650:
931:
901:
307:
825:
636:
955:
2258:
46:
402:
669:
560:
62:
622:
779:
2075:
967:
919:
424:
607:
943:
579:
818:, who believed Bolivia would flourish with a good transport system, but it was also constantly sabotaged by the local Aymara indigenous Indians who saw it as an intrusion into their lives. The trains were mostly used by the mining companies. In the 1940s, the mining industry collapsed, partly because of mineral depletion. Many trains were abandoned, producing the train cemetery. There are proposals to build a museum from the cemetery.
277:
593:
865:) for ultraviolet light is relatively high at 0.69 and shows variations of only a few percent during the daytime. The combination of all these features makes Salar de Uyuni about five times better for satellite calibration than the surface of an ocean. Using Salar de Uyuni as the target, ICESat has already achieved the short-term elevation measurement accuracy of below 2 centimeters (0.79 in).
69:
857:
April to
November, due to the absence of industry and its high elevation, the skies above Salar de Uyuni are very clear, and the air is dry (relative humidity is about 30%; rainfall is roughly 1 millimetre or 0.039 inches per month). It has a stable surface, smoothed by seasonal flooding — water dissolves the salt surface and thus keeps it leveled.
395:
low and constant throughout the year at 30% to 45%. The rainfall is also low at 1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 in) per month between April and
November, but it may increase up to 80 mm (3.1 in) in January. However, except for January, even in the rainy season the number of rainy days is fewer than 5 per month.
794:, was erected in 1993–1995 in the middle of the salt flat, and soon became a popular tourist destination. However, its location in the center of a desert caused sanitation problems, as most waste had to be collected manually. Mismanagement caused serious environmental pollution and the hotel had to be dismantled in 2002.
860:
As a result, the variation in the surface elevation over the 10,582-square-kilometer (4,086 sq mi) area of Salar de Uyuni is less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) normal to the Earth's circumference, and there are few square kilometers on Earth that are as flat. The surface reflectivity
856:
Salt flats are ideal for calibrating the distance measurement equipment of satellites because they are large, stable surfaces with strong reflection, similar to that of ice sheets. As the largest salt flat on Earth, Salar de Uyuni is especially suitable for this purpose. In the low-rain period from
394:
The area has a relatively stable average temperature with a peak at 21 °C (70 °F) in
November to January, and a low of 13 °C (55 °F) in June. The nights are cold all through the year, with temperatures between −9 and 5 °C (16 and 41 °F). The relative humidity is rather
1325:
Sudden rains leave a layer of dead calm water just an inch deep, turning the salt flat into a natural wonder: the world's largest mirror, eighty miles across. At night, the landscape is transformed again into a 360-degree starscape. This dazzling show is only possible because the Salar de Uyuni is
207:
The Salar was formed as a result of transformations between several prehistoric lakes that existed around forty thousand years ago but had all evaporated over time. It is now covered by a few meters of salt crust, which has an extraordinary flatness with the average elevation variations within one
884:
images, and still in the same places decades later), and a moat around the periphery that is 1–3 kilometers (0.6–2 mi) wide and 20 to 50 centimetres (8 to 20 in) deep. They originate from the variation in material density, and thus the gravitational force, beneath the Salar's sediments.
880:, it has been shown that the Salar de Uyuni is not perfectly flat. The 2006 analysis revealed previously missed features: ridges between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 and 10 in) in height that are roughly sinusoidal with a wavelength of 5 kilometres (3 mi) (clearly visible in 1973 and 1975
809:
One major tourist attraction is an antique train cemetery. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) outside Uyuni and is connected to it by the old train tracks. The town served in the past as a distribution hub for the trains carrying minerals en route to
Pacific Ocean ports. The rail lines were built by
789:
Salar de Uyuni is a popular tourist destination, and consequently a number of hotels have been built in the area. Due to lack of conventional construction materials, many of them are almost entirely (walls, roof, furniture) built with salt blocks cut from the Salar. The first such hotel, named
489:
satellite and confirmed in ground drilling tests. Following those findings, an
American-based international corporation has invested $ 137 million to developing lithium extraction. However, lithium extraction in the 1980s and 1990s by foreign companies met strong opposition from the local
349:
having a maximal depth of 140 meters (460 ft), and an estimated age of 13,000 to 18,000 or 14,900 to 26,100 years, depending on the source. The youngest prehistoric lake was
Coipasa, which was radiocarbon dated to 11,500 to 13,400 years ago. When it dried, it left behind two modern lakes,
385:
in water. It is covered with a solid salt crust varying in thickness between tens of centimeters and a few meters. The center of the Salar contains a few islands, which are the remains of the tops of ancient volcanoes submerged during the era of Lake
Minchin. They include unusual and fragile
544:, Kusku, and Kusina, which surround the Salar, were giant people. Tunupa married Kusku, but Kusku ran away from her with Kusina. Grieving Tunupa started to cry while breastfeeding her son. Her tears mixed with milk and formed the Salar. Many locals consider the Tunupa an important
401:
493:
No mining plant is currently at the site, and the
Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to reach an annual production of 35,000 t by 2023 in a joint venture with ACI Systems Alemania GmbH.
297:
of
Bolivia in South America. The Altiplano is a high plateau, which was formed during uplift of the Andes mountains. The plateau includes fresh and saltwater lakes as well as salt flats and is surrounded by mountains with no drainage outlets.
497:
Salar de Uyuni is estimated to contain 10 billion tonnes (9.8 billion long tons; 11 billion short tons) of salt, of which less than 25,000 t is extracted annually. All miners working in the Salar belong to
847:
Fatal incidents have occurred at the salt flat as a result of poorly maintained vehicles, untrained drivers, speeding, a disregard for the inhospitable conditions, and lack of regulation for tour companies.
490:
community. Locals believed that the money infused by mining would not reach them. The lithium in the salt flats contains more impurities, and the wet climate and high altitude make it harder to process.
810:
British engineers arriving near the end of the 19th century and formed a sizeable community in Uyuni. The engineers were invited by the
British-sponsored Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway Companies, now
1582:
Science and technology for development: prospects entering the twenty-first century : a symposium in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the U.S. Agency for International Development
1578:
45:
329:
The geological history of the Salar is associated with a sequential transformation between several vast lakes. Some 30,000 to 42,000 years ago, the area was part of a giant prehistoric lake,
1703:
537:
can be loosely translated as a salt flat with enclosures, the latter possibly referring to the "islands" of the Salar; or as "salt-flat at Uyuni (the town named 'pen for animals')".
649:
485:
body lying under the brine; however, the liquid brine is easier to extract, by boring into the crust and pumping out the brine. The brine distribution has been monitored by the
907:
1579:
National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs (1988).
412:
During the rainy season (December to April) the flat turns into a shallow lake and becomes the world's largest natural mirror, featuring a stunning reflection to the sky.
801:. The sanitary system has been restructured to comply with the government regulations. The hotel has a dry sauna and a steam room, a saltwater pool and whirlpool baths.
220:
of Earth observation satellites. Following rain, a thin layer of dead calm water transforms the flat into the world's largest mirror, 129 km (80 mi) across.
1630:
831:
2111:
1874:
481:
Lithium is concentrated in the brine under the salt crust at a relatively high concentration of about 0.3%. It is also present in the top layers of the porous
797:
Around 2007, a new hotel was built, under the name Palacio de Sal, in a new location at the eastern edge of Salar de Uyuni, 25 km away from the town of
1248:
Borsa, A. A; et al. (2002). "GPS Survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, for Satellite Altimeter Calibration". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting.
693:, etc.). They grow at a rate of about 1 cm/a to a height of about 12 m (39 ft). Other shrubs include Pilaya, which is used by locals to cure
2306:
1393:
824:
1733:
239:
clouds that form in the eastern part of the salt flat during the summer cannot permeate beyond its drier western edges, near the Chilean border and the
1813:
373:
Lacustrine mud that is interbedded with salt and saturated with brine underlies the surface of Salar de Uyuni. The brine is a saturated solution of
2301:
1201:"Investigations on the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"
1200:
559:
88:
900:
1711:
930:
2104:
408:
1566:
1272:
2291:
2296:
954:
370:. During the wet season, Titicaca overflows and discharges into Poopó, which in turn, floods Salar De Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.
2097:
2286:
1650:
502:
s cooperative. Because of its location, large area, and flatness, the Salar is a major car transport route across the Bolivian
1459:
2014:
1794:
1537:
1083:
1017:
876:
when the flat is flooded and calibrating the resultant water depth model with topographical data from the laser altimeter of
869:
1989:
811:
668:
478:, Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 mln. tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni.
635:
1270:
Lamparelli, R. A. C.; et al. (2003). "Characterization of the Salar de Uyuni for in-orbit satellite calibration".
1052:
362:
and the larger Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni spreads over 10,582 km, which is roughly 100 times the size of the
1882:
1858:
1590:
61:
50:
Hexagonal formations on the surface of the Salar de Uyuni as a result of salt crystallization from evaporating water
1365:
1099:
345:
and varies between reported studies. Lake Minchin (named after Juan B. Minchin of Oruro) later transformed into
216:. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the
2281:
2032:"MISR-based passive optical bathymetry from orbit with few-cm level of accuracy on the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"
1401:
1938:"Modeling the topography of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, as an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field"
2036:
1741:
1153:
533:; Uyuni is a surname and the name of a town that serves as a gateway for tourists visiting the Salar. Thus
1896:
1821:
966:
1635:
1231:
1937:
1104:
2218:
682:
The Salar is virtually devoid of any wildlife or vegetation. The latter is dominated by giant cacti (
1631:"Bolivian lithium: why you should not expect any 'white gold rush' in the wake of Morales overthrow"
306:
814:. The rail construction started in 1888 and ended in 1892. It was encouraged by Bolivian President
248:
208:
meter over the entire area of the Salar. The crust serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of
918:
1130:
232:
1553:
2213:
1397:
942:
621:
311:
189:
123:
2078:
1844:
1786:
1527:
606:
578:
2182:
2177:
2004:
1580:
363:
988:
2045:
1952:
1776:
1473:
1280:
1249:
1162:
889:, the salt flat surface also rises and falls to reflect the subsurface density variations.
254:
1151:
Fricker, H. A. (2005). "Assessment of ICESat performance at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia".
715:
Every November, Salar de Uyuni is the breeding ground for three South American species of
315:
193:
127:
8:
1817:
1460:"Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano"
1338:
732:
584:
2049:
2006:
Satellite-based Estimates of Sea Ice Volume Flux: Applications to the Fram Strait Region
1956:
1477:
1284:
1253:
1166:
499:
231:. Salar de Uyuni is also a climatological transitional zone since the towering tropical
2311:
2130:
1968:
1756:
1497:
1440:
1296:
1178:
709:
518:
464:
456:
382:
342:
334:
236:
181:
32:
2244:
2010:
1972:
1854:
1790:
1779:
1586:
1533:
1489:
1223:
1219:
1079:
2172:
1300:
1182:
548:
and say that the place should be called Salar de Tunupa rather than Salar de Uyuni.
2153:
2053:
1960:
1760:
1501:
1481:
1464:
1432:
1288:
1215:
1170:
1134:
724:
460:
432:
378:
1609:
1314:
1025:
1922:
993:
744:
728:
659:
655:
641:
530:
526:
486:
452:
374:
1777:
Box, Ben; Kunstaetter, Robert; Kunstaetter, Daisy; Groesbeck, Geoffrey (2007).
1655:
791:
783:
773:
752:
566:
240:
2057:
2275:
2164:
2138:
1315:"Kingdoms of the Sky: Salt Flat Landscape Creates the World's Largest Mirror"
1292:
998:
782:
Traditional salt production at Salar. Such salt blocks are used for building
778:
367:
260:
103:
90:
2143:
386:
coral-like structures and deposits that often consist of fossils and algae.
351:
188:, at 10,582 square kilometres (4,086 sq mi) in area. It is in the
2262:
2208:
1850:
1493:
1227:
815:
740:
720:
627:
592:
359:
355:
330:
284:
2074:
2228:
2089:
1964:
1174:
736:
1423:
Bowman, Isaiah (1914). "Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes".
1269:
423:
2198:
873:
684:
346:
1444:
674:
2121:
1485:
886:
699:
503:
448:
440:
294:
224:
217:
2031:
1614:
1436:
756:
716:
613:
338:
228:
185:
36:
366:
in the United States. Lake Poopó is a neighbor of the much larger
223:
The Salar serves as the major transport route across the Bolivian
204:
at an elevation of 3,656 m (11,995 ft) above sea level.
881:
694:
444:
319:
246:
The Salar has been used as a filming location for movies such as
213:
197:
2084:
1678:
276:
1900:
877:
862:
748:
705:
598:
570:
541:
482:
436:
2203:
1366:"Star Wars: The Last Jedi filming locations around the world"
835:
798:
545:
475:
471:
323:
209:
201:
1078:(1st ed.). London: Penguin Random House. pp. 8–9.
2223:
1560:
1060:
983:
751:, is also present, and islands in the Salar (in particular
1198:
310:
Mountains surrounding the Uyuni salt flat during sunrise,
1319:
735:. About 80 other bird species are present, including the
1457:
227:
and is a prime breeding ground for several species of
1923:"Updated List of Accidents on Salar de Uyuni Tours -"
1990:"The Hills And Valleys Of Earth's Largest Salt Flat"
1814:"Photo in the News: New Salt Hotel Built in Bolivia"
1936:Borsa, A. A.; Bills, B. G.; Minster, J. B. (2008).
1604:
1602:
2238:Other paleolakes and lake expansions in the region
2029:
1778:
271:
1935:
2273:
1599:
1704:"Bolivian Hotel Truly Is the Salt of the Earth"
704:), which is burned as a fuel. Also present are
1532:. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 170, 174–176.
1422:
180:(or "Salar de Tunupa") is the world's largest
2105:
1425:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
506:, except when seasonally covered with water.
474:. As of 2024, with an estimated 23 mln.
1945:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1339:"Crait: The Salar de Uyuni Star Wars Planet"
1208:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B
885:Just as the ocean surface rises over denser
150:10,582 square kilometres (1,058,200 ha)
1984:
1982:
1651:"Bolivia's Almost Impossible Lithium Dream"
2119:
2112:
2098:
1610:"Bolivia holds key to electric car future"
1047:
1045:
1043:
1754:
1124:
1122:
1092:
2307:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department
1979:
1772:
1770:
1734:"Don't Lick the Walls of the Salt Hotel"
1698:
1696:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
851:
777:
422:
305:
275:
2302:Tourist attractions in Oruro Department
1388:
1386:
1150:
1040:
540:Aymara legend tells that the mountains
435:, the Salar contains a large amount of
2274:
2002:
1867:
1628:
1451:
1265:
1263:
1194:
1192:
1119:
1053:"Lithium Harvesting at Salar de Uyuni"
68:
2093:
2030:Bills, Bruce G.; et al. (2007).
1808:
1806:
1767:
1748:
1726:
1693:
1679:"Lithium – ACI Systems Alemania GmbH"
1671:
1508:
1247:
1199:Reuder, Joachim; et al. (2007).
1146:
1144:
1073:
418:
1842:
1629:Eisler, Matthew (15 November 2019).
1554:"Lithium Statistics and Information"
1383:
1128:
834:Cemetery of trains near the town of
812:Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia
1785:. Footprint Travel Guides. p.
1757:"Salt hotel has a rule: No licking"
1260:
1189:
1131:"The salt flat with curious curves"
13:
1803:
1585:. National Academies. p. 60.
1567:other Lithium statistics from USGS
1458:Baker, P. A.; et al. (2001).
1363:
1345:. salardeuyuni.com. 24 August 2018
1141:
569:inside the Salar, featuring giant
551:
14:
2323:
2067:
1755:McFarrren, Peter (4 March 1999).
1710:. 27 January 2009. Archived from
804:
212:, which is exceptionally rich in
2297:Endorheic lakes of South America
2256:
2073:
1846:The Rough Guide to South America
1526:Atkinson, David (1 March 2007).
1273:IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.
1220:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.002
965:
960:Reflection on the Salar de Uyuni
953:
941:
929:
917:
899:
823:
667:
648:
634:
620:
605:
591:
577:
558:
400:
322:, not far from the crest of the
67:
60:
44:
2085:Salar de Uyuni official website
2023:
1996:
1929:
1915:
1889:
1836:
1643:
1622:
1572:
1546:
1529:Bolivia: The Bradt Travel Guide
1416:
1357:
1331:
1307:
1129:Hand, Eric (30 November 2007).
755:) host colonies of rabbit-like
272:Formation, geology, and climate
2292:Landforms of Potosí Department
1992:. GPS Daily. 29 November 2007.
1820:. 25 July 2007. Archived from
1241:
1067:
1024:. 29 July 2011. Archived from
1010:
451:(all in the chloride forms of
358:, and two major salt deserts,
293:Salar de Uyuni is part of the
1:
2287:Landforms of Oruro Department
2037:Remote Sensing of Environment
1740:. 19 May 2009. Archived from
1004:
171:3,663 m (12,018 ft)
2081:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1899:(in Spanish). Archived from
1897:"Homepage of Palacio de Sal"
1154:Geophysical Research Letters
910:Panoramic view of the Salar.
842:
677:near the Salar De Uyuni 2017
470:, respectively), as well as
427:Salt production at the Salar
268:(2017), and several others.
7:
2009:. GRIN Verlag. p. 22.
1881:(in German). Archived from
1781:Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador
977:
872:to perform passive optical
333:. Its age was estimated by
283:as viewed from space, with
10:
2328:
936:Piles of salt at the Salar
892:
771:
762:
389:
301:
2253:
2237:
2191:
2162:
2128:
2058:10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.006
1394:"Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"
972:Sky reflections at sunset
767:
252:(2017; as planet Crait),
167:
159:
154:
146:
141:
133:
119:
104:20.1337750°S 67.4891333°W
84:
55:
43:
30:
23:
1293:10.1109/TGRS.2003.810713
337:shells from outcropping
249:Star Wars: The Last Jedi
200:, near the crest of the
163:130 metres (430 ft)
109:-20.1337750; -67.4891333
2003:Spreen, Gunnar (2008).
1105:Encyclopædia Britannica
509:
76:Location within Bolivia
2129:Present-day lakes and
1398:NASA Earth Observatory
1074:Mills, Andrea (2015).
786:
428:
326:
312:Daniel Campos Province
290:
289:in the top left corner
190:Daniel Campos Province
124:Daniel Campos Province
2282:Salt flats of Bolivia
852:Satellite calibration
781:
747:. The Andean fox, or
691:Echinopsis tarijensis
426:
364:Bonneville Salt Flats
309:
279:
1965:10.1029/2007jb005445
1843:Adès, Harry (2004).
1175:10.1029/2005GL023423
1022:Iris en Tore op reis
687:atacamensis pasacana
662:, south of the Salar
525:originates from the
18:Salt flat in Bolivia
2163:Lake expansions of
2050:2007RSEnv.107..240B
1957:2008JGRB..11310408B
1903:on 26 February 2012
1885:on 6 December 2008.
1818:National Geographic
1478:2001Natur.409..698B
1285:2003ITGRS..41.1461C
1254:2002AGUFMOS52A0193B
1235:(free-download pdf)
1167:2005GeoRL..3221S06F
948:Llamas in the Salar
924:Salar de Uyuni 2013
868:By using data from
100: /
1618:. 9 November 2008.
1028:on 19 January 2016
787:
429:
419:Economic influence
383:magnesium chloride
335:radiocarbon dating
327:
291:
237:cumulonimbus incus
160: • Depth
147: • Total
2269:
2268:
2245:Cancosa paleolake
2016:978-3-640-13064-1
1875:"Palacio del Sal"
1796:978-1-906098-06-3
1659:. 3 December 2018
1539:978-1-84162-165-4
1472:(6821): 698–701.
1404:on 1 October 2006
1237:on 14 April 2014.
1100:"Uyuni Salt Flat"
1085:978-3-8310-3074-3
1057:Earth Observatory
1018:"Salar de Tunupa"
733:James's flamingos
719:feeding on local
316:Potosí Department
233:cumulus congestus
175:
174:
128:Potosí Department
2319:
2263:Lakes portal
2261:
2260:
2259:
2154:Salar de Coipasa
2114:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2062:
2061:
2044:(1–2): 240–255.
2027:
2021:
2020:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1761:Associated Press
1752:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1708:hotelchatter.com
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1636:The Conversation
1626:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1486:10.1038/35055524
1455:
1449:
1448:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:. Archived from
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:. 25 July 2018.
1311:
1305:
1304:
1279:(6): 1461–1468.
1267:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1230:. Archived from
1205:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1096:
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1076:Strange but True
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1063:. 12 April 2013.
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1038:
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753:Incahuasi Island
671:
656:Andean flamingos
652:
638:
624:
609:
595:
585:James's flamingo
581:
567:Incahuasi Island
562:
433:Lithium Triangle
404:
379:lithium chloride
360:Salar de Coipasa
347:Paleo Lake Tauca
286:Salar de Coipasa
115:
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110:
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1853:. p. 259.
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1824:on 28 July 2007
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1326:perfectly flat.
1313:
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994:Great Salt Lake
980:
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845:
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776:
770:
765:
745:Andean hillstar
702:dracunculifolia
678:
672:
663:
660:Laguna Colorada
653:
644:
642:Andean hillstar
639:
630:
625:
616:
610:
601:
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552:Flora and fauna
531:pen (enclosure)
527:Aymara language
512:
468:
431:Located in the
421:
416:
415:
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405:
392:
375:sodium chloride
343:carbonate reefs
318:, southwestern
304:
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2173:Lake Ballivián
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2149:Salar de Uyuni
2146:
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2079:Salar de Uyuni
2069:
2068:External links
2066:
2064:
2063:
2022:
2015:
1995:
1978:
1928:
1914:
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1859:
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1738:Tripcrazed.com
1725:
1714:on 15 May 2013
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1437:10.2307/201641
1431:(3): 161–183.
1415:
1382:
1364:Butler, Alex.
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535:Salar de Uyuni
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241:Atacama Desert
178:Salar de Uyuni
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2192:Ancient lakes
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2165:Lake Titicaca
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2139:Lake Titicaca
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2120:Lakes on the
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718:
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261:Salt and Fire
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95:67°29′20.88″W
92:20°08′01.59″S
85:Coordinates:
83:
63:
54:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2209:Lake Minchin
2148:
2041:
2035:
2025:
2005:
1998:
1948:
1944:
1931:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1891:
1883:the original
1878:
1869:
1851:Rough Guides
1845:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1780:
1750:
1742:the original
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1707:
1683:. Retrieved
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1634:
1624:
1613:
1581:
1574:
1548:
1528:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:salardeuyuni
1342:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1276:
1271:
1243:
1232:the original
1211:
1207:
1158:
1152:
1109:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1075:
1069:
1056:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1012:
867:
859:
855:
846:
816:Aniceto Arce
808:
796:
788:
741:Andean goose
714:
698:
690:
683:
681:
628:Andean goose
539:
534:
529:and means a
522:
521:in Spanish.
514:
513:
496:
492:
480:
430:
393:
372:
331:Lake Minchin
328:
292:
285:
280:
265:
259:
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247:
245:
222:
206:
177:
176:
15:
2229:Lake Escara
1907:4 September
1828:1 September
1032:26 February
784:salt hotels
737:horned coot
731:, and rare
708:plants and
137:Evaporation
107: /
2276:Categories
2219:Inca Huasi
2199:Lake Tauca
2144:Lake Poopó
1718:16 October
1685:11 January
1408:1 December
1214:(1): 1–8.
1111:1 December
1005:References
874:bathymetry
772:See also:
685:Echinopsis
565:A part of
266:The Unseen
218:altimeters
155:Dimensions
2312:Altiplano
2131:salt pans
2122:Altiplano
1973:140609728
1656:Bloomberg
989:Puka Mayu
887:seamounts
843:Incidents
757:viscachas
700:Baccharis
612:Bolivian
519:salt flat
504:Altiplano
500:Colchani'
449:magnesium
441:potassium
339:sediments
295:Altiplano
229:flamingos
225:Altiplano
182:salt flat
168:Elevation
134:Formed by
1663:26 March
1494:11217855
1375:11 April
1349:11 April
1301:18716304
1228:17227712
1183:13173970
978:See also
717:flamingo
712:bushes.
614:vizcacha
264:(2016),
258:(2006),
255:The Fall
120:Location
37:dry lake
33:Salt pan
2214:Salinas
2046:Bibcode
1953:Bibcode
1951:(B10).
1502:4394703
1474:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1250:Bibcode
1163:Bibcode
893:Gallery
882:LandSat
763:Tourism
725:Chilean
695:catarrh
675:Vicuñas
658:in the
487:Landsat
445:lithium
390:Climate
356:Uru Uru
320:Bolivia
302:History
214:lithium
198:Bolivia
2183:Mataro
2178:Cabana
2013:
1971:
1857:
1816:. The
1793:
1759:. The
1589:
1536:
1500:
1492:
1465:Nature
1445:201641
1443:
1299:
1226:
1181:
1135:Nature
1082:
878:ICESat
863:albedo
768:Hotels
749:culpeo
743:, and
729:Andean
723:: the
710:queñua
706:quinoa
599:Culpeo
542:Tunupa
517:means
483:halite
437:sodium
381:, and
194:Potosí
2204:Sajsi
1969:S2CID
1941:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1498:S2CID
1441:JSTOR
1297:S2CID
1204:(PDF)
1179:S2CID
836:Uyuni
799:Uyuni
571:cacti
546:deity
523:Uyuni
515:Salar
472:borax
352:Poopó
324:Andes
210:brine
202:Andes
186:playa
184:, or
2224:Ouki
2011:ISBN
1909:2009
1855:ISBN
1830:2009
1791:ISBN
1720:2009
1687:2020
1665:2019
1587:ISBN
1561:USGS
1534:ISBN
1490:PMID
1410:2007
1377:2020
1351:2020
1224:PMID
1113:2007
1080:ISBN
1061:NASA
1034:2016
984:Ouki
870:MISR
510:Name
465:MgCl
463:and
461:LiCl
453:NaCl
447:and
354:and
341:and
235:and
142:Area
2054:doi
2042:107
1961:doi
1949:113
1787:378
1615:BBC
1482:doi
1470:409
1433:doi
1320:PBS
1289:doi
1216:doi
1171:doi
457:KCl
192:in
2278::
2052:.
2040:.
2034:.
1981:^
1967:.
1959:.
1947:.
1943:.
1877:.
1849:.
1805:^
1789:.
1769:^
1736:.
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1633:.
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1559:.
1510:^
1496:.
1488:.
1480:.
1468:.
1462:.
1439:.
1429:46
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1396:.
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1368:.
1341:.
1317:.
1295:.
1287:.
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1262:^
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1212:87
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1206:.
1191:^
1177:.
1169:.
1159:32
1157:.
1143:^
1133:.
1121:^
1102:.
1059:.
1055:.
1042:^
1020:.
759:.
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727:,
689:,
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455:,
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314:,
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126:,
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2099:v
2060:.
2056::
2048::
2019:.
1975:.
1963::
1955::
1925:.
1911:.
1863:.
1832:.
1799:.
1763:.
1722:.
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1667:.
1639:.
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1569:)
1565:(
1563:.
1542:.
1504:.
1484::
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1435::
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1379:.
1353:.
1303:.
1291::
1283::
1256:.
1252::
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1173::
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1137:.
1115:.
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861:(
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467:2
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