2825:
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397:. Based on the calendar used, they divided into two groups-Malmasi (who remained in the valley despite religious persecution) and Banmasi (who are said to have immigrated or re-immigrated under King Zain ul Abidin in the fifteenth century) The former follow the lunar calendar while latter who are in the majority follow the solar calendar. Walter Lawrence states that the Kashmiri Pandit community to be divided into the following classes - the Jotish (astrologer), the priestly class Guru or Bachabat and the Karkun (working class) that was employed in government service. Philosophers like
535:
958:
741:, etc. were active in south Kanara when the Portuguese arrived for trading in the 1500s. The items of trade were rice, pepper, ginger, etc. International trade already existed at the time in South Kanara and business existed with Malabar, Maldives, ports of the Red Sea. In Mangalore, Saraswats were part of the trading community when the Portuguese arrived to import
2235:
communities like the Arabs, Jews, Saraswats, Telugu
Komatis, Navayats and others. International trade was not new to the traders of South Kanara. The traders dealt with commodities like rice, pepper, ginger and other spices. The arrival of Portuguese helped in enhancing the volume of trade in the ports of South Kanara.
791:, while all other Brahmins are vegetarians". According to sociologist Ramesh Bairy, even in 2010, in Karnataka, "at the level of the community as a whole, Brahmins may not be incensed at the Saraswat claim to Brahminhood. But a non-Saraswat Brahmin will not be keen on proposing marriage with a Saraswat family".
772:
saraswat
Brahmins,further during British era this matter reached court which resulted in court declaring saraswat Brahmins as Satkarmi Brahmins Sociologist and researcher Ramesh Bairy writes that "Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka".
2824:
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In 1632, the agent of the
Portuguese sent their men to Mangalore to procure saltpetre from Mangalore. The trading community of Mangalore consisted of Muslims, Saraswats, Komatis, Virashaiva traders of Karnataka,Christians, Gujaratis, traders from Kerala and foreign traders belonging to Red Sea ports.
1973:
When the Dutch established a factory in the port of
Wingurla , they dealt with a number of Hindu merchant suppliers of the neighbourhood . Hindu merchants , Konkanis and Saraswats , were located southwards in the Kanarese ports and Goa . They traded in the Bijapur ports of Wingurla and Raybag , being
1861:
An important and relatively little-known example of a sort of 'merchant republic' form, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be found at Basrur, on the Kanara coast south of Goa. The dominant trading community here were
Saraswats , a caste of open status , which at times claimed Brahminhood
690:
recruited
Saraswats to fill their administrative positions. This made them wealthy holder of rights both in Maharashtra and Malwa during the eighteenth century. During the same period in Peshwa ruled areas, there was a continuation of filling of small number of administration post by the Saraswats.
2130:
The jati disputes were not a rare occurrence in
Maharashtra. There are recorded instances of disputes between jatis such as Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Saraswats and the Chitpawans and Shukla Yajurvedi and the Chitpawans. These intra-caste
1372:
The Deśasthas, Citpāvans and Karhāḍes were united in their rejection of the brahminhood for the Sārasvatas, and Wagle himself provides evidence of this animosity. See Wagle 1970b: 318–319 for court cases filed by different brahmins against the Sārasvatas in 1788 ad, 1850 ad and 1864 ad. Also see
771:
According to some socialists due to the pescatarian diet of saraswats the claim of satkarmi brahminhood of saraswats was contested by local
Brahmins but majority of saraswat Brahmins were Vegetarians, this was discussed during the coronation of shivaji where Gagabhatt gave verdict in favour of
616:
Saraswat merchant families during the
Portuguese rule of Goa also were involved in trade with Portuguese colonies around the globe including in the African slave trade. In the 19th century also, French slave merchants came to Goa and contacted the Portuguese and Saraswat Brahmins who sold them
2234:
The
Portuguese were first European traders to arrive at the ports of South Kanara. On the eve of the arrival of the Portuguese, South Kanara comprised of large number of major and minor ports. There existed trade with Malabar, Maldives and ports of the Red Sea. There also existed the trading
580:
The Saraswats and Gujarati Vanias in Goa, were involved not only in trade but also in tax related income. After the 1540s discrimination against non-Christians in Goa increased and there were mass conversions to Christianity. Despite this, between 1600 and 1670, about 80% of the
253:
According to Rosalind O'Hanlon, the core of the text was likely written around the end of the 1st millennium, it contains stories about Brahmin village settlements that have fallen from virtue. The remaining text appears to have been written later, as it describes the
2254:
According to the Livro do Cartazes,during the period from 1705 to 1724 about 8600 khandis were exported to different markets. The destinations of Mangalore trade were Malabar, Goa, Surat, Bengal, Malacca, Maldives,Mecca, Aden, Congo, Hormuz and Ceylon
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were on various items such as spices(pepper), cotton and silk cloths, food shops and duties on gold. Michael Pearson has given an example of members and relatives of a Saraswat Naik family to show that when a person successfully did a bidding for a
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the period from 1500 to 1650 , one finds certain communities which appear to dominate external commerce : Mappilas and a heterogenous group of Middle Eastern Muslims in Malabar , Saraswats and Navayat Muslims in the Kanara
1475:
Remembering that some of his predecessors like Sureshvaracharya (the famous Mandana Misra, the successor of Sankaracharya on the Sringeri Sharada Pitha) were Kashmiri Saraswats, the Jagadguru readily gave them a letter in which
767:
for tobacco cultivation. Here, the Saraswat Brahmin merchants such as Nayak, Kamat, etc. took up tobacco farming in the latter half of the seventeenth century and this resulted in major income for the King of Cochin.
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As a result of this, the Saraswats living in the south of the Gangavali in North Kanara separated into what is known as the Gowda Saraswat community consisting mostly of Vaishnavas and Chitrapur Saraswats, mostly of
2057:
The Saraswat Brahmin communities and the fishermen have traditionally been heavily involved in trade and seafaring, for this was a poor land: the soil was threatened by salinization, the harvest by the erratic
2393:
In fact, marriages between Saraswat and non-Saraswat Brahmins are on the increase though they were unheard of before, mainly because the Saraswats eat fish and occasionally meat, while all other Brahmins are
763:
production from the mid-1600s because chewing, smoking and sniffing Tobacco gathered momentum in India. The Dutch extended cultivation in Kerala. Some towns in Kerala received support from the King of
2446:
The Saraswat Brahman are an ancient and a dynamic community of India, spread from Kashmir to Konkan. They are divided into various territorial endogamous groups, who at one time did not intermarry.
190:
Saraswats of western India claim to be part of the Saraswat brahmin community of the north based on the Sahyadri Khanda of Skanda Purana. As per the Purana, Parshurama brought Saraswats to
565:
had also visited Basrur, which was considered "the great center of Saraswat trade", two centuries earlier than the Portuguese, but it did not interest him as much as it did the Portuguese.
557:
on the Kanara coast south of Goa" were a "caste of open status", which sometimes claimed to be Brahmins although they were associated with mercantile activity and called as "Chatins" from
827:
of not eating the meat of forbidden animals. Professor Frederick J. Simoons says according to some reports, Saraswat Brahmins from northern India also consume fish as part of their diet.
187:, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status - which in turn would benefit the Saraswats as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.
577:
acquired a pejorative meaning later. It is likely derived from the Tamil 'Chati', which is a suffix for many trading castes that were present on the southern side of the Godavari river.
2476:
There are even reports of certain Brahmin (Bengali Brahmins, Oriya Brahmins, Brahmins of certain parts of Bihar, Saraswat Brahmins of northern India, and Kashmiri Pandits) eating fish.
613:. In this context, they also dealt with the Dutch who has established a factory in the port of Vengurla. Scholars mention a certain P. Nayak who was a notable merchant in the 1670s.
2706:
Rajapura Saraswat ( Rajapuri ) are loosely referred to as Nayaka ... The Rajapura Saraswat are mostly vegetarian , rice being their chief food , but some use fish , and rear fowls..
2342:
Saraswatis claim that they come from the Brahmin caste – hence their name - but others believe that they are usurpers using some fake brahmin ancestry to maintain their superiority.
589:
were held by the Hindus, especially Saraswats. The prominent Saraswat merchants mentioned at this time, that is, early 1600s are Govinda, Pondya as well as the Kini and Nayaks. The
1985:
de Souza, Teotonio R. "MHAMAI HOUSE RECORDS INDIGENOUS SOURCES FOR 'INDO'-PORTUGUESE HISTORIOGRAPHY." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 41, 1980, pp. 435–45. JSTOR,
1749:
299:, these also have tended to migrate away from the part of Punjab located in Pakistan after 1947. Another branch known as Dakshinatraya Saraswat Brahmin are now found along the
3617:
1974:
the major suppliers there of pepper and rice which they brought from Kanara . A prominent merchant of the 1670s with extensive dealings with the Nayak was Polpot Nayak.
3398:
1271:
The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas. Nearly the whole of the prosperous trading community on the West Coast are now Madhvas.
463:
In Gangetic belt mainly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Saraswat Brahmins were landlords and priests. They follow Shakta tradition, Vaishnavism and Shaivism.
2522:
1688:
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South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta
1146:
South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta
60:. In places such as western and southern India, the claim of Brahminhood of some communities who claim to be Saraswat Brahmins is disputed. The word
1998:
RUSSELL-WOOD, A. J. R. "An Asian Presence in the Atlantic Bullion Carrying Trade, 1710-50." Portuguese Studies, vol. 17, 2001, pp. 148–67. JSTOR,
783:, "marriages between Saraswat and non-Saraswat Brahmins are on the increase though they were unheard of before, mainly because the Saraswats eat
327:
without a single exception are from the Saraswat Brahmin community. The 17th-century Madhva Saraswat scholar, Sagara Ramacharya, authored the
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311:
Saraswats have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit, Konkani, Marathi and Kannada literature and philosophy. All the mathadhipathis of
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of various Brahmin communities.In the text, Shiva narrates the following founding myths to Skanda: Parshurama brought Sarasvatas from
745:. The items from Mangalore were exported to Malabar, Goa, Surat, Bengal, Malacca, Maldives, Mecca, Aden, Congo, Hormuz and Ceylon.
1741:
699:
in the 18th century, Saraswat Brahmins was one of the communities against whom the Chitpavans conducted a social war which led to
175:. Jürgen Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that such "low ranking Brahmins" formed a symbiotic relationship with
2740:
Rosalind O'Hanlon (2013). "Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India".
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that describes Saraswats to be corrupted and recently interpolated by Saraswats themselves in order to improve their status.
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1034:-Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha, Marathi version Ed. By Gajanan shastri Gaytonde, published by Shree Katyani Publication, Mumbai
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and unpredictable rains. This caused the Saraswats to look for livelihood outside of Konkan and they would often use the
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The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century
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1245:. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1970. p.
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The Gauda Saraswats are the Madhva Vaishnavite Saraswat Brahmins, while the Saraswats have continued to be Smarthas.
2131:
dispute involving the supposed violation of the Brahmanical ritual code of behavior was called Gramanya in marathi.
1862:
but more usually was identified with mercantile activity ( the Portuguese usually term them chatins , from chetti )
194:. However, Sanskrit scholar Madhav Deshpande, Indologist and Sanskrit Scholar Stephan Hillyer Levitt and historian
171:(not the same as Parashurama), who could not find a priest in Balochistan and applied a Tilaka on the head of some
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Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka.
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region, who are sometimes referred to as 'Warrior Brahmins'. Mohyal Brahmins stopped practising priestly duties.
1541:
2207:
1780:
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Saraswats were spread over a wide area in northern part of the Indian subcontinent. One group lived in coastal
2098:
1366:
Deshpande, M.M. (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".
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In Maharashtra among most Brahmin castes non-vegetarian food is taboo but the Saraswat Brahmins eat fish.
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The Saraswats are largely a vegetarian community, whose coconut- based cuisine is famed for its variety.
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from the Portuguese colonial rule in 1961, many Goan Saraswats opposed merger of Goa into Maharashtra.
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from the government, he had to name some guarantors - who were usually his relatives or caste members.
476:
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The Saraswat Brahmins are divided into various territorial endogamous groups, who did not intermarry.
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Historically, in Maharashtra, Saraswats had served as low and medium level administrators under the
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During Shivaji's coronation, the ritual status of the Saraswats to be Brahmins was supported by
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2013:
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1179:. Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. 1973. p. 111.
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Shennoy Goembab, the great Konkani writer and scholar, himself a Saraswat Brahmin by caste ,
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144:
624:, the Saraswat as well as the fishermen communities were traditionally traders as well as
8:
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229:. These settlers were "attractive, well-behaved, and skilled in every rite". The deities
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393:, a part of the larger Saraswat Brahmin community hold the highest social status in
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2251:. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR. p. 310.
2232:. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR. p. 305.
1954:
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was the term used for the Saraswat community of merchants at Basrur in the time of
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Deshpande a college graduate from a progressive Gaud Saraswat Brahmin community..
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1956:
1827:
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classification of Brahmins, which became popular during the 13th-14th centuries.
104:
65:
2724:
A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition
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1286:
Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
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848:
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570:
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324:
259:
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According to Nagendra Rao, the trading communities of Saraswats, Jews, Arabs,
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officer V. N. Kudva says, "The majority of the Saraswats, including those in
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488:
440:
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136:
128:
96:
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37:
1904:
The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History
660:. Moreover, the cities with which the trading occurred had also declined.
398:
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1343:
1326:
1223:
The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas
1050:
852:
633:
562:
538:
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320:
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and were considered a low caste. They have a legend of origin related to
57:
33:
2749:
2327:
Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast
1378:
725:
are some of the prominent scholars from the Saraswat Brahmin community.
609:
ports and acted as suppliers of rice and pepper that they imported from
471:
Here the Saraswat Brahmins are divided into three sub-groups, they are,
350:, are some of the prominent saints from the Saraswat Brahmin community.
3074:
2744:(219). Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society: 87–126.
2576:. Macmillan International Higher Education. October 1970. p. 273.
1999:
1986:
1308:
1306:
1204:. Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department. p. 189.
928:
844:
664:
628:. The reason for seafaring was that the land of Konkan suffered due to
484:
347:
312:
41:
2756:
2691:
Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography, Volume 2
3622:
3513:
3152:
3114:
3099:
2893:
1742:"The Forgotten History of Hussaini Brahmins and Muharram in Amritsar"
904:
872:
776:
692:
653:
534:
335:
222:
152:
120:
84:
49:
1772:
1390:
1303:
3468:
3228:
3124:
3084:
2878:
2677:. Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. pp. 7–8.
2247:
Nagendra Rao (2001). Pius Malekandathil; T. Jamal Mohammed (eds.).
2228:
Nagendra Rao (2001). Pius Malekandathil; T. Jamal Mohammed (eds.).
1048:
927:, Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins and Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are chiefly
823:
749:
738:
700:
602:
558:
383:
242:
226:
2461:
Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present
748:
Studies show that between 1500 and 1650, in Kanara, Saraswats and
378:(12th century CE), the Saraswats are mentioned as one of the five
3556:
3541:
3375:
3079:
2787:
2249:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean, and European Bridgeheads, 1500-1800
2230:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean, and European Bridgeheads, 1500-1800
888:
871:, Saraswat Brahmins are pure vegetarians and do not even consume
868:
760:
668:
645:
394:
369:
296:
280:
205:
The southward migration of Saraswat Brahmins is explained in the
184:
180:
176:
172:
111:
coast which have a regional significance in Maharashtra and Goa.
88:
1955:
Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Holden Furber; Kenneth McPherson (2004).
1408:
Dakshinatya Sarasvats: Tale of an Enterprising Community, page 6
3438:
3182:
3056:
2612:
Saraswats are mainly vegetarians but are permitted to eat fish.
2409:
Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today
1773:"Spiritual connect of two villages on both sides of the divide"
1002:
Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today
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908:
892:
876:
840:
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683:
679:
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625:
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606:
554:
542:
433:
238:
218:
214:
191:
124:
108:
92:
53:
45:
29:
1948:
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were dominant in commerce with ports outside India but it was
3458:
3301:
3293:
3253:
3129:
2804:
1452:
1450:
884:
687:
657:
649:
276:
163:
The Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan were called
821:
eat mutton and fish, but obey restrictions laid down by the
678:
for generations. In the 18th century, the quasi-independent
545:
to make the seas recede in order to create the Konkan Region
519:
family. The major dialects of Konkani used by Saraswats are
3546:
3473:
3109:
2269:
The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650
907:, Saraswat Brahmins are mainly concentrated in the coastal
880:
788:
784:
168:
1931:
Coastal Western India: Studies from the Portuguese Records
1447:
439:
A small minority of Mohyals also have an association with
1877:
Historiography of Europeans in Africa and Asia, 1450–1800
1262:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1115:
1044:
1042:
1040:
836:
148:
1488:
1486:
1484:
2378:
Ethnicity and Class: Social Divisions in an Indian City
24:
are spread over widely separated regions spanning from
2573:
Understanding Society: Readings in the Social Sciences
1927:
1186:
1037:
127:, Majority of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are followers of
2739:
2214:. Vol. 14. Sameeksha Trust. 1979. p. 1519.
1481:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1396:
1384:
1312:
756:
and Middle Eastern Muslims who dominated in Malabar.
2603:
2457:
2300:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
953:
2265:
2146:
Goa Indica: A Critical Portrait of Postcolonial Goa
1900:
1842:
1282:
1082:
2643:
2439:
2296:
1456:
1242:The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 91, Part 2
1142:
1084:
346:and Yadavendra Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of
80:classification of the Brahmin community in India.
1618:Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set
382:Brahmin communities residing to the north of the
209:. The Sayhadrikhand of Skandapurana narrates the
3681:
2259:
2103:. Cambridge university press. pp. 130–145.
2073:Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji
2038:
1836:
1327:"Reflections on the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa's Uttarārdha"
1276:
1214:
107:, which denotes those Brahmin sub-castes of the
1832:. Murgaon Mutt Sankul Samiti. 1998. p. 10.
1365:
1269:. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 154.
342:; Narayana Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of
103:-speaking Saraswat Brahmins are referred to as
2687:
2464:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 284.
2374:
2176:
1873:
1569:Dhingra, Rajni; Arora, Vaishali (March 2005).
1536:
1235:
1233:
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994:
992:
2772:
2323:
2272:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–.
2069:
2018:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–.
2011:
1934:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 101–.
1849:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–.
1641:
1621:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 605.
1087:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z
466:
2627:Indian Journal of Social Research, Volume 29
2623:
2405:
2355:"Department Of Sociology:Dr. Gopa Sabharwal"
2246:
2227:
2032:
1644:Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity
1568:
1324:
998:
306:
245:and Mahalakshmi accompanied them to Konkan.
131:, while the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins are
114:
76:Saraswats Brahmins are classified under the
2610:. Bhatkal Books International. p. 53.
2543:
2523:"Forward castes must think forward as well"
2183:. National Book Trust, India. p. 176.
2005:
1921:
1289:. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60.
1228:
989:
911:region. The sub-groups among Saraswats are
248:
83:In Western and South India, along with the
2779:
2765:
2670:
2317:
2142:
2063:
1867:
1571:"At the Cross Roads: Families in Distress"
1318:
1221:. Murgaon Mutt Sankul Samiti. p. 62.
1078:
1076:
2650:. Oxford University Press. p. 3178.
2537:
2444:. Oxford University Press. p. 3175.
1801:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1342:
483:. Vaishnavas among them are followers of
2694:. Global Vision Pub House. p. 729.
2381:. Oxford University Press. p. 131.
2297:Pius Malekandathil (13 September 2016).
1961:. Oxford University Press. p. 199.
1122:. Inter-India Publications. p. 78.
1059:. Pearson Education India. p. 168.
1056:Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities
1027:
1025:
533:
2786:
2491:Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future
2481:
2123:
1843:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998).
1508:Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future
1176:Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara
1073:
879:. They chiefly live on Bajri (millet),
409:, were Kashmiri Saraswat Brahmins. and
3682:
2726:, Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint),
2721:
2330:. Multilingual Matters. pp. 74–.
2303:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–.
2149:. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 50.
2096:
1846:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama
1770:
1525:
1492:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1373:Bambardekar 1939 and Conlon 1977: 39ff
830:
353:
2760:
1804:History religion and culture of India
1739:
1614:
1022:
891:(a mixture of rice and pulse) in the
652:but by 1700 Dabhol was ruined due to
561:by the Portuguese. Moroccan explorer
2266:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (18 July 2002).
2128:. Shubhi Publications. p. 204.
2000:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41105165
1987:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44141866
1901:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (7 March 2012).
1795:
1752:from the original on 1 November 2020
1712:
1511:. APH Publications. pp. 32–33.
1266:History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats
1032:Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha)
883:(unleavened bread) with rice during
717:,and the 20th century multi-faceted
640:was the main Konkan port in 1600 to
451:, these Mohyal Brahmnins are called
2722:Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000),
2525:. Hindustan Times. 23 November 2014
2487:
2076:. Juggernaut Books. pp. 279–.
1783:from the original on 1 January 2018
1740:Datta, Nonica (30 September 2019).
1716:Secret Writings of Hoshang Merchant
1694:from the original on 7 January 2022
1504:
898:
420:
338:, grand-teacher of the philosopher
221:, settling them in the villages of
13:
2550:. Penguin Books India. p. 4.
1771:Sheikh, Majid (31 December 2017).
1635:
1263:Venkataraya Narayan Kudva (1972).
1116:P. P. Nārāyanan Nambūdiri (1992).
541:with Saraswat Brahmin, commanding
14:
3701:
2012:Pedro Machado (6 November 2014).
938:
813:
728:
713:The 19th century Konkani scholar
601:The Saraswats also traded at the
413:, was the first peetadhipathi of
358:
71:
2829:
2823:
2406:Ramesh Bairy (11 January 2013).
2100:The Marathas 1600-1818, Volume 2
2039:Rene J. Barendse (8 July 2016).
1713:Rath, Akshaya K. (7 July 2016).
999:Ramesh Bairy (11 January 2013).
956:
511:The majority of Saraswats speak
506:
458:
291:in 1947. One group was found in
2715:
2681:
2664:
2637:
2617:
2597:
2564:
2515:
2451:
2433:
2399:
2368:
2347:
2290:
2240:
2221:
2208:"Economic and Political Weekly"
2200:
2170:
2136:
2117:
2090:
1992:
1979:
1928:Michael Naylor Pearson (1981).
1894:
1874:Anthony Disney (25 July 2019).
1820:
1764:
1733:
1706:
1668:
1608:
1562:
1498:
1402:
1359:
1256:
1201:Karnataka State: Udupi District
759:The rulers in India encouraged
389:According to M. K. Kaw (2001),
1587:10.1080/09709274.2005.11905784
1208:
1167:
1136:
1109:
843:, Saraswat Brahmins have both
515:, one of the languages of the
1:
2604:Anant Kakba Priolkar (1967).
2458:Frederick J. Simoons (1994).
2442:India's Communities, Volume 6
2212:Economic and Political Weekly
1615:Hanks, Patrick (8 May 2003).
1463:. Punthi Pustak. p. 93.
1331:Studia Orientalia Electronica
1149:. Punthi Pustak. p. 93.
982:
401:, the first peetadhipathi of
64:is derived from the Rigvedic
2002:. Accessed 2 September 2022.
1989:. Accessed 2 September 2022.
1880:. Routledge. pp. 244–.
1283:Jürgen Schaflechner (2018).
1083:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
1005:. Routledge. pp. 193–.
923:are largely vegetarians. In
794:
779:, Gopa Sabharwal (2006), in
723:Purushottam Laxman Deshpande
644:and the traders traded with
270:
198:consider the portion of the
7:
2674:Survey of Konkani in Kerala
2644:Kumar Suresh Singh (1998).
2440:Kumar Suresh Singh (1998).
1829:Saraswats in Goa and Beyond
1719:. Oxford University Press.
1646:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1457:P. Thankappan Nair (2004).
1218:Saraswats in Goa and Beyond
1143:P. Thankappan Nair (2004).
949:
917:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins
477:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins
10:
3706:
3409:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin
2821:
1806:. Isha Books. p. 36.
942:
862:
806:
636:for travelling for trade.
553:states that Saraswats at "
467:Western and Southern India
363:
265:
16:Brahmin sub-caste of India
3646:
3618:Sakalpuri Havyaka Brahmin
3598:
3565:
3522:
3389:
3358:
3315:
3292:
3214:
3196:
3178:Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin
3138:
3065:
3032:
3016:
2968:Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin
2938:
2917:
2871:
2838:
2795:
2647:India's Communities: N -Z
2124:Gokhale, Sandhya (2008).
2045:. Routledge. p. 64.
1907:. John Wiley & Sons.
1542:"THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR"
1215:Chandrakant Keni (1998).
945:List of Saraswat Brahmins
921:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
667:, a leading Brahmin from
481:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
307:Philosophy and literature
283:, this group migrated to
158:
115:Based on Veda and Vedanta
3414:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin
3188:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin
2097:Gordon, Stewart (2017).
1575:Journal of Human Ecology
403:Sringeri Sharada Peetham
249:Scholarly interpretation
3052:Shivalli Madhva Brahmin
2688:Nagendra Singh (2006).
2547:Goa: A Daughter's Story
2375:Gopa Sabharwal (2006).
2177:Olivinho Gomes (2004).
1684:Refugee Review Tribunal
1676:"Country Advice: India"
1198:S. Anees Siraj (2012).
802:
703:(inter-caste dispute).
691:During the rule of the
334:Advaita saints such as
3664:Roman Catholic Brahmin
3399:Saraswat Kundiya Samaj
2324:Dennis Kurzon (2004).
2070:Manu S Pillai (2018).
1642:McLeod, W. H. (1989).
1397:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
1385:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
1368:Studia Orientalia: 108
1313:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
913:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins
546:
473:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins
301:western coast of India
3494:Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmin
3404:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin
2624:G. C. Hallen (1988).
1325:Levitt S. H. (2017).
1119:Aryans in South India
931:, but there are also
851:among them, while in
537:
525:Maharashtrian Konkani
2544:Maria Couto (2005).
1344:10.23993/store.65156
443:because they helped
293:pre-partition Punjab
78:Pancha Gauda Brahmin
3690:Brahmin communities
3552:Kanyakumari Brahmin
2993:Panchagrama Brahmin
2948:Babburkamme Brahmin
2671:J. Rajathi (1976).
2488:Kaw, M. K. (2001).
2143:Arun Sinha (2002).
1687:. 31 January 2012.
1387:, pp. 104–106.
831:Maharashtra and Goa
567:Chatins de Barcelor
551:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
517:Indo-Aryan language
428:are a sub-caste of
354:Society and culture
48:(coastal region of
3638:Koteshwara Brahmin
3580:Mulukanadu Brahmin
3489:Saryuparin Brahmin
3259:Kanyakubja Brahmin
3239:Kanyakubja Brahmin
2988:Koteshwara Brahmin
2953:Badaganadu Brahmin
2899:Kanyakubja Brahmin
2853:Kanyakubja Brahmin
2815:Kanyakubja Brahmin
2494:. APH Publishing.
1802:S.Garjani (2004).
1540:(September 1991).
1091:. Rosen. pp.
1049:D. Shyam Babu and
781:Belgaum, Karnataka
547:
289:partition of India
3677:
3676:
3391:Saraswat Brahmins
3249:Golapurab Brahmin
3158:Deshastha Brahmin
3153:Daivadnya Brahmin
3148:Chitpavan Brahmin
3067:Malayali Brahmins
3042:Deshastha Brahmin
3017:Kashmiri Brahmins
2978:Karnataka Brahmin
2973:Kandavara Brahmin
2918:Garhwali Brahmins
2797:Assamese Brahmins
2733:978-81-208-1575-9
2701:978-81-8220-167-5
2657:978-0-19-563354-2
2607:Goa Re-discovered
2583:978-1-349-15392-3
2557:978-0-14-303343-1
2501:978-81-7648-236-3
2471:978-0-299-14250-6
2419:978-1-136-19819-9
2388:978-0-19-567830-7
2337:978-1-85359-673-5
2310:978-1-351-99746-1
2279:978-0-521-89226-1
2190:978-81-237-4139-0
2110:978-0-521-03316-9
2083:978-93-86228-73-4
2052:978-1-317-45835-7
2025:978-1-107-07026-4
1968:978-0-19-566428-7
1941:978-81-7022-160-9
1914:978-1-118-27402-6
1887:978-1-351-93068-0
1856:978-0-521-64629-1
1726:978-0-19-908961-1
1628:978-0-19-508137-4
1518:978-81-7648-236-3
1505:M K, KAW (2017).
1470:978-81-86791-50-9
1296:978-0-19-085052-4
1156:978-81-86791-50-9
1129:978-81-210-0266-0
1102:978-0-8239-3180-4
1066:978-81-317-5439-9
1051:Ravindra S. Khare
1012:978-1-136-19820-5
787:and occasionally
775:According to the
708:liberation of Goa
676:Deccan Sultanates
495:are followers of
453:Hussaini Brahmins
449:Battle of Karbala
430:Saraswat Brahmins
22:Saraswat Brahmins
3697:
3608:Sthanika Brahmin
3590:Vaidiki Velanadu
3509:Brahmin Swarnkar
3504:Shrimali Brahmin
3464:Hussaini Brahmin
3444:Audichya Brahmin
3434:Sanadhya Brahmin
3429:Dadheech Brahmin
3340:Hussaini Brahmin
3317:Punjabi Brahmins
3307:Saraswat Brahmin
3284:Sanadhya Brahmin
3279:Naramdev Brahmin
3198:Manipuri Brahmin
3163:Devrukhe Brahmin
3140:Marathi Brahmins
3120:Pushpaka Brahmin
3047:Shivalli Brahmin
3024:Kashmiri Pandits
3003:Shivalli Brahmin
2998:Sankethi Brahmin
2940:Kannada Brahmins
2840:Bengali Brahmins
2833:
2827:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2742:Past and Present
2736:
2709:
2708:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1019:
996:
966:
961:
960:
959:
819:Kashmiri Pandits
809:Saraswat cuisine
617:African slaves.
529:Canarese Konkani
421:Punjab and Sindh
411:Parijnanashram I
391:Kashmiri Pandits
329:Konkanabhyudhaya
169:Lord Ramachandra
141:Chandrakant Keni
105:Konkani Brahmins
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3642:
3628:Karhade Brahmin
3613:Havyaka Brahmin
3594:
3575:Dravida Brahmin
3561:
3518:
3499:Sompura Brahmin
3454:Girnara Brahmin
3385:
3354:
3311:
3294:Nepali Brahmins
3288:
3269:Malviya Brahmin
3234:Gayawal Brahmin
3216:Maithil Brahmin
3210:
3206:Kamrupi Brahmin
3192:
3173:Konkani Brahmin
3168:Karhade Brahmin
3134:
3061:
3034:Madhva Brahmins
3028:
3012:
2958:Havyaka Brahmin
2934:
2925:Gangari Brahmin
2913:
2904:Maithil Brahmin
2889:Gayawal Brahmin
2884:Bairagi Brahmin
2872:Bihari Brahmins
2867:
2834:
2819:
2810:Kamrupi Brahmin
2791:
2785:
2734:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2642:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2456:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2226:
2222:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1471:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1013:
997:
990:
985:
964:Hinduism portal
962:
957:
955:
952:
947:
941:
901:
865:
833:
816:
811:
805:
797:
754:Mappila Muslims
731:
573:, but the term
509:
469:
461:
426:Mohyal Brahmins
423:
366:
361:
356:
309:
273:
268:
251:
179:castes such as
161:
135:, followers of
117:
74:
66:Sarasvati River
17:
12:
11:
5:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Pancha-Dravida
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3600:Tuluva Brahmin
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:Niyogi Brahmin
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3567:Telugu Brahmin
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Hebbar Iyengar
3534:
3528:
3526:
3524:Tamil Brahmins
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Mohyal Brahmin
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Bardai Brahmin
3446:
3441:
3439:Anavil Brahmin
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3381:Utkala Brahmin
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3350:Mohyal Brahmin
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Gautam Brahmin
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:Jaishi Brahmin
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Gautam Brahmin
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3008:Smarta Brahmin
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Hebbar Iyengar
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2930:Sarola Brahmin
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2863:Utkala Brahmin
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2680:
2663:
2656:
2636:
2616:
2596:
2582:
2563:
2556:
2536:
2514:
2500:
2480:
2470:
2450:
2432:
2418:
2398:
2387:
2367:
2346:
2336:
2316:
2309:
2289:
2278:
2258:
2239:
2220:
2199:
2189:
2169:
2155:
2135:
2116:
2109:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2051:
2031:
2024:
2015:Ocean of Trade
2004:
1991:
1978:
1967:
1958:Maritime India
1947:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1886:
1866:
1855:
1835:
1819:
1812:
1794:
1763:
1732:
1725:
1705:
1667:
1652:
1634:
1627:
1607:
1581:(3): 217–222.
1561:
1549:Michael Witzel
1538:Michael Witzel
1524:
1517:
1497:
1495:, p. 578.
1480:
1469:
1446:
1444:, p. 580.
1434:
1432:, p. 577.
1422:
1420:, p. 474.
1410:
1401:
1399:, p. 103.
1389:
1377:
1358:
1317:
1315:, p. 105.
1302:
1295:
1275:
1255:
1227:
1207:
1185:
1166:
1155:
1135:
1128:
1108:
1101:
1072:
1065:
1053:, ed. (2011).
1036:
1021:
1011:
987:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
974:
972:Canara Konkani
968:
967:
951:
948:
943:Main article:
940:
939:Notable people
937:
900:
899:Southern India
897:
864:
861:
832:
829:
815:
814:Kashmir valley
812:
807:Main article:
804:
801:
796:
793:
730:
729:Southern India
727:
715:Shenoi Goembab
571:Diogo do Couto
508:
505:
501:Chitrapur Math
468:
465:
460:
457:
422:
419:
415:Chitrapur Math
407:Mandana Mishra
365:
362:
360:
359:Northern India
357:
355:
352:
340:Shankaracharya
325:Chitrapur Math
308:
305:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:Pancha Dravida
250:
247:
211:founding myths
200:Sahyādrikhaṇḍa
160:
157:
116:
113:
73:
72:Classification
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3702:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Ashtasahasram
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Nagar Brahmin
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:Odia Brahmins
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Nagar Brahmin
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Aboti Brahmin
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Pushpaka Unni
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Kulin Brahmin
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2630:. p. 4.
2629:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2524:
2518:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2412:. Routledge.
2411:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2158:
2156:81-85002-31-2
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2126:The Chitpwans
2120:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1813:81-8205-063-4
1809:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:0-19-826548-4
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
993:
988:
978:
977:Gaur Brahmins
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
954:
946:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Konkan region
838:
828:
826:
825:
820:
810:
800:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
769:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
588:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:Western India
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
464:
459:Eastern India
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:
375:Rajatarangini
371:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
263:
261:
257:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Skanda Purana
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:Bhatt Prabhus
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3669:Sikh Brahmin
3659:Pancha-Gauda
3633:Kota Brahmin
3424:Bias Brahmin
3419:Gaur Brahmin
3390:
3371:Rath Brahmin
3366:Bias Brahmin
3345:Maga Brahmin
3330:Gaur Brahmin
3325:Bias Brahmin
3316:
3306:
3264:Maga Brahmin
2983:Kota Brahmin
2909:Maga Brahmin
2848:Gaur Brahmin
2741:
2723:
2716:Bibliography
2705:
2690:
2683:
2673:
2666:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2572:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2490:
2483:
2475:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2408:
2401:
2394:vegetarians.
2392:
2377:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2349:
2341:
2326:
2319:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2145:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2099:
2092:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2041:
2034:
2014:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1957:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1896:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1735:
1715:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:
1643:
1637:
1617:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1578:
1574:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1507:
1500:
1474:
1459:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1138:
1118:
1111:
1086:
1055:
1031:
1016:
1001:
935:among them.
933:pescetarians
902:
866:
857:pescetarians
849:pescetarians
834:
822:
817:
798:
774:
770:
758:
747:
732:
712:
705:
673:
662:
630:salinisation
619:
615:
600:
595:
590:
586:
579:
574:
566:
548:
521:Goan Konkani
510:
491:, while the
489:Gokarna Math
470:
462:
445:Imam Hussain
441:Shia Muslims
438:
424:
388:
380:Pancha Gauda
373:
367:
344:Gokarna Math
333:
328:
317:Gokarna Math
310:
285:Bombay State
274:
256:Pancha Gauda
252:
204:
199:
189:
164:
162:
137:Adi Shankara
129:Madhvacharya
118:
82:
75:
61:
21:
20:
18:
3090:Kerala Iyer
2790:communities
2360:28 December
1493:Sharma 2000
1442:Sharma 2000
1430:Sharma 2000
1418:Sharma 2000
1337:: 151–161.
929:vegetarians
853:Maharashtra
845:vegetarians
777:sociologist
634:Arabian Sea
563:Ibn Battuta
539:Parashurama
497:Kavale Math
321:Kavale Math
231:Shantadurga
143:and former
91:(including
58:South India
34:North India
3075:Ambalavasi
2425:11 January
1600:25 January
1554:25 January
983:References
881:wheat roti
706:After the
686:rulers of
665:Gaga Bhatt
549:Historian
485:Kashi Math
348:Kashi Math
313:Kashi Math
287:after the
153:Vaishnavas
151:, are now
42:West India
3623:Nambudiri
3514:Yajurvedi
3115:Nambudiri
3100:Nambeesan
2894:Jaitharia
1353:2323-5209
1162:Smarthas.
905:Karnataka
873:masur dal
855:they are
795:Marriages
743:saltpetre
693:Chitpavan
658:sandbanks
583:tax farms
432:from the
399:Sureśvara
336:Gaudapada
271:Migration
227:Kusasthal
139:. Writer
121:Karnataka
85:Chitpavan
50:Karnataka
3684:Category
3647:See also
3469:Khedaval
3229:Bhumihar
3095:Moothath
3085:Ilayathu
2879:Bhumihar
2750:24543602
2529:18 March
1787:1 August
1781:Archived
1756:1 August
1750:Archived
1746:The Wire
1698:20 March
1689:Archived
1662:19125681
1595:54701622
950:See also
824:shastras
750:Nawayath
739:Nawayath
721:scholar
701:Gramanya
695:Brahmin
682:and the
603:Vengurla
493:Smarthas
384:Vindhyas
196:O'Hanlon
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2788:Brahmin
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654:silting
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626:sailors
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239:Mhalsa
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