32:
350:
because the eggs released in ovulation cannot make contact with the sperm. Approximately 75,000-225,000 cases of infertility in the US are caused by salpingitis. The more times one has the infection, the greater the risk of infertility. With one episode of salpingitis, the risk of infertility is
326:
Over one million cases of acute salpingitis are reported every year in the US, but the number of incidents is probably larger, due to incomplete and untimely reporting methods and that many cases are reported first when the illness has gone so far that it has developed chronic complications. For
330:
Salpingitis has a higher incidence among members of lower socioeconomic classes. However, this is thought of being an effect of earlier sexual debut, multiple partners, and decreased ability to receive proper health care rather than any independent risk factor for salpingitis.
334:
As an effect of an increased risk due to multiple partners, the prevalence of salpingitis is highest for people age 15–24 years. Decreased awareness of symptoms and less will to use contraceptives are also common in this group, raising the occurrence of salpingitis.
159:
The infection usually has its origin in the vagina and ascends to the fallopian tube from there. Because the infection can spread via the lymph vessels, infection in one fallopian tube usually leads to infection of the other.
890:
875:
690:
Narasinakuppe
Krishnegowda, Dharanesha; Dhama, Kuldeep; Kumar Mariappan, Asok; Munuswamy, Palanivelu; Iqbal Yatoo, Mohd.; Tiwari, Ruchi; Karthik, Kumaragurubaran; Bhatt, Prakash; Reddy, Maddula Ramakoti (2020).
979:
193:
Another risk is factors that alter the microenvironment in the vagina and cervix, allowing infecting organisms to proliferate and eventually ascend to the fallopian tube:
574:
Price, Malcolm J.; Ades, A. E.; Soldan, Kate; Welton, Nicky J.; Macleod, John; Simms, Ian; DeAngelis, Daniela; Turner, Katherine Me; Horner, Paddy J. (March 2016).
972:
1791:
693:"Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review"
965:
530:
440:"Gonococcal Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Placing Mechanistic Insights Into the Context of Clinical and Epidemiological Observations"
633:"Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome associated with tuberculous salpingitis and peritonitis: a case presentation and review of literature"
213:
Finally, sexual intercourse may facilitate the spread of disease from the vagina to the fallopian tube. Coital risk factors are:
327:
women age 16–25, salpingitis is the most common serious infection. It affects approximately 11% of females of reproductive age.
547:
Curry, A; Williams, T; Penny, ML (15 September 2019). "Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention".
351:
8-17%. With 3 episodes of salpingitis, the risk is 40-60%, although the exact risk depends on the severity of each episode.
753:"Human and Avian Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Infections, Zoonotic Risks, and Antibiotic Resistance Trends"
808:
de Boer, M. W.; LeBlanc, S. J.; Dubuc, J.; Meier, S.; Heuwieser, W.; Arlt, S.; Gilbert, R. O.; McDougall, S. (July 2014).
1766:
1410:
810:"Invited review: Systematic review of diagnostic tests for reproductive-tract infection and inflammation in dairy cows"
1580:
1099:
1285:
343:
For those affected, 20% need hospitalization. For those aged 15–44 years, 0.29 per 100,000 die from salpingitis.
1194:
206:
375:
115:
The symptoms usually appear after a menstrual period. The most common are: an abnormal smell and colour of
1707:
1236:
84:
1702:
1435:
1132:
576:"The natural history of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: a multi-parameter evidence synthesis"
1751:
1320:
1268:
1087:
905:
347:
1635:
1585:
1541:
1199:
1613:
1189:
1028:
988:
271:
1618:
1472:
1415:
1340:
1278:
1139:
957:
241:
1630:
1055:
8:
1741:
1680:
1536:
894:
269:
However, salpingitis is usually polymicrobial, involving many kinds of pathogens such as
175:
Other risk factors include surgical procedures that break the cervical barrier, such as:
1608:
1565:
1531:
1467:
1430:
1335:
1226:
1127:
1082:
1038:
1033:
785:
752:
725:
692:
689:
667:
632:
608:
575:
472:
439:
346:
One in six cases of salpingitis will lead to infertility. Salpingitis can also lead to
292:
276:
899:
1623:
1521:
1204:
1092:
916:
839:
831:
790:
772:
730:
712:
672:
654:
613:
595:
556:
477:
459:
355:
296:
116:
51:
1746:
1675:
1477:
1305:
1072:
1011:
945:
821:
780:
764:
720:
704:
662:
644:
603:
587:
467:
451:
280:
708:
1553:
1496:
1405:
1369:
1310:
1251:
1109:
1020:
910:
76:
1728:
1590:
1482:
1442:
1420:
1256:
1119:
1104:
1048:
406:
255:
234:
172:
opening during menstruation allows the infection to reach the fallopian tubes.
921:
649:
506:
358:
by 7-10 fold. Half of ectopic pregnancies are due to a salpingitis infection.
1785:
1736:
1261:
1246:
1209:
1144:
1062:
835:
776:
716:
658:
599:
463:
455:
262:
31:
884:
1655:
1508:
1387:
1295:
1273:
1214:
1149:
1077:
992:
843:
794:
734:
676:
617:
560:
481:
387:
Salpingitis is most commonly caused by bacteria and typically treated with
187:
100:
88:
72:
43:
826:
809:
768:
1660:
1575:
1548:
1512:
1458:
1379:
1364:
1290:
1177:
1043:
388:
300:
148:
144:
104:
96:
1761:
1645:
1595:
1517:
1425:
1356:
1241:
1067:
419:
248:
92:
56:
39:
867:
1650:
1640:
1526:
996:
940:
591:
511:
320:
182:
140:
68:
1756:
1462:
411:
132:
128:
415:
400:
1397:
1168:
879:
169:
124:
987:
120:
168:
It's been theorized that retrograde menstrual flow and the
136:
354:
Damaged oviducts from salpingitis increase the risk of an
807:
573:
857:
16:
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes due to infection
631:Coremans, Laura; de Clerck, Frederik (2018-03-20).
311:Salpingitis can be acute, chronic, or subclinical.
229:The bacteria most associated with salpingitis are:
546:
630:
438:Xu, Stacey X.; Gray-Owen, Scott D. (2021-08-16).
1783:
151:, on both sides of the abdomen, and lower back.
83:). It is often included in the umbrella term of
1792:Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs
973:
418:. This can result in lower egg production.
410:and other bacteria can cause salpingitis in
525:
523:
521:
519:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
437:
980:
966:
30:
825:
784:
724:
666:
648:
607:
471:
516:
488:
319:Approximately one in fourteen untreated
750:
542:
540:
323:infections will result in salpingitis.
1784:
1010:
961:
110:
746:
744:
537:
224:
1767:Persistent genital arousal disorder
394:
13:
444:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
42:of acute and chronic salpingitis.
14:
1803:
1581:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1100:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
853:
741:
431:
751:Mellata, Melha (November 2013).
338:
291:Salpingitis may be diagnosed by
220:Sperm, carrying organisms upward
757:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
365:Infection of ovaries and uterus
314:
163:
1195:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
801:
683:
624:
567:
207:sexually transmitted infection
1:
709:10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495
425:
1291:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
1262:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
580:Health Technology Assessment
382:
374:Internal scars resulting in
286:
7:
1708:Pelvic inflammatory disease
422:can also have salpingitis.
85:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
1808:
1703:Pelvic congestion syndrome
1133:Fallopian tube obstruction
135:, and frequent urination.
1752:Vestibular papillomatosis
1727:
1720:
1695:
1671:
1604:
1562:
1504:
1495:
1451:
1396:
1378:
1355:
1331:
1321:Metropathia haemorrhagica
1223:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1118:
1019:
1003:
931:
861:
650:10.1186/s12876-018-0768-0
549:American Family Physician
376:Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome
368:Infection of sex partners
361:Other complications are:
154:
149:during sexual intercourse
50:
38:
29:
24:
1088:Follicular cyst of ovary
814:Journal of Dairy Science
697:The Veterinary Quarterly
348:tubal factor infertility
306:
295:, blood tests, and/or a
1586:Sexual arousal disorder
1542:Candidal vulvovaginitis
1200:Endometrial hyperplasia
450:(12 Suppl 2): S56–S63.
371:An abscess on the ovary
1029:Endometriosis of ovary
456:10.1093/infdis/jiab227
272:Ureaplasma urealyticum
1473:Vesicouterine fistula
1416:Cervical incompetence
1341:Recurrent miscarriage
1279:Premenstrual syndrome
1140:Fallopian tube cancer
827:10.3168/jds.2013-7450
769:10.1089/fpd.2013.1533
242:Chlamydia trachomatis
1631:Rectovaginal fistula
1056:Poor ovarian reserve
637:BMC Gastroenterology
533:. 16 September 2022.
217:Uterine contractions
197:antibiotic treatment
1681:Postcoital bleeding
1609:Urogenital fistulas
1537:Bacterial vaginosis
1190:Asherman's syndrome
139:may be felt during
1566:Sexual dysfunction
1532:Atrophic vaginitis
1468:Retroverted uterus
1431:Female infertility
1411:Cervical dysplasia
1336:Female infertility
1128:Female infertility
1083:Corpus luteum cyst
1039:Ovulatory disorder
1034:Female infertility
932:External resources
293:pelvic examination
179:endometrial biopsy
111:Signs and symptoms
87:(PID), along with
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1716:
1715:
1691:
1690:
1624:Obstetric fistula
1522:Vaginal discharge
1491:
1490:
1436:Cervical stenosis
1351:
1350:
1205:Endometrial polyp
1163:
1162:
1093:Theca lutein cyst
955:
954:
356:ectopic pregnancy
225:Bacterial species
117:vaginal discharge
62:
61:
19:Medical condition
1799:
1747:Kraurosis vulvae
1742:Bartholin's cyst
1725:
1724:
1676:Vaginal bleeding
1569:
1502:
1501:
1478:Uterine prolapse
1306:Menometrorrhagia
1230:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1073:Ovarian apoplexy
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
982:
975:
968:
959:
958:
859:
858:
848:
847:
829:
820:(7): 3983–3999.
805:
799:
798:
788:
748:
739:
738:
728:
687:
681:
680:
670:
652:
628:
622:
621:
611:
592:10.3310/hta20220
571:
565:
564:
544:
535:
534:
527:
514:
503:
486:
485:
475:
435:
395:In other animals
34:
22:
21:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1712:
1687:
1667:
1600:
1563:
1558:
1554:Vaginal atresia
1487:
1447:
1406:Cervical cancer
1392:
1374:
1370:Uterine fibroid
1347:
1327:
1311:Polymenorrhagia
1252:Oligoamenorrhea
1224:
1219:
1159:
1114:
1110:Ovarian torsion
999:
989:Female diseases
986:
956:
951:
950:
927:
926:
870:
856:
851:
806:
802:
763:(11): 916–932.
749:
742:
688:
684:
629:
625:
572:
568:
545:
538:
529:
528:
517:
504:
489:
436:
432:
428:
397:
385:
341:
317:
309:
289:
227:
166:
157:
113:
77:fallopian tubes
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Ureterovaginal
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:Vaginal cancer
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1483:Uterine cancer
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1443:Nabothian cyst
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1421:Cervical polyp
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1257:Oligomenorrhea
1254:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1120:Fallopian tube
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1105:Ovarian cancer
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:Oligoovulation
1046:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1005:
1001:
1000:
985:
984:
977:
970:
962:
953:
952:
949:
948:
936:
935:
933:
929:
928:
925:
924:
913:
902:
887:
871:
866:
865:
863:
862:Classification
855:
854:External links
852:
850:
849:
800:
740:
682:
623:
566:
555:(6): 357–364.
536:
515:
487:
429:
427:
424:
407:Gallibacterium
396:
393:
384:
381:
380:
379:
372:
369:
366:
340:
337:
316:
313:
308:
305:
288:
285:
267:
266:
259:
256:Staphylococcus
252:
245:
238:
235:N. gonorrhoeae
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
211:
210:
204:
201:
198:
191:
190:
185:
180:
165:
162:
156:
153:
112:
109:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Vulvar cancer
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Vesicovaginal
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Hypomenorrhea
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Endometriosis
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Hematosalpinx
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Mittelschmerz
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
960:
947:
943:
942:
938:
937:
934:
930:
923:
919:
918:
914:
912:
908:
907:
903:
901:
897:
896:
892:
888:
886:
882:
881:
877:
873:
872:
869:
864:
860:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:(22): 1–250.
585:
581:
577:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
532:
531:"Salpingitis"
526:
524:
522:
520:
513:
509:
508:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
430:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
402:
392:
390:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
352:
349:
344:
339:Complications
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
312:
304:
302:
301:cervical swab
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:
265:
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263:Streptococcus
260:
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90:
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82:
79:(also called
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
44:H&E stain
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
1656:Sigmoidocele
1564:
1509:Hematocolpos
1388:Parametritis
1296:Metrorrhagia
1274:Dysmenorrhea
1227:Menstruation
1225:
1215:Endometritis
1154:
1150:Hydrosalpinx
1078:Ovarian cyst
939:
915:
904:
889:
874:
817:
813:
803:
760:
756:
703:(1): 16–34.
700:
696:
685:
640:
636:
626:
583:
579:
569:
552:
548:
505:
447:
443:
433:
405:
399:
398:
386:
378:of the liver
360:
353:
345:
342:
333:
329:
325:
318:
315:Epidemiology
310:
290:
270:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
228:
212:
203:menstruation
192:
188:hysteroscopy
174:
167:
164:Risk factors
158:
114:
101:parametritis
89:endometritis
80:
73:inflammation
64:
63:
1661:Urethrocele
1576:Dyspareunia
1549:Hydrocolpos
1513:Hydrocolpos
1459:Hematometra
1380:Parametrium
1365:Adenomyosis
1178:Endometrium
1155:Salpingitis
1044:Anovulation
507:Salpingitis
389:antibiotics
105:peritonitis
97:myometritis
65:Salpingitis
25:Salpingitis
1762:Vulvodynia
1646:Enterocele
1596:Vaginismus
1518:Leukorrhea
1426:Cervicitis
1357:Myometrium
1242:Amenorrhea
1068:Oophoritis
917:DiseasesDB
426:References
420:Dairy cows
414:and other
283:bacteria.
249:Mycoplasma
93:oophoritis
57:Gynecology
40:Micrograph
1651:Rectocele
1641:Cystocele
1527:Vaginitis
941:eMedicine
836:1525-3198
777:1535-3141
717:0165-2176
659:1471-230X
643:(1): 42.
600:2046-4924
512:eMedicine
464:1537-6613
383:Treatment
321:Chlamydia
287:Diagnosis
277:anaerobic
200:ovulation
183:curettage
143:, during
141:ovulation
81:salpinges
69:infection
52:Specialty
1786:Category
1757:Vulvitis
1721:External
1636:Prolapse
1463:Pyometra
1004:Internal
997:genitals
946:med/2059
844:24835959
795:23962019
735:31902298
677:29558895
618:27007215
561:31524362
482:34396410
412:chickens
133:bloating
129:vomiting
71:causing
1452:General
991:of the
911:D012488
786:3865812
726:7006735
668:5859724
609:4819202
473:8365115
416:poultry
401:E. coli
297:vaginal
281:aerobic
145:periods
75:in the
1497:Vagina
1398:Cervix
1317:Other
1302:Mixed
1286:Timing
1169:Uterus
1012:Adnexa
993:pelvis
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275:, and
170:cervix
155:Causes
125:nausea
103:, and
67:is an
1729:Vulva
1696:Other
1021:Ovary
900:614.2
307:Types
209:(STI)
121:fever
1269:Pain
1237:Flow
995:and
922:9748
906:MeSH
895:9-CM
840:PMID
832:ISSN
791:PMID
773:ISSN
731:PMID
713:ISSN
673:PMID
655:ISSN
614:PMID
596:ISSN
557:PMID
478:PMID
460:ISSN
279:and
137:Pain
891:ICD
885:N70
876:ICD
822:doi
781:PMC
765:doi
721:PMC
705:doi
663:PMC
645:doi
604:PMC
588:doi
553:100
510:at
468:PMC
452:doi
448:224
299:or
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