54:
929:
A diagnosis of peritonitis is based primarily on the clinical manifestations described above. Rigidity (involuntary contraction of the abdominal muscles) is the most specific exam finding for diagnosing peritonitis. If focal peritonitis is detected, further work-up should be done. If diffuse
986:
per μL is considered diagnostic. In addition, Gram stain is almost always negative, whereas culture of the peritoneal fluid can determine the microorganism responsible and determine their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
1126:
of about <10% in otherwise healthy people. The mortality rate rises to 35% in peritonitis patients who develop sepsis, and patients who have underlying renal insufficiency and complications have a higher mortality rate.
434:
for diagnosing peritonitis (specificity: 76–100%). The presence of these signs in a person is sometimes referred to as peritonism. The localization of these manifestations depends on whether peritonitis is localized (e.g.,
1046:
often consist of multiple drugs, and should be targeted against the most likely agents, depending on the cause of peritonitis (see above); once one or more agents grow in cultures isolated, therapy will be target against
2082:
2067:
1316:
1915:
Li, Philip Kam-Tao; Szeto, Cheuk Chun; Piraino, Beth; de
Arteaga, Javier; Fan, Stanley; Figueiredo, Ana E.; Fish, Douglas N.; Goffin, Eric; Kim, Yong-Lim; Salzer, William; Struijk, Dirk G. (September 2016).
1349:
430:(meaning that pressing a hand on the abdomen elicits less pain than releasing the hand abruptly, which will aggravate the pain, as the peritoneum snaps back into place). Rigidity is highly
1011:; in people who are dehydrated, it also becomes very inspissated. The quantity of accumulated exudate varies widely. It may be spread to the whole peritoneum, or be walled off by the
1062:
can be used to cover Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria. Beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors can also be used; examples include
661:
leakage. The latter occurrence is particularly difficult to diagnose early, as abdominal pain and ileus paralyticus are considered normal in people who have just undergone
3015:
1308:
1679:
Nishijima, D. K., Simel, D. L., Wisner, D. H., & Holmes, J. F. (2012). Does this adult patient have a blunt intra-abdominal injury?. JAMA, 307(14), 1517–1527.
1572:
2193:
1341:
995:
In normal conditions, the peritoneum appears greyish and glistening; it becomes dull 2–4 hours after the onset of peritonitis, initially with scarce
1382:
1098:
that can be used due to its coverage of Gram-positives and Gram-negatives. Empiric therapy will often require multiple drugs from different classes.
2697:
1122:
If properly treated, typical cases of surgically correctable peritonitis (e.g., perforated peptic ulcer, appendicitis, and diverticulitis) have a
846:
are sterile at first, they frequently become infected once they leak out of their organ, leading to infectious peritonitis within 24 to 48 hours.
1086:
are also an option when treating primary peritonitis as all of the carbapenems cover Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, and anaerobes except for
2292:
1196:
2331:
930:
peritonitis is detected, then urgent surgical consultation should be obtained, and may warrant surgery without further investigations.
881:
849:
Sterile abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances, causes localised or minimal generalised peritonitis, which may leave behind a
1222:
966:(CT or CAT scanning) may be useful in differentiating causes of abdominal pain. If reasonable doubt still persists, an exploratory
2027:
1441:
2186:
757:(SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in people with
703:
Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting
1977:
1594:
Arfania D, Everett ED, Nolph KD, Rubin J (1981). "Uncommon causes of peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis".
2559:
2471:
2211:
1090:. The only fluoroquinolone that can be used is moxifloxacin because this is the only fluoroquinolone that covers anaerobes.
1893:
1042:
are usually administered intravenously, but they may also be infused directly into the peritoneum. The empiric choice of
312:
171:
1271:
2772:
2179:
1564:
764:
Intra-peritoneal dialysis predisposes to peritoneal infection (sometimes named "primary peritonitis" in this context).
3444:
3291:
1854:
1413:
1190:
1110:
754:
3189:
448:
3330:
2942:
2925:
2430:
2425:
2302:
456:
1631:"Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health"
3184:
3140:
3034:
2856:
2455:
447:. In either case, pain typically starts as a generalized abdominal pain (with involvement of poorly localizing
3496:
3395:
3241:
20:
3491:
3486:
3150:
2669:
2277:
955:
889:
877:
787:
582:
319:
197:
2364:
1374:
774:
327:
205:
2730:
2659:
2260:
1693:
1113:, which does not always benefit from surgery and may be treated with antibiotics in the first instance.
1109:, as well as to correct any gross anatomical damage that may have caused peritonitis. The exception is
1043:
618:
3003:
2959:
2912:
2718:
2336:
1876:
3349:
3029:
2664:
2622:
2435:
2310:
2297:
2267:
2238:
2159:
2097:
431:
3274:
3051:
2792:
2584:
2243:
983:
524:
520:
307:, fever, or weight loss. One part or the entire abdomen may be tender. Complications may include
158:
3481:
3354:
3078:
3061:
2445:
2321:
2272:
2233:
2203:
799:
382:
2137:
1741:"Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis"
1180:
3286:
3205:
3194:
3155:
3083:
2386:
950:
may reveal dilated, edematous intestines, although such X-rays are mainly useful to look for
850:
729:
1035:
Depending on the severity of the person's state, the management of peritonitis may include:
426:, e.g., coughing (forced cough may be used as a test), flexing one's hips, or eliciting the
3325:
3269:
3090:
2986:
2569:
2564:
2398:
2316:
2282:
1063:
688:
630:
626:
536:
411:
355:
331:
304:
241:
8:
3419:
3229:
3122:
3105:
3066:
3039:
2991:
2834:
2811:
2804:
2753:
2725:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2554:
2171:
2086:
1999:
1230:
963:
854:
716:
614:
532:
452:
374:
351:
308:
263:
229:
167:
27:
1966:
3431:
3296:
3279:
3264:
3251:
3234:
3100:
2735:
2627:
2599:
2533:
2359:
2255:
2220:
2023:
1950:
1917:
1827:
1657:
1630:
1546:
1499:
683:
590:
473:
427:
415:
145:
134:
53:
1773:
1740:
1437:
3409:
3390:
2763:
2108:
1955:
1937:
1885:
1850:
1819:
1778:
1760:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1662:
1611:
1538:
1503:
1491:
1483:
1419:
1409:
1186:
967:
858:
807:
662:
602:
482:
386:
236:
129:
2091:
1973:
1756:
1550:
585:
is the most common cause of peritonitis. Examples include perforation of the distal
3456:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3223:
3095:
3023:
2841:
2748:
2743:
2673:
2632:
2440:
2405:
2148:
1945:
1929:
1831:
1809:
1768:
1752:
1705:
1652:
1642:
1603:
1530:
1475:
951:
831:
747:
678:
642:
622:
77:
3414:
3344:
3210:
3145:
3110:
2981:
2846:
2782:
2684:
2603:
2594:
2544:
2484:
2369:
2346:
2102:
1463:
1430:
1012:
708:
704:
696:
in the peritoneal cavity. It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the
363:
249:
138:
389:. Without treatment death may occur within a few days. About 20% of people with
3451:
3366:
2920:
2893:
2758:
2693:
2689:
2579:
2549:
1871:
1814:
1797:
1123:
1051:
712:
561:
551:
440:
407:
2113:
1607:
3475:
3384:
3337:
3130:
3073:
3056:
2968:
2713:
2540:
2415:
2381:
2326:
1941:
1764:
1717:
1542:
1487:
1423:
1263:
1136:
939:
803:
795:
738:
670:
638:
460:
343:
2076:
1796:
Arvind, Sharda; Raje, Shweta; Rao, Gayatri; Chawla, Latika (February 2019).
1518:
3259:
3171:
3044:
2947:
2898:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2787:
2612:
2528:
2420:
2410:
2376:
1959:
1933:
1918:"ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment"
1889:
1823:
1725:
1666:
1534:
1495:
1479:
1095:
1067:
1020:
979:
931:
839:
835:
815:
768:
720:
646:
598:
436:
339:
323:
288:
213:
201:
62:
1782:
1647:
1615:
300:
3201:
3179:
3010:
2930:
2574:
2475:
2228:
2132:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1039:
1024:
1008:
971:
935:
827:
697:
658:
634:
528:
516:
220:
2000:"Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology"
1680:
19:
This article is about the human condition. For peritonitis in cats, see
3215:
2888:
2866:
2511:
2450:
2154:
1849:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2020. pp. 2094–2118.
1144:
1106:
1102:
1071:
959:
843:
727:
are isolated; the most common agents include cutaneous species such as
423:
370:
359:
292:
259:
245:
2059:
1050:
Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms must be covered. Out of the
3165:
3135:
2998:
2976:
2829:
2680:
2654:
2516:
2506:
2393:
2354:
2287:
2143:
1087:
1059:
1055:
885:
823:
734:
650:
610:
586:
419:
390:
378:
335:
267:
209:
2799:
2777:
2489:
1739:
Ludlam, H A; Price, T N; Berry, A J; Phillips, I (September 1988).
943:
724:
666:
654:
649:(such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an
606:
500:
496:
459:
of the parietal peritoneal layer). Peritonitis is an example of an
962:
examination is under study and is likely to expand in the future.
2851:
2617:
2521:
2493:
1016:
1004:
975:
862:
758:
673:
594:
543:
444:
347:
296:
225:
857:. However, peritonitis may also be caused by the rare case of a
3317:
2935:
2821:
2071:
1000:
996:
947:
870:
693:
557:
492:
163:
946:
may be present, but they are not specific findings. Abdominal
2767:
2497:
1148:
866:
819:
791:
742:
547:
488:
151:
1105:) is needed to perform a full exploration and lavage of the
811:
567:
Complicated peritonitis typically involves multiple organs.
455:), and may become localized later (with involvement of the
104:
95:
83:
2201:
1404:
McGee, Steven R. (2018). "Abdominal Pain and
Tenderness".
16:
Inflammation of the inner wall of the abdomen (peritoneum)
1872:"Appropriate Prescribing of Oral Beta-Lactam Antibiotics"
665:. In most cases of perforation of a hollow viscus, mixed
476:) is often present, especially in generalized peritonitis
110:
89:
1914:
1738:
1593:
1629:
Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica; Mestrovic, Tomislav (2014).
1628:
1517:
Ragetly, G. R.; Bennett, R. A.; Ragetly, C. A. (2012).
1870:
Holten, Keith B.; Onusko, Edward M. (August 1, 2000).
1523:
Tierärztliche Praxis
Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere
505:
Reduced or no passage of abdominal gas and bowel sound
1974:"Peritonitis: Emergencies: Merck Manual Home Edition"
1516:
861:
foreign body inadvertently left in the abdomen after
113:
101:
2049:
350:(the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen) and
189:
Primary, secondary, tertiary, generalized, localized
107:
92:
86:
80:
1798:"Laparoscopic Diagnosis of Peritoneal Tuberculosis"
1795:
692:). Faecal peritonitis results from the presence of
98:
1691:
1519:"Therapie und Prognose der septischen Peritonitis"
1182:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
641:). Other possible reasons for perforation include
1461:
583:Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract
443:before perforation), or generalized to the whole
406:The main manifestations of peritonitis are acute
3473:
491:(i.e., intestinal paralysis), which also causes
1863:
1692:Spalding, Drc; Williamson, Rcn (January 2008).
1462:Okamoto, Koh; Hatakeyama, Shuji (2018-09-20).
1369:
1367:
1185:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 979–980.
2187:
876:Much rarer non-infectious causes may include
707:into the peritoneal cavity. Examples include
669:are isolated; the most common agents include
2293:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1869:
1408:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
1336:
1334:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1223:"Peritonitis - National Library of Medicine"
771:) may rarely have a peritoneal localisation.
381:, and surgery. Other measures may include a
2024:"peritonitis - Online Etymology Dictionary"
1438:"Biology Online's definition of peritonism"
1364:
166:(sepsis is likely if not quickly treated),
2332:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2194:
2180:
741:, but many others are possible, including
52:
1949:
1813:
1772:
1656:
1646:
1331:
1286:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
978:, a diagnosis of peritonitis is made via
882:TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
790:body fluids into the peritoneum, such as
1802:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
1217:
1215:
1213:
1622:
1575:from the original on September 22, 2017
393:who are hospitalized have peritonitis.
3474:
1245:
1161:
838:), or even the contents of a ruptured
422:, which are exacerbated by moving the
295:, the lining of the inner wall of the
150:Severe pain, swelling of the abdomen,
3316:
2560:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2175:
1997:
1681:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.422
1403:
1385:from the original on 31 December 2017
1274:from the original on 31 December 2017
1210:
1178:
613:(e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis,
396:
1991:
1698:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
303:. Symptoms may include severe pain,
1565:"Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes"
546:may form (e.g., above or below the
320:perforation of the intestinal tract
313:acute respiratory distress syndrome
198:Perforation of the intestinal tract
172:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
1896:from the original on June 22, 2018
1375:"Encyclopaedia : Peritonitis"
1313:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1135:The term "peritonitis" comes from
354:. Diagnosis is generally based on
14:
3508:
3445:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3292:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2045:
1922:Peritoneal Dialysis International
1406:Evidence-based physical diagnosis
1352:from the original on 13 July 2018
1319:from the original on 13 July 2018
1111:spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
1027:with fibrino-purulent exudation.
974:may be performed. In people with
911:Fluid accumulation in the abdomen
755:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
609:(peptic ulcer), of the remaining
466:
401:
3190:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1745:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1710:10.12968/hmed.2008.69.Sup1.28050
780:
509:
291:of the localized or generalized
76:
2431:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2426:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2303:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2030:from the original on 2011-09-16
2016:
1980:from the original on 2010-10-18
1908:
1847:Brenner and Rector's The Kidney
1838:
1789:
1757:10.1128/jcm.26.9.1757-1762.1988
1732:
1685:
1673:
1587:
1557:
1510:
1468:New England Journal of Medicine
1444:from the original on 2018-06-12
1199:from the original on 2020-10-08
982:(abdominal tap): More than 250
902:Previous history of peritonitis
896:
47:Surgical abdomen, acute abdomen
3185:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3035:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2857:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1455:
1397:
1346:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
723:. Again, in most cases, mixed
1:
3242:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1998:Daley, Brian J (2019-07-23).
1596:Archives of Internal Medicine
1154:
1007:becomes creamy and evidently
767:Systemic infections (such as
700:is perforated during surgery.
21:Feline infectious peritonitis
3151:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2670:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2278:Esophageal motility disorder
1130:
1117:
1030:
990:
958:. The role of whole-abdomen
956:gastrointestinal perforation
924:
890:systemic lupus erythematosus
878:familial Mediterranean fever
625:, intestinal strangulation,
576:
472:Diffuse abdominal rigidity (
7:
920:Extremely vigorous anal sex
917:Pelvic inflammatory disease
775:Pelvic inflammatory disease
519:, as revealed by decreased
515:Sequestration of fluid and
328:pelvic inflammatory disease
206:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
3513:
3136:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2660:Functional colonic disease
2456:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1815:10.1016/j.jmig.2018.04.006
1147:, abdominal membrane" and
1044:broad-spectrum antibiotics
619:inflammatory bowel disease
25:
18:
3430:
3309:
3250:
3164:
3121:
2967:
2958:
2911:
2865:
2820:
2706:
2593:
2483:
2470:
2345:
2337:Acute esophageal necrosis
2219:
2210:
2123:
2053:
1877:American Family Physician
1608:10.1001/archinte.141.1.61
1464:"Tuberculous Peritonitis"
1023:features infiltration by
571:
527:, as well as significant
453:visceral peritoneal layer
369:Treatment often includes
274:
255:
235:
219:
193:
185:
177:
157:
144:
128:
68:
60:
51:
43:
38:
2436:Gastric dumping syndrome
2311:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2298:Diffuse esophageal spasm
715:, continuous ambulatory
525:electrolyte disturbances
26:Not to be confused with
3052:Alcoholic liver disease
2585:Bile acid malabsorption
2529:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1845:"Peritoneal Dialysis".
1179:Ferri, Fred F. (2017).
984:polymorphonuclear cells
719:, and intra-peritoneal
645:, ingestion of a sharp
521:central venous pressure
346:. Risk factors include
305:swelling of the abdomen
3062:Hepatic encephalopathy
2446:Buried bumper syndrome
2377:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2261:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2204:human digestive system
1934:10.3747/pdi.2016.00078
1535:10.1055/s-0038-1623666
1480:10.1056/NEJMicm1713168
1342:"Acute Abdominal Pain"
1309:"Acute Abdominal Pain"
914:Weakened immune system
800:blunt abdominal trauma
531:, possibly leading to
344:perforated gallbladder
3287:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3156:Porcelain gallbladder
2268:Zenker's diverticulum
1270:. 28 September 2017.
1003:fluid. Later on, the
905:History of alcoholism
851:foreign body reaction
806:(e.g., peptic ulcer,
761:, including children.
730:Staphylococcus aureus
623:intestinal infarction
3497:Peritoneum disorders
3091:Hepatorenal syndrome
3030:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2987:Autoimmune hepatitis
2812:Intestinal adhesions
2570:Short bowel syndrome
2399:Functional dyspepsia
2317:Esophageal stricture
2283:Nutcracker esophagus
1635:Journal of Pathogens
1064:ampicillin/sulbactam
689:Bacteroides fragilis
631:meconium peritonitis
627:colorectal carcinoma
537:acute kidney failure
449:visceral innervation
412:abdominal tenderness
3492:Medical emergencies
3487:Disorders of fascia
3230:Choledocholithiasis
3101:Metabolic disorders
3067:Acute liver failure
3040:Portal hypertension
2992:Alcoholic hepatitis
2835:Radiation proctitis
2754:Mesenteric ischemia
2726:Gastroenterocolitis
2555:Blind loop syndrome
2365:Ménétrier's disease
2273:Barrett's esophagus
1648:10.1155/2014/183167
964:Computed tomography
717:peritoneal dialysis
615:Meckel diverticulum
564:should be obtained.
457:somatic innervation
352:peritoneal dialysis
230:peritoneal dialysis
28:Periodontal disease
3405:Undefined location
3396:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3297:Pancreatic fistula
3280:Pancreatic abscess
3235:Biliary dyskinesia
3206:Mirizzi's syndrome
2707:Large and/or small
2387:Dieulafoy's lesion
2256:Boerhaave syndrome
2124:External resources
2004:Medscape Reference
1641:(183167): 183167.
954:, an indicator of
684:anaerobic bacteria
591:Boerhaave syndrome
544:peritoneal abscess
474:abdominal guarding
416:abdominal guarding
397:Signs and symptoms
375:intravenous fluids
264:intravenous fluids
135:Emergency medicine
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3305:
3304:
2907:
2906:
2764:Bowel obstruction
2466:
2465:
2169:
2168:
1704:(Sup1): M12–M15.
1381:. 25 April 2015.
968:peritoneal lavage
822:(pelvic trauma),
808:gastric carcinoma
663:abdominal surgery
603:gastric carcinoma
489:ileus paralyticus
483:Sinus tachycardia
387:blood transfusion
340:ruptured appendix
299:and cover of the
282:
281:
278:Relatively common
237:Diagnostic method
214:ruptured appendix
61:Peritonitis from
33:Medical condition
3504:
3457:Pneumoperitoneum
3314:
3313:
3224:Common bile duct
3106:Wilson's disease
3096:Peliosis hepatis
2965:
2964:
2842:Proctalgia fugax
2749:Abdominal angina
2674:Ogilvie syndrome
2623:Pseudomembranous
2481:
2480:
2441:Gastric volvulus
2406:Pyloric stenosis
2217:
2216:
2202:Diseases of the
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1751:(9): 1757–1762.
1736:
1730:
1729:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:NHS Direct Wales
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1260:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:. Archived from
1219:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1151:"inflammation".
952:pneumoperitoneum
832:pancreatic juice
679:Escherichia coli
643:abdominal trauma
560:may develop, so
383:nasogastric tube
301:abdominal organs
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
56:
36:
35:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3426:
3415:Internal hernia
3301:
3246:
3211:Biliary fistula
3169:
3160:
3146:Adenomyomatosis
3141:Cholesterolosis
3117:
3111:Hemochromatosis
2982:Viral hepatitis
2954:
2903:
2861:
2847:Rectal prolapse
2816:
2783:Fecal impaction
2773:Intussusception
2736:Crohn's disease
2702:
2685:Toxic megacolon
2597:
2595:Large intestine
2589:
2534:Curling's ulcer
2487:
2485:Small intestine
2474:
2462:
2370:Gastroenteritis
2341:
2206:
2200:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2119:
2118:
2062:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1737:
1733:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1627:
1623:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1515:
1511:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1416:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1162:
1157:
1133:
1120:
1033:
993:
927:
899:
783:
705:micro-organisms
579:
574:
512:
487:Development of
469:
428:Blumberg's sign
404:
399:
379:pain medication
364:medical imaging
318:Causes include
268:pain medication
250:medical imaging
139:general surgery
124:
79:
75:
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:Hemoperitoneum
3449:
3448:
3447:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3176:
3174:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2921:Blood in stool
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:Anal dysplasia
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2761:
2759:Angiodysplasia
2756:
2751:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:Diverticulosis
2690:Diverticulitis
2687:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:Milroy disease
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Tropical sprue
2547:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2478:
2472:Lower GI tract
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2212:Upper GI tract
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2105:
2094:
2079:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:Classification
2047:
2046:External links
2044:
2041:
2040:
2015:
1990:
1965:
1928:(5): 481–508.
1907:
1884:(3): 611–620.
1862:
1855:
1837:
1808:(2): 346–347.
1788:
1731:
1684:
1672:
1621:
1586:
1556:
1529:(5): 372–378.
1509:
1454:
1429:
1414:
1396:
1363:
1330:
1285:
1244:
1209:
1191:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1132:
1129:
1124:mortality rate
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1099:
1052:cephalosporins
1048:
1032:
1029:
992:
989:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
898:
895:
894:
893:
874:
847:
842:. While these
782:
779:
778:
777:
772:
765:
762:
752:
713:surgical wound
701:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
562:blood cultures
555:
552:lesser omentum
540:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
485:
480:
477:
468:
467:Other symptoms
465:
441:diverticulitis
408:abdominal pain
403:
402:Abdominal pain
400:
398:
395:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
257:
253:
252:
239:
233:
232:
223:
217:
216:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
161:
155:
154:
148:
142:
141:
132:
126:
125:
123:
122:
72:
70:
66:
65:
58:
57:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3509:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Inflammations
3480:
3479:
3477:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:Diaphragmatic
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Cholecystitis
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:Liver abscess
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:Liver failure
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:Enterocolitis
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:Malabsorption
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Gastroparesis
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Cushing ulcer
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Megaesophagus
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1856:9780323759335
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:"Peritonitis"
1688:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1415:9780323508711
1411:
1407:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:"Peritonitis"
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1233:on 2016-01-24
1232:
1228:
1227:PubMed Health
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1192:9780323529570
1188:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:hypernatremia
937:
933:
919:
916:
913:
910:
908:Liver disease
907:
904:
901:
900:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:gastric juice
801:
797:
796:endometriosis
793:
789:
785:
784:
781:Non-infection
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:
756:
753:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:staphylococci
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:
675:
672:
671:Gram-negative
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:cholecystitis
636:
633:), or of the
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
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510:Complications
504:
502:
498:
494:
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478:
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471:
470:
464:
462:
461:acute abdomen
458:
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159:Complications
156:
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69:Pronunciation
67:
64:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
3439:
3404:
3383:
3260:Pancreatitis
3222:
3172:biliary tree
3045:Nutmeg liver
3022:
2948:Hematochezia
2899:Pruritus ani
2884:Anal abscess
2879:Anal fistula
2875:Anal fissure
2788:Constipation
2742:
2613:Appendicitis
2421:Gastroptosis
2411:Achlorhydria
2250:
2239:Eosinophilic
2153:
2142:
2131:
2107:
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1345:
1321:. Retrieved
1312:
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1267:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1226:
1201:. Retrieved
1181:
1140:
1139:περιτόναιον
1134:
1121:
1096:tetracycline
1068:piperacillin
1034:
1021:Inflammation
999:or slightly
994:
980:paracentesis
932:Leukocytosis
928:
897:Risk factors
853:or fibrotic
840:dermoid cyst
836:pancreatitis
816:liver biopsy
769:tuberculosis
746:
728:
721:chemotherapy
687:
677:
647:foreign body
599:peptic ulcer
550:, or in the
523:, may cause
517:electrolytes
437:appendicitis
405:
368:
324:pancreatitis
317:
289:inflammation
284:
283:
221:Risk factors
202:pancreatitis
63:tuberculosis
3440:Peritonitis
3202:Cholestasis
3180:Cholangitis
3123:Gallbladder
3011:Fatty liver
2931:Hematemesis
2913:GI bleeding
2719:Necrotizing
2648:Lymphocytic
2643:Collagenous
2638:Microscopic
2575:Steatorrhea
2476:Enteropathy
2322:Inlet patch
2244:Herpetiform
2229:Esophagitis
2160:Peritonitis
2133:MedlinePlus
1569:Mayo Clinic
1474:(12): e20.
1389:31 December
1356:31 December
1323:31 December
1278:31 December
1237:22 December
1141:peritonaion
1092:Tigecycline
1084:Carbapenems
1080:clavulanate
1076:ticarcillin
1040:Antibiotics
1025:neutrophils
1009:suppurative
972:laparoscopy
936:hypokalemia
844:body fluids
828:salpingitis
786:Leakage of
698:large bowel
659:anastomotic
635:gallbladder
529:hypovolemia
371:antibiotics
360:blood tests
356:examination
285:Peritonitis
260:Antibiotics
246:blood tests
242:Examination
178:Usual onset
44:Other names
39:Peritonitis
3476:Categories
3432:Peritoneal
3410:Incisional
3331:Congenital
3275:Hereditary
3252:Pancreatic
3216:Haemobilia
2889:Hemorrhoid
2867:Anal canal
2805:Infectious
2793:Functional
2628:Ulcerative
2512:Duodenitis
2451:Gastrinoma
2155:Patient UK
2109:DiseasesDB
2034:2017-05-09
2009:2024-08-08
1984:2007-11-25
1448:2008-08-14
1203:2020-08-24
1155:References
1145:peritoneum
1107:peritoneum
1103:laparotomy
1072:tazobactam
960:ultrasound
737:-negative
605:), of the
593:), of the
424:peritoneum
342:or even a
293:peritoneum
3420:Richter's
3377:Spigelian
3372:Obturator
3362:Umbilical
3195:Ascending
3166:Bile duct
2999:Cirrhosis
2977:Hepatitis
2960:Accessory
2830:Proctitis
2681:Megacolon
2655:Dysentery
2565:Whipple's
2517:Jejunitis
2507:Enteritis
2394:Dyspepsia
2355:Gastritis
2288:Achalasia
2221:Esophagus
2144:eMedicine
1942:0896-8608
1765:0095-1137
1718:1750-8460
1543:1434-1239
1504:205088395
1488:0028-4793
1424:959371826
1131:Etymology
1118:Prognosis
1101:Surgery (
1088:ertapenem
1060:cefotetan
1056:cefoxitin
1031:Treatment
991:Pathology
925:Diagnosis
886:porphyria
855:adhesions
824:menstruum
735:coagulase
651:endoscope
611:intestine
587:esophagus
577:Infection
391:cirrhosis
336:cirrhosis
275:Frequency
270:, surgery
256:Treatment
210:cirrhosis
130:Specialty
3350:Indirect
3345:Inguinal
3079:Pyogenic
3024:Vascular
2800:Diarrhea
2778:Volvulus
2744:Vascular
2683: /
2672: /
2633:Ischemic
2600:Appendix
2490:Duodenum
2360:Atrophic
2234:Candidal
2149:med/2737
2028:Archived
1978:Archived
1960:27282851
1900:July 22,
1894:Archived
1890:10950216
1824:29680232
1726:18293728
1667:25614838
1573:Archived
1551:73133175
1496:30231225
1442:Archived
1383:Archived
1350:Archived
1317:Archived
1272:Archived
1197:Archived
944:acidosis
745:such as
725:bacteria
667:bacteria
655:catheter
607:duodenum
501:bloating
497:vomiting
432:specific
420:rigidity
146:Symptoms
3391:Petit's
3367:Femoral
3270:Chronic
3084:Amoebic
2852:Anismus
2618:Colitis
2545:Coeliac
2522:Ileitis
2494:Jejunum
2347:Stomach
2251:Rupture
2103:D010538
1951:5033625
1832:5041460
1783:3183023
1658:4295611
1616:7004371
1579:July 2,
1017:viscera
1013:omentum
1005:exudate
976:ascites
865:(e.g.,
863:surgery
859:sterile
826:(e.g.,
814:(e.g.,
794:(e.g.,
788:sterile
759:ascites
748:Candida
686:(e.g.,
676:(e.g.,
674:bacilli
621:(IBD),
595:stomach
451:of the
445:abdomen
348:ascites
297:abdomen
226:Ascites
3385:Lumbar
3355:Direct
3338:Hiatus
3318:Hernia
3170:Other
2936:Melena
2822:Rectum
2305:(GERD)
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997:serous
948:X-rays
942:, and
888:, and
871:sponge
733:, and
709:trauma
694:faeces
682:) and
657:, and
572:Causes
558:Sepsis
493:nausea
362:, and
194:Causes
181:Sudden
164:Sepsis
121:
3310:Other
3265:Acute
3016:MASLD
2969:Liver
2943:Lower
2926:Upper
2768:Ileus
2604:Colon
2498:Ileum
2313:(LPR)
1828:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1149:-itis
1137:Greek
1094:is a
1047:them.
867:gauze
820:urine
792:blood
743:fungi
548:liver
533:shock
479:Fever
309:shock
186:Types
168:shock
152:fever
2698:SCAD
2114:9860
2098:MeSH
2087:9-CM
1956:PMID
1938:ISSN
1902:2019
1886:PMID
1851:ISBN
1820:PMID
1779:PMID
1761:ISSN
1722:PMID
1714:ISSN
1663:PMID
1639:2014
1612:PMID
1581:2016
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1492:PMID
1484:ISSN
1420:OCLC
1410:ISBN
1391:2017
1358:2017
1325:2017
1280:2017
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1187:ISBN
1058:and
1015:and
812:bile
535:and
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2731:IBD
2665:IBS
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2083:ICD
2077:K65
2068:ICD
1946:PMC
1930:doi
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1769:PMC
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