430:. The revolt was in response to economic conflict concerning the price and ownership of salt. The Revolt consisted of several violent incidents opposing Philip IV's taxation policy. The rebellion against the salt tax quickly progressed into a much broader protest against all economic inequalities under Philip IV's reign. The rebellion came to an end in the spring of 1634 as the main leaders of the protest were executed. However, Philip IV overlooked the rest of the group and decided to remove his original order concerning the price and ownership of salt in response to the rebellion.
397:
salt. ” The Roman government did not follow the influence of the
Chinese and did not maintain a monopoly of salt. The Roman government however did not hesitate to control salt prices when they felt necessary, they often subsidised the price of salt to ensure commoners were able to access salt. In order to finance the war, the government did begin manipulating prices of salt in order to raise funds, despite this there remained a low price within the city of Rome.
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29:
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492:, private sale of salt was prohibited, and salt found being transported had to be sold to the British authorities at a fixed price, and, in later years, the production of salt was banned completely. This was done to maintain the high price of British salt by destroying India's long-established tradition of salt-making. In 1858, when Britain took control of the Indian provinces, these taxes remained.
384:, so small farmers and poorer urban people were the most affected by the taxation of salt. Salt smuggling was extremely common in France due to the nature of the tax, as smugglers could buy salt in an area where it was cheap and sell it in an area where the legal price of salt was much higher. The Gabelle is said to have been a large contributing factor to the French Revolution.
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1790. The revenue from the salt tax allowed some governments to increase living standards: the
Chinese government, for example, used the revenue from salt tax to fund the building of the Great Wall of China. As a result of the salt tax, the price of salt skyrocketed, subsequently meaning many individuals were unable to afford salt. Salt plays a large role in the human diet and
406:
both China and France. Smuggling salt was a very serious offence, individuals in French history were executed for salt-smuggling whilst in China offenders were often flayed alive. Whilst the tax remained in
England, salt smuggling between Ireland and England was extremely common as Ireland had no salt tax thus Irish salt was smuggled into England.
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British East India
Company was taken over by the crown in 1858 as a result of the plentiful revenue. Due to India's large population, not everyone was able to afford salt thus often resulting in salt deprivation, many Indians died as a result of the expensive salt taxation, this and other surrounding political problems influenced the
340:. Salt tax was collected by over 600 officials at the time. The British salt tax was abolished in 1825 as a result of salt becoming an important mineral in the manufacturing processes evolving during the Industrial Revolution. Much of the impetus behind the repeal of salt duties came from manufacturers wanting to produce
169:. Salt is one of the longest standing sources of revenue for governments; the taxation policy was so successful due to the vital role of salt within the human diet. Salt taxes have been extremely influential in many of the political and economic revolts within history, resulting in important historic events including the
405:
Avoiding the high taxation of salt, many individuals smuggled salt in order to provide their families with salt and make profits of their own. Private salt trafficking occurred as monopoly salt was more expensive and of lower quality whilst local bandits and rebel leaders thrived on salt smuggling in
379:
was the French salt tax, initially implemented in 1360 and lasting, with brief revisions and lapses, until 1946. The
Gabelle originated as an indirect tax on agricultural commodities; however, from 1360 onward it was limited solely to the taxation of salt implemented by the French crown. The Gabelle
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or Salt Road was built for transporting salt. The Roman army required salt for their soldiers and horses and often Roman soldiers were paid in salt as it was seen as a valuable currency at the time. The word salary originated from the payment of salt to Roman soldiers and coined the term “worth his
438:
In 1648 the Moscow
Uprising, more commonly known as the Salt Riot began as a result of government implementation of a universal salt tax, replacing other taxes, with the intention of replenishing the state treasury. The price of salt grew exponentially resulting in violent riots within Moscow. The
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Salt taxation in China dates back to 300 BC, and today China is one of the largest producers of salt in the world. Salt tax has played a large role in
Chinese history and their economic development, as salt is considered an essential commodity, it is also one of their largest sources of government
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Today, India is one of the leading producers of salt in the world, coming in third behind the US and China. However, the
British implementation of the salt tax in India was one of the highest of its kind. In 1835, the British East India Company implemented the first taxation of salt in India, the
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The implications of the salt tax were both positive and negative. Salt tax was highly profitable for governments and increased the living standards within many countries. The salt tax was also influential upon historic political events including the Salt March in 1930 and the French
Revolution in
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to the coastal village of Dandi, Gandhi was going to, at the journey’s end, illegally harvest salt without paying tax to the
British Crown. Salt was chosen by Gandhi because its taxation was extremely detrimental to the poorest of Indians and, "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest
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is a serious health issue which can result in vomiting, coma, and death. Many believe that populations revolted against the salt tax through the French revolution and the Salt March as a result of the deaths associated with the lack of salt and high level of social disruption the tax caused. The
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is the universal refusal to pay tax due to an opposition to the government that is imposing that tax, it is a direct action and if in violation of the tax regulations can be seen as civil disobedience. Tax resisters may accept that law commands them to pay taxes however they choose to resist
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revenue . The tax revenue funded the development of the Great Wall, along with funding the Chinese army and several other government development projects. Private salt trafficking was very common in China as monopoly salt was more expensive and lower quality.
133:, usually levied proportionately to the volume of salt purchased. The taxation of salt dates as far back as 300 BC, as salt has been a valuable good used for gifts and religious offerings since 6050 BC. The salt tax originated in
165:, and towards the end of their reign the Romans began monopolising salt in order to fund their war objectives. Salt was such an important commodity during the Middle Ages that salt production facilities became some of the first
298:
Moscow Uprising and the Salt Tax Revolt had the highest death tolls and caused the most significant social disruption, however these salt taxations were quickly removed as a result.
439:
Salt Tax fell mainly on the poorer sections within society, the riot was aggravated due to members of the elite finding ways to evade the tax, resulting in widespread corruption.
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1882 – Salt act implemented by the British in India, prohibiting Indians from selling or collecting salt, thus forcing them to purchase the highly taxed salt from British rulers
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on salt, also known as the salt gabelle, has existed since 119 B.C and lasted until 2014, making it the world's oldest (and possibly first) state monopoly in the world. By the
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including that under the British. In India, there had been a tax on salt for hundreds of years but it was greatly increased following the rule of India's provinces by the
380:
was one of the most unequal forms of revenue generation in the country's history, and was one of the main injustices of the French peasants, as the tax was based on one's
793:
Moxham (n.d.) Salt Starvation in British India: Consequences of High Salt Taxation in Bengal Presidency, 1765 to 1878. Economic and political weekly. 36 (25), 2270–2274
336:. The tax was originally set at two shillings a bushel on foreign salt, one shilling on native salt. However, in 1696 this was doubled and remained until it was
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necessity of life." Despite the national influence and international recognition gained by the Salt Satyagraha, the salt tax remained until it was repealed by
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was a protest in response to the unfair tax and standing up to the rule of the British Monarch, the protest resulted in the independence of India in 1947.
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taxation. The Salt March led by Mohandas Gandhi is a prime example of tax resistance and is one of the most recognisable tax resistances in history.
332:, the previously abolished salt tax was reintroduced in 1641. However, the tax was revoked in 1660 and not reinstated until 1693 under the reign of
802:
Burg, D. F. (2004) A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge
477:, taxes on salt brought in more than half of the government's tax revenue, and continued to be a major factor even in the 20th century.
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6050 BC – Salt used as part of Egyptian religious offerings and valuable trade between the Phoenicians and their Mediterranean empire
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Within the Roman Empire, salt was considered a fundamental part of empire building. The first of the great Roman Empire roads, the
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141:. As a result of the successful profitability of the salt tax, its use would diffuse among governments across the world.
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took place and led to nonviolent protests throughout the provinces of British India. A 24-day, 240-mile march from
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643:"Salt Starvation in British India: Consequences of High Salt Taxation in Bengal Presidency, 1765 to 1878"
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352:. Britain's salt act of 1882 prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in their diet.
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1947 – India gains independence from the British Empire as a result of the Indian independence movement.
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300 BC – First salt tax levied in China, used to fund the construction of the Great Wall of China
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714:"The Highland Kelp Proprietors and their Struggle over the Salt and Barilla Duties, 1817–1831"
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In 2014, it is still illegal in certain provinces of China to use salt from a neighbor city.
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Sands, T. & Higby, C. P. (1949) France and the Salt Tax. Historian. 11 (2), 145–165.
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were the main regions to follow the Chinese lead. Salt was used as a currency during the
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Between 1631 and 1634 the Salt Tax Revolt took place within the Spanish province of
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Macmullen, R. (1987). Tax-Pressure in the Roman Empire. Latomus, 46(4), 737–754.
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Salt & the Salt Tax Eighteenth Century Salt Making (2020) Salt Association
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Spencer, J. (1935). Salt in China. Geographical Review, 25(3), 353-366.
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504:. Salt played a large role in India's quest for independence. In 1930,
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1696 – The salt tax in England was doubled in order to increase revenue
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Notable examples of salt taxation throughout history include:
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1858 – The British crown took over the administration of India
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was abolished following France's liberation from Nazi Germany
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Phillips, W. (1965) THE SALT TAX. British Tax Review. 0. .
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1648 – Moscow uprising caused by salt tax implementation
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in 300 BC and became the main source of financing the
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1790 – Post French revolution, salt tax was abolished
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Spencer, Joseph Earle (July 1935). "Salt in China".
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T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History.
528:A Russian salt tax led to an uprising known as the
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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465:: at various times including that under the
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283:1974 – in Italy the salt tax was abolished.
203:1360 – First salt tax implemented in France
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500:, and it was a contributing factor to the
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113:Learn how and when to remove this message
899:International Salt Co. v. United States
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815:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004;
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1229:List of countries by salt production
584:Llewellyn, J.; Thompson, S. (2015).
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488:. In salt producing regions such as
469:of Tang and Yuan China. In China, a
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586:"Taxation as a cause of revolution"
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16:Not to be confused with
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362:Salt in Chinese history
167:state-owned enterprises
1224:Open-pan salt making
1048:Monosodium glutamate
752:Gabelle | French tax
641:Moxham, Roy (2001).
434:The Moscow Salt Riot
47:improve this article
754:(2020). Britannica.
682:"The Story of Salt"
605:Geographical Review
330:Commonwealth period
1063:Potassium chloride
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58:Find sources:
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36:This article
34:
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1331:
1307:Mineral lick
1192:and industry
1008:Fleur de sel
897:
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388:Roman Empire
382:social class
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163:Roman Empire
126:
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109:
100:
90:
83:
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69:
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45:Please help
40:verification
37:
1265:In Pakistan
1250:In Cheshire
1209:Salt mining
1171:Salted fish
1093:Salammoniac
1053:Moshio salt
958:Asín tibuok
834:Apple Daily
686:Gandhi Marg
539:tax in the
451:The French
394:Via Salaria
334:William III
328:During the
273:1945 – The
1219:Sink works
1143:Food usage
1033:Kala namak
968:Black lava
920:Salt March
821:1403934568
556:References
525:, in 1946.
508:’s famous
498:Salt March
360:See also:
314:Salt March
264:Salt March
185:in Spain.
179:Salt March
139:Great Wall
73:newspapers
62:"Salt tax"
1312:Road salt
1243:By region
1214:Salt well
1018:Himalayan
925:Salt road
823:), p. 50.
766:. (2020).
659:0012-9976
240:in France
103:June 2016
1389:Salt tax
1383:Category
1348:Category
1255:In Ghana
1190:Commerce
1113:Sel gris
1108:Seasoned
1103:Sea salt
1058:Pickling
953:Alberger
443:Examples
262:led the
189:Timeline
127:salt tax
1274:Culture
1156:Salting
1151:Brining
1128:Truffle
1028:Jugyeom
1023:Iodised
963:Bittern
888:History
881:History
667:4410779
537:solărit
453:Gabelle
377:Gabelle
350:barilla
324:England
275:Gabelle
258:1930 –
238:Gabelle
232:1806 –
206:1631 –
155:England
87:scholar
1359:Portal
1133:Túltul
1118:Smoked
1043:Kosher
1013:Garlic
993:Cyclic
988:Curing
983:Celery
973:Butter
943:Abraum
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428:Biscay
371:France
215:Biscay
177:, the
173:, the
157:, and
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1083:Onion
1003:Flake
998:Dairy
948:Alaea
935:Types
692:(24).
663:JSTOR
621:JSTOR
356:China
307:India
159:India
147:Spain
135:China
94:JSTOR
80:books
1373:Food
1088:Rock
874:Salt
817:ISBN
655:ISSN
535:The
480:The
375:The
131:salt
66:news
1332:Tax
726:doi
613:doi
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