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sacrifice 4...Qxd1+ 5.Kxd1 Nc6. After White defends the pawn, Black follows up with ...Bg4+ and ...0-0-0, e.g. 6.Bb5 Bg4+ 7.f3 0-0-0+ and Black has enough compensation for the pawn, because he is better developed and White's king is stuck in the center. Less popular is 4...Qxe5, since the queen has moved twice in the opening and is in the center of the board, where White can attack it with gain of time (Nf3). Grandmasters such as
Tiviakov have shown, however, that it is not so easy to exploit the centralized queen.
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grandmaster games have since shown 3...Qd6 to be quite playable, however, and it has been played many times in high-level chess since the mid-1990s. White players against this line have found an effective setup with d4, Nf3, g3, Bg2, 0-0, and a future Ne5 with a strong, active position. The variation was covered thoroughly in a
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setup, since here unlike in the standard French Black's light-squared bishop is not shut in on c8. This line can also be compared to the Caro–Kann variation 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5!?; since in this
Scandinavian line Black has played ...c5 in one rather than two moves, he has a comfortable position.
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This is considered the "classical" line, and is currently the most popular option. White can choose from multiple setups. A common line is 4.d4 c6 (or 4...e5) 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.Bc4 Bf5 (6...Bg4 is a different option. Even though Black has shown that ...Bf5 can be an excellent move, trading the bishop for
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A third major alternative is 3.Bb5+. The most popular reply is 3...Bd7, though the rarer 3...Nbd7 is gaining more attention recently. After 3.Bb5+ Bd7, White has several options. The most obvious is 4.Bxd7+, after which White can play to keep the extra pawn with 4...Qxd7 5.c4. The historical main
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after 3...Nc6 (1.e4 Nc6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5), or Black can play 3...e5, as well. After 3...Nc6 4.Nf3 Bg4 5.Be2 0-0-0 Black has better development to compensate for White's center after a future c4. Black may also respond to 3.d4 with 3...e5. After the usual 4.dxe5, Black most often plays the pawn
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This move, called the
Gubinsky-Melts Defense, offers another way to play against 3.Nc3, and it has been growing in popularity in recent years. At first sight the move may look dubious, exposing the queen to a later Nb5 or Bf4, and for many years it was poorly regarded for this reason. Numerous
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calls this the main line of the 2...Nf6 variations, saying that "3.d4 is the common choice for White...and it is easy to see why it is so popular." The idea behind the Modern
Variation is to give back the pawn in order to achieve quick development. 3...Nxd5 is the most obvious reply, although
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The
Scandinavian is thus arguably Black's most "forcing" defense to 1.e4, restricting White to a relatively small number of options. This has helped to make the Scandinavian Defense fairly popular among club-level players, although it remains relatively rare at the grandmaster level.
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Likewise the rare 3...Qe6+?! is regarded as inferior. One idea is that after the natural interposition 4.Be2, Black plays 4...Qg6 attacking the g2-pawn. White will usually sacrifice this pawn, however, by 5.Nf3 Qxg2 6.Rg1 Qh3 7.d4 with a massive lead in development. In 1990,
510:, is the oldest opening by Black recorded in modern chess. Considered to be the most directly challenging move available to Black after 1.e4, the general goal of the defense is to prevent White from controlling the center of the board with pawns, effectively forcing an
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or Jadoul
Variation. In this line, Black gives up the d-pawn in order to achieve rapid development and piece activity; the resulting play is often similar to the Icelandic Gambit. The normal continuation is 4.f3 Bf5 5.Bb5+ Nbd7 6.c4. Occasionally seen is 3...g6, the
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with a good game; however, White gets a large advantage after 5.a3 N4c6 6.d5 Ne5 7.Nf3 (or 7.f4 Ng6 8.Bd3 e5 9.Qe2) or 5.Qa4+ N8c6 6.a3!, so the Kiel
Variation is rarely seen in practice due to its difficultly to be effectively played in the
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The other main branch of the
Scandinavian Defense is 2...Nf6. The idea is to delay capturing the d5-pawn for another move, avoiding the loss of time that Black suffers in the ...Qxd5 lines after 3.Nc3. Now White has several possibilities:
1073:, invented by Icelandic masters who looked for an alternative to the more common 3...c6. Black sacrifices a pawn to achieve rapid development. The most critical line in this double-edged variation is thought to be 4.dxe6 Bxe6 5.Nf3.
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in 1970. The variation with 4...g6 "has been under a cloud ever since crushing win", but the 3...Qd8 variation as a whole remains playable, although it is now considered somewhat passive. It is played particularly by IMs
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the knight after 6...Bg4 7.h3 Bxf3 removes the knight, which if not removed, will find its way to e5 with excellent prospects.) 7.Bd2 e6. White has a few options, such as the aggressive 8.Qe2, or the quiet 8.0-0. Black's
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There are several ways for White to avoid the main lines of the
Scandinavian Defense. One option is to defer or avoid the exchange of e-pawn for d-pawn. This is most often done by 2.Nc3, which transposes into the
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the bishop on the h1–a8 diagonal, instead of placing it on the a2–g8 diagonal, by 4.g3 Nf6 5.Bg2 c6 6.Nf3 followed by 0-0, Rb1, and then exploiting the b7-pawn by b4–b5. The line with 4.g3 has been tried by Anand,
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line is 4.Bc4, which can lead to very sharp play after 4...Bg4 5.f3 Bf5 6.Nc3, or 4...b5 5.Bb3 a5. Finally, 4.Be2 has recently become more popular, attempting to exploit the misplaced bishop on d7 after 4...Nxd5.
1053:, which is the most common move. The line 4.dxc6? Nxc6, described by Emms as "a miserly pawn grab", gives Black too much central control and development. Furthermore, after 4.dxc6 Black can play 4...e5, the
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The main continuation after 2.exd5 is to immediately recapture the d5-pawn with the queen, developing it early and controlling a sizable quantity of squares on the board, often leading to sharp games.
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3...Qxd5 is sometimes seen. Black wins back the pawn, but White can gain some time by attacking the knight. White usually responds 4.c4, when the knight must move. The most common responses are:
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with it at
Montreal 1979, spurring a rise in popularity. The popular name also began to switch from "Center Counter Defense" to "Scandinavian Defense" around this time. Danish GM
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White may also play 4.Nf3 Bg4 5.c4. Now 5...Nb6 6.c5!? is a sharp line; Black should respond 6...N6d7!, rather than 6...Nd5? 7.Qb3, when Black resigned after 7...b6? 8.Ne5! in
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Another common response is 3.c4, with which White attempts to retain the extra pawn, at the cost of the inactivity of the light-square bishop. Now Black can play 3...c6, the
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Another common response after 2...Qxd5 is the noncommittal 3.Nf3. After 3...Bg4 4.Be2 Nc6, White can transpose to main lines with 5.d4, but has other options, such as 5.0-0.
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In general, none of these sidelines are believed to offer White more than equality, and the overwhelming majority of masters opt for 2.exd5 when facing the Scandinavian.
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Lucena's analysis is made up of eleven openings In openings starting with 1 e4, he barely mentions the French Defense (VII) and the Central Counter Gambit (VI).
852:, but was gradually superseded by 3...Qa5. In the 1960s, 3...Qd8 experienced something of a revival after the move was played in a game by Bronstein against GM
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often played it, and greatly developed its theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was an occasional choice in this era for top players including
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in 1959, although Bronstein ultimately lost the game. Bronstein's game featured the older line 4.d4 Nf6, while other grandmasters, including
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played the opening with success. Although the Scandinavian Defense has never enjoyed widespread popularity among top-flight players,
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This line often leads away from open positions, however, towards blocked center positions, likely not Black's original intent.
1095:. After 3...Nxd5 4.Bc4, the most common reply is 4...Nb6, although 4...Nxc3, 4...c6, and 4...e6 are also viable continuations.
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If instead 2.e5?! is played, Black can play 2...c5, develop the queen's bishop, and play ...e7–e6, reaching a favorable
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645:, a four-time world championship candidate, played it occasionally from the 1960s onwards; he defeated World Champion
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White's 3.Nf3 is a flexible move that, depending on Black's reply, can transpose into lines with ...Nxd5 or ...Qxd5.
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on at least one occasion, but after 3.dxc6 is thought to be unsound and is almost never seen in master-level play.
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has adopted it frequently starting in the 1980s. In 1995, the Scandinavian Defense made its first appearance in a
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in Valencia around 1475 in what may be the first recorded game of modern chess. It was also listed in the 1497
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1027:–Bakkali, Nice Olympiad 1974, and 7...Bxf3 8.Qxb7! Ne3 9.Qxf3 Nc2+ 10.Kd1 Nxa1 11.Qxa8 also wins for White.
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The Scandinavian Defense is one of the oldest recorded openings, first recorded as a fictional game between
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Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World
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The Scandinavian Defence: Winning with 2...Nf6: A Chess Repertoire for Black (Revised Edition)
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1008:, described by Harman and Taulbut as "a speculative try". Black is hoping for 5.Qa4+ N8c6 6.d5
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The line's reputation suffered after a string of defeats, however, including two well-known
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line". Grandmasters who have ventured this line as White include Lasker, Capablanca, and
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The chess-player's handbook: A popular and scientific introduction to the game of chess
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1261:(in Spanish). p. 91 – via Biblioteca Virtual del Patrimonio Bibliográfico.
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White can also continue with development, delaying c2–c4, or omitting it altogether.
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1623:"Revista de ajedrez 'PeĂłn de Rey': La Variante Valenciana de la Defensa Escandinava"
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1799:"B01: Scandinavian gambit – 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Nf6 3. c4 c6 – Chess Opening explorer"
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by Savielly Tartakower and Julius du Mont, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1952, p. 413
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An important and recently popular alternative to 3...Nxd5 is 3...Bg4!?, the sharp
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White can also gambit the e-pawn, most frequently by 2.d4, transposing into the
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Alternatives to 3.Nc3 include 3.d4, which can transpose into a variation of the
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1173:. Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture. De Gruyter. p. 217.
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After 2...Qxd5, the most commonly played move is 3.Nc3 because it attacks the
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and Daniel Lowinger, and by the GMs David Garcia Ilundain and Nikola Djukic.
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The Scandinavian Defence: Winning with 2...Nf6: A Chess Repertoire for Black
1087:, normally seen after 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5 3.exd5, and generally thought to be
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756:. After 3.Nc3, Black has three main choices: 3...Qa5, 3...Qd8, and 3...Qd6.
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546:'s book "Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess with 150 Games".
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4...Nf6, which Emms calls "slightly unusual, but certainly possible". GM
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A more speculative approach against 3...Qa5 is 4.b4?!, described by
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structure, therefore many Caro–Kann players wishing to expand their
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828:. Davies suggests delaying the gambit with 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.b4 Qxb4 6.a4
1877:"Chessgames.com Chess Opening Explorer (statistics after 1.e4 d5)"
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860:, explored fianchetto systems with 4.d4 g6 and a later ...Ng8–h6.
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as Black obtained an excellent position using the opening against
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The retreat with 3...Qd8 was depicted in Castellvi–Vinyoles, the
1327:. Coraopolis, Pennsylvania: Chess Enterprises, Inc. p. 72.
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for the sacrificed pawn, but it can be difficult to prove this
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696:. Carlsen used the opening as Black in a blitz game to defeat
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1833:"Scandinavian Defense, Marshall / Ross Gambit: Black Attack!"
816:. If Black plays correctly, White should not have sufficient
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Double Trouble Scandinavian Style: Two Repertoires for Black
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match, in the 14th game of the PCA final at New York City.
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is also considered an expert in the opening. Australian GM
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Another setup after 3...Qa5 is to target the b7-pawn by
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played this line as Black in a televised game against
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1901:
The Center Counter Defense: The Portuguese Variation
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1422:"Kolkata GCT - Tata Steel Chess India 2019 (Day 4)"
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621:A regular user from the 1950s onwards was Yugoslav
504:. The Scandinavian Defense, described in the poem
2196:The Scandinavian Defence: Winning with Qd6 and g6
1981:
1629:. No. 162. Barcelona: Ed. EDAMI. p. 80.
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498:This opening is classified under code B01 in the
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2101:Scandinavian Defense: The Dynamic 3...Qd6 2nd Ed
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39:
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1943:
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1514:Francisco Vallejo Pons vs. Etienne Bacrot, 1994
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700:at the 2019 Grand Chess Tour stop in Kolkata.
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1233:Curiosidades sobre ajedrez, literatura y cine
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1472:Viswanathan Anand vs. Vassily Ivanchuk, 1994
1385:"Garry Kasparov vs Viswanathan Anand (1995)"
1347:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
781:have adopted this form of the Scandinavian.
2063:The 3...Qd8 Scandinavian: Simple and Strong
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1584:Jose Raul Capablanca vs. Rene Portela, 1913
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2290:
1695:"Garry Kasparov vs. David Letterman, 1990"
2120:Scandinavian Defense: The Dynamic 3...Qd6
1447:Harman, Ron & Taulbut, Shaun (1993).
1256:
1149:List of chess openings named after places
1098:
712:where Black has two major continuations:
540:Francesc de CastellvĂ and NarcĂs Vinyoles
1639:
1486:Baadur Jobava vs. Sarkhan Gashimov, 2010
1259:"RepeticiĂłn de amores y Arte de ajedrez"
1083:White's 3.Nc3 transposes into a line of
1535:. London: Everyman Chess. p. 144.
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1673:. London: Everyman Chess. p. 97.
1598:Paul Keres vs. Feliks Kibbermann, 1935
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558:in the late 19th century showed it is
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2251:Wahls, Matthias; et al. (2011).
1646:. London: Henry G. Bohn. p. 377.
1295:. London: Batsford. pp. 118–21.
1123:. Other gambits such as 2.Nf3?! (the
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1621:N. de Arenas, S.; Rubio, F. (2023).
1451:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 28.
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1200:
986:4...Nb6, named by Ron Harman and IM
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613:won twice with it at New York 1915.
13:
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1500:Gyula Sax vs. Einar J Gausel, 2001
940:, and was checkmated in 23 moves.
669:, although Kasparov won the game.
14:
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2270:
1570:Emanuel Lasker vs. Fortuijn, 1908
1556:Emanuel Lasker vs. A G Berg, 1905
1227:Gude, Antonio (24 January 2017).
736:2...Qxd5 (Mieses-KotrÄŤ Variation)
4045:
3716:List of strong chess tournaments
1257:de Lucena, Luis RamĂrez (1497).
898:3...Qd6 (Gubinsky-Melts Defense)
769:(pawns on e6 and c6) resemble a
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2694:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
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724:). The rare gambit 2...c6 (the
684:chose the Scandinavian against
637:played it occasionally. Danish
501:Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
2025:The Scandinavian: Move by Move
1965:Understanding the Scandinavian
1946:Starting Out: The Scandinavian
1411:Caruana vs. Carlsen game files
1377:
1309:
1281:
1265:
1250:
1220:
1194:
726:Blackburne-Kloosterboer Gambit
672:During the sixth round of the
1:
3814:Computer chess championships
2044:First Steps: the Scandinavian
1449:Winning with the Scandinavian
1154:
836:3...Qd8 (Valencian Variation)
728:) was played successfully by
616:
550:19th and early 20th centuries
2082:The Essential Center-Counter
1761:Grefe and Silman, pp. 73–74.
609:, and future World Champion
484:characterized by the moves:
7:
3596:Bishop and knight checkmate
1788:Harman and Taulbut, p. 119.
1428:. 25 November 2019. Round 8
1274:, game collection file for
1203:"The Oldest Chess Opening?"
1137:
926:
910:
633:and women's world champion
10:
4099:
3759:Other world championships
2008:. Chess Stars Publishing.
1982:Konikowski, Jerzy (2019).
1752:Harman and Taulbut, p. 125
1722:Harman and Taulbut, p. 127
1108:after 2...d4 or 2...dxe4.
999:Marshall Retreat Variation
990:as the most active option.
965:2...Nf6 (Modern Variation)
905:2001 book by Michael Melts
528:
516:
23:Scandinavian defence union
20:
4040:
3950:
3853:
3706:
3606:Opposite-coloured bishops
3586:
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3395:
3237:
3177:
3168:
3079:
2947:
2808:
2709:
2545:
2449:
2319:
2311:
2232:Soszynski, Marek (2024).
2213:Soszynski, Marek (2023).
2194:Soszynski, Marek (2022).
2175:Soszynski, Marek (2022).
2061:Lowinger, Daniel (2013).
2042:Lakdawala, Cyrus (2017).
2023:Lakdawala, Cyrus (2013).
1963:Kasparov, Sergey (2015).
1741:500 Master Games of Chess
1640:Staunton, Howard (1864).
1409:http://www.chessgames.com
1229:"Ajedrez moderno: Lucena"
1167:O'Sullivan, D.E. (2012).
708:White normally continues
554:Analysis by Scandinavian
533:
456:
446:
436:
425:
413:
405:
36:
3733:World Chess Championship
2699:World Chess Hall of Fame
2139:The Scandinavian Defense
2137:Plaskett, James (2004).
1944:Houska, Jovanka (2009).
1899:Anderson, Selby (1997).
1779:Grefe and Silman, p. 78.
1671:The Scandinavian, 2nd ed
1656:Harman and Taulbut, p.68
1293:The Scandinavian Defence
1065:. 3...e6!? is the sharp
956:
875:against Robatsch in the
743:
659:world chess championship
523:to describe chess moves.
21:Not to be confused with
4027:Simultaneous exhibition
3937:Chess newspaper columns
3626:Rook and bishop vs rook
3616:Queen and pawn vs queen
2277:Overview of the opening
2253:The Modern Scandinavian
2236:. Russell Enterprises.
2156:Smerdon, David (2015).
2122:. Russell Enterprises.
2118:Melts, Michael (2002).
2103:. Russell Enterprises.
2099:Melts, Michael (2009).
2080:Martin, Andrew (2004).
2065:. Russell Enterprises.
2006:The Safest Scandinavian
943:
850:Chess-Player's Handbook
572:Joseph Henry Blackburne
460:Center Counter Defense
3482:Richter–Veresov Attack
3470:Queen's Indian Defence
2158:Smerdon's Scandinavian
1144:List of chess openings
1121:Blackmar–Diemer Gambit
1099:Alternatives to 2.exd5
1004:4...Nb4!?, the tricky
799:Francisco Vallejo Pons
474:Center Counter Defense
430:Castellvi vs. Vinyoles
4078:15th century in chess
3743:Candidates Tournament
3631:Rook and pawn vs rook
3601:King and pawn vs king
3552:List of chess gambits
3455:King's Indian Defence
3133:Isolated Queen's Pawn
2657:List of chess players
2599:Top player comparison
2398:Internet chess server
1923:Play the Scandinavian
1903:. Pickard & Son.
882:My 60 Memorable Games
3460:Nimzo-Indian Defence
3356:Scandinavian Defense
3317:Semi-Italian Opening
3222:King's Indian Attack
3111:first-move advantage
2764:Threefold repetition
2689:Bobby Fischer Center
2574:Charlemagne chessmen
2568:Göttingen manuscript
2532:
2373:Correspondence chess
2002:Kotronias, Vassilios
1088:
1035:Portuguese Variation
879:(later published in
864:
821:
774:
623:International Master
611:José Raúl Capablanca
559:
470:Scandinavian Defense
32:Scandinavian Defense
3688:Two knights endgame
3440:Bogo-Indian Defence
3327:Two Knights Defense
3267:Nimzowitsch Defence
2957:Artificial castling
2594:Soviet chess school
2469:Dubrovnik chess set
2084:. Thinker's Press.
1984:Obrona skandynawska
1611:Davies, pp. 144–48.
1127:) are seldom seen.
1051:Scandinavian Gambit
995:Savielly Tartakower
950:Nimzowitsch Defense
877:1962 Chess Olympiad
842:Valencian Variation
760:3...Qa5 (Main Line)
722:Modern Scandinavian
690:2016 Chess Olympiad
674:2014 Chess Olympiad
635:Nona Gaprindashvili
607:St. Petersburg 1914
588:Savielly Tartakower
478:Center Counter Game
462:Center Counter Game
33:
3918:endgame literature
3465:Old Indian Defense
3375:Accelerated Dragon
3247:Alekhine's Defence
2979:Checkmate patterns
2848:symbols in Unicode
2843:annotation symbols
2606:Geography of chess
2474:Staunton chess set
2160:. Everyman Chess.
2046:. Everyman Chess.
2027:. Everyman Chess.
1986:. Wydawnictwo RM.
1948:. Everyman Chess.
1389:www.chessgames.com
1085:Alekhine's Defence
704:Main line: 2.exd5
592:Alexander Alekhine
521:algebraic notation
519:This article uses
31:
4065:
4064:
3942:Chess periodicals
3871:Chess in the arts
3803:Chess composition
3641:Philidor position
3582:
3581:
3524:Trompowsky Attack
3507:Semi-Slav Defence
3397:Queen's Pawn Game
3277:Four Knights Game
3252:Caro–Kann Defence
3217:Zukertort Opening
3004:Discovered attack
2724:Cheating in chess
2561:Versus de scachis
2262:978-9-056913-44-1
2186:979-82-01257-97-2
2167:978-1-78194-294-9
2129:978-1-888690-11-8
2110:978-1-888690-55-2
2072:978-1-936490-76-9
2053:978-1-78194-454-7
2034:978-1-78194-009-9
1993:978-83-8151-171-1
1974:978-1-910093-65-8
1955:978-1-85744-582-4
1936:978-1-906552-55-8
1770:Plaskett, p. 119.
1542:978-1-85744-516-9
1201:Chipmunk, Arnie.
1180:978-3-11-028881-0
1063:Caro–Kann Defence
1040:Richter Variation
771:Caro–Kann Defence
730:Joseph Blackburne
698:Viswanathan Anand
663:Viswanathan Anand
627:Nikola Karaklajic
584:Rudolph Spielmann
580:Siegbert Tarrasch
466:
465:
399:
398:
4090:
4052:Chess portal
4050:
4049:
3993:Leela Chess Zero
3924:Oxford Companion
3876:early literature
3866:Chess aesthetics
3611:Pawnless endgame
3562:Bongcloud Attack
3540:List of openings
3512:Chigorin Defense
3450:GrĂĽnfeld Defence
3361:Sicilian Defence
3307:Ponziani Opening
3302:Philidor Defence
3297:Petrov's Defence
3239:King's Pawn Game
3212:Larsen's Opening
3175:
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2255:. New in Chess.
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975:Modern Variation
921:Patzer Variation
892:John Bartholomew
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3753:FIDE Grand Prix
3748:Chess World Cup
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3698:Wrong rook pawn
3636:Lucena position
3578:
3528:
3445:Catalan Opening
3420:English Defence
3405:Budapest Gambit
3391:
3349:Austrian Attack
3233:
3202:English Opening
3164:
3160:School of chess
3143:Minority attack
3075:
3044:Queen sacrifice
2943:
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2800:White and Black
2795:Touch-move rule
2754:Perpetual check
2749:Fifty-move rule
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1835:. 21 July 2015.
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1101:
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934:David Letterman
929:
913:
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887:William Addison
870:
854:Andrija Fuderer
846:Howard Staunton
838:
827:
808:as an "ancient
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686:Fabiano Caruana
631:David Bronstein
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3487:Queen's Gambit
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3425:Indian Defence
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3339:Owen's Defence
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3262:Modern Defence
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3257:French Defence
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2198:. MarekMedia.
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1019:
1018:
1006:Kiel Variation
1002:
991:
966:
963:
958:
955:
945:
942:
938:Garry Kasparov
928:
925:
912:
909:
899:
896:
837:
834:
824:over the board
801:among others.
767:pawn structure
761:
758:
745:
742:
737:
734:
705:
702:
682:Magnus Carlsen
667:Garry Kasparov
647:Anatoly Karpov
618:
615:
603:Emanuel Lasker
600:World Champion
576:Jacques Mieses
568:Ludvig Collijn
551:
548:
535:
532:
530:
527:
518:
517:
496:
495:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
427:
423:
422:
419:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
76:
74:
70:
69:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
38:
37:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4095:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4032:Solving chess
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Chess prodigy
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:Chess problem
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:opening books
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3901:short stories
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:Art and media
3852:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:triangulation
3664:
3662:
3661:Tarrasch rule
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Queen vs pawn
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:London System
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Modern Benoni
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Dutch Defence
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:King's Gambit
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Grob's Attack
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Dunst Opening
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Benko Opening
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3179:Flank opening
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Transposition
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:Chess museums
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Notable games
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:World records
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:Rating system
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2243:9781949859812
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:9798215711675
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2205:9798215268452
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:0-7134-8911-1
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:1-888710-22-5
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:9786197188066
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:Quality Chess
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:1-886846-10-3
1906:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1854:Emms, p. 129.
1851:
1845:Emms, p. 174.
1842:
1834:
1828:
1822:Emms, p. 155.
1819:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1731:Emms, p. 111.
1728:
1719:
1713:Emms, p. 110.
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1680:1-85744-375-6
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Davies, Nigel
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1458:0-8050-2935-4
1454:
1450:
1443:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1364:
1363:"Curt Hansen"
1358:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1334:0-931462-22-3
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1302:0-7134-8911-1
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1106:Dunst Opening
1096:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Danish Gambit
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
988:Shaun Taulbut
985:
984:
983:
980:
976:
971:
962:
954:
951:
941:
939:
935:
924:
922:
918:
908:
906:
895:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:Bobby Fischer
869:
861:
859:
858:Karl Robatsch
855:
851:
847:
843:
833:
831:
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:Baadur Jobava
787:
786:fianchettoing
782:
779:
772:
768:
757:
755:
752:with gain of
751:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
557:
547:
545:
541:
522:
515:
513:
509:
508:
507:Scachs d'amor
503:
502:
494:
491:
487:
486:
485:
483:
482:chess opening
479:
475:
471:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
42:
41:
35:
28:Chess opening
24:
19:
16:Chess opening
3978:Chess engine
3963:Chess boxing
3923:
3693:Wrong bishop
3545:theory table
3519:Torre Attack
3502:Slav Defence
3410:Colle System
3385:Scheveningen
3355:
3344:Pirc Defence
3287:Italian Game
3282:Giuoco Piano
3227:RĂ©ti Opening
3150:Piece values
3138:MarĂłczy Bind
3099:the exchange
3089:Compensation
3019:Interference
3009:Double check
2783:Time control
2770:
2744:by agreement
2672:grandmasters
2616:South Africa
2566:
2559:
2535:Score sheets
2481:Chess pieces
2388:Online chess
2334:Chess titles
2329:Chess theory
2252:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2141:. Batsford.
2138:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2024:
2005:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1922:
1900:
1880:
1871:
1866:Emms, p. 88.
1850:
1841:
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1593:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1532:
1523:
1509:
1495:
1481:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1357:
1324:
1311:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1252:
1244:
1237:. Retrieved
1235:(in Spanish)
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1169:
1162:
1132:
1129:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:Palme Gambit
1070:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:Kurt Richter
1039:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1005:
998:
977:is 3.d4. GM
974:
972:
968:
960:
947:
930:
920:
914:
901:
880:
862:
849:
841:
839:
818:compensation
806:Nigel Davies
803:
783:
763:
747:
739:
725:
721:
707:
671:
620:
553:
537:
505:
499:
497:
477:
473:
469:
467:
414:
18:
3908:Chess books
3708:Tournaments
3567:Fool's mate
3332:Vienna Game
3322:Scotch Game
3155:Prophylaxis
3071:Zwischenzug
3056:Undermining
3024:Overloading
2984:Combination
2833:descriptive
2528:Chess table
2523:Chess clock
2339:Grandmaster
1627:PeĂłn de Rey
1369:15 December
1317:Grefe, John
1055:Ross Gambit
651:Curt Hansen
643:Bent Larsen
639:grandmaster
594:used it to
566:for Black;
441:Scandinavia
437:Named after
4072:Categories
4015:joke chess
3968:Chess club
3656:opposition
3118:Middlegame
3106:Initiative
3029:Pawn storm
2994:Deflection
2865:Key square
2855:Fianchetto
2788:Fast chess
2772:En passant
2464:chessboard
1967:. Gambit.
1667:Emms, John
1432:21 October
1426:Tata Steel
1239:20 October
1212:20 October
1186:30 January
1155:References
867:miniatures
814:Paul Keres
777:repertoire
655:Ian Rogers
617:Modern era
457:Synonym(s)
3998:Stockfish
3988:Deep Blue
3983:AlphaZero
3891:paintings
3683:Tablebase
3647:Strategy
3557:Irregular
3312:Ruy Lopez
3272:Open Game
3039:Sacrifice
2999:Desperado
2902:connected
2875:Open file
2870:King walk
2828:algebraic
2759:Stalemate
2734:Checkmate
2459:Chess set
2451:Equipment
1343:cite book
1207:Chess.com
979:John Emms
795:Gyula Sax
512:open game
4057:Category
4010:glossary
3671:Zugzwang
3651:fortress
3588:Endgames
3497:Declined
3492:Accepted
3170:Openings
3128:Hedgehog
3094:Exchange
3081:Strategy
3061:Windmill
2912:isolated
2897:backward
2719:Castling
2662:amateurs
2555:Timeline
2429:Variants
2383:Glossary
2366:software
2351:glossary
2004:(2016).
1921:(2010).
1669:(2004).
1531:(2007).
1323:(1983).
1291:(2004).
1278:code B01
1138:See also
927:3...Qe6+
915:3...Qe5+
911:3...Qe5+
714:2...Qxd5
598:against
562:playable
3958:Arbiter
3951:Related
3808:Solving
3798:Amateur
3380:Najdorf
2962:Battery
2949:Tactics
2924:Swindle
2907:doubled
2887:Outpost
2818:Blunder
2633:Armenia
2547:History
2393:Premove
2361:engines
2356:matches
2321:Outline
1808:3 April
1394:3 April
871:won by
848:in his
718:2...Nf6
556:masters
529:History
480:) is a
409:1.e4 d5
3896:poetry
3886:novels
3861:CaĂŻssa
3793:Senior
3783:Junior
3371:Dragon
3366:Alapin
3051:Skewer
2917:passed
2860:Gambit
2667:female
2628:Europe
2611:Africa
2506:Knight
2501:Bishop
2259:
2240:
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2202:
2183:
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2031:
2012:
1990:
1971:
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1933:
1907:
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1177:
1025:Timman
919:, the
885:) and
810:gambit
797:, and
710:2.exd5
678:Tromsø
586:, and
544:Lucena
534:Origin
447:Parent
426:Origin
3843:WCSCC
3788:Youth
3778:Blitz
3773:Rapid
3763:Women
3726:Women
3678:Study
3533:Other
3066:X-ray
2989:Decoy
2974:Block
2929:Tempo
2892:Pawns
2810:Terms
2729:Check
2711:Rules
2645:India
2638:Spain
2623:China
2516:Fairy
2491:Queen
2422:norms
2313:Chess
1091:equal
1017:game.
957:3.Nf3
754:tempo
750:queen
744:3.Nc3
720:(the
641:(GM)
625:(IM)
476:, or
406:Moves
3881:film
3838:WCCC
3833:TCEC
3823:CSVN
3768:Team
3738:List
3014:Fork
2939:Trap
2739:Draw
2511:Pawn
2496:Rook
2486:King
2434:List
2403:list
2378:FIDE
2257:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1810:2018
1675:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1434:2022
1396:2018
1371:2013
1349:link
1329:ISBN
1319:and
1297:ISBN
1241:2022
1214:2022
1188:2021
1175:ISBN
973:The
944:3.d4
716:and
694:Baku
596:draw
574:and
472:(or
468:The
3818:CCC
3034:Pin
2838:PGN
1276:ECO
1069:or
692:at
676:at
605:at
488:1.
421:B01
416:ECO
4074::
1929:.
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1345:}}
1341:{{
1243:.
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907:.
830:!?
793:,
680:,
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490:e4
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393:h
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387:f
384:e
381:d
378:c
375:b
372:a
365:1
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357:2
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341:4
338:4
333:5
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325:6
322:6
317:7
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309:8
73:8
66:h
63:g
60:f
57:e
54:d
51:c
48:b
45:a
25:.
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