581:
farmstead and artificial ruin. The three-wing complex opened onto the ground floor, but unusually, its central building had neither windows nor an entrance facing the courtyard. Doors were only on the front sides of the wings. Contrary to all baroque and rococo garden practice, a beech tree was planted right in the main architectural axis in the middle of the small courtyard. This planting is repeated in the inner courtyard of the
Oriental Building. The side wings were demolished around 1840 for unknown reasons. In 1983/1984, the remaining building structure was radically redesigned. The goal of setting up a castle café with a serviced terrace led to the opening of the previously closed masonry to the courtyard. Six windows and a central garden portal were added.
38:
637:, with colorful glass rivers, red and blue stones and rock crystals encrusted like a mosaic, although not as consistently as there. This type of decoration was previously only known from the design of grotto-like interiors; its use on exterior facades was a novelty. Especially when the sunlight falls from the side, when the colorful stones and rock crystals begin to glitter, the garden palace appears to the viewer like a foreign palace made of ice and crystal. The castle's original roof shapes also reinforced this impression. The high central building had a flat tent roof and hoods clipped over the flanking cabinets. Everything together gave a Byzantine-oriental impression, reflected in its name.
650:
546:
509:
590:
316:. The way unto the garden is near the oriental building, and most of the individual decorative buildings within it had oriental designs, beginning near the entrance with the Oriental Building. Despite this, the narrative theme of the rock garden drew on Greek mythology, and what might appear to be a thematic dissonance did not prompt any critical comment at the time. The ancient spectacle begins immediately behind the Oriental Building: More than a dozen mythological scenes were carved out of the existing rocks. Following the winding path, the individual stations of the
598:
458:
199:
606:
U-shaped three-wing type with an open courtyard, while the central building type has a dominant middle building. As a result of this mixture, the rooms do not radiate blossom-like from the elevated central building, but rather form a grape-shaped conglomerate along the main axis. The features of the three-wing system are hardly recognizable. The small, open courtyard behind the raised central hall almost closes back onto the rock garden instead of opening up wide towards it, as would have been typical of the time.
618:
614:, described them as follows: There are trees in Germany grown in a very ingenious way. Halls are made there, 7–8 feet above the ground, in which the crown of the tree itself forms the roof and the side walls, which are perforated with arcades. The floor is supported by wooden pillars or stone columns. The garden historian Erich Bachmann sees in the oriental building the architectural form of these tree arbours, carried out for the first time in Sanspareil and unique at the time.
658:
428:
401:
obtain a level lawn. The pyramid trees in pots were also replaced with planted tiered trees. In 1984 the ensemble was reconstructed based on the engraving by J. T. Köppel from 1748. The kitchen building stood on the west side, with the oriental building on the east side. The long sides of the rectangle were flanked the
Margrave House and the Burgrave House, both of which disappeared in 1839.
483:'s cave (“ Vulkanshöhle”) to the east, the largest and most spacious of all grottos in the rock garden. A painting by the Bayreuth court painter Wilhelm Wunder once adorned the back wall of this mighty cave. It showed three cyclops helping Vulcan forge thunderbolts for Zeus. In this group of rocks there is another, smaller cave called the Bear hole (“Bärenloch”). A statue of
328:
reducing the production of luxury goods. Margravine
Wilhelmine chose to bring this story to life in the design of her landscape garden so that the walker follows a winding course through the natural rock groups from one scene to another. Although today's rock garden has only a few of the features she commissioned, Wilhelmine's iconographic program is still legible.
682:. While the apex of the second arch displayed the mask of tragedy, the third arch was left unfinished in order to reinforce the character of the ruins. Two more arches follow, the last of which forms the back wall of the stage as a fragment, from which a short staircase leads to the outside. The central column of the back wall is a
554:
Heinrich Daniel
Zschokke) and the more southern the Gollerfelsen, also called the Reigerfelsen in the 18th century. Originally it carried a pavilion that was probably built under Margrave Carl Alexander von Bayreuth. In a cave at the foot of the Gollerfelsen stood the life-size, colored statue of a hermit, reading a tract by
670:
setting. In addition to the historicizing element of the artificial ruins, there was also the naturalistic-mythical aspect, expressed by statuary. The statues of two satyrs crouched at the base of the frieze, seemed to grow out of the rock. Above them on pilasters were set two oval bust reliefs with idealised portraits of
665:
The ruined theatre in the south-eastern part of the garden is the only feature that has survived almost intact since its construction in 1744. Joseph Saint-Pierre took as his model the ruin theater in the
Hermitage in Bayreuth, which he had also built a year earlier. He also drew inspiration from the
640:
After 1835, like all the other accessories and buildings in the rock garden, the
Oriental Building also fell into disrepair. Almost all of the "Oriental" features of the little garden palace disappeared during the renovations of the 1950s. When it reopened in 1956, it was known as the “Hainbau”, but
516:
At the foot of the
Belvedere rock, next to the small sirens’ grotto, there is the much larger Calypso's grotto and to the south, as the only surviving built element in the garden, the ruin and grotto theater. Contemporary descriptions mention a life-size and colorfully painted group of statues set up
386:
are two groups of rocks, first the
Eiskeller (“ice cellar”), a gorge-like shaft with a cave-like depression, and then the Hühnerloch (“chicken-hole”), a perforated rock through which the footpath used to pass and which now goes around it. Immediately south of the chicken hole the entrance area of the
356:
ordered that the gardens be closed. In 1832 the kitchen building, wooden ballroom and what was left of the Temple of Aeolus' metal structures were sold for scrap. In 1835 the
Belvedere was demolished due to dilapidation as were, in 1839 the burgrave and margrave houses, the log cabin and the house of
214:
Thirty-nine limestone outcrops of different heights and disparate groupings are located in the garden area that is about 800 metres in length, connected by a total of 17.5 kilometers of footpaths. Some of the rocks contain natural grottos or smaller caves, while others are so close together that they
605:
The
Oriental building, about 50Ă—40 meters in size, was built by Joseph Saint-Pierre in 1746/1747 based on the ideas of Margravine Wilhelmine. The building represents an extraordinary combination of two contrasting building types known in the Baroque and Rococo periods; the floor plan is based on the
418:
On the summit of the highest rock, which was given the romantic name Rock of Love (“Felsen der Liebe”) at the end of the 18th century, between the birches and beeches stood a little house, the outer paneling of which resembled a pile of wood. The log cabin ("Holzstoßhaus"), whose interior walls were
335:
by giving the landscape a literary program through decorative design was way ahead of its time. Only decades later did it become a common feature in the romantic landscape parks. Her idea of incorporating the medieval Zwernitz Castle into the overall picture as “natural” ruined architecture was only
669:
Whereas in the Bayreuth Hermitage theatre only the stage prospect had the form of an artificial ruin, in Sanspareil the auditorium itself also becomes a scene. As in Salzburg-Hellbrunn, it is located under a large natural rock bridge and, like there, the surrounding rocks are part of the theatrical
448:
Not far to the north-east of the umbrella, eight rocks form a rondel, which is described as the most scenic part of the rock garden: completely surrounded by mountains and rocks, a natural rock theater forms, in which grottos, overhangs and bottlenecks alternate. The strongest overhang is formed by
291:
In 1746 the village and the grove at Zwernitz were given the name Sanspareil. Two years later, all work on the garden and on the permanent buildings was completed with the finishing of the stucco work in the hall of the oriental building. Attempts to incorporate water features, considered essential
697:
It is not documented whether there were performances in the Sanspareil rock theater before 1980, but the orchestra pit and audience cave indicate that they were at least planned. The scenery naturally limited the choice of topics, and stood in contrast to the usual baroque and rococo theaters with
409:
The core area of the grove begins immediately behind the oriental building. On the first crest of rock stood the speakers’ house (“Referentenhaus”) a half-timbered building with quarry stone facing that could be heated by an open fireplace. Margrave Friedrich von Bayreuth sometimes did government
206:
The village now known as Sanspareil was called Zwernitz until 1746, after the castle that stands there. The first mention of the landscape around it was in documents from 1434, which refer to a beech grove below the castle as the “Han zu Zwernitz”. The grove is distinctive because it stands amid
693:
Garden and open-air theaters, also with grottos and ancient ruins, have been known since the 16th century. What is new about the rock theaters in Bayreuth and particularly pronounced in Sanspareil is the lack of the separation between the previously independent elements of scenery and decorative
571:
Zwernitz Castle, originally built by Friedrich and Uodalrich de Zvernze in the middle of the 12th century, was destroyed and rebuilt over the course of its history. Its current appearance dates primarily from the 16th and 17th centuries. Only the keep and archive building as well as parts of the
553:
Well to the south of the parterre and Zwernitz Castle are two groups of rocks in an open field, which were included in the garden as peripheral elements and connected to the grove by paths. The more northern of the two groups contains the mushroom-like Zschokkefelsen (named after the poet Johann
435:
About 70 meters from the parterre in a south-easterly direction is a widely overhanging rock with a stone bench, the Umbrella (“Regenschirm”). From there a wide meadow stretches out, at the edge of which originally stood the straw house (“Strohhaus”), a half-timbered building clad in bark, whose
400:
had flower borders planted in the middle of the parterre only around 1785. This rococo element would have made the contrast with the surrounding landscape garden stand out clearly. Soon after the borders were planted, however, by 1793 the lowered central part with its broderies was filled up to
395:
Eastwards from the castle the first element in the garden was the parterre, a sunken level area measuring some 20 by 15 metres. The parterre is the only small part of the rock garden laid out geometrically in the then conventional manner of architectural gardens. The inner square, laid out with
295:
In 1748 and 1749 the first publications about the garden of Sanspareil appeared. Also in 1749 Johannes Thomas Köppel published the first series of five engravings with garden motifs. The last Margrave Alexander von Ansbach-Bayreuth had some decorative elements added between 1769 and 1791. J. C.
327:
and his teacher Mentor proceed through various ancient states in decline because of flattery, war and moral failings. FĂ©nelon shows how, thanks to Mentor's advice, these problems can be solved through peaceful settlements with neighbours and reforms, in particular by promoting agriculture and
256:
In the spring of 1744, on the orders of Margrave Friedrich von Bayreuth, work began in the castle grounds based on plans by the garden architect Joseph Saint-Pierre. In April of the same year, Margravine Wilhelmine moved into Zwernitz Castle. Wilhelmine supervised the further execution of the
580:
The kitchen building, erected in its original form as a single-storey three-wing complex on the west side of the ground floor opposite the Oriental building, with its partially plastered and fragmented outer walls made of half-timbering or raw stones, represented a mixture of country palace,
625:
The Margravine preferred labyrinthine, confusing, self-circulating groups of rooms, as her apartments in the New Palace in the Hermitage in Bayreuth testify. This heralded a pre-Romantic rethinking of architecture, which, contrary to the design principles applied until then, now appreciated
495:
The central feature of the mythological scenery around Odysseus and his son Telemachus was on the Belvedere rock. On it, a good 15 meters above the ground, stood the Belvedere, a pleasure house in the form of an octagonal pavilion, framed by two other cylindrical buildings. All were made of
364:, which first restored the gardens and then the oriental building in 1951 and finally opened them to the public in 1956. Two years earlier, Erich Bachmann published the first Official Guide to the Sanspareil Rock Garden, describing it as an example of a distinct type of landscape, the
572:
curtain walls of the lower and upper castle have medieval origins. As a defensive structure, the castle has been of no importance since the 17th century. By 1793 at the latest, after the outer curtain had been razed, the castle was no more than a scenic element in a landscape.
215:
only allow crevice-like passages. Most of the rocks served as natural features when the landscape garden was designed in 1744. Some were carved or trimmed and others formed bases for artificial structures, which had all disappeared by the beginning of the twentieth century
381:
Below the northern flank of Zwernitz Castle, a dark, cellar-like passage emerges from the natural rock, which, coming from the chapel courtyard of the castle, leads through the north-western foothills of the rock garden. A little down the valley from what used to be the
609:
The oriental building is also an original architectural representation of the cult of tree arbors, which have been a regular part of German and Swiss garden art since the Middle Ages. The leading French garden theorist of the early 18th century,
449:
the Mentor's Grotto and in front of it the Green Table (“ Grüner Tisch”), the top of which surrounds a tree trunk like a tree arbor. Mentor's Grotto was the favourite retreat of Margraviate Wilhelmine, who would spend entire days there.
521:, being served refreshments by a nymph, with Telemachus kneeling in front of her. Due to its location directly in front of the orchestra pit of the ruin theater and its size, the calypso grotto could be used as a rainproof auditorium.
247:
crowned the rocky peaks. All of these species occurred naturally in the original landscape, although in some places trees were cleared to afford a distant view of the ornamental buildings, as is seen in engravings of 1748 and 1793.
470:
armed with bow and arrows and three nymphs with hunting dogs. On the rock above the grotto stood a shingle-roofed green moss hut, the Dianenhäuschen, another "natural" accessory made of stones and bark clad with tufa.
280:) and the Belvedere were complete. Construction began the following year on the oriental building, burgrave house, margrave house and kitchen building, with the significant involvement from the court plasterer
222:
population that appears in old descriptions from the 18th century: "The strongest spruces stood slender and noble in this spruce hall and hardly let the midday sun in." Near the parterre at the entrance grew
465:
Immediately south of the Green Table is a gorge of overhanging rocks that form Diana's Grotto. The grotto was originally decorated with a naturalistic, colorful group of sculptures consisting of the goddess
436:
corners were made of raw tufa stones. An open roof truss with an overhanging thatched roof rested on stripped tree trunks, forming a peristyle-like gallery. The straw house was the favorite residence of
218:
The consistent description of the place as a “hain” (“grove”) since the Middle Ages indicates that it has remained largely unchanged for centuries. On the northern edge of the grove there is also a
352:. First the decorative features in the rock garden fell into disrepair, then the permanent buildings also began to deteriorate. In 1830, a lightning strike destroyed the temple of Aeolus and
361:
2079:
690:. The height and width of the five arches decreases towards the back wall in order to make the stage appear deeper. There is a walled orchestra pit in front of the stage.
437:
702:
has regularly performed pieces from its current program in the ruins and grotto theater during the summer months. There are also occasional concerts in the theatre.
180:
2059:
817:
183:. On first seeing the grove with its strange rock formations, one of Frederick's guests is said to have exclaimed 'C'est sans pareil!' – 'It has no equal!'.
97:
1026:
1135:
207:
numerous formations of limestone rocks, and it is unusual for beech trees to thrive on northern slopes in the arid Franconian Jura. The humanist
1547:
1518:
1489:
296:
Bechstatt, Princely chief huntsman of Hesse, drew the first complete plan of the entire rock gardens in September 1796. Travel poets such as
992:
54:
176:
666:
only other previous example of a rock theatre, the stone theatre on the Hellbrunner Berg near Salzburg, created between 1610 and 1620.
397:
558:. Behind the rocks, the rock garden loses itself in the open landscape, as was common everywhere in later classic landscape gardens.
2074:
1676:
1159:
2069:
729:
1964:
529:
In Aeolus’ Rock, the easternmost rock in the garden, are Sibyl's and Aeolus’ Grottoes. Originally, statues stood here depicting
1651:
1409:
187:
1295:
1261:
239:
stood different varieties of willow; the ballroom was surrounded by a double ring of linden and wild chestnut trees, while
1771:
1101:
1940:
1227:
763:
2034:
966:
1169:
1880:
211:, born in Wonsees, praised the grove for its beauty and described it in detail in his 1604 work Schediasmata poetica.
1890:
1781:
1747:
1602:
1575:
1385:
1305:
1271:
1237:
1203:
1111:
1078:
1002:
859:
739:
1624:
Zeitgenössischer Stich Nr. 2 von J. C. Bock nach Zeichnung von J. G. Köppel, Ausstellungsraum 6 Morgenländischer Bau
1434:"850 Jahre Burg Zwernitz – Auftakt zum Festwochenende. Schlösserverwaltung eröffnet Ausstellung zur Burggeschichte"
1986:
Roberts, Marilyn (2004). "Les Aventures de Telemaque : A Reading of the Franconian Rock Garden, Sanspareil".
1193:
1433:
301:
262:
37:
2064:
1036:
1478:(Deutsche Ausgabe, hrsg. von Heinz Biehn: Geschichte der Gartenkunst ed.). Munich. pp. 307, 316–318.
1375:
148:
created between 1744 and 1748 in the village also now called Sanspareil, pronounced locally in German, or the
1804:
281:
1592:
1411:
Bücher bei Google Play Königlich Bayerisches Intelligenz-Blatt für den Ober-Main-Kreis: auf das Jahr... 1835
649:
257:
construction work. She made numerous suggestions, largely to shape the garden around incidents recounted in
2054:
17:
1869:
Stich Nr. 3 aus 1793 von J.C. Bock nach Zeichnung von J.G. Köppel, Ausstellungsraum 6 Morgenländischer Bau
1712:
1653:
Das Königreich Bayern in seinen alterthümlichen, geschichtlichen, artistischen und malerischen Schönheiten
537:
temple built on the rock dedicated to the god of the winds. It could only be reached by two rock bridges.
678:. The pilasters merged into cornucopias, between which protruded the keystone in the form of the head of
630:
285:
2029:
792:
297:
133:
1633:
1103:
Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte Bd. III,1: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts
1060:
1737:
930:
699:
882:
849:
611:
533:
in front of a temple and Telemachus, whose fate was being predicted. Margrave Carl Alexander had the
1329:
545:
534:
186:
The entire ensemble is a protected monument. The garden has been designated Geotope 477R008 by the
145:
107:
345:
149:
419:
decorated with landscapes in a sort of mosaic of moss and colored stones, had a shingle roof.
888:
208:
589:
508:
8:
597:
518:
353:
312:
The strange limestone outcrops of Sanspareil served as the ideal backdrop for a gigantic
240:
157:
2003:
1541:
1512:
1483:
1349:
480:
349:
629:
The front of the Oriental building was similar to the New Palace later erected at the
2007:
1968:
1886:
1829:
1777:
1743:
1598:
1571:
1381:
1353:
1301:
1267:
1233:
1199:
1165:
1107:
1074:
1032:
998:
855:
735:
467:
2039:
284:. In 1746 work followed on the ruined theatre, modeled on the ruined theatre at the
1995:
1341:
1066:
683:
457:
236:
198:
172:
396:
colored sand and planted with curved box hedges is surrounded by pyramidal trees.
1345:
168:
1859:. Erich Bachmann: Der Felsengarten Sanspareil und seine Vorstufen. p. 106.
1739:
DuMont Geschichte der Gartenkunst von der Renaissance bis zum Landschaftsgarten
687:
617:
244:
1070:
2048:
1999:
1700:
Bub, Veit (1879). "Sanspareil". Bayreuth: Oberfränkische Zeitung. p. 50.
331:
Wilhelmine's transformation of the Zwernitz's beech grove into the island of
69:
56:
2011:
657:
383:
368:(rock garden). This term has been recognized by the specialist literature.
16:
This article is about the landscape garden in Germany. For other uses, see
698:
their fantastic backdrops, special effects and artifice. Since 1985, the
427:
313:
555:
324:
144:(French “sans pareil” meaning 'unparalleled' or 'incomparable') is an
2035:
Official site of the German Foundation for the Protection of Monuments
2015:
1137:
Exposé zur Dissertation Wasserkunst und Wasserspiele am Bayreuther Hof
258:
1942:
Wilhelmine von Bayreuth Die Lieblingsschwester Friedrichs des Grossen
1161:
Orangeriekultur in Oberfranken: Die FĂĽrstentĂĽmer Bamberg und Bayreuth
317:
1229:
Fénelons "Télémaque" in der deutschsprachigen Aufklärung (1700-1832)
1806:
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissenschaft Volumes 5–6
634:
497:
484:
228:
1440:. Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen
360:
In 1942, the castle and gardens were put under the control of the
265:. A German translation had been published in 1733 under the title
362:
Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes
161:
153:
1773:
The Hermit in the Garden: From Imperial Rome to Ornamental Gnome
167:
The 13-hectare garden incorporates natural rock outcrops of the
679:
675:
332:
219:
1736:
Hansmann, Wilfried; Walter, Kerstin; Monheim, Florian (2006).
1297:
Jardines del clasicismo y el romanticismo el jardĂn paisajista
671:
530:
357:
Diana. The straw house had already disappeared by that time.
232:
224:
1678:
Das Königreich Bayern seine Denkwürdigkeiten und Schönheiten
438:
Princess Elisabeth Friederike Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
323:
In FĂ©nelon's pseudo-historical and utopian novel, the young
1809:. Deutscher Verein fĂĽr Kunstwissenschaft. 1951. p. 221
1714:
Der Bayreuther Hofarchitekt Joseph Saint-Pierre 1708/9-1754
1198:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH. p. 369.
1570:. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 5962.
919:. Munich: Verwaltung d. Staatl. Schlösser, Gärten u. Seen.
917:
Amtlicher FĂĽhrer Felsengarten Sanspareil und Burg Zwernitz
1266:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172.
994:
Wilhelmine von Bayreuth die Hofoper als BĂĽhne des Lebens
1195:
Reise und soziale Realität am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts
793:"Oriental Building at Sanspareil Rock Garden – Wonsees"
336:
taken up in continental Europe almost a century later.
2080:
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
1735:
626:
irregularities and as many broken lines as possible.
2030:
Official site of the Bavarian Castles Administration
1742:. Cologne: DuMont Literatur und Kunst. p. 195.
1330:"FĂ©nelon on Luxury, War and Trade in the Telemachus"
764:"Felsengarten Sanspareil in der Fränkischen Schweiz"
269:
and was very popular in court circles at the time.
1882:
Bayerische Residenzen in historischen Photographien
344:In 1810, the castle and gardens, together with the
496:half-timbered walls lined with quarry stone, with
443:
371:
1649:
990:
2046:
731:The Wildness Pleases: The Origins of Romanticism
2060:Buildings and structures in Kulmbach (district)
1857:Der Felsengarten Sanspareil und seine Vorstufen
1531:
1502:
1458:
1590:
1407:
931:"Frid. Taubmani SCHEDIASMATA POETICA innovata"
847:
474:
376:
1945:. Stuttgart: SĂĽddeutscher Verlag. p. 243
1591:Drury, Elizabeth; Bridgeman, Harriet (1979).
1225:
524:
307:
152:as "Samberell". It is in the municipality of
1650:von Chlingensperg, Maximilian Benno (1854).
1594:Guide to the Gardens of Britain & Europe
1463:. Milan: Elite. pp. 20, 49, 54, 55, 56.
540:
2040:Short video presentation of the rock garden
1929:Verlag C. GeiĂźel, Bayreuth 1952, S. 3.
1885:. Verlagsanstalt "Bayerland". p. 149.
1878:
1459:Porcinai, Pietro; Mordini, Attilio (1966).
1293:
1164:. Berlin: Lucas Verlag. 2016. p. 111.
1028:Nouvel état présent des travaux sur Fénelon
422:
304:in 1796, praised the garden in their work.
177:Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
1674:
1546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1507:. Vol. II. Hamburg. pp. 327–334.
1488:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1192:Jäger, Hans-Wolf; Griep, Wolfgang (1983).
1191:
787:
785:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
272:By the end of 1744, the Speaker's House, (
36:
1879:Hojer, Gerhard; Schmid, Elmer D. (1983).
1561:
1559:
1557:
1536:. Vol. III. Hamburg. pp. 47–49.
1327:
1024:
512:Felsengarten Sanspareil Kalypsogrotte 001
188:Bavarian State Office for the Environment
1854:
1769:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1473:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
914:
910:
908:
906:
843:
841:
656:
648:
616:
596:
588:
544:
507:
456:
426:
339:
267:Die seltsamen Begebenheiten des Telemach
197:
1985:
1914:La Théorie Et La Pratique Du Jardinage.
1912:Antoine-Joseph Dézallier d’Argenville:
1656:. Munich: Georg Franz. pp. 399–400
1380:. WĂĽrzburg: Echter Verlag. p. 55.
1259:
851:Fränkische Schweiz, Hersbrucker Schweiz
782:
727:
712:
292:in garden design, were not successful.
2047:
1965:"Information der StudiobĂĽhne Bayreuth"
1710:
1565:
1554:
1373:
653:The ruined theatre in the 18th century
561:
1938:
1638:
1133:
1065:. transcript Verlag. pp. 202ff.
949:
903:
838:
479:Also bordering on the rock rondel is
243:had silver birch, maple, and spruce.
1534:Geschichte der deutschen Gartenkunst
1505:Geschichte der deutschen Gartenkunst
734:. Taylor & Francis. p. 57.
621:Ground plan of the oriental building
584:
42:1793 illustration of the rock garden
1699:
1058:
575:
503:
13:
1979:
1717:. Bayreuth: Ellwanger. p. 118
1532:Hennebo, D.; Hoffmann, A. (1965).
1503:Hennebo, D.; Hoffmann, A. (1965).
1140:(Dipl.-Ing). University of Bamberg
1031:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 144.
566:
404:
193:
14:
2091:
2023:
1836:. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
1827:
1681:. Munich: Georg Franz. p. 51
1226:Schmitt-Maass, Christoph (2018).
964:
818:"Geotop: Felsengarten Sanspareil"
761:
644:
452:
387:garden begins with the parterre.
1461:Giardini d'Occidente e d'Oriente
1106:. C H Beck. 2017. p. 1345.
991:MĂĽller-Lindenberg, Ruth (2005).
967:"Der Felsengarten in Sanspareil"
2075:Baroque architecture in Bavaria
1957:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1872:
1863:
1848:
1821:
1797:
1763:
1729:
1704:
1693:
1668:
1627:
1618:
1584:
1525:
1496:
1467:
1452:
1426:
1401:
1367:
1321:
1287:
1253:
1219:
1185:
1152:
1127:
1094:
1052:
1018:
984:
848:Pfistermeister, Ursula (1973).
444:Green Table and Mentor's Grotto
410:business here, hence the name.
372:Natural and decorative elements
302:Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke
251:
2070:English Landscape Garden style
1634:Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung
1300:. Madrid: Nerea. p. 126.
923:
875:
854:. NĂĽrnberg: Carl. p. 84.
810:
755:
601:The orientalist building today
202:Plan of the Sanspareil gardens
179:and was completed by his wife
1:
1260:Thacker, Christopher (1985).
728:Thacker, Christopher (2016).
705:
593:The oriental building in 1748
282:de:Giovanni Battista Pedrozzi
1346:10.1080/01916599.2011.652473
1294:vin Buttlar, Adrian (1993).
997:. Köln: Böhlau. p. 68.
490:
413:
18:Sans Pareil (disambiguation)
7:
1675:Von Schmid, Herman (1881).
1232:. De Gruyter. p. 347.
641:the name did not catch on.
517:in the grotto. It depicted
487:originally stood above it.
475:Vulcan's Cave and Bear Hole
390:
377:Ice Cellar and Chicken Cave
171:and the medieval castle of
10:
2096:
1916:Paris 1709, S. 67–74.
1476:A history of Garden Design
1377:Berühmte Gärten in Franken
661:Stage ruined theatre today
525:Sibyl’s and Aeolus’ Grotto
308:Chinoiserie and classicism
263:Les Aventures de Télémaque
15:
1927:Bayreuther Ruinentheater.
1770:Campbell, Gordon (2013).
1334:History of European Ideas
1071:10.1515/9783839436288-006
541:Zschokke and Goller Rocks
175:. Work on it began under
129:
121:
113:
103:
93:
85:
51:
47:
35:
28:
2000:10.1215/00982601-28-3-90
1939:Thiel, Heinrich (1967).
1855:Bachmann, Erich (1951).
1566:Beeler, Raymond (1985).
1474:Clifford, Derek (1966).
1328:Schuurman, Paul (2012).
1062:Tapezierte Liebes-Reisen
1025:Hillenaar, Henk (2000).
937:. University of Mannheim
915:Bachmann, Erich (1979).
884:Bayerische Kunstdenkmale
423:Umbrella and straw house
298:de:Johann Michael FĂĽssel
146:English landscape garden
108:English landscape garden
1988:Eighteenth-Century Life
1414:. Bayreuth. p. 539
1408:Obermain-Kreis (1835).
1059:Eck, Katharina (2018).
700:de:StudiobĂĽhne Bayreuth
440:Wilhelmine's daughter.
346:Margraviate of Bayreuth
30:Felsengarten Sanspareil
1711:Merten, Klaus (1964).
1374:Schaub, Franz (1984).
1263:The History of Gardens
662:
654:
622:
612:Dezallier d'Argenville
602:
594:
550:
513:
462:
432:
203:
142:Sanspareil rock garden
134:Sanspareil Rock Garden
24:Sanspareil Rock Garden
2065:Garden design history
889:Deutscher Kunstverlag
660:
652:
620:
600:
592:
548:
511:
460:
430:
348:, became part of the
340:Decay and restoration
209:de:Friedrich Taubmann
201:
181:Margravine Wilhelmine
70:49.98306°N 11.32111°E
1438:schloesser.bayern.de
1134:Böhme, Jens (2008).
235:and fruit trees; At
150:Ostfränkisch dialect
122:Completion date
2055:1744 establishments
1597:. London: Granada.
971:monumente-online.de
797:schlosser.bayern.de
562:Surviving buildings
156:in the district of
114:Beginning date
98:Joseph Saint-Pierre
89:Sanspareil, Bavaria
66: /
25:
891:. 1958. p. 82
663:
655:
623:
603:
595:
551:
514:
463:
433:
398:Margrave Alexander
350:Kingdom of Bavaria
276:), the log cabin (
204:
75:49.98306; 11.32111
23:
2012:Project MUSE
965:Härig, Beatrice.
686:with the bust of
585:Oriental building
139:
138:
2087:
2019:
1973:
1972:
1967:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1925:Erich Bachmann:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1828:Zeune, Joachim.
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
962:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
921:
920:
912:
901:
900:
898:
896:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
845:
836:
835:
833:
831:
825:umwelt.bayern.de
822:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
789:
780:
779:
777:
775:
768:bayern-online.de
762:Anker, Susanne.
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
725:
576:Kitchen building
504:Calypso's Grotto
278:Holzstoßhäuschen
245:Buckthorn bushes
241:Calypso's grotto
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
71:
67:
64:
63:
62:
59:
40:
26:
22:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2045:
2044:
2026:
1982:
1980:Further reading
1977:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1830:"BURG ZWERNITZ"
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1776:. Oxford: OUP.
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1564:
1555:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1005:
989:
985:
975:
973:
963:
950:
940:
938:
935:uni-mannheim.de
929:
928:
924:
913:
904:
894:
892:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
862:
846:
839:
829:
827:
820:
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
791:
790:
783:
773:
771:
770:. Bayern online
760:
756:
746:
744:
742:
726:
713:
708:
647:
587:
578:
569:
567:Zwernitz castle
564:
543:
527:
506:
493:
477:
455:
446:
425:
416:
407:
405:Speakers' house
393:
379:
374:
342:
310:
254:
237:Mentor's grotto
196:
194:Natural setting
169:Franconian Jura
74:
72:
68:
65:
60:
57:
55:
53:
52:
43:
31:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2024:External links
2022:
2021:
2020:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:on 5 May 2016.
1956:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1891:
1871:
1862:
1847:
1820:
1796:
1782:
1762:
1748:
1728:
1703:
1692:
1667:
1637:
1626:
1617:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1553:
1524:
1495:
1466:
1451:
1425:
1400:
1386:
1366:
1340:(2): 179–199.
1320:
1306:
1286:
1272:
1252:
1238:
1218:
1204:
1184:
1171:978-3867322508
1170:
1151:
1126:
1112:
1093:
1079:
1051:
1037:
1017:
1003:
983:
948:
922:
902:
874:
860:
837:
809:
781:
754:
740:
710:
709:
707:
704:
646:
645:Ruined Theater
643:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
565:
563:
560:
542:
539:
526:
523:
505:
502:
492:
489:
476:
473:
461:Diana's grotto
454:
453:Diana’s Grotto
451:
445:
442:
424:
421:
415:
412:
406:
403:
392:
389:
378:
375:
373:
370:
341:
338:
309:
306:
274:Referentenhaus
253:
250:
195:
192:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:(3): 90–117.
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1894:
1892:9783922394143
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1783:9780191644498
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1751:
1749:9783832176709
1745:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1696:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1606:
1604:9780246109927
1600:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1577:9780910413084
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1389:
1387:9783429008727
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1309:
1307:9788486763763
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1275:
1273:9780520056299
1269:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1241:
1239:9783110590616
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1207:
1205:9783533034711
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1115:
1113:9783406704529
1109:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1080:9783839436288
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1006:
1004:9783412116040
1000:
996:
995:
987:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
936:
932:
926:
918:
911:
909:
907:
890:
886:
885:
878:
863:
861:9783418004341
857:
853:
852:
844:
842:
826:
819:
813:
798:
794:
788:
786:
769:
765:
758:
743:
741:9781317235835
737:
733:
732:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
711:
703:
701:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
659:
651:
642:
638:
636:
632:
627:
619:
615:
613:
607:
599:
591:
582:
573:
559:
557:
547:
538:
536:
532:
522:
520:
510:
501:
499:
488:
486:
482:
472:
469:
459:
450:
441:
439:
429:
420:
411:
402:
399:
388:
385:
369:
367:
363:
358:
355:
354:King Ludwig I
351:
347:
337:
334:
329:
326:
321:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
293:
289:
288:in Bayreuth.
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
216:
212:
210:
200:
191:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
19:
1991:
1987:
1969:the original
1959:
1949:19 September
1947:. Retrieved
1941:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1898:19 September
1896:. Retrieved
1881:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1840:19 September
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1813:19 September
1811:. Retrieved
1805:
1799:
1789:19 September
1787:. Retrieved
1772:
1765:
1755:19 September
1753:. Retrieved
1738:
1731:
1721:19 September
1719:. Retrieved
1713:
1706:
1695:
1685:17 September
1683:. Retrieved
1677:
1670:
1660:17 September
1658:. Retrieved
1652:
1629:
1620:
1610:17 September
1608:. Retrieved
1593:
1586:
1567:
1533:
1527:
1504:
1498:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1444:17 September
1442:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1418:16 September
1416:. Retrieved
1410:
1403:
1393:16 September
1391:. Retrieved
1376:
1369:
1359:17 September
1357:. Retrieved
1337:
1333:
1323:
1313:17 September
1311:. Retrieved
1296:
1289:
1279:17 September
1277:. Retrieved
1262:
1255:
1245:16 September
1243:. Retrieved
1228:
1221:
1211:16 September
1209:. Retrieved
1194:
1187:
1177:16 September
1175:. Retrieved
1160:
1154:
1144:16 September
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
1129:
1119:16 September
1117:. Retrieved
1102:
1096:
1086:16 September
1084:. Retrieved
1061:
1054:
1044:16 September
1042:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
1010:16 September
1008:. Retrieved
993:
986:
976:17 September
974:. Retrieved
970:
941:16 September
939:. Retrieved
934:
925:
916:
895:16 September
893:. Retrieved
883:
877:
867:16 September
865:. Retrieved
850:
830:16 September
828:. Retrieved
824:
812:
802:17 September
800:. Retrieved
796:
774:17 September
772:. Retrieved
767:
757:
747:16 September
745:. Retrieved
730:
696:
692:
668:
664:
639:
628:
624:
608:
604:
579:
570:
552:
549:Holler rocks
528:
515:
494:
478:
464:
447:
434:
431:The Umbrella
417:
408:
394:
384:outer bailey
380:
366:felsengarten
365:
359:
343:
330:
322:
311:
300:in 1787 and
294:
290:
277:
273:
271:
266:
255:
252:Construction
217:
213:
205:
185:
166:
141:
140:
320:are shown.
314:chinoiserie
73: /
2049:Categories
1038:9042007095
887:. Munich:
706:References
556:Paracelsus
325:Telemachus
61:11°19′16″E
58:49°58′59″N
2008:143541837
1568:Landscape
1542:cite book
1513:cite book
1484:cite book
1354:143527241
694:setting.
631:Hermitage
491:Belvedere
414:Log cabin
318:Telemachy
286:Eremitage
261:'s novel
688:Terminus
635:Bayreuth
498:tinplate
485:Penelope
391:Parterre
229:chestnut
173:Zwernitz
158:Kulmbach
94:Designer
86:Location
1834:hdbg.eu
519:Calypso
500:roofs.
259:FĂ©nelon
162:Bavaria
154:Wonsees
130:Website
2016:177887
2014:
2006:
1889:
1780:
1746:
1601:
1574:
1384:
1352:
1304:
1270:
1236:
1202:
1168:
1110:
1077:
1035:
1001:
858:
738:
680:Medusa
676:Virgil
535:Aeolus
481:Vulcan
333:Ogygia
233:linden
220:spruce
2004:S2CID
1350:S2CID
821:(PDF)
672:Homer
531:Sibyl
468:Diana
225:rowan
1951:2022
1900:2022
1887:ISBN
1842:2022
1815:2022
1791:2022
1778:ISBN
1757:2022
1744:ISBN
1723:2022
1687:2022
1662:2022
1612:2022
1599:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1548:link
1519:link
1490:link
1446:2022
1420:2022
1395:2022
1382:ISBN
1361:2022
1315:2022
1302:ISBN
1281:2022
1268:ISBN
1247:2022
1234:ISBN
1213:2022
1200:ISBN
1179:2022
1166:ISBN
1146:2022
1121:2022
1108:ISBN
1088:2022
1075:ISBN
1046:2022
1033:ISBN
1012:2022
999:ISBN
978:2022
943:2022
897:2022
869:2022
856:ISBN
832:2022
804:2022
776:2022
749:2022
736:ISBN
684:herm
674:and
125:1748
117:1744
104:Type
1996:doi
1342:doi
1067:doi
633:in
2051::
2010:.
2002:.
1992:28
1990:.
1832:.
1640:^
1556:^
1544:}}
1540:{{
1515:}}
1511:{{
1486:}}
1482:{{
1436:.
1348:.
1338:38
1336:.
1332:.
1073:.
969:.
951:^
933:.
905:^
840:^
823:.
795:.
784:^
766:.
714:^
231:,
227:,
190:.
164:.
160:,
2018:.
1998::
1953:.
1902:.
1844:.
1817:.
1793:.
1759:.
1725:.
1689:.
1664:.
1614:.
1580:.
1550:)
1521:)
1492:)
1448:.
1422:.
1397:.
1363:.
1344::
1317:.
1283:.
1249:.
1215:.
1181:.
1148:.
1123:.
1090:.
1069::
1048:.
1014:.
980:.
945:.
899:.
871:.
834:.
806:.
778:.
751:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
