534:. It is not known if Tappan played any part in the discussions with Chivington at Fort Lyon on November 28 before the attack. The Federal troopers under Chivington's command attacked the Indian villages at first light and killed 150-200 Indians, two-thirds of whom were women and children. The Federal troops lost ten soldiers and had 38 wounded (of whom four later died while at Ft. Lyon), some of the casualties apparently arising from friendly fire and disorder among the cooperating units. Some of the victorious troopers mutilated the bodies of their Indian victims and returned to Denver where these grisly battle souvenirs (including tobacco pouches made from the severed genitals of the victims) were proudly and publicly displayed to the citizens of Denver. The action at Sand Creek was greeted by citizens of Denver as a justifiable military victory which helped to avenge the murders of Plains settlers such as the Hungate family. However it eventually began to be seen in the nation at-large as an unjustifiable massacre of peaceful Indians under Peace Chiefs such as Chief
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549:, a fellow Kansas pioneer and abolitionist, was killed by Charles W. Squires, another of the Colorado volunteers, presumably for his testimony against Chivington. Lieutenant Joseph Cramer and Major Wynkoop also testified against Chivington at the inquiry at which Tappan presided. The investigation produced a report that was shared with the Military command as well as the US Congress. Two separate Congressional investigations were also undertaken of the events at Sand Creek both of which excoriated Chivington's actions. Chivington was never punished as he had been mustered out of the service in January 1865 prior to the initiation of the investigative military commission. Tappan was later
530:, under the command of Colonel Chivington, initiated an attack on a peaceful encampment of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Sand Creek. The attack, involving 675 cavalry troopers, originated at daybreak on November 29, 1864, who departed from Fort Lyon at 8 pm on November 28 following an argument between Chivington and some of the officers at the fort who tried to dissuade Chivington from making the attack. There was a general understanding with the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians encamped on Sand Creek that they were under the protection of the Federal troops at Fort Lyon pursuant to an agreement reached that Fall with the then Commander of the fort, Major
474:, Tappan assigned a group of troopers to accompany Tobin and track down the Espinosas. On the fourth day, Tobin tracked down the Espinosas and killed the two brothers, bringing their severed heads back to Tappan as proof of his success. When Tappan forwarded the trophies to Denver, Chivington used the opportunity to lambast Tappan for such "unchristian" behavior despite the common use at the time of such methods. Tappan also paid Tobin from his own pocket when Governor Evans failed to pay the full reward he was owed. Years later as a matter of personal honor, Tappan sponsored an effort to make restitution to an aged and penniless Tobin.
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the practice. He acted as witness to the treaty executed on
October 7, 1863, at Conejos between the Tabeguache band of Utes under Ouray and the US government represented by Colorado Territory's Governor Evans, New Mexico Territory's Indian Superintendent Dr. Michael Steck, Indian agents Simeon Whiteley and Lafayette Head, and President Lincoln's personal representative John G. Nicolay. Tappan was later appointed by President
305:") and other assistance to Free-Soil settlers. Tappan was clerk of the Topeka constitutional convention, assistant clerk of the House of Representatives in 1856, and the following year performed the duties of Speaker of the Topeka House of Representatives. He was secretary of the Leavenworth constitutional convention in 1858, and acted as clerk of the Wyandotte convention in 1859. His first cousin,
648:'s United States Indian Commission, founded in 1869. He promoted legislation in favor of the funding of annuities and economic assistance promised to the Indians by the federal Indian Peace Commission two years before. Tappan remained active in the cause of native rights throughout the 1870s, strongly supporting President
422:, a former Methodist minister, who had also commanded the advance Union force which tangled with and defeated an advance Confederate unit on March 27 at Apache Canyon, this Union detachment effectively ended the threat posed by the Confederate invaders by destroying their supplies and ammunition stores.
808:
Morgan, W.Y., "The Events of 1856", Samuel F. Tappan biography in footnote, In;: Proceedings of the Kansas State
Historical Society, 1901-1902, Vol. VII, Topeka, 1902, pp. 527-528; Eldridge, Shalor W., "Recollections of Early Days in Kansas" Publications of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume
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Both as a military officer and a civilian, Tappan was involved in negotiations and treaties between Native
Americans and the United States government. While serving at Fort Garland, Tappan commented on the enslavement of Navajos by both the Utes and Mexicans, and sought official support to try to end
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on March 28, 1862, at Pigeon's Ranch. Tappan was the effective field commander of the
Federal forces during the main engagement that day, and was exposed to enemy fire while Colonel Slough directed the Federal activity from the rear. Tappan's actions that day were eventually overshadowed by the later
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Robinson, Sara T.D., "The
Wakarusa War", Proceedings of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1907-1908, Volume X, Topeka, 1908, pp. 466-467; Dickson, Charles, H., "The True History of the Branson Rescue", In: Proceedings of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. XIII, 1914-1915, Topeka, 1915, pp.
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Following the
Medicine Lodge Treaty in October 1867 which he attended as a Commissioner, Tappan adopted an orphaned Cheyenne girl whom he renamed Minnie Tappan. He made arrangements for Minnie to move back East to Boston, where she was enrolled in public school to further her education. After Tappan
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and
Colonel Chivington to hunt down the Espinosa brothers, brigands and murderers who killed 32 Colorado citizens in cold blood and engaged in rape, robbery and other destructive acts. A $ 2500 reward had been offered by Governor Evans for the capture either dead or alive of the Espinosas. Employing
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Following his service with the Indian Peace
Commission, Tappan worked for his former associate Henry Villard at the Oregon Steamship and Railway Company during the 1870s to help systematize and encourage emigration to Oregon. He traveled during this time to Alaska and also represented Oregon at the
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of the First New Mexico
Volunteers for his sound military abilities, Tappan voluntarily relinquished his seniority rights and joined in signing a petition from among the men of the First Colorado to elevate Chivington, the recent hero of the Glorieta battle, to colonel. Chivington's promotion to
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and became involved in gold and other mineral exploration and township settlement. His cousins Lewis N. Tappan (1831–1880), George H. Tappan (1833–1865), joined later in 1865 by
William H. Tappan (1821–1907), operated Tappan & Co, one of the first general stores serving Colorado miners, with
839:
Smiley, Jerome, "History of Denver: With Outlines of the Earlier History of the Rocky Mountain Country", The Denver Times, The Times-Sun Publishing Company, Denver, 1901, pp. 278-279; "Tappan-Toppan genealogy: ancestors and descendants of Abraham Toppan of Newbury, Massachusetts, 1606-1672", D.
755:"Tappan-Toppan genealogy: ancestors and descendants of Abraham Toppan of Newbury, Massachusetts, 1606-1672", D. Tappan, 1915, page 52; Marshall I.M., "Sketch of the Life of Col. Samuel Forster Tappan of Washington, D.C. who died Monday January 6, 1913", Boston Sunday Globe, January 12, 1913.
948:"Report of The Secretary of War" Senate Executive Document No. 96, 39th Congress, Second Session, February 14, 1867, page 2; "Samuel F. Tappan Papers Relating to the Sand Creek Massacre, 1867-1953", Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
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Edgar C. McMechen, Edgar C., "Acquisition of Ft. Garland by Colorado Historical Society", In: The Colorado Magazine, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, January, 1946, pp. 25-29.; Enochs, James C., "Clash of Ambition: Tappan-Chivington Feud", In: Montana Western History, Vol. 15, No. 3, July, 1965, pp.
301:, he traveled through southern and western Kansas, speaking in favor of the free-state movement. He also maintained close ties to both the Kansas-based and East Coast leadership of the New England Emigrant Aid Company and participated in helping to smuggle arms (nicknamed "
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II, Topeka, 1920, pg. 110; Connelley, William E., "The Lane Trail", In: Proceedings of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1913-1914, Vol. XIII, Topeka, 1915, pp. 273-276; Connelley, William E., "The Life of Preston B. Plumb", Browne & Howell, Chicago, 1913, pg. 49.
309:, also emigrated to Kansas in 1857, and was Secretary of the Senate under the Topeka Constitution. Lewis Tappan was one of the Fort Scott Treaty Commissioners. Both Lewis and Sam were among the 15 armed men who captured the box containing the altered election returns at
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in Boston and forced return by US Marshals stirred a fierce reaction among Boston's abolitionists. Crowds lined the street to protest his being shipped back to slavery in the South. This event may have inspired Tappan to take personal action following passage of the
258:'s "pioneer party". They were trying to arrange for anti-slavery advocates to settle in Kansas before the vote on whether it should be free or a slave state. He staked a claim to land that abutted the claim of the homeopathic physician Dr. John Doy, formerly of
617:, later the famed African explorer and author, first as a clerk to cover the commission's work and later recommended that he be hired as a correspondent to file dispatches with major newspapers. Through this work, Stanley came to the attention of
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Tappan, 1915, page 52; Hollister, Ovando, "Boldly They Rode: A History of the First Colorado Regiment of Volunteers", The Golden Press, 1949, pg. 5; Karnes, Thomas, "William Gilpin: Western Nationalist", University of Texas Press, pg. 275;
598:, and C. C. Augur and several prominent civilians. The Commission negotiated with several tribes in the Plains during 1867–1868, as well as other native tribes in the Southwest. In Kansas, on October 21, 1867, the group negotiated the
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in the city's defenses and John P. Slough, his former Colonel in the First Colorado, had been appointed a Brigadier General and was the Military Governor of Alexandria and commander of the fortifications at Fort Ward near
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In 1864, Tappan's father died in Massachusetts and, after numerous queries to Chivington, Tappan was finally granted his first leave of the war. He returned home to help comfort his mother and sisters and then traveled to
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Tappan family. It included clergymen, politicians, merchants, sea captains, cabinet-makers, inventors, poets, philanthropists, educators, and abolitionists. He was a first cousin once removed of the noted brothers
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Sam Tappan received a common school education and then went to work in the cabinet-making trade in his native town, learning to make chairs from his father. He next worked in Boston at an uncle's clothing store.
282:, including reports dealing with the armed and sometimes deadly conflicts between the territory's Pro-Slavery advocates and those aligned with the Free-State movement. Tappan was also actively involved in the
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Tappan's marriage to Cora, who was a spiritualist medium, author, poet, abolitionist, and fellow Native American rights activist, eventually ended in divorce and they had no children together. He lived in
677:(later known as Cora L.V. Richmond 1840–1923) and moved to Washington, DC, Minnie joined their household and continued her studies in Washington. When Tappan and his wife moved a few years later to
610:, that ended the Bosque Redondo reservation fiasco. Tappan met several times with President Johnson and General Grant during his service with the commission, as well as many members of Congress.
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success of the one-third of Slough's command that bypassed the Confederate lines and attacked and destroyed the enemy wagon train and supplies in their rear near Johnson's Ranch. Commanded by
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to the rank of Colonel before he was mustered out of the army at the end of the Civil War. During his service in the First Colorado Cavalry, elements of the regiment also joined the
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where he had many connections in the military hierarchy. His cousin Elizabeth Tappan Tannatt's (sister of his Colorado cousins' Lewis, William and George Tappan) husband, Col.
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Colonel where he outranked Tappan would eventually produce friction between the two as Chivington viewed Tappan as a rival whom he sought to discredit. Tappan participated in
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for Minnie to continue her education at the Preparatory Department of what is now Howard University. While studying there in 1873, she fell ill and died and was buried in a
652:'s peace policy. He openly charged that the efforts of the peace policy to reach a final settlement with Plains and Southwest Indians were being undermined by congressional
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When Slough resigned as colonel a few days after the victory at Glorieta Pass, Tappan was the ranking officer and acting colonel. Although later recognized by both Col.
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and several other newspapers, reporting on the territory's first difficulties with border raiders. As an active abolitionist, he covered the antislavery movement in the
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499:. Edward R. S. Canby had also been promoted to Brigadier General following the successful defense of New Mexico against the Confederate invasion and transferred to
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Crawford, George A., "The Candle-box Under the Woodpile", In: Proceedings of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1907-1908, Vol. X, Topeka, 1908, pg. 203.
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and land speculation interests, and that these interests were ultimately responsible for such atrocities against the Indians as the 1871 massacre of
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Hinton, Richard, "Pens That Made Kansas Free", Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1897-1900, Vol. VI, Topeka, 1900, pg. 375
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Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia. He later lived in California for a time. Tappan was appointed during the presidency of
746:"Tappan-Toppan genealogy: ancestors and descendants of Abraham Toppan of Newbury, Massachusetts, 1606-1672", D. Tappan, 1915, page 52
737:"Tappan-Toppan genealogy: ancestors and descendants of Abraham Toppan of Newbury, Massachusetts, 1606-1672", D. Tappan, 1915, page 52
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of 1850 and returned to servile labor. Tappan was encouraged in his abolitionism by family members and prominent men, who included
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827:"Extinct Geographical Locations", In: Proceedings of the Kansas Historical Society, 1911-1912, Vol. XII, Topeka, 1912, pg. 471.
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for native tribes. He proposed the federal government replace military jurisdiction over tribal matters with a form of
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in November 1868 of Chief Black Kettle's Southern Cheyennes while camped near Ft. Sill Oklahoma Territory by Lt. Col.
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Tappan became active in the volatile political activity in the territory. In 1855, accompanied by political activist
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Horgan, Sean, " 'Lost' Navajo Treaty spent years in a New England Attic", Gloucester Daily Times, August 2, 2018,
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Tappan was appointed to head the military commission that investigated Colonel Chivington for his role in the
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southward back towards Texas. Tappan, with the rest of the First Colorado, remained in New Mexico billeted at
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with the tribes of the Southern plain. He and Gen. Sherman were the two commission members who finalized the
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and containing a large Hispanic population. During his command of Fort Garland, he was assigned by Governor
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At the age of 23, Tappan was one of a group of 29 New England settlers who came to found what later became
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Pittman, Walter, E., "New Mexico and the Civil War", The History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011, pp. 61-89.
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After an act of perceived insubordination in 1863, Tappan was relegated by Chivington to the command of
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1018:"John Chivington Biography - Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"
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While in Boston, Tappan was disturbed by the fate of fugitive slaves who were caught pursuant to the
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324:, who had both preceded him to the gold fields by a year. Sam Tappan worked as a journalist for the
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1004:"Joseph Cramer Biography - Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"
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in New Mexico in early March 1862, and later saw action against the Confederate troops along the
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Tappan and his charges joined the hurried movement of the First Colorado Volunteers to reinforce
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During his service with the commission, Tappan also recruited the young and inexperienced
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on April 15, 1862, as the Union troops pursued the retreating Confederate forces under
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in July 1867, pursuant to an act of the US Congress, to serve as a member of the
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In 1860, Tappan relocated as a "Pike's Peaker" to the settlement that became
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in 1861, Tappan received a commission from Colorado's Territorial Governor
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with a detachment of the regiment until news arrived of the invasion of
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from Kansas Memory, the digital portal of the Kansas Historical Society
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http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kansaspast/doykan.htm
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and received an invitation from Grant to visit his field command at
182:(1788–1873) who were silk merchants in New York; they were known as
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Report of Lieut. Col. Samuel F. Tappan, First Colorado Infantry,
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for the last years of his life and was buried after his death at
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Correspondence and other documents by and about Samuel R. Tappan
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Tappan returned to Colorado in November 1864 and was laid up at
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the services of noted mountain man, Indian scout and tracker
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branches in Denver, Colorado City, Golden, and Central City.
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in 1867 to reach peace with the Plains Indians, he advocated
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in New Mexico. Tappan participated in the second day of the
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that was signed with the Navajo Nation on June 1, 1868, at
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in campaigns against various Plains tribes, including the
129:(June 29, 1831 – January 6, 1913) was an American
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Vol. 1-53, (serial No. 1-111), Chapter XXI, page 536.
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449:, serving under Canby well into the summer of 1862.
238:, and others. In May 1854, the capture of the slave
1055:"The first years of Genoa Indian Industrial School"
153:on reservations, applied by the tribes themselves.
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1125:People from Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
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625:, who later sent him to Africa in search of Dr.
358:volunteer troops. Commissioned initially as a
141:rights activist. Appointed as a member of the
829:https://en.wikipedia.org/Lewis_Northey_Tappan
766:"Welcome kansasnewspapers.org - BlueHost.com"
382:near Denver, Tappan was placed in command of
1135:People of Colorado in the American Civil War
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873:Forgotten Heroes and Villains of Sand Creek
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1032:"John L. Evans | Chipeta: Ute Peacemaker"
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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894:Rocky Mountain News, December 23, 1864.
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342:With the outbreak of the
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1094:In Memoriam - photograph
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604:Treaty of Bosque Redondo
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38:Please help
33:verification
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1120:1913 deaths
1115:1831 births
547:Silas Soule
171:New England
1109:Categories
975:2014-07-16
921:2014-07-16
658:Eskiminzin
493:Alexandria
467:John Evans
447:Fort Craig
440:Brig. Gen.
404:Fort Union
338:Enlistment
131:journalist
66:newspapers
551:brevetted
520:Fort Lyon
472:Tom Tobin
384:Fort Wise
380:Camp Weld
344:Civil War
333:Civil War
311:Lecompton
151:civil law
984:cite web
930:cite web
799:284-285.
654:railroad
563:Comanche
497:Virginia
352:regiment
202:, later
621:of the
360:captain
165:, near
80:scholar
885:58-67.
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565:, and
364:Golden
206:under
167:Boston
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725:Notes
559:Kiowa
417:Major
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356:Union
87:JSTOR
73:books
990:link
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196:Ohio
186:and
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