514:
289:, which discusses the issue of rural paganism. Noting that this sermon has often been seen as evidence of Martin's missionary work against rural paganism, Collins asserts that a closer look does not support this thesis, for "there are no points of contact with what is known of the indigenous pre-Christian cults of rural Galicia." The influences present in this work have been debated: Laistner sees evidence of the sermons of the Gallic bishop
48:
676:: "for the infidels have angered God and do not believe wholeheartedly in the faith of Christ, but are such disbelievers that they place the very names of the demons on each day of the week, and speak of the day of Mars and of Mercury and of Jupiter and of Venus and of Saturn, who never created a day, but were evil and wicked men among the race of the Greeks."
663:"Since it is necessary to offer them some small explanation for these idols' existence from the beginning of the world to whet the appetite, as it were, I have had to touch upon a vast forest of past times and events in a treatise of very brief compass and to offer the rustics food seasoned with rustic speech."
327:
modern scholars believe that Martin adapted his work from a lost writing of Seneca. In the twelfth century, an accident caused the loss of the preface attributing the work to Martin, causing scribes and readers mistakenly to identify the treatise as a genuine work by Seneca. As such, over the next
544:
is of particular interest to modern scholars. It contains both a detailed catalogue of sixth-century
Iberian pagan practices, and an unusually tolerant approach to them by Martin. Alberto Ferreiro attributes Martin's acceptance to his classical education in the East, as well as the influence of
275:
which were subsequently lost. "Martin's tract are valuable evidence that some at least of Seneca's writings were still available in the land of his birth in the sixth century," writes
Laistner. Three other short essays on ethics demonstrate his clear familiarity with the works of
241:
held in 572 as archbishop of Braga, having been elevated to the archdiocese between the two events; Laistner notes "His authorship of ten chapters submitted and approved in 572 is certain and there is little doubt that he also compiled the Acts of both
Councils."
661:"Sed quia oportet ab initio mundi vel modicam illis rationis notitiam quasi pro gustu porrigere, necesse me fuit ingentem praeteritorum temporum gestorumque silvam breviato tenuis compendii sermone contingere et cibum rusticis rustico sermone condire."
970:(Braga, M. & Dumium, P. & Seville, L. & Barlow, C. W.(2010). Iberian Fathers, Volume 1 (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 62). Washington: The Catholic University of America Press. Retrieved March 5, 2015.)
957:
Corcoran, S.(2009). Anastasius, Justinian, and the Pagans: A Tale of Two Law Codes and a
Papyrus. Journal of Late Antiquity 2(2), 183-208. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved March 6, 2015, from Project MUSE
250:
Martin of Braga was a prolific author. Besides his contributions to the two provincial councils, he translated into Latin a collection of 109 sayings attributed to
Egyptian abbots, while at his instigation the monk
861:
Braga, M. & Dumium, P. & Seville, L. & Barlow, C. W.(2010). Iberian
Fathers, Volume 1 (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 62). Washington: The Catholic University of America Press. Retrieved March 5,
494:, who was instructed in Greek by Martin, and one by Martin himself. The version by Martin is twenty-two sections shorter than Paschasius's, as most of the anecdotes about the daily life of the Egyptian
529:. After the council, a bishop named Polemius of Astorga wrote to Martin of Braga asking for advice on the conversion of rural pagans. Polemius was especially concerned about their perceived
589:
over all other rival doctrines. Martin may have chosen to flee east to avoid Rome's anti-intellectual policies, which possible explains his relatively gentle approach to the
612:, preferring persuasion over coercion. He also wrote his sermon in a deliberately rustic style, incorporating ungrammatical Latin constructions and local vulgarisms.
504:: only three poems by Martin are preserved from history. Two of them are inscriptions for buildings, and the third is a six-line epitaph about Martin's own life.
1056:
300:
Martin also composed poetry; Gregory of Tours notes that he authored the verses over the southern portal of the church of Saint
Martins of Tours in that city.
639:, assumed names for the days from numbers and Catholic liturgy, rather than from pagan deities. Galician has largely returned to the earlier nomenclature.
1071:
431:. According to Martin, Easter may be observed no earlier than March 22, and no later than April 21, and the date may be announced during
920:
1091:
620:
490:: translated by Martin from an anonymous Greek manuscript he carried with him to Iberia. Two translations exist: one by the monk
160:("he so instructed himself in learning that he was considered second to none in his lifetime"). He was later canonized by the
1066:
1061:
1006:
883:
751:
Ott, Michael. "St. Martin of Braga." The
Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 12 Mar. 2013
734:
17:
1076:
604:
of the
Egyptian desert, he lessened their severe monastic regulations to aid the Iberians to adapt. When converting the
933:
Decem Libri
Historiarum, V.37; translated by Lewis Thorpe, History of the Franks (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 301
1081:
263:. But for modern scholars, his most interesting works were two treatises he wrote in the final decade of his life,
283:
Another important work is his sermon, written in the form of a letter to his fellow bishop Polemius of Asturica,
210:. But his arrival in Gallaecia was historically significant, for he played an important role in converting the
513:
333:
696:"Russian Church officially adds saints of Spain, Portugal to liturgical calendar", Orthodox Christiantity
537:. Martin's reply was a treatise in the form of a sermon, enclosed in his responding letter to Polemius.
1086:
477:
1046:
316:
285:
219:
206:. "His intentions in going to a place so remote by the standards of his own day are unknown," writes
169:
573:
under state control, effectively signifying the end of pagan philosophical teaching. Later, in 553,
460:: addressed to Bishop Boniface, of whom little is known other than that he resided in sixth century
830:"St. Martin of Braga : Sources for His Tolerance toward the Rustici in Sixth Century Galicia."
350:
Three linked treatises: the two vices, Vanity and Pride, are taken from a list of eight set out by
525:
decreed that bishops are to call the people of their church together, so they may be converted to
522:
421:
402:
391:
238:
148:, a monastic founder, and an ecclesiastical author. According to his contemporary, the historian
85:
383:
230:
996:
873:
406:
405:. These a collection of eighty-four canons translated by Martin from the (Greek and Egyptian)
616:
924:. In The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 Mar. 2015
586:
491:
410:
320:
252:
178:
8:
1051:
1041:
628:
570:
114:
566:
554:
546:
461:
344:
324:
294:
290:
272:
223:
92:
1002:
879:
730:
632:
624:
582:
469:
833:(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
636:
149:
944:
161:
81:
981:
945:"Braga and tours: Some Observations on Gregory's "De virtutibus sancti martini"
601:
495:
293:, who lived a generation ago; Collins believes it is modelled on a treatise of
256:
195:
569:
through consolidation of the empire's faith. In 529, Justinian had placed the
1035:
750:
222:. While there he founded several monasteries, the best known of which was at
207:
202:, where he became a monk. He found his way to Hispania, decided to settle in
947:(1.11). Journal of Early Christian Studies, 3, 195. Retrieved March 5, 2015
526:
351:
277:
226:; around 550 he was consecrated bishop of Braga, whence comes his surname.
695:
609:
562:
310:
Formula vitae honestae, or De differentiis quatuor virtutumvitae honestae
829:
47:
145:
129:
1026:
Martini Bracarensis De ira: introduzione, testo, traduzione e commento
900:
594:
578:
203:
199:
165:
158:
in tantum se litteris imbuit ut nulli secundus sui temporis haberetur
133:
558:
553:. Martin himself had avoided religious suppression by traveling to
530:
465:
215:
191:
141:
63:
481:
473:
174:
635:(which, at the time, were one single language), alone among the
574:
432:
428:
600:
Although Martin's training as a monk was based on the ascetic
488:
Sententiae Patrum Aegyptiorum (Saying of the Egyptian Fathers)
605:
590:
550:
211:
137:
107:
34:
52:
Image of Saint Martin of Braga in a 10th-century manuscript.
783:, second edition (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1957), p. 117
436:
313:(Rules for an Honest Life, or On the Four Cardinal Virtues)
234:
985:
Comparative Drama, 25(1), 77-86. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
534:
561:. He had sailed east around 550, during the period when
427:
is Martin's explanation on how to calculate the date of
998:
The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity
1028:(Roma: Herder, 2008). (Studi e testi tardoantichi, 7).
781:
Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900
765:, second edition (New York: St. Martins, 1995), p. 81
982:"The way of vice and virtue: A medieval psychology."
542:
De correctione rusticorum (On the Reform of Rustics)
476:. Martin insists the correct practice is to perform
994:
259:translated another collection of sayings, entitled
966:
964:
763:Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity 400-1000
498:were removed to focus on their moral instruction.
1033:
871:
368:Exhortatio humilitatis (Exhortation to Humility)
336:as proof for Seneca's adherence to Christianity.
1001:. University of California Press. p. 257.
271:, because they were adapted from two essays of
961:
775:
773:
771:
450:
358:Pro repellenda jactantia (Driving Away Vanity)
164:for his work in converting the inhabitants of
1057:6th-century bishops in the Visigothic Kingdom
577:was also anathematized, effectively crushing
988:
901:"A Sixth-Century Epitome of Seneca, De Ira."
865:
508:
443:
878:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 365.
768:
615:In his instructions, Martin objects to the
420:: part of the Canons of St. Martin and the
229:In May 561, Martin attended the provincial
27:6th century Archbishop of Braga in Portugal
323:. From its similarities to other works of
46:
914:
912:
910:
705:
703:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
823:
821:
819:
512:
458:De trina mersione (On Triple Immersion)
14:
1034:
907:
716:(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 301
700:
464:. In his letter, Martin denounces the
375:
1072:Converts to Catholicism from Arianism
836:
816:
746:
744:
742:
712:, V.37; translated by Lewis Thorpe,
1024:Torre, Chara (ed., trans., comm.).
24:
1018:
739:
303:
198:, Martin made a pilgrimage to the
25:
1103:
875:Backgrounds of Early Christianity
172:, being granted the cognomen of "
124:520–580 AD), also known as
1092:Portuguese Roman Catholic saints
973:
951:
936:
927:
892:
666:
649:
799:
786:
755:
719:
689:
565:was attempting to reunite the
540:Out of all of Martin's works,
401:: appended to the text of the
343:: also adapted from a work of
182:". His feast day is 20 March.
13:
1:
334:Epistle to Seneca the Younger
121:
1067:6th-century writers in Latin
1062:6th-century Christian saints
995:Richard A. Fletcher (1999).
435:so the people may know when
7:
517:Martin, Archbishop of Braga
10:
1108:
683:
472:in the three names of the
453:(On the Reform of Rustics)
872:Everett Ferguson (2003).
674:De correctione rusticorum
657:De correctione rusticorum
509:De correctione rusticorum
451:De correctione rusticorum
444:Other works and treatises
286:De correctione rusticorum
255:, whom Martin had taught
220:Chalcedonian Christianity
170:Chalcedonian Christianity
91:
77:
69:
57:
45:
32:
642:
627:). Due to his influence
245:
1082:6th-century translators
1077:Greek–Latin translators
904:Retrieved March 5, 2015
710:Decem Libri Historiarum
608:, he avoided enforcing
523:Second Council of Braga
468:practice of performing
422:Second Council of Braga
392:Second Council of Braga
332:was used alongside the
239:Second Council of Braga
237:. He presided over the
185:
156:("full of virtue") and
86:Eastern Orthodox Church
979:Kimminich, E. (1991).
827:Follis, E. K. (1992).
518:
384:First Council of Braga
363:De superbia (On Pride)
330:Formula vitae honestae
269:Formula vitae honestae
231:First Council of Braga
132:of Bracara Augusta in
942:Ferreiro, A. (1995).
714:History of the Franks
619:custom of naming the
516:
418:De Pascha (On Easter)
126:Saint Martin of Dumio
104:Saint Martin of Braga
18:Saint Martin of Braga
811:Early Medieval Spain
794:Early Medieval Spain
729:, Liturgical Press,
727:Voices of the Saints
587:Nicaean Christianity
399:Canons of St. Martin
111:Martinus Bracarensis
898:Barlow, C. (1937).
809:, p. 118; Collins,
807:Thought and letters
571:Neoplatonic Academy
376:Councils and canons
297:on the same topic.
214:from their current
918:Farmer, D.(2011).
567:Later Roman Empire
545:philosophers like
519:
325:Seneca the Younger
295:Augustine of Hippo
291:Caesarius of Arles
273:Seneca the Younger
1087:Portuguese saints
1008:978-0-520-21859-8
885:978-0-8028-2221-5
779:M.L.W. Laistner,
735:978-0-8294-2806-3
637:Romance languages
583:Codex Justinianus
557:, in what is now
462:Visigothic Iberia
341:De ira (On Anger)
328:three centuries,
154:plenus virtutibus
101:
100:
78:Venerated in
16:(Redirected from
1099:
1047:Bishops of Braga
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1012:
992:
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621:days of the week
478:triple immersion
150:Gregory of Tours
123:
119:Martinho de Dume
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30:
29:
21:
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1019:Further reading
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315:: addressed to
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304:Moral treatises
261:Verbum seniorum
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218:beliefs to the
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162:Catholic Church
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82:Catholic Church
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40:Martin of Braga
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725:Ghezzi, Bert.
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602:Desert Fathers
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411:Eastern church
403:Second Council
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319:, king of the
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196:Central Europe
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560:
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496:ascetic monks
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233:as bishop of
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208:Roger Collins
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152:, Martin was
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56:
49:
44:
36:
31:
19:
1025:
997:
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980:
975:
953:
943:
938:
929:
919:
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894:
874:
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828:
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793:
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780:
762:
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726:
721:
713:
709:
691:
673:
668:
660:
656:
651:
623:after gods (
617:astrological
614:
599:
541:
539:
527:Christianity
521:In 572, the
520:
501:
487:
484:single name.
457:
449:
424:
417:
398:
390:
382:
367:
362:
357:
352:John Cassian
340:
329:
312:
309:
299:
284:
282:
278:John Cassian
268:
264:
260:
249:
228:
189:
173:
157:
153:
125:
118:
110:
103:
102:
73:580 (age 60)
610:Catholicism
563:Justinian I
117:, known as
1052:580 deaths
1042:520 births
1036:Categories
805:Laistner,
629:Portuguese
492:Paschasius
253:Paschasius
146:missionary
130:archbishop
115:Portuguese
958:database.
792:Collins,
761:Collins,
595:Gallaecia
585:enforced
579:Origenism
482:Trinity's
425:De Pascha
204:Gallaecia
200:Holy Land
166:Gallaecia
134:Gallaecia
128:, was an
633:Galician
559:Portugal
531:idolatry
192:Pannonia
190:Born in
142:Portugal
97:20 March
64:Pannonia
813:, p. 83
796:, p. 83
684:Sources
625:planets
480:in the
474:Trinity
470:baptism
439:begins.
416:(570?)
409:of the
177:to the
175:Apostle
1005:
882:
733:
581:. The
575:Origen
555:Dumium
547:Seneca
502:Poetry
433:Advent
429:Easter
407:canons
397:(572)
389:(572)
381:(561)
345:Seneca
339:(572)
321:Sueves
265:De ira
224:Dumium
61:c. 520
862:2015.
672:From
655:From
643:Notes
606:Suevi
591:Suevi
551:Plato
466:Arian
257:Greek
246:Works
235:Dumio
216:Arian
212:Suevi
194:, in
179:Suevi
144:), a
138:Braga
136:(now
113:, in
108:Latin
93:Feast
35:Saint
1003:ISBN
880:ISBN
731:ISBN
631:and
549:and
533:and
437:Lent
317:Miro
267:and
186:Life
106:(in
70:Died
58:Born
593:in
535:sin
168:to
140:in
1038::
963:^
909:^
838:^
818:^
770:^
741:^
702:^
659::
597:.
354:.
280:.
122:c.
1011:.
888:.
413:.
347:.
20:)
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