871:
405:
89:
627:
231:
40:
64:
769:
and wetlands and moist forest in the
Midwestern United States. It is predicted to continue to expand its North American range with time. Its invasiveness is assisted by its high adaptability and pollution tolerance. It is one of three species of buckthorn that occurs without cultivation in eastern
778:
invades and grows in these locations, its dense canopy prevents light from reaching the ground and therefore prevents other seedlings from growing. It tends to grow more densely and with larger individuals in lower topographical areas with moist, fertile soils, and is very problematic for land
900:, a Greek physician of the 2nd century A.D., knew of alder buckthorn, although he did not distinguish clearly in his writings between it and other closely related species. All of these plants though, were credited with the power to protect against witchcraft, demons, poisons, and headaches.
412:
Alder buckthorn is a non-spiny deciduous shrub, growing to 3–6 m (10–20 ft), occasionally to 7 m (23 ft) tall. It is usually multistemmed but rarely forms a small tree with a trunk diameter of up to 20 cm (8 in). The
702:) on damp sites. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. Other recorded names include glossy buckthorn and breaking buckthorn; historically, it was sometimes called "dogwood" through confusion of the leaves with those of
773:
It invades forests and grows in the understory in spots with a lot of light. These areas, usually where a tree has fallen, normally allow locally native tree seedlings to grow and eventually fill in the gap in the canopy. But when
717:
Alder buckthorn grows in wet soils in open woods, scrub, hedgerows and bogs, thriving well in sunlight and moderate shade, but less vigorously in dense shade; it prefers acidic soils though will also grow on neutral soils.
1185:
881:
Alder buckthorn has limited decorative qualities without conspicuous flowers or bold foliage, and is mainly grown for its conservation value, particularly to attract
Brimstone butterflies. A
417:
is dark blackish-brown, with bright lemon-yellow inner bark exposed if cut. The shoots are dark brown, the winter buds without bud scales, protected only by the densely hairy outer leaves.
1101:
889:'Variegata' and a cultivar with very slender leaves 'Asplenifolia' are sometimes grown in gardens as ornamental shrubs. The cultivar 'Tallhedge' has been selected for hedging.
923:, being regarded as the best wood for the purpose. It is particularly highly valued for time fuses because of its very even burn rate. The wood was formerly used for
911:
content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.
1244:
600:
inch) in diameter, ripening from green through red in late summer to dark purple or black in early autumn, containing two or three pale brown 5-millimetre (
1182:
761:
about 200 years ago, and in Canada about 100 years ago. It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an
2096:
2184:
2346:
1761:
1813:
1690:
1442:"Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an isolated population of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) following a founder effect"
1046:
2246:
1302:
2021:
2122:
2047:
1344:
1388:
Chelsea Cunard and Thomas D. Lee (2009). "Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn (
1127:
2127:
2401:
2396:
1507:"Changes in the vascular plant floras of England and Scotland between 1930–1960 and 1987–1988: The BSBI Monitoring Scheme"
1350:. New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food Terrestrial Invasive Plant Species, page 14. Archived from
1016:
1985:
1662:
1554:"Egg-Laying Requirements of Woodland Butterflies; Brimstones (Gonepteryx rhamni) and Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)"
666:
is now widely accepted, being supported by recent genetic data though a few authorities still retain the genus within
2391:
1777:
1212:
1088:
1676:
2189:
2034:
1241:
2083:
998:
2371:
2366:
2361:
449:
2264:
1242:
Generic limits in
Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies.
2171:
2013:
1147:
2272:
2109:
1925:
1920:
1163:
1008:
655:
654:
the flowers are dioecious and four-parted); this restored the treatment of pre-Linnaean authors, notably
392:; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and
2052:
1374:
Catling, P.M., and Z.S. Porebski. 1994. The history of invasion and current status of glossy buckthorn,
823:, but it the past, it was also found on the northern side of the lake. Compared to other populations of
815:
has suffered greatly from habitat loss. This is due to the decline in its preferred habitats, which are
2386:
2259:
1051:
1004:
1289:"Invasion of transition hardwood forests by exotic Rhamnus frangula: Chronology and site requirements"
2376:
2199:
2000:
1159:
835:
Small saplings can be hand-pulled, but control of larger examples is best achieved using herbicides.
811:
Although considered an invasive species in North
America, In other places, such as Northern Ireland,
803:, and tree stands that are cut are very quickly invaded while undisturbed stands are rarely invaded.
88:
1609:"Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci forFrangula alnus(Rhamnaceae)"
967:
791:
because the density of the tree canopy creates a more shady environment that is not as suitable for
2381:
2356:
1891:
393:
2163:
690:"to break", refers to the brittle wood. Both the common name alder buckthorn and specific epithet
2310:
2251:
1951:
558:
2101:
2008:
1853:
1782:
927:, nails, and veneer. The bark yields a yellow dye, and the unripe berries furnish a green dye.
1716:
1694:
1440:
Finlay, Caroline M. V.; Bradley, Caroline R.; Preston, S. Jane; Provan, Jim (December 2017).
908:
205:
2225:
2140:
1834:
1738:
2075:
1959:
1565:
1518:
1453:
1401:
8:
1839:
1743:
1306:
353:
53:
2238:
1569:
1522:
1457:
1405:
1037:
2318:
1644:
1589:
1482:
1441:
1417:
1327:
1061:
841:
796:
726:
522: in). They have 6–10 pairs of prominently grooved and slightly downy veins and an
389:
243:
83:
1608:
1351:
944:
2351:
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1933:
1636:
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20:
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1620:
1573:
1526:
1477:
1461:
1409:
962:
762:
731:
703:
445:
332:. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. It is native to
2277:
2039:
1902:
1819:
1807:
1506:
2207:
2150:
1248:
1189:
1012:
404:
126:
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1607:
RIGUEIRO, C.; ARROYO, J. M.; RODRĂŤGUEZ, R.; HAMPE, A.; JORDANO, P. (May 2009).
1465:
1055:
577:
421:
113:
1413:
1288:
686:
2340:
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1990:
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1585:
1538:
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953:
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758:
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73:
68:
2290:
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1640:
1491:
1119:
800:
787:
stands, which tend to be older stands of trees, are much less suitable for
2212:
1693:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. April 22, 2004. Archived from
1305:. University of Maine Cooperative Extension Bulletin #2505. Archived from
626:
2158:
2060:
1912:
1885:
854:
820:
779:
managers. Uplands forests are not invaded as easily as lower lying ones.
650:
on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five-parted corolla (in
615:
553:
inch) in diameter, star-shaped with five greenish-white acute triangular
357:
39:
2026:
1593:
1229:
882:
329:
230:
172:
1400:(3). Biological Invasions:Volume 11, Number 3 / March, 2009: 577–586.
2065:
1972:
1553:
924:
920:
846:
799:
stands are easily invaded because they allow more light to reach the
566:
325:
1847:
1828:
1577:
989:
2285:
1870:
904:
850:
365:
182:
139:
2088:
1977:
1946:
1812:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1330:. Invasive.org: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
742:, and the fruit an important food source for birds, particularly
373:
361:
345:
162:
1387:
1964:
903:
The bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a
530:
381:
377:
337:
333:
152:
1691:"Reminder to Gardeners: Some Exotic Plants Banned in Illinois"
827:, the population in Ireland also has lower genetic diversity.
897:
780:
695:
682:
573:
554:
369:
100:
19:"Alder buckthorn" redirects here. The term may also refer to
1606:
1378:, in Southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:305–310
565:, flowering in May to June in clusters of two to ten in the
611:
385:
341:
1439:
1345:"Guide to invasive upland plant species in New Hampshire"
919:
Alder buckthorn charcoal is prized in the manufacture of
816:
784:
739:
658:. Although much disputed historically, the separation of
819:. It is currently only found on the southern side of
845:
have been banned from sale, transport, or import to
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family
Rhamnaceae
2338:
1762:"Invasive Plants of Wisconsin Common Buckthorn (
853:. It is considered invasive, but not banned, in
724:is one of just two food plants (the other being
634:Alder buckthorn was first formally described by
1339:
1337:
968:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T164056A68082189.en
1060:Note that this website has been superseded by
1504:
1334:
1286:
1827:Alder Buckthorn; info, images and video at
1814:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1717:"Connecticut Invasive Plant List July 2009"
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1282:
1280:
1145:
1047:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
942:
229:
62:
38:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1481:
1203:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1177:
1175:
1173:
966:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1199:
1197:
1158:. Vol. 12 – via eFloras.org,
1066:
869:
806:
625:
494: in) wide (rarely to 11 cm or
403:
1663:"What you can do to control buckthorn!"
1303:"Common Buckthorn and Glossy Buckthorn"
1277:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1115:
1113:
1111:
765:, invading forests in the northeastern
614:. The seeds are primarily dispersed by
47:Foliage with mature and immature fruit
2339:
1726:
1240:Bolmgren, K., & Oxelman, B. 2004.
1170:
621:
1852:
1851:
1679:. MN Department of Natural Resources.
1665:. MN Department of Natural Resources.
1551:
1505:Rich, T.C.G.; Woodruff, E.R. (1996).
1435:
1433:
1431:
1295:
1272:Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow
1257:
1194:
2200:74bcab2a-560b-4809-afd1-b72f64a833a1
1291:. University of New Hampshire, 2007.
1205:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
1134:
1108:
618:birds, which readily eat the fruit.
2347:IUCN Red List least concern species
1270:Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960).
1017:Australian National Botanic Gardens
954:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
936:
749:
642:. It was subsequently separated by
480: in) long by 2.5–4 cm (1–
13:
1754:
1428:
1146:Chen, Yilin; Schirarend, Carsten.
877:'Asplenifolia' with autumn colours
14:
2413:
1801:
1778:University of Wisconsin Extension
1094:
2265:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:717344-1
1625:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02527.x
738:). The flowers are valuable for
87:
1781:. June 16, 2010. Archived from
1709:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1600:
1545:
1498:
1381:
1368:
1320:
1234:
1218:
999:International Plant Names Index
1558:The Journal of Applied Ecology
1124:Interactive Flora of NW Europe
1030:
982:
694:refer to its association with
399:
1:
1722:. CT Invasive Plants Council.
930:
914:
865:
1552:McKay, H. V. (August 1991).
1531:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00077-1
892:
7:
2402:Taxa named by Philip Miller
2397:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1613:Molecular Ecology Resources
1164:Harvard University Herbaria
1081:Trees of Britain and Europe
1009:Harvard University Herbaria
757:was probably introduced to
10:
2418:
1466:10.1038/s41598-017-03166-1
1230:Facsimile at Botanicus.org
1052:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1005:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
830:
712:
396:in eastern North America.
18:
1860:
1414:10.1007/s10530-008-9272-8
1226:The Gardener's Dictionary
1160:Missouri Botanical Garden
508: in by 6 cm or
249:
242:
237:
228:
211:
204:
84:Scientific classification
82:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
2392:Plants described in 1753
839:and the related species
533:are small, 3–5 mm (
420:The leaves are arranged
372:, and south to northern
1511:Biological Conservation
1274:. Methuen & Co Ltd.
860:
646:in 1768 into the genus
1162:, St. Louis, MO &
1079:Rushforth, K. (1999).
961:: e.T164056A68082189.
878:
685:
631:
409:
408:Winter shoot with buds
390:the Caucasus Mountains
2372:Flora of Central Asia
2367:Flora of Western Asia
2362:Flora of North Africa
873:
807:Habitat fragmentation
629:
407:
1766:) Glossy Buckthorn (
1394:Biological Invasions
424:on 8–15-millimetre (
328:shrub in the family
312:, commonly known as
297:Girtanneria frangula
285:Frangula pentapetala
1840:Plants for a Future
1788:on February 7, 2022
1744:Plants for a Future
1570:1991JApEc..28..731M
1523:1996BCons..75..217R
1458:2017NatSR...7.3010F
1406:2009BiInv..11..577C
1224:Miller, P. (1754).
943:Walker, A. (2018).
622:Taxonomy and naming
54:Conservation status
1764:Rhamnus cathartica
1446:Scientific Reports
1328:"glossy buckthorn"
1287:Wingard, Hanna S.
1247:2011-08-19 at the
1188:2011-07-20 at the
1062:World Flora Online
907:, due to its 3–7%
879:
842:Rhamnus cathartica
797:Eastern white pine
727:Rhamnus cathartica
632:
410:
360:, east to central
322:breaking buckthorn
261:Frangula atlantica
2387:Flora of Xinjiang
2334:
2333:
2221:Open Tree of Life
1854:Taxon identifiers
1181:Natural England:
736:Gonepteryx rhamni
576:is a small black
563:insect-pollinated
305:
304:
291:Frangula vulgaris
273:Frangula frangula
238:Distribution map
77:
21:Rhamnus alnifolia
2409:
2377:Flora of Siberia
2327:
2326:
2314:
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2304:
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2281:
2280:
2268:
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2241:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2177:NHMSYS0000458887
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
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2069:
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2056:
2055:
2043:
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2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
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1955:
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1941:
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1906:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1881:
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1879:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:"Frangula alnus"
1797:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1749:
1748:
1739:"Frangula alnus"
1735:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1673:
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1543:
1542:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1385:
1379:
1376:Rhamnus frangula
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1318:
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1268:
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1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1201:
1192:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1166:, Cambridge, MA.
1150:Rhamnus frangula
1143:
1132:
1117:
1106:
1100:Flora Europaea:
1098:
1092:
1077:
1064:
1059:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
992:Frangula dodonei
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
970:
940:
763:invasive species
750:Invasive species
732:common brimstone
707:Cornus sanguinea
640:Rhamnus frangula
609:
608:
604:
599:
598:
594:
589:
588:
584:
552:
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465:
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460:
457:
443:
442:
438:
433:
432:
428:
318:glossy buckthorn
269:Ard. nom. inval.
267:Frangula dodonei
253:Rhamnus frangula
233:
217:
92:
91:
71:
66:
65:
42:
28:
27:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2382:Flora of Russia
2357:Flora of Europe
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2208:Observation.org
2206:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2148:MichiganFlora:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
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1919:
1911:
1909:
1901:
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1889:
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1875:
1874:
1869:
1856:
1833:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1755:Further reading
1752:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:on June 8, 2011
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1605:
1601:
1578:10.2307/2404579
1550:
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1358:
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1325:
1321:
1312:
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1301:
1300:
1296:
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1278:
1269:
1258:
1249:Wayback Machine
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1190:Wayback Machine
1183:Alder buckthorn
1180:
1171:
1144:
1135:
1118:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1067:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
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987:
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973:
971:
941:
937:
933:
917:
895:
868:
863:
833:
809:
752:
715:
677:The genus name
630:Flowering shoot
624:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:
549:
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544:
539:
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458:
455:
453:
452:, 3–7 cm (
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:
402:
336:, northernmost
314:alder buckthorn
224:
219:
213:
200:
86:
78:
67:
63:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
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2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:wfo-0000691852
2315:
2305:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1892:Frangula alnus
1882:
1866:
1864:
1862:Frangula alnus
1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1829:Woodland Trust
1821:Frangula alnus
1817:
1809:Frangula alnus
1803:
1802:External links
1800:
1799:
1798:
1768:Frangula alnus
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1725:
1708:
1682:
1668:
1654:
1619:(3): 986–989.
1599:
1564:(2): 731–743.
1544:
1517:(3): 217–229.
1497:
1427:
1390:Frangula alnus
1380:
1367:
1333:
1319:
1294:
1276:
1256:
1233:
1217:
1193:
1169:
1156:Flora of China
1133:
1129:Frangula alnus
1107:
1103:Frangula alnus
1093:
1065:
1056:The Plant List
1040:Frangula alnus
1029:
981:
947:Frangula alnus
934:
932:
929:
916:
913:
894:
891:
887:Frangula alnus
875:Frangula alnus
867:
864:
862:
859:
837:Frangula alnus
832:
829:
825:Frangula alnus
813:Frangula alnus
808:
805:
793:Frangula alnus
789:Frangula alnus
776:Frangula alnus
755:Frangula alnus
751:
748:
730:) used by the
722:Frangula alnus
714:
711:
672:Flora of China
623:
620:
580:6–10 mm (
559:hermaphroditic
401:
398:
340:, and western
309:Frangula alnus
303:
302:
301:
300:
294:
288:
282:
279:Frangula nigra
276:
270:
264:
258:
247:
246:
240:
239:
235:
234:
226:
225:
220:
215:Frangula alnus
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
117:
116:
111:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
80:
79:
61:
58:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Frangula alnus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2414:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
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2342:
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2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1784:
1780:
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1771:
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1759:
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1746:
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1740:
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1732:
1730:
1718:
1712:
1696:
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1678:
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1622:
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1603:
1595:
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1583:
1579:
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1563:
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1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1357:on 2008-08-28
1353:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1309:on 2009-07-14
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
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1261:
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1250:
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1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1213:0-340-40170-2
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1089:0-00-220013-9
1086:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
985:
969:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
948:
939:
935:
928:
926:
922:
912:
910:
909:anthraquinone
906:
901:
899:
890:
888:
884:
876:
872:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
771:
768:
767:United States
764:
760:
759:North America
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
719:
710:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Philip Miller
641:
637:
636:Carl Linnaeus
628:
619:
617:
613:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
532:
527:
525:
524:entire margin
451:
447:
423:
418:
416:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:68th parallel
352:north to the
351:
350:Great Britain
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
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315:
311:
310:
298:
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286:
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280:
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265:
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257:
254:
251:
250:
248:
245:
241:
236:
232:
227:
223:
218:
216:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
197:F. alnus
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:Tracheophytes
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
69:Least Concern
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1861:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1790:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1776:
1767:
1763:
1742:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1685:
1671:
1657:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1449:
1445:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1297:
1271:
1254:53: 383–390.
1251:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1204:
1155:
1149:
1128:
1123:
1120:Stace, Clive
1102:
1096:
1080:
1054:– via
1045:
1039:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
997:
991:
984:
972:. Retrieved
958:
952:
946:
938:
918:
902:
896:
886:
880:
874:
840:
836:
834:
824:
812:
810:
801:forest floor
792:
788:
775:
772:
754:
753:
735:
725:
721:
720:
716:
706:
699:
691:
678:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
639:
633:
571:
528:
419:
411:
324:, is a tall
321:
317:
313:
308:
307:
306:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
252:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
146:
133:
120:
107:
31:
25:
2239:kew-2814031
2159:NatureServe
2061:iNaturalist
1886:Wikispecies
1792:February 3,
1701:February 7,
1677:"Buckthorn"
1452:(1): 3010.
855:Connecticut
821:Lough Neagh
734:butterfly (
670:(e.g., the
638:in 1753 as
616:frugivorous
448:. They are
422:alternately
400:Description
394:naturalised
368:in western
358:Scandinavia
127:Angiosperms
2341:Categories
2308:WisFlora:
2234:Plant List
1816:(EUFORGEN)
1361:2009-10-02
1313:2009-10-02
1228:, 8th ed.
1083:. Collins
974:25 January
931:References
925:shoe lasts
915:Other uses
883:variegated
866:Decorative
656:Tournefort
567:leaf axils
380:, and the
330:Rhamnaceae
173:Rhamnaceae
2014:242322785
1633:1755-098X
1586:0021-8901
1539:0006-3207
1474:2045-2322
1122:, et al.
1013:Libraries
921:gunpowder
893:Medicinal
885:cultivar
847:Minnesota
326:deciduous
191:Species:
97:Kingdom:
2352:Frangula
2298:VASCAN:
2291:27500736
2286:Tropicos
2164:2.146361
2102:10212956
2089:717344-1
1910:BioLib:
1871:Wikidata
1649:15974997
1641:21564814
1492:28592885
1422:23517872
1245:Archived
1186:Archived
905:laxative
851:Illinois
817:boglands
770:Canada.
744:thrushes
679:Frangula
660:Frangula
648:Frangula
446:petioles
366:Xinjiang
275:H.Karst.
244:Synonyms
184:Frangula
169:Family:
140:Eudicots
74:IUCN 3.1
2027:3039454
1947:Ecocrop
1877:Q146136
1594:2404579
1566:Bibcode
1519:Bibcode
1483:5462792
1454:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1022:3 March
831:Control
781:Hemlock
713:Ecology
704:dogwood
681:, from
668:Rhamnus
664:Rhamnus
652:Rhamnus
610:-inch)
605:⁄
595:⁄
585:⁄
548:⁄
538:⁄
531:flowers
517:⁄
503:⁄
489:⁄
475:⁄
461:⁄
444:-inch)
439:⁄
429:⁄
374:Morocco
362:Siberia
346:Ireland
344:, from
179:Genus:
163:Rosales
159:Order:
101:Plantae
72: (
2278:158867
2247:PLANTS
2226:714690
2213:152651
2197:NZOR:
2190:106677
2141:164056
2128:504744
2053:105534
2001:fraaln
1998:FEIS:
1991:178032
1965:485613
1926:101054
1903:152442
1900:APDB:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1592:
1584:
1537:
1490:
1480:
1472:
1420:
1211:
1087:
1011:&
1001:(IPNI)
696:alders
687:frango
561:, and
555:petals
382:Alborz
378:Turkey
338:Africa
334:Europe
287:Gilib.
263:Grubov
153:Rosids
2311:13050
2252:FRAL4
2115:47001
2097:IRMNG
2073:IPA:
2066:55972
1986:EUNIS
1978:RHAFR
1939:6JLFV
1913:40395
1786:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
1590:JSTOR
1418:S2CID
1355:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1252:Taxon
898:Galen
700:Alnus
692:alnus
683:Latin
662:from
612:seeds
578:berry
574:fruit
450:ovate
370:China
320:, or
299:Neck.
281:Samp.
222:Mill.
147:Clade
134:Clade
121:Clade
108:Clade
2301:8593
2260:POWO
2185:NCBI
2151:2411
2136:IUCN
2123:ITIS
2084:IPNI
2076:5649
2048:GRIN
2035:GISD
2022:GBIF
1973:EPPO
1952:6266
1921:BOLD
1794:2022
1703:2010
1637:PMID
1629:ISSN
1582:ISSN
1535:ISSN
1488:PMID
1470:ISSN
1392:)".
1209:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1024:2013
976:2024
959:2018
861:Uses
849:and
740:bees
572:The
529:The
415:bark
388:and
386:Iran
364:and
348:and
342:Asia
293:Hill
2319:WFO
2273:RHS
2172:NBN
2110:ISC
2040:810
2009:FNA
1960:EoL
1934:CoL
1621:doi
1574:doi
1527:doi
1478:PMC
1462:doi
1410:doi
963:doi
785:oak
674:).
384:in
356:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
