scleroderma increased from 66 years to 74 years (the average Australian life expectancy increased from 76 to 82 years in the same period).
818:
Scleroderma is characterised by the appearance of circumscribed or diffuse, hard, smooth, ivory-colored areas that are immobile and which give the appearance of hidebound skin, a disease occurring in both localised and systemic forms:
2190:
Marie I, Gehanno JF, Bubenheim M, Duval-Modeste AB, Joly P, Dominique S, et al. (February 2014). "Prospective study to evaluate the association between systemic sclerosis and occupational exposure and review of the literature".
1482:
This disease is found worldwide. In the United States, prevalence is estimated at 240 per million and the annual incidence of scleroderma is 19 per million people. Likewise in the United States, it is slightly more common in
2024:
3482:
3459:
4655:
732:(causing a limited systemic form and the CREST syndrome). Other autoantibodies can be seen, such as anti-U3 or anti-RNA polymerase. Antidouble-stranded DNA autoantibodies are likely to be present in serum.
3574:
1479:
Scleroderma most commonly first presents between the ages of 20 and 50 years, although any age group can be affected. Women are four to nine times more likely to develop scleroderma than men.
605:
and vasoconstriction becomes askew, and the net result is vasoconstriction. The damaged endothelium then serves as a point of origin for blood-clot formation and further contributes to
4648:
3312:
Kennedy N, Walker J, Hakendorf P, Roberts-Thomson P (23 March 2018). "Improving life expectancy of patients with scleroderma: results from the South
Australian Scleroderma Register".
2016:
1487:
than in their white counterparts. Choctaw Native
Americans are more likely than Americans of European descent to develop the type of scleroderma that affects internal organs. In
3567:
5410:
713:
Typical scleroderma is classically defined as symmetrical skin thickening, with about 70% of cases also presenting with
Raynaud's phenomenon, nail-fold capillary changes, and
4641:
311:. In those with systemic disease, life expectancy can be affected, and this varies based on subtype. Death is often due to lung, gastrointestinal, or heart complications.
2673:
Walker KM, Pope J (August 2012). "Treatment of systemic sclerosis complications: what to use when first-line treatment fails--a consensus of systemic sclerosis experts".
1175:
3560:
773:
is an autoimmune condition that occurs as a result of bone-marrow transplants in which the immune cells from the transplanted bone marrow attack the host's body.
5137:
1676:
Barnes J, Mayes MD (March 2012). "Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers".
2347:
Cipriani P, Marrelli A, Liakouli V, Di
Benedetto P, Giacomelli R (August 2011). "Cellular players in angiogenesis during the course of systemic sclerosis".
4986:
4976:
2382:
Bosello S, De Luca G, Tolusso B, Lama G, Angelucci C, Sica G, et al. (August 2011). "B cells in systemic sclerosis: a possible target for therapy".
5403:
5185:
2606:
Jimenez, SA, Cronin, PM, Koenig, AS, O'Brien, MS, Castro, SV (15 February 2012). Varga, J, Talavera, F, Goldberg, E, Mechaber, AJ, Diamond, HS (eds.).
2575:
Jimenez, SA, Cronin, PM, Koenig, AS, O'Brien, MS, Castro, SV (15 February 2012). Varga, J, Talavera, F, Goldberg, E, Mechaber, AJ, Diamond, HS (eds.).
2531:
Jimenez, SA, Cronin, PM, Koenig, AS, O'Brien, MS, Castro, SV (15 February 2012). Varga, J, Talavera, F, Goldberg, E, Mechaber, AJ, Diamond, HS (eds.).
2312:
Liakouli V, Cipriani P, Marrelli A, Alvaro S, Ruscitti P, Giacomelli R (August 2011). "Angiogenic cytokines and growth factors in systemic sclerosis".
2046:
Jimenez, SA, Cronin, PM, Koenig, AS, O'Brien, MS, Castro, SV (15 February 2012). Varga, J, Talavera, F, Goldberg, E, Mechaber, AJ, Diamond, HS (eds.).
652:, which furthers the autoimmune component of the condition. T cells differentiate into subsets, including Th2 cells, which play a vital role in tissue
358:(is the presenting symptom in 30% of affected persons, occurs in 95% of affected individuals at some time during their illness); healed pitting
834:
5664:
5396:
4067:
2845:
Beyer C, Dees C, Distler JH (January 2013). "Morphogen pathways as molecular targets for the treatment of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis".
2584:
2055:
1790:
1617:
2615:
2540:
1933:
2825:
1832:
1386:
589:(fewer endothelial progenitor cells), likely related to the presence of antiendothelinal cell antibodies (AECA). Despite this impaired
1038:
Experimental therapies under investigation include endothelin receptor antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, beta-glycan peptides,
4749:
375:
2711:
Fett N (JulyâAugust 2013). "Scleroderma: nomenclature, etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatments: facts and controversies".
288:, which is believed to be the result of the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, supported by a
4990:
4961:
4783:
4766:
1491:, the prevalence is between 10 and 150 per million people, and the annual incidence is between three and 28 per million people. In
1055:
4835:
4820:
1171:
1140:
977:
1203:
hepatotoxicity, heart dysfunction/failure, myocardial infarction, QT interval prolongation, renal failure and hypersensitivity.
5626:
5120:
4374:
3265:"Systemic sclerosis and risk of cardiovascular disease: A PRISMA-compliant systemic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
1572:
5282:
3116:
3091:
304:
191:
4810:
2086:
1967:
5262:
5250:
3140:
1285:
636:, which enables the development of innate and adaptive immune responses, including loss of tolerance to various oxidised
1153:
Nitrogen mustard that cross-links DNA base pairs, leading to breakages and triggering apoptosis in haematopoietic cells.
5364:
5257:
5195:
4156:
2654:
1975:
1927:
981:
844:
598:
2260:
1446:
The preferred pregnancy category, above, is
Australian, if available. If unavailable, an American one is substituted.
751:(a type of immune cell that attacks parasites and is involved in certain allergic reactions) are present in the blood.
5606:
5305:
4939:
4057:
1900:
1826:
1069:
276:
The cause is unknown, but it may be due to an abnormal immune response. Risk factors include family history, certain
5443:
5245:
5113:
4754:
4166:
767:
affects the connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscles, bones, blood vessels, and nerves in the arms and legs.
5543:
5320:
5310:
5292:
4934:
967:
389:
149:
682:
5519:
4929:
4924:
4744:
4125:
3751:
2109:
Balbir-Gurman A, Braun-Moscovici Y (February 2012). "Scleroderma â new aspects in pathogenesis and treatment".
876:
807:
802:
594:
1199:
Fluid retention, myelosuppression, haemorrhage, infections, pulmonary hypertension, electrolyte anomalies and
5448:
5277:
5147:
5132:
4949:
4825:
4318:
4009:
3846:
1399:
906:
890:
No cure for scleroderma is known, although relief of symptoms is often achieved; these include treatment of:
786:
754:
721:
412:
342:
5649:
5435:
5124:
4944:
4692:
4485:
4240:
3931:
3861:
1525:
153:
17:
2460:
Leask A (June 2011). "The role of endothelin-1 signaling in the fibrosis observed in systemic sclerosis".
5267:
5108:
4971:
4870:
4739:
4734:
4716:
4235:
3766:
3721:
1992:
1953:
988:
307:(NSAIDs). Outcome depends on the extent of disease. Those with localized disease generally have a normal
3540:
5611:
4687:
4633:
4588:
4308:
2417:
Hunzelmann N, Krieg T (May 2010). "Scleroderma: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches".
1987:
729:
3355:
Nikpour M, Stevens WM, Herrick AL, Proudman SM (December 2010). "Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis".
5420:
5142:
5088:
4759:
4682:
4510:
953:
796:
780:
770:
416:
3552:
1782:
5485:
5315:
4704:
4699:
4353:
3999:
3936:
3831:
2646:
898:
383:
3216:"Preventative Care in Scleroderma: What Is the Best Approach to Bone Health and Cancer Screening?"
3167:"Systemic sclerosis-dermatological aspects. Part 1: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings"
5494:
5272:
5060:
4618:
4313:
4032:
4004:
3634:
2147:
Dospinescu P, Jones GT, Basu N (March 2013). "Environmental risk factors in systemic sclerosis".
1259:
1094:
944:
910:
894:
614:
495:
479:
355:
2576:
2047:
5659:
5601:
5596:
5000:
4805:
4593:
4505:
3821:
1917:
1609:
1460:
764:
430:
144:
5591:
3529:
2607:
2532:
1890:
1816:
5463:
5175:
4956:
4888:
4815:
4495:
4422:
4110:
3644:
3624:
2802:
1317:
1163:
824:
714:
258:
4911:
1495:, the annual incidence is 23 per million people, and the prevalence 233 per million people.
5586:
5514:
5338:
5200:
5152:
4981:
4966:
4845:
4795:
4778:
4729:
3841:
3639:
3614:
3435:
1419:
866:
849:
690:
566:
ensue, leading to the vascular leakiness that manifests in early clinical stages as tissue
531:
491:
454:
440:
98:
31:
2277:
Katsumoto TR, Whitfield ML, Connolly MK (2011). "The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis".
8:
5476:
5330:
5190:
5097:
5028:
5008:
4800:
4563:
4500:
4475:
4449:
4303:
4281:
3876:
3836:
3756:
3746:
3486:
2639:
2290:
924:
839:
514:
exposure seems to contribute to the condition in a small proportion of affected persons.
5570:
3240:
3215:
991:
with immunosuppressants is often used. Immunosuppressants used in its treatment include
5654:
5562:
5388:
5210:
5023:
4919:
4412:
4276:
4161:
4120:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3811:
3337:
3289:
3264:
3196:
3057:
3009:
2984:
2960:
2935:
2916:
2870:
2775:
2750:
2724:
2442:
2172:
1871:
1752:
1727:
1701:
1509:
1508:, etc., so careful avoidance of such drugs during pregnancy is advised. In these cases
1464:
1374:
859:
625:
610:
371:
230:
3494:
3491:
1859:
1564:
5180:
5066:
5013:
4883:
4865:
4855:
4470:
4176:
4052:
4047:
3926:
3900:
3826:
3816:
3654:
3629:
3414:
3372:
3329:
3294:
3245:
3188:
3183:
3166:
3112:
3087:
3049:
3014:
2965:
2908:
2862:
2817:
2780:
2728:
2690:
2686:
2650:
2513:
2477:
2434:
2430:
2399:
2364:
2329:
2294:
2252:
2208:
2164:
2126:
2082:
1923:
1896:
1863:
1822:
1757:
1693:
1443:
PO = Oral. IV = Intravenous. IM = Intramuscular. SC = Subcutaneous. IT = Intrathecal.
1275:
kidney failure, hypersensitivity reactions, skin and bone necrosis, and osteoporosis
970:
with endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, and prostanoids
829:
776:
664:
539:
503:
285:
130:
74:
3061:
2920:
2874:
2446:
2176:
1875:
1705:
1459:
prognosis than the limited form. The major scleroderma-related causes of death are:
1093:
Monoclonal antibody to inhibit T lymphocyte activation by binding to CD2 portion of
5558:
5539:
5354:
5235:
5205:
5018:
4850:
4568:
4417:
4323:
4271:
4141:
3916:
3851:
3406:
3364:
3341:
3321:
3284:
3276:
3235:
3227:
3200:
3178:
3041:
3004:
2996:
2955:
2947:
2900:
2854:
2770:
2762:
2720:
2682:
2505:
2469:
2426:
2391:
2356:
2321:
2286:
2242:
2200:
2156:
2118:
1855:
1747:
1739:
1685:
1484:
1423:
1378:
1313:
1148:
1132:
1000:
957:
854:
559:
555:
5621:
5481:
5453:
4553:
4480:
4151:
3866:
3711:
3649:
3410:
3045:
2904:
2766:
2509:
2395:
2360:
2325:
2204:
2160:
1997:
1689:
1530:
1492:
1190:
inhibitor against various proangiogenic growth factors (including PDGF and VEGF).
1187:
657:
641:
511:
308:
296:
295:
While no cure is known, treatment may improve symptoms. Medications used include
183:
171:
161:
3280:
5524:
4840:
4774:
4613:
4603:
4520:
4062:
3890:
3368:
2473:
2122:
1948:
1513:
1234:
1227:
1121:
1008:
871:
790:
678:
586:
448:
408:
and its complications, loosening of teeth, and hoarseness (due to acid reflux).
405:
363:
334:
270:
250:
246:
3472:
3468:
3231:
3132:
3000:
2858:
2605:
2574:
2530:
2045:
1743:
27:
Group of autoimmune diseases resulting in abnormal growth of connective tissue
5643:
5373:
5359:
5300:
4830:
4598:
4573:
4528:
4490:
4358:
4225:
4085:
4037:
3969:
3941:
3032:
Ong VH, Denton CP (May 2010). "Innovative therapies for systemic sclerosis".
2247:
1983:
1505:
1370:
anaemia, thrombocytopenia, angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and
1280:
1004:
902:
689:
and TGF-ÎČ produced by the B cells decrease collagen degradation and increase
686:
535:
316:
266:
238:
3476:
411:
Pulmonary: progressive worsening of shortness of breath, chest pain (due to
5490:
5227:
5043:
4543:
4115:
4095:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3736:
3418:
3376:
3333:
3298:
3249:
3192:
3053:
3018:
2969:
2912:
2866:
2821:
2784:
2732:
2694:
2517:
2481:
2438:
2403:
2368:
2333:
2298:
2256:
2227:
2212:
2168:
2130:
1867:
1761:
1697:
1415:
1305:
1253:
1115:
1039:
996:
992:
961:
948:
758:
744:
649:
602:
590:
582:
523:
483:
458:
401:
379:
367:
300:
187:
157:
79:
3438:â US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
2891:
Leask A (June 2012). "Emerging targets for the treatment of scleroderma".
5033:
4898:
4678:
4578:
4105:
3771:
3524:
3086:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
1435:
1411:
1382:
1363:
1120:
Purine analogue that inhibits lymphocyte proliferation via conversion to
1107:
1047:
1043:
748:
551:
547:
478:
Scleroderma is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in
444:
289:
136:
113:
4663:
2983:
Postlethwaite AE, Harris LJ, Raza SH, Kodura S, Akhigbe T (April 2010).
554:. The inciting event is yet to be elucidated, but may be a viral agent,
346:
Dark, shiny skin on distal phalanges of both hands in systemic sclerosis
5240:
4670:
4538:
4379:
4256:
3974:
3946:
3716:
1271:
Myeosuppression, pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and
928:
725:
694:
670:
660:
466:
422:
254:
234:
178:
38:
3451:
3325:
2951:
2803:"Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic sclerosis"
1402:
inhibitor, thereby reducing cytokine-induced lymphocyte proliferation.
5616:
4902:
4725:
4710:
4583:
4533:
4297:
3884:
3856:
3761:
3596:
3582:
3500:
3311:
1394:
1344:
1325:
1309:
1182:
1088:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
701:
633:
629:
606:
563:
397:
393:
262:
199:
3397:
Lidar M, Langevitz P (May 2012). "Pregnancy issues in scleroderma".
2346:
2077:
Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2011).
5471:
4608:
4230:
4210:
4146:
4100:
4042:
3979:
3921:
3741:
3690:
3619:
3535:
1208:
1024:
938:
932:
918:
674:
653:
637:
571:
527:
434:
277:
119:
3505:
2225:
2189:
5222:
5167:
4407:
4261:
4171:
4090:
4077:
4027:
3956:
3680:
3675:
3670:
1488:
1381:, serum sickness, severe skin conditions, pulmonary infiltrates,
1288:
inhibitor, leading to reduced purine biosynthesis in lymphocytes.
914:
645:
507:
499:
426:
242:
67:
2228:"Pathogenesis and treatment modalities of localized scleroderma"
5369:
5082:
5038:
4878:
4790:
4019:
3964:
3731:
3726:
3700:
3609:
3463:
3106:
1728:"The immune pathogenesis of scleroderma: context is everything"
581:
After this, the vasculature is further compromised by impaired
567:
487:
462:
359:
281:
123:
3109:
2311:
1533:, (developed scleroderma in the years leading up to her death)
58:
3685:
3354:
3136:
2982:
2645:(10 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. pp.
1976:
1968:
973:
Gastrooesophageal reflux disease with antacids or prokinetics
2108:
943:
Malnutrition, secondary to intestinal flora overgrowth with
601:
is often seen in persons with the condition. The balance of
4860:
4266:
3785:
3604:
2800:
2494:
1350:
593:, elevated levels of pro-angiogenic growth factors such as
575:
284:. The underlying mechanism involves the abnormal growth of
2276:
1846:
Denton CP, Khanna D (October 2017). "Systemic sclerosis".
2381:
618:
30:
This article is about the disease. For the mushroom, see
5418:
1064:
Immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of scleroderma
3213:
2076:
3214:
Calderon LM, Domsic RT, Shah AA, Pope JE (May 2023).
3111:(12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
2636:
2226:
ValanÄienÄ G, JasaitienÄ D, ValiukeviÄienÄ S (2010).
2081:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
1106:
Malignancies, injection site reactions, blood clots,
793:
that results in fibrosis (thickening) of the tissues.
783:, a rare cancer that causes rashes all over the body.
740:
Diseases that are often in the differential include:
546:
It begins with an inciting event at the level of the
338:
Arm of a person with scleroderma showing skin lesions
4664:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
3441:
3263:
Cen X, Feng S, Wei S, Yan L, Sun L (November 2020).
1725:
4977:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
3357:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
3171:
Journal der
Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft
2641:
Andrew's diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology
2146:
2111:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
1915:
5138:Lupus erythematosusâlichen planus overlap syndrome
2638:
1385:, cranial neuropathy (vision or hearing loss) and
3583:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
697:is implicated in the pathophysiology of fibrosis.
5641:
2844:
534:), damage to small blood vessels, activation of
2416:
1569:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
1430:pulmonary haemorrhage, nephrotic syndrome, and
5186:Morpheaâlichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
3396:
2801:Kowal-Bielecka O, Bielecki M, Kowal K (2013).
2637:Elston W, James WD, Berger TG, Dirk M (2006).
1366:, reduced immunoglobulin levels, arrhythmias,
835:Morphea-lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
542:. Its proposed pathogenesis is the following:
267:thickening of the skin of the fingers and toes
5404:
4649:
4068:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
3568:
3262:
2751:"My approach to the treatment of scleroderma"
1726:Greenblatt MB, Aliprantis AO (January 2013).
3722:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
3107:Brunton, L, Chabner, B, Knollman, B (2010).
2014:
1845:
1239:Immunoglobulin, modulates the immune system.
3164:
1675:
5411:
5397:
4656:
4642:
3575:
3561:
3220:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
2748:
2672:
2079:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1922:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1366.
1888:
1818:Current Opinions in Pediatric Rheumatology
1656:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1387:progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
617:. These later stages are characterised by
522:Scleroderma is characterised by increased
57:
4750:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
3288:
3239:
3182:
3031:
3008:
2959:
2933:
2774:
2706:
2704:
2246:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
1916:Firestein GS, Kelley WN, Budd RC (2012).
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
482:genes seem to play a crucial role in the
66:A type of localized scleroderma known as
4991:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
4962:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
4784:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
4767:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
3081:
2142:
2140:
2070:
1810:
1808:
1056:haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
978:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
673:are recruited and activated by multiple
341:
333:
4836:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
4821:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3160:
3158:
2985:"Pharmacotherapy of systemic sclerosis"
2840:
2838:
2744:
2742:
1653:
1587:
1544:
1362:Infusion-related reactions, infection,
1226:GI perforation, avascular necrosis and
1172:hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
1141:hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
570:. At this stage, it is predominantly a
14:
5642:
5627:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
4693:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
4375:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
2886:
2884:
2796:
2794:
2701:
2668:
2666:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2270:
2095:
1768:
1712:
1662:
1632:
1023:, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors,
937:Prevention of new digital ulcers with
799:is an autoimmune disease of the liver.
728:(causing a diffuse systemic form), or
350:Potential signs and symptoms include:
5392:
5283:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
4987:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
4637:
3556:
3143:from the original on 13 November 2013
3133:"Medscape Multispecialty â Home page"
2936:"Immunotherapy of systemic sclerosis"
2890:
2810:Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej
2459:
2137:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1814:
1805:
1575:from the original on 8 September 2016
1353:, which is expressed on B lymphocytes
329:
305:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
271:areas of small, dilated blood vessels
192:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
5665:Systemic connective tissue disorders
4811:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
3383:
3155:
3125:
2835:
2739:
2710:
2675:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
2608:"Scleroderma Differential Diagnoses"
2599:
2524:
2291:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130312
2039:
1620:from the original on 25 January 2017
757:is a form of eosinophilia caused by
624:The damaged endothelium upregulates
362:on the fingertips; skin and mucosal
5263:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
3068:
2881:
2847:Archives of Dermatological Research
2791:
2663:
2555:
2048:"Scleroderma Clinical Presentation"
1516:might be used for disease control.
1286:Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
1170:heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis,
982:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
415:) and dry, persistent cough due to
24:
5365:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
5258:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
5196:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
4200:
4157:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
3100:
2725:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.010
2003:
1946:
1139:malignancy, hepatitis, infection,
1095:human leukocyte function antigen-3
845:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
517:
233:that may result in changes to the
25:
5676:
5306:Reactive perforating collagenosis
4940:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
4058:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
3429:
2989:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
2934:Manno R, Boin F (November 2010).
2749:Shah AA, Wigley FM (April 2013).
2618:from the original on 6 March 2014
2587:from the original on 6 March 2014
2543:from the original on 6 March 2014
2058:from the original on 6 March 2014
2027:from the original on 6 March 2014
1919:Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology
1654:Jameson L (2018). "Chapter 353".
1110:, hepatotoxicity and infections.
813:
789:is a condition usually caused by
747:is a condition in which too many
429:, loss of joint range of motion,
220:3 per 100,000 per year (systemic)
4755:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
4167:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
3184:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.07999.x
2893:Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
2831:from the original on 2014-03-06.
2687:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.01.003
2431:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01082.x
2266:from the original on 2014-03-06.
2023:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
1936:from the original on 2017-08-04.
1835:from the original on 2017-09-06.
1821:. Nova Publishers. p. 302.
1793:from the original on 4 July 2017
1783:"Handout on Health: Scleroderma"
1143:and hypersensitivity reactions.
5544:Mixed connective tissue disease
5321:Acquired perforating dermatosis
5311:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
5251:JadassohnâPellizzari anetoderma
4177:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
3348:
3305:
3256:
3207:
3034:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
3025:
2976:
2927:
2630:
2488:
2453:
2410:
2375:
2340:
2305:
2219:
2183:
2149:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
1961:
1940:
1909:
1895:. Academic Press. p. 369.
1678:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
1474:
1301:GI perforation/haemorrhage and
1297:Myelosuppression, blood clots,
968:Pulmonary arterial hypertension
964:with or without corticosteroids
735:
677:and growth factors to generate
390:gastroesophageal reflux disease
150:Mixed connective tissue disease
5520:Progressive systemic sclerosis
4745:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
4418:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
4126:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
3752:Infantile digital fibromatosis
3436:Handout on Health: Scleroderma
3165:Sticherling M (October 2012).
1882:
1839:
907:serotonin receptor antagonists
877:Progressive systemic sclerosis
808:Complex regional pain syndrome
803:Primary pulmonary hypertension
13:
1:
5607:Eosinophiliaâmyalgia syndrome
5278:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
4950:Patch-type granuloma annulare
4826:Inverted follicular keratosis
4010:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3847:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
3084:Australian Medicines Handbook
1860:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30933-9
1658:(20th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1537:
1418:, interstitial lung disease,
787:Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
755:Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome
413:pulmonary artery hypertension
5436:Systemic lupus erythematosus
5246:SchweningerâBuzzi anetoderma
4945:Localized granuloma annulare
4486:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4241:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3932:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3411:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.021
3046:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328337c3d6
2905:10.1517/14728214.2012.678833
2767:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.018
2510:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.02.002
2396:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.013
2361:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.016
2326:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.019
2205:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.002
2161:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835cfc2d
1732:Current Rheumatology Reports
1690:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834ff2e8
1526:Congenital fascial dystrophy
1498:
1453:
1349:Monoclonal antibody against
1162:Vomiting, myelosuppression,
885:
722:antitopoisomerase antibodies
720:Laboratory testing can show
708:
683:transforming growth factor ÎČ
538:, and production of altered
154:systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
5421:connective tissue disorders
4972:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
4871:Waxy keratosis of childhood
4740:Common seborrheic keratosis
4735:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
4717:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
3767:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
3281:10.1097/MD.0000000000023009
1954:Online Etymology Dictionary
1889:Mackay IR, Rose NR (2006).
1519:
989:disease-modifying treatment
370:, irregular heart rate and
212:: Decreased life expectancy
10:
5681:
4688:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
4589:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
3369:10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.007
2474:10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.011
2279:Annual Review of Pathology
2123:10.1016/j.berh.2012.01.011
2015:Hajj-ali, RA (June 2013).
1977:
1969:
897:with vasodilators such as
453:Other: facial pain due to
36:
29:
5579:
5556:
5535:
5505:
5462:
5449:LibmanâSacks endocarditis
5434:
5427:
5347:
5329:
5291:
5221:
5161:
5096:
5081:
5052:
4999:
4910:
4897:
4760:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
4683:Keratoderma climactericum
4669:
4552:
4519:
4463:
4448:
4439:
4396:
4367:
4346:
4337:
4290:
4249:
4218:
4207:
4189:
4134:
4076:
4018:
3955:
3875:
3804:
3793:
3784:
3699:
3663:
3595:
3588:
3515:
3445:
3314:Internal Medicine Journal
3232:10.1016/j.rdc.2023.01.011
3001:10.1517/14656561003592177
2859:10.1007/s00403-012-1304-7
2021:Merck Manual Professional
1744:10.1007/s11926-012-0297-8
1442:
1063:
954:Interstitial lung disease
797:Primary biliary cirrhosis
781:cutaneous T cell lymphoma
771:Graft-versus-host disease
730:anticentromere antibodies
417:interstitial lung disease
280:factors, and exposure to
253:, classically results in
216:
198:
177:
167:
143:
129:
112:
104:
93:
85:
73:
65:
56:
51:
5486:Juvenile dermatomyositis
5316:Perforating folliculitis
5268:Semicircular lipoatrophy
4705:Drug-induced keratoderma
4354:Thrombocytopenic purpura
4000:Dermatitis herpetiformis
3985:Acute contact dermatitis
3937:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
3862:WiskottâAldrich syndrome
3832:Lichen simplex chronicus
3712:Epidermal inclusion cyst
3177:(10): 705â18, quiz 716.
2462:Pharmacological Research
2419:Experimental Dermatology
2248:10.3390/medicina46100092
945:tetracycline antibiotics
899:calcium channel blockers
486:of some cases; likewise
473:
384:congestive heart failure
207:: Normal life expectancy
118:Family history, certain
37:Not to be confused with
5495:Inclusion body myositis
5273:Follicular atrophoderma
5061:eosinophilic dermatosis
4619:Squamous-cell carcinoma
4614:Systemic histoplasmosis
4005:Porphyria cutanea tarda
3635:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2755:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1993:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
1892:The Autoimmune Diseases
1260:dihydrofolate reductase
1077:Route of administration
911:angiotensin II receptor
615:reactive oxygen species
5612:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
5602:Eosinophilic fasciitis
5597:Polymyalgia rheumatica
5001:Foreign body granuloma
4912:Necrobiotic/palisading
4806:Chronic scar keratosis
4594:Cicatricial pemphigoid
4511:Acne keloidalis nuchae
4506:Folliculitis decalvans
3082:Rossi, S, ed. (2013).
2713:Clinics in Dermatology
1461:pulmonary hypertension
765:Eosinophilic fasciitis
715:antinuclear antibodies
613:and the generation of
447:, kidney problems, or
431:carpal tunnel syndrome
347:
339:
145:Differential diagnosis
5464:Inflammatory myopathy
5176:Localized scleroderma
4957:Necrobiosis lipoidica
4889:Cutis verticis gyrata
4816:Hydrocarbon keratosis
4700:Aquagenic keratoderma
4496:Loose anagen syndrome
4423:Necrobiosis lipoidica
4359:Actinic/solar purpura
4033:Insect bite reactions
3822:Seborrheic dermatitis
3645:Merkel-cell carcinoma
3625:Molluscum contagiosum
1984:Liddell, Henry George
1318:pure red cell aplasia
1258:Antifolate; inhibits
1164:haemorrhagic cystitis
825:Localised scleroderma
695:Endothelin signalling
663:, in turn, stimulate
345:
337:
122:factors, exposure to
5587:IgG4-related disease
5515:Systemic scleroderma
5339:Pyoderma gangrenosum
5201:Pansclerotic morphea
4982:Rheumatoid nodulosis
4967:Granuloma multiforme
4846:Reactional keratosis
4796:Ichthyosis acquisita
4779:Acanthosis nigricans
4730:Seborrheic keratosis
4671:Epidermal thickening
4319:Annulare centrifugum
3842:Glucagonoma syndrome
3640:Basal-cell carcinoma
3615:Seborrheic keratosis
3399:Autoimmunity Reviews
2533:"Scleroderma Workup"
2498:Autoimmunity Reviews
2384:Autoimmunity Reviews
2349:Autoimmunity Reviews
2314:Autoimmunity Reviews
2193:Autoimmunity Reviews
2017:"Systemic Sclerosis"
1854:(10103): 1685â1699.
1420:pericardial effusion
923:Digital ulcers with
917:, local nitrates or
895:Raynaud's phenomenon
867:Systemic scleroderma
850:Pansclerotic morphea
691:extracellular matrix
658:Antiâtopoisomerase 1
455:trigeminal neuralgia
441:erectile dysfunction
396:, loss of appetite,
356:Raynaud's phenomenon
99:systemic scleroderma
32:Scleroderma (fungus)
5650:Autoimmune diseases
5477:Dermatopolymyositis
5191:Generalized morphea
5029:Zirconium granuloma
5009:Beryllium granuloma
4877:other hypertrophy:
4831:Lichenoid keratosis
4801:Arsenical keratosis
4564:Aphthous stomatitis
4501:Lichen planopilaris
4476:Androgenic alopecia
4282:Fixed drug eruption
3857:Pemphigus foliaceus
3757:Granular cell tumor
1434:hepatotoxicity and
1074:Mechanism of action
976:Kidney crises with
925:phosphodiesterase 5
840:Generalised morphea
322:meaning "hard" and
231:autoimmune diseases
135:Based on symptoms,
5211:Linear scleroderma
5024:Silicone granuloma
4920:Granuloma annulare
4584:Pemphigus vulgaris
4413:Granuloma annulare
4277:Carcinoid syndrome
4162:Tuberous sclerosis
4121:Coccidioidomycosis
3995:Bullous pemphigoid
3990:Pemphigus vulgaris
3922:Secondary syphilis
3812:Contact dermatitis
3516:External resources
2612:Medscape Reference
2581:Medscape Reference
2537:Medscape Reference
2052:Medscape Reference
1510:hydroxychloroquine
1465:pulmonary fibrosis
1375:haemolytic anaemia
1265:PO, IV, IM, SC, IT
1080:Pregnancy category
927:inhibitors (e.g.,
860:Linear scleroderma
626:adhesion molecules
611:reperfusion injury
578:-mediated disease.
348:
340:
330:Signs and symptoms
259:Raynaud's syndrome
5637:
5636:
5552:
5551:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5181:Localized morphea
5153:Rowell's syndrome
5077:
5076:
5067:Granuloma faciale
5014:Mercury granuloma
4884:Hypertrophic scar
4866:Warty dyskeratoma
4856:Thermal keratosis
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4471:Telogen effluvium
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4333:
4332:
4185:
4184:
4053:Lichen spinulosus
4048:Keratosis pilaris
3927:Mycosis fungoides
3827:Stasis dermatitis
3817:Atopic dermatitis
3780:
3779:
3655:Trichoepithelioma
3630:Actinic keratosis
3550:
3549:
3326:10.1111/imj.13799
3118:978-0-07-162442-8
3093:978-0-9805790-9-3
2952:10.2217/imt.10.69
1485:African Americans
1451:
1450:
1174:, malignancy and
1083:Major toxicities
830:Localised morphea
777:Mycosis fungoides
665:type I interferon
640:, which includes
558:, or autoimmune.
540:connective tissue
504:trichloroethylene
469:, and weight loss
421:Musculoskeletal:
400:alternating with
286:connective tissue
224:
223:
131:Diagnostic method
46:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5672:
5592:Behçet's disease
5571:Sjögren syndrome
5559:hypersensitivity
5540:Overlap syndrome
5444:Drug-induced SLE
5432:
5431:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5355:Calcinosis cutis
5236:Lichen sclerosus
5206:Morphea profunda
5094:
5093:
5019:Silica granuloma
4908:
4907:
4851:Stucco keratosis
4658:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4569:Oral candidiasis
4446:
4445:
4344:
4343:
4272:Erythema nodosum
4216:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4142:Tinea versicolor
3980:Bullous impetigo
3917:Pityriasis rosea
3852:Lichen sclerosus
3837:Darier's disease
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3747:Kaposi's sarcoma
3593:
3592:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3443:
3442:
3423:
3422:
3405:(6â7): A515â19.
3394:
3381:
3380:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3186:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2572:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:978-0-07174889-6
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2012:
2001:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1815:Unsal E (2006).
1812:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1606:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1424:pleural effusion
1379:aplastic anaemia
1339:As per imatinib
1330:As per dasatinib
1314:aplastic anaemia
1149:Cyclophosphamide
1133:Myelosuppression
1061:
1060:
1001:cyclophosphamide
958:cyclophosphamide
855:Morphea profunda
560:Endothelial cell
556:oxidative stress
530:(leading to the
354:Cardiovascular:
326:meaning "skin".
292:or blood tests.
255:calcium deposits
61:
49:
48:
21:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5622:Marfan syndrome
5575:
5548:
5531:
5501:
5482:Dermatomyositis
5458:
5454:Lupus nephritis
5423:
5417:
5387:
5378:
5343:
5325:
5287:
5226:
5217:
5166:
5157:
5099:
5098:Cutaneous lupus
5086:
5073:
5053:Other/ungrouped
5048:
4995:
4893:
4861:Viral keratosis
4665:
4662:
4632:
4623:
4555:
4548:
4515:
4481:Alopecia areata
4459:
4441:
4427:
4384:
4363:
4339:
4329:
4286:
4245:
4231:Viral exanthems
4209:
4193:
4191:
4181:
4152:Pityriasis alba
4130:
4072:
4014:
3951:
3871:
3867:Zinc deficiency
3797:
3795:
3776:
3704:
3695:
3659:
3650:Nevus sebaceous
3584:
3581:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3511:
3510:
3454:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3395:
3384:
3353:
3349:
3310:
3306:
3261:
3257:
3212:
3208:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3080:
3069:
3030:
3026:
2981:
2977:
2932:
2928:
2889:
2882:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2747:
2740:
2709:
2702:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2493:
2489:
2458:
2454:
2415:
2411:
2380:
2376:
2345:
2341:
2310:
2306:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2188:
2184:
2145:
2138:
2107:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2004:
1998:Perseus Project
1966:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1844:
1840:
1829:
1813:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1789:. August 2016.
1781:
1780:
1769:
1724:
1713:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1545:
1540:
1531:Chi Chi DeVayne
1522:
1514:corticosteroids
1501:
1493:South Australia
1477:
1456:
1444:
1188:Tyrosine kinase
888:
883:
816:
738:
711:
681:. Dysregulated
642:topoisomerase I
550:, probably the
520:
518:Pathophysiology
476:
439:Genitourinary:
435:muscle weakness
378:abnormalities,
332:
309:life expectancy
297:corticosteroids
247:internal organs
208:
184:Corticosteroids
172:Supportive care
162:dermatomyositis
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5678:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5525:CREST syndrome
5522:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5488:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5172:
5170:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5091:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:PUVA keratosis
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4775:hyperkeratosis
4770:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Coxsackievirus
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4316:
4314:Gyratum repens
4311:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:Toxic erythema
4233:
4228:
4226:Drug eruptions
4222:
4220:
4213:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:Lichen nitidus
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Herpes simplex
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3799:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3479:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:Classification
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:External links
3428:
3425:
3424:
3382:
3347:
3304:
3275:(47): e23009.
3255:
3226:(2): 411â423.
3206:
3154:
3124:
3117:
3099:
3092:
3067:
3024:
2995:(5): 789â806.
2975:
2926:
2880:
2834:
2816:(1â2): 51â58.
2790:
2738:
2700:
2662:
2656:978-0808923510
2655:
2629:
2598:
2554:
2523:
2487:
2452:
2425:(5): 393â400.
2409:
2390:(10): 624â30.
2374:
2355:(10): 641â46.
2339:
2320:(10): 590â94.
2304:
2269:
2241:(10): 649â56.
2218:
2182:
2136:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2038:
2002:
1960:
1939:
1929:978-1437717389
1928:
1908:
1901:
1881:
1838:
1827:
1804:
1767:
1711:
1661:
1631:
1586:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1500:
1497:
1476:
1473:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:Immunoglobulin
1231:
1230:
1228:rhabdomyolysis
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:mercaptopurine
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1009:immunoglobulin
1007:, intravenous
985:
984:
974:
971:
965:
951:
941:
935:
921:
903:alpha blockers
887:
884:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
872:CREST syndrome
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
821:
815:
814:Classification
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
794:
791:kidney failure
784:
774:
768:
762:
752:
737:
734:
710:
707:
699:
698:
679:myofibroblasts
668:
622:
587:vasculogenesis
579:
519:
516:
475:
472:
471:
470:
451:
449:kidney failure
437:
419:
409:
406:sicca syndrome
386:
364:telangiectasis
331:
328:
251:CREST syndrome
229:is a group of
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
202:
196:
195:
181:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
147:
141:
140:
133:
127:
126:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
63:
62:
54:
53:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5677:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Rare diseases
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5375:
5374:Pseudo-ainhum
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Sclerodactyly
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Kyrle disease
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5100:erythematosus
5095:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Lichen planus
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Onychomycosis
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Tinea capitis
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:Miscellaneous
4438:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:Nonblanchable
4336:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:Hypopigmented
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Acne vulgaris
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Lichen planus
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Herpes zoster
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Parapsoriasis
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:(6): 857â69.
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:(8): 951â56.
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:(3): 264â72.
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:(6): 863â78.
2945:
2941:
2940:Immunotherapy
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:(2): 173â79.
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:(4): 377â93.
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:(4): 432â37.
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:"Scleroderma"
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:(8): 490â94.
2503:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:(6): 502â03.
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:(2): 151â56.
2198:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:(2): 179â83.
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:Scott, Robert
1985:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:"scleroderma"
1943:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1902:9780080454740
1898:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1828:9781594548710
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:(2): 165â70.
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:"Scleroderma"
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:"Scleroderma"
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1512:and low-dose
1511:
1507:
1506:mycophenolate
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:less commonly
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:less commonly
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:less commonly
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Mycophenolate
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:As above and
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:mycophenolate
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
822:
820:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:is a type of
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
706:
703:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:and impaired
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
536:T lymphocytes
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
512:white spirits
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
351:
344:
336:
327:
325:
321:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:blood vessels
236:
232:
228:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:, blood tests
138:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
64:
60:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5506:
5491:Polymyositis
5228:atrophoderma
5162:
5114:Panniculitis
5059:
5044:Carbon stain
4935:Subcutaneous
4709:
4544:Ingrown nail
4403:
4116:Dermatophyte
4111:Gonococcemia
4096:Folliculitis
3737:Neurofibroma
3705:subcutaneous
3534:
3523:
3499:
3481:
3458:
3402:
3398:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3174:
3170:
3145:. Retrieved
3127:
3108:
3102:
3083:
3037:
3033:
3027:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2896:
2892:
2850:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2758:
2754:
2716:
2712:
2681:(1): 42â55.
2678:
2674:
2640:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2611:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2580:
2545:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2152:
2148:
2117:(1): 13â24.
2114:
2110:
2078:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2051:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2020:
1991:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1891:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1817:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1735:
1731:
1681:
1677:
1655:
1622:. Retrieved
1613:
1577:. Retrieved
1568:
1502:
1481:
1478:
1475:Epidemiology
1469:
1457:
1445:
1431:
1427:
1416:hypokalaemia
1371:
1367:
1306:pancreatitis
1302:
1298:
1272:
1254:Methotrexate
1223:
1200:
1167:
1136:
1116:Azathioprine
1040:halofuginone
1037:
997:methotrexate
993:azathioprine
986:
962:azathioprine
949:tetracycline
913:inhibitors,
889:
817:
761:supplements.
759:L-tryptophan
745:Eosinophilia
739:
736:Differential
719:
712:
700:
693:production.
650:plasma cells
648:mature into
603:vasodilation
591:angiogenesis
583:angiogenesis
521:
484:pathogenesis
477:
461:, headache,
459:paresthesias
427:muscle aches
402:constipation
392:, bloating,
380:hypertension
368:palpitations
349:
323:
319:
313:
301:methotrexate
294:
275:
226:
225:
209:
204:
188:methotrexate
158:polymyositis
114:Risk factors
80:Rheumatology
43:
18:Schleroderma
5507:Scleroderma
5293:Perforating
5163:Scleroderma
5131:ungrouped:
5034:Soot tattoo
4930:Generalized
4925:Perforating
4899:Necrobiosis
4679:keratoderma
4599:Herpesvirus
4579:Leukoplakia
4404:Scleroderma
4291:Specialized
4219:Generalized
4194:involvement
4106:Candidiasis
3798:involvement
3772:Myxoid cyst
3620:Acrochordon
3525:MedlinePlus
3147:27 November
1436:lymphoedema
1412:Neutropenia
1383:pneumonitis
1364:neutropenia
1108:lymphopenia
1048:alemtuzumab
1044:basiliximab
749:eosinophils
671:Fibroblasts
667:production.
632:to attract
562:damage and
552:endothelium
548:vasculature
510:fumes, and
496:chlorinated
465:, fatigue,
445:dyspareunia
394:indigestion
388:Digestive:
290:skin biopsy
227:Scleroderma
137:skin biopsy
97:Localized,
86:Usual onset
52:Scleroderma
5644:Categories
5563:autoimmune
5331:Skin ulcer
5241:Anetoderma
5107:chronic:
5087:localized
4539:Paronychia
4380:Vasculitis
4304:Multiforme
4302:Erythema (
4257:Cellulitis
4208:Blanchable
3957:Blistering
3947:Ichthyosis
3805:Eczematous
3717:Hemangioma
2853:(1): 1â8.
2285:: 509â37.
1947:Harper D.
1738:(1): 297.
1538:References
1201:uncommonly
929:sildenafil
726:anti-scl70
661:antibodies
634:leucocytes
630:chemokines
498:solvents,
467:calcinosis
376:conduction
265:problems,
263:esophageal
179:Medication
89:Middle age
39:scleredema
5655:Mucinoses
5617:fibrillin
5419:Systemic
5148:Verrucous
5133:Chilblain
4903:granuloma
4726:keratosis
4711:psoriasis
4534:Psoriasis
4442:disorders
4397:Indurated
4298:Urticaria
4250:Localized
4192:epidermal
3975:Varicella
3885:Psoriasis
3796:epidermal
3762:Leiomyoma
3664:Pigmented
3597:Epidermal
3506:201441006
3501:SNOMED CT
2614:. WebMD.
2583:. WebMD.
2539:. WebMD.
2054:. WebMD.
1499:Pregnancy
1454:Prognosis
1395:Sirolimus
1345:Rituximab
1326:Nilotinib
1310:hepatitis
1183:Dasatinib
1089:Alefacept
1052:abatacept
1033:dasatinib
1029:nilotinib
1021:alefacept
1017:sirolimus
1013:rituximab
987:Systemic
886:Treatment
709:Diagnosis
702:Vitamin D
675:cytokines
621:polarity.
607:ischaemia
564:apoptosis
532:sclerosis
524:synthesis
398:diarrhoea
217:Frequency
205:Localized
200:Prognosis
168:Treatment
75:Specialty
5472:Myositis
5223:Atrophic
5125:Neonatal
5121:subacute
4609:Syphilis
4556:membrane
4211:Erythema
4147:Vitiligo
4101:Impetigo
4078:Pustular
4043:Miliaria
3891:Corporis
3742:Xanthoma
3691:Melanoma
3671:Freckles
3536:Orphanet
3419:22155199
3377:21665131
3334:29573101
3299:33217802
3269:Medicine
3250:37028844
3241:10845237
3193:22913330
3141:Archived
3062:24631979
3054:20190640
3019:20210685
2970:21091117
2921:29026417
2913:22533795
2875:25073736
2867:23208311
2826:Archived
2822:23344666
2785:23541012
2733:23806160
2695:22464314
2616:Archived
2585:Archived
2541:Archived
2518:21320645
2482:21315153
2447:40400573
2439:20507361
2404:21545850
2369:21549220
2334:21549861
2299:21090968
2261:Archived
2257:21393982
2235:Medicina
2213:24129037
2177:37543720
2169:23287382
2131:22424190
2056:Archived
2025:Archived
1934:Archived
1876:22247432
1868:28413064
1833:Archived
1791:Archived
1762:23288576
1706:24050211
1698:22269658
1618:Archived
1616:. 2017.
1573:Archived
1571:. 2007.
1520:See also
1213:As above
1209:Imatinib
1025:imatinib
947:such as
939:bosentan
933:iloprost
919:iloprost
654:fibrosis
638:antigens
528:collagen
492:aromatic
372:fainting
210:Systemic
194:(NSAIDs)
5428:General
5168:Morphea
5109:Discoid
4408:morphea
4368:Papular
4347:Macular
4340:Purpura
4324:Ab igne
4309:Migrans
4262:Abscess
4190:Without
4172:Leprosy
4091:Rosacea
4028:Scabies
4020:Papular
3889:Tinea (
3877:Scaling
3681:Melasma
3676:Lentigo
3589:Growths
3342:4230441
3290:7676589
3201:7422759
3010:2837533
2961:3059511
2776:3666163
2622:6 March
2591:5 March
2547:6 March
2062:5 March
2031:5 March
1996:at the
1970:ÏÎșληÏÏÏ
1797:15 July
1753:3539168
1624:14 July
1579:14 July
1489:Germany
1248:Varies
1224:rarely:
915:statins
724:, like
646:B cells
508:welding
500:ketones
457:, hand
374:due to
320:skleros
278:genetic
243:muscles
120:genetic
108:Unknown
68:morphea
5557:Other
5370:Ainhum
5083:Dermis
5039:Tattoo
4879:Keloid
4791:Callus
4773:other
4554:Mucous
4450:Ulcers
3911:Faciei
3906:Manuum
3896:Cruris
3786:Rashes
3732:Lipoma
3727:Keloid
3701:Dermal
3610:Callus
3530:000429
3417:
3375:
3340:
3332:
3297:
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