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1284:
1021:, who until 2005 was believed to be his brother. That year, a relief originally adorning the causeway of Sahure's pyramid and showing Sahure seated in front of two of his sons, Ranefer and Netjerirenre, was discovered by Verner and another Egyptologist, Tarek El-Awady. Next to Ranefer's name the text "Neferirkare Kakai king of Upper and Lower Egypt" had been added, indicating that Ranefer was Sahure's son and had assumed the throne under the name "Neferirkare Kakai" at the death of his father. Since both Ranefer and Netjerirenre are given the titles of "king's eldest son", Verner and El-Awady speculate that they may have been twins with Ranefer born first. They propose that Netjerirenre may have later seized the throne for a brief reign under the name "
1348:
926:
36:
2113:, undertook works throughout Egypt on pyramids and temples which had fallen into ruin, possibly to appropriate stones for his father's construction projects while ensuring a minimal restoration for cultic purposes. Inscriptions on the stone cladding of the pyramid of Sahure show that it was the object of such works at this time. This renewed attention had negative consequences as the first wave of dismantlement of the Abusir monuments, particularly for the acquisition of valuable Tura limestone, arrived with it. Sahure's mortuary temple may have been spared at this time due to the presence of the cult of Sekhmet. The cult's influence likely waned after the end of Ramses
1322:, built some 1800 years after Sahure's lifetime. In particular, the same names are quoted for the local chieftains. Therefore, it is possible that Sahure too was copying an even earlier representation of this scene. Nonetheless, several overseers of the Western Nile Delta region were nominated by Sahure, a significant decision as these officials occupied an administrative position that existed only irregularly during the Old Kingdom period and which likely served to provide "traffic regulation across the Egypto-Libyan border". At the same time, Sahure's mortuary temple presents the earliest known mention of pirates raiding the Nile Delta, possibly from the coast of
1657:
this period princes were progressively excluded from the highest office, an evolution undoubtedly correlated with changes in the nature of kingship. This process, possibly initiated by
Menkaure because of dynastic disputes, seems to have been completed by Sahure's time as from then onwards no royal prince was promoted to vizier. Those already in post were allowed to keep their status and so in the early part of Sahure's reign vizier Sekhemkare was a "King's son" while his successor, Werbauba, seems to have been non-royal. In response to this change, the state administration began its expansion as it included more and more non-royal people.
1436:
1005:
2319:. As this remains conjectural, alternative explanations have been brought forth to explain the presence of Egyptian artifacts and Egyptian influence on the temple layout. The architects of the temple may have been Egyptians working for the Byblite king while the alabaster bowl found in the temple could come from Egyptian payments to the Byblite king for wood, or it may have been donated by pious individuals. While the Egyptian influence over Byblos cannot be denied, there is far from enough evidence to conclude that Byblos functioned as an Egyptian colony at the time of Sahure.
1874:
1180:
1933:
1691:), meaning "The Field of Ra" as well as mentions of it in 24 tombs of administration officials. A few limestone blocks bearing reliefs which once adorned the temple have been found embedded in the walls of the mortuary complex of Nyuserre Ini, Sahure's fourth successor. This suggests either that these blocks were leftovers from the construction of the temple, or as Wener Kaiser has posited, that Nyuserre dismantled Sahure's temple, using it as a quarry for construction materials because it was largely unfinished. Indeed, the rather meager evidence for the
1050:
1520:
1799:
1995:
priest of Sahure's funerary cult; Khabauptah priest of Sahure, Neferirkare, Neferefre, and
Niuserre, Atjema, priest of the sun temple of Sahure during the Sixth Dynasty; Khuyemsnewy, who served as priest of the mortuary cult of Sahure during the reigns of Neferirkare and Nyuserre; Nikare, priest of the cult of Sahure and overseer of the scribes of the granary during the Fifth Dynasty. Further priests are known, such as Senewankh, serving in the cults of Userkaf and Sahure and buried in a
1737:
5607:; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Arnold; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Ălisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; JĂĄnosi, Peter; LabĂ©e-ToutĂ©e, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der Manuelian, Peter; Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999).
2009:
1991:
the upper part of the causeway represent the procession of over 150 personified funerary domains created by and for Sahure, demonstrating the existence of a sophisticated economic system associated with the king's funerary cult. The enormous quantities of offerings pouring into the mortuary and sun temples of Sahure benefitted other cults as well, such as that of Hathor, which had priests officiating on the temple premises.
597:
547:
202:
2145:, a statue of Sahure was among a group of statues of Old Kingdom kings hidden in a cachette of the Karnak temple, testifying to some form of cultic interest up to that time. In parallel, a new period of dismantlement of the pyramids of Abusir took place, yet Sahure's was once again spared. This might be because of the cult of Sekhmet of Sahure the temple hosted well into the
1785:, which had been the royal necropolises up to that time. A possible motivation for Sahure's decision was the presence of the sun temple of Userkaf, something which supports the hypothesis that Sahure was Userkaf's son. Following Sahure's choice, Abusir became the main necropolis of the early Fifth Dynasty, as pharaohs Neferirkare Kakai, Neferefre, Nyuserre Ini and possibly
1886:
technique, much cheaper and faster to execute than the stone-based techniques hitherto employed, fared much worse over time. Owing to this, Sahure's pyramid is now largely ruined and amounts to little more than a pile of rubble showing the crude filling of debris and mortar constituting the core, which became exposed after the casing stones were stolen in antiquity.
1306:. These campaigns are said to have yielded livestock in huge numbers and Sahure is shown smiting local chieftains. The historical veracity of these depictions remains in doubt as such representations are part of the standard iconography meant to exalt the king. The same scene of the Libyan attack was used two hundred years later in the mortuary temple of
1228:
stone vessels being inscribed with cartouches of pharaohs of this dynasty discovered in
Lebanon. So much so that the archeologist Gregory Mumford points to the fact that "Sahure is best attested for international relations" and has the highest number of texts inscribed in Sinai proportionally to his reign length.
1271:. This expedition, also mentioned by the Palermo stone, brought back over 6000 units of turquoise to Egypt and produced two reliefs in Sinai, one of which shows Sahure in the traditional act of smiting Asiatics and boasting "The Great God smites the Asiatics of all countries". In parallel with these activities,
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doors, first found in
Niankhsekhmet's tomb. The canonical list of offerings was also developed during or shortly before Sahure's time in the tombs of the royal family, and spread to those of non-royal high-officials – the earliest of whom was Seshemnefer I – under Sahure.
1994:
Several priests serving the mortuary cult or in Sahure's sun temple during the later Fifth and Sixth
Dynasties are known thanks to inscriptions and artifacts from their tombs in Saqqara and Abusir. These include Tjy, overseer of the sun temples of Sahure, Neferirkare, Neferefre and Nyuserre; Neferkai
1990:
Sahure was the object of a funerary cult from the time of his death and which continued until the end of the Old
Kingdom, some 300 years later. At least 22 agricultural estates were established to produce the goods necessary for providing the offerings to be made for this cult. Decorated reliefs from
1568:
for seagoing vessels was of 1 m (3.3 ft), and that the masts employed at the time were bipodal, resembling an inverted Y. Further rare depictions include the king standing in the stern of a sailing boat with a highly decorated sail, and one of only two reliefs from ancient Egypt showing men
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Historical records and surviving artifacts suggest that contacts with foreign lands were numerous during Sahure's reign. Furthermore, these contacts seem to have been mostly economic rather than military in nature. Reliefs from his pyramid complex show the return of a naval expedition to
Lebanon, the
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although it may not always have happened at regular intervals. Following these principles, the
Palermo stone actually talks of the years after the first, second and either sixth or seventh cattle counts of Sahure's reign. If the count was indeed biennial, which is uncertain, this would correspond to
1952:
Subsequent generations of artists and craftsmen tried to emulate Sahure's reliefs, using them as templates for the tombs of later kings and queens of the Old
Kingdom period. The layout of Sahure's high temple was also novel and it became the standard template for all subsequent pyramid complexes of
1698:
New analyses of the verso of the
Palermo stone performed in 2018 by the Czech Institute of Archeology enabled the reading of further inscriptions mentioning precisely the architecture of the temple as well as lists of donations it received, establishing firmly that it was a distinct entity from the
2027:
20th century BC), who dedicated statues of Old Kingdom kings including one of Sahure. The statue and the accompanying group of portraits of deceased kings indicates the existence of a generic cult of royal ancestor figures, a "limited version of the cult of the divine" as Jaromir MĂĄlek writes. The
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In terms of the size, volume, and the cheap construction techniques employed, Sahure's pyramid exemplifies the decline of pyramid building. At the same time, the quality and variety of the stones employed in other parts of the complex increased, and the mortuary temple is considered to be the most
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for false doors, first found in Persen's tomb. This feature would subsequently become common and here demonstrates the particularly high esteem in which Persen must have been held by the king. Another innovation is the depiction of small unusual offerings such as that of seven sacred oils on false
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Sahure pursued Userkaf's policy of appointing non-royal people to high offices. This is best exemplified by the office of vizier, which was exclusively held by princes of royal blood with the title of "King's son" since the mid-Fourth Dynasty and up until the early Fifth Dynasty. Toward the end of
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but the decoration and architecture of his mortuary temple is more elaborate. The valley temple, causeway and mortuary temple of his pyramid complex were once adorned by over 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft) of exquisite polychrome reliefs, representing the highest form reached by this art
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is based. Following the discoveries of Verner and El-Awady in Abusir, this theory has been abandoned and the real role of Khentkaus remains difficult to ascertain. This is in part because the translation of her title is problematic and because the details of the transition from the Fourth to the
1885:
The pyramid of Sahure reached 47 m (154 ft) at the time of its construction, much smaller than the pyramids of the preceding Fourth Dynasty. Its inner core is made of roughly hewn stones organized in steps and held together in many sections with a thick mortar of mud. This construction
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to the main pyramid and the ceremonies following the completion of the complex. The high craftmanship of the reliefs is here manifested by the finely rounded edges of all figures, so that they simultaneously blend in with the background and stand out clearly. Reliefs are sufficiently detailed to
1608:
A similar though much less detailed anecdote is reported by Khufuankh, who was overseer of the palace and singer of the king. Other officials include Hetepka, who was keeper of the diadem and overseer of the hairdressers of the king, Pehenewkai, priest of the cult of Userkaf during the reigns of
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bowl inscribed with Sahure's name. The layout of the fourth phase of this temple might even have been influenced by the architecture of Sahure's valley temple, although this remains debated. There is further corroborating evidence for trade with the wider Levant during the Fifth Dynasty, several
1813:
Many surviving fragments of the reliefs which decorated the walls of the mortuary complex are of very high quality and much more elaborate than those from preceding mortuary temples. Several of the depictions are unique in Egyptian art. These include a relief showing Sahure tending a myrrh tree
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ft). Because of this, Sahure has been credited by past scholars with establishing the Egyptian navy. It is recognized today that this is an overstatement: fragmentary reliefs from Userkaf's temple depict numerous boats, while a high seas navy must have existed as early as the Third Dynasty. The
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Spirit of Sahure", "The Ba of Sahure appears", "Sahure's pyramid where the royal soul rises in splendor", or "In glory comes forth the soul of Sahure". The builders and artisans who worked on Sahure's mortuary complex lived in an enclosed pyramid town located next to the causeway leading up to
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II's reign (c. 1249 BC) to ask Sekhmet to grant them a long life of 110 years. The reason for the appearance of this cult during the New Kingdom is unknown. In any case, the cult of Sekhmet of Sahure was not a purely local phenomenon as traces of it were found in the Upper Egyptian village of
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The extensive nautical scenes from Sahure's mortuary complex are sufficiently detailed to show that specialized racing boats for the military and perhaps for ceremonial training were built at the time. They also give the earliest depiction of specific rope uses aboard ships, such as that of a
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Sahure's mortuary temple was extensively decorated with an estimated 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft) of fine reliefs. This extensive decoration seems to have been completed within Sahure's lifetime. The walls of the entire 235 m (771 ft)-long causeway were also covered with
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which had taken place since the start of the reign. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. This involved counting cattle, oxen and small livestock. During the first half of the Fifth Dynasty, this count might have been
1062:
The relative chronology of Sahure's reign is well established by historical records, contemporary artifacts and archeological evidence, which agree that he succeeded Userkaf and was in turn succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai. An historical source supporting this order of succession is the
2036:(catalog number CG 42004), is made of black granite and is 50 cm (20 in) tall. Sahure is shown enthroned, wearing a pleated skirt and a round curly wig. Both sides of the throne bear inscriptions identifying the work as a portrait of Sahure made on the orders of Senusret I.
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While the core was under construction, a corridor was left open leading into the shaft where the grave chamber was built separately and later covered by leftover stone blocks and debris. This construction strategy is clearly visible in later unfinished pyramids, in particular the
1999:
in Saqqara; Sedaug, a priest of the cult of Sahure, priest of Ra in the sun-temple of Userkaf and holder of the title of royal acquaintance; Tepemankh, priest of the cults of kings of the Fourth to early Fifth Dynasty including Userkaf and Sahure, buried in a mastaba at Abusir.
1556:. Finally, there is the distinct possibility that some of the reliefs are copied from earlier examples. Nonetheless, Sahure remains the earliest known ruler to have depicted, and thus possibly made use of, sea power for transporting troops over the Mediterranean sea, to Syria.
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during the Old Kingdom period. The Ancient Egyptians recognized this particular artistic achievement and tried to emulate the reliefs in the tombs of subsequent kings and queens. The architects of Sahure's pyramid complex introduced the use of palmiform columns (columns whose
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telling the king "I will give you all that is in this land", "I give you all hostile peoples with all the provisions that there are in foreign lands" and "I grant thee all western and eastern foreign lands with all the Iunti and the Montiu bowmen who are in every land".
2222:
In a version of this theory, Khentkaus possibly remarried Userkaf after the death of her first husband and became the mother of Sahure and his successor on the throne, Neferirkare Kakai. This theory is based on the fact that Khentkaus is known to have borne the title of
2898:
880:), which would soon become a hallmark of ancient Egyptian architecture. The layout of his mortuary temple was also innovative and became the architectural standard for the remainder of the Old Kingdom period. Sahure is also known to have constructed a sun temple called
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sophisticated one built up to that time. With its many architectural innovations, such as the use of palmiform columns, the overall layout of Sahure's complex would serve as the template for all mortuary complexes constructed from Sahure's reign until the end of the
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coast by seagoing ships as well. These bears appear in association with 12 red-painted one-handled jars from Syria. The Egyptologists Karin Sowada and William Stevenson Smith have proposed that, taken together, the bears and jars are likely to constitute a tribute.
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to procure cedar trees, slaves, and exotic items. His reign may have witnessed the flourishing of the Egyptian navy, which included a high-seas fleet as well as specialized racing boats. Relying on this, Sahure ordered the earliest attested expedition to the
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be made for his tomb, to which the king agreed. Sahure had the false door made of fine Tura limestone, carved and painted blue in his audience-hall, and made personal daily inspections of the work. The king wished a long life to his physician, telling him:
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The relief say that the following was taken as bounty: over 123,440 cattle, more than 223,200 donkeys, 232,413 goats and 243,688 sheep. In another scene, 212,400 donkeys are said to have been taken. Even if these numbers are overestimates, they show that
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Archeological evidence suggests that Sahure's building activities were mostly concentrated in Abusir and its immediate vicinity, where he constructed his pyramid and where his sun temple is probably located. Also nearby was the palace of Sahure, called
1531:. His expeditions to Punt and Byblos demonstrate the existence of a high seas navy and reliefs from his mortuary complex are described by Shelley Wachsmann as the "first definite depictions of seagoing ships in Egypt", some of which must have been 100-
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built their pyramids there. In their wake, many smaller tombs belonging to members of the royal family were built in Abusir, with the notable exceptions of those of the highest-ranking members, many of whom chose to be buried in Giza or Saqqarah.
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Sahure was the object of a funerary cult, the food offerings for which were initially provided by agricultural estates set up during his reign. This official, state-sponsored cult endured until the end of the Old Kingdom. Subsequently, during the
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As a deceased king, Sahure continued to receive religious offerings during the New Kingdom as part of the standard cult of the royal ancestors. For example, Sahure is present on the Karnak king list, a list of kings inscribed on the walls of the
957:
and Tarek El-Awady in the early 2000s provide a picture of the royal family of the early Fifth Dynasty. In particular, reliefs from the causeway linking the valley and mortuary temples of the pyramid complex reveal that Sahure's mother was queen
1649:
1860:
are still in place at the site. Among the seminal innovations of Sahure's temple are the earliest relief depictions of figures in adoration, either standing or squatting with both arms raised, their hands open and their palms facing down.
1722:, or "Fortress of Re", it was unfinished at his death. Construction works continued in at least four building phases, the first of which may have taken place under Sahure, and then under his successors Neferirkare Kakai and Nyuserre Ini.
1029:, who was thus most likely Sahure's consort and the mother of Ranefer and Netjerirenre. Three more sons, Khakare, Horemsaf, and Nebankhre are shown on reliefs from Sahure's mortuary temple, but the identity of their mother(s) is unknown.
1765:, some 300 years later. The highly varied colored reliefs decorating the walls of the entire funerary complex display a quality of workmanship and a richness of conception that reach their highest level of the entire Old Kingdom period.
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III. Unlike other ancient Egyptian king lists, the kings there are not listed in chronological order. Rather, the purpose of the list was purely religious, its aim being to name the deceased kings to be honored in the Karnak temple.
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had reliefs for his temple directly copied from those of Sahure. He also chose to follow the innovative layout of Sahure's complex once again. At the time, Senusret I's decision was in stark contrast with the burial customs of the
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The mortuary temple featured the first palmiform columns of any Egyptian temple, massive granite architraves inscribed with Sahure's titulary overlaid with copper, lion-headed waterspouts, black basalt flooring and granite dados.
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Sahure built or started to build a temple dedicated to the sun god Ra, the second such temple of the Fifth Dynasty. Yet to be located, it is known to have existed thanks to an inscription on the Palermo stone where it is called
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6122:
1456:'s mortuary temple. A second palace, "The Crown of Sahure appears", is known from an inscription in the tomb of his chief physician. Both palaces, if they were different buildings, were likely on the shores of the Abusir lake.
1408:, some 1500 years later. Sahure's reign is also the earliest during which the ceremony of the "driving of the calves" is known to have taken place. This is significant in the context of the progressive emergence of the cult of
1609:
Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai, then vizier for the latter; Persen, a mortuary priest in the funerary cult of Sahure's mother Nepherhetepes; and Washptah, a priest of Sahure, then vizier of Neferirkare Kakai. The high-official
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During the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptians did not record time as we do today. Rather, they counted years since the beginning of the reign of the current king. Furthermore these years were referred to by the number of
1709:
and its presence in others. For Anthony Spalinger this possibly indicates that Sahure's sun temple was effectively built and acquired such an obelisk at some point after its construction, perhaps after Sahure's reign.
5852:
Bloxam, Elizabeth; Heldal, Tom (2007). "The Industrial Landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert as a World Heritage Site: Modelling the 'Outstanding Universal Value' of Third Millennium BC Stone Quarrying in Egypt".
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and during the Nineteenth Dynasty numerous visitors left inscriptions, stelae and statues in the temple. These activities were related to a cult then taking place in the mortuary temple of Sahure since the time of
1494:
Further mining and quarrying expeditions may be inferred from indirect evidence. An inscription of Sahure in the Wadi Abu Geridah in the Eastern desert as well as other Old Kingdom inscriptions there suggest that
1590:
Several high officials serving Sahure during his lifetime are known from their tombs as well as from the decoration of the mortuary temple of the king. Niankhsekhmet, chief physician of Sahure and first known
2341:
The expedition to the copper mine of Wadi Kharit left an inscription reading: "Horus Lord-of-Risings, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sahure, granted life eternally. Thot lord-of-terror who smashes Asia".
2314:
It is possible that the Egyptians wielded sufficient influence over Byblos at the time to have the temple built to satisfy their cultic needs, as they could have sought the protection of Baalat as a form of
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fortress, where he may have received the submission of the Nubian chiefs in a ceremonial act connected with the commencement of his reign. The fashioning of six statues of the king as well as the subsequent
1355:
The majority of Sahure's activities in Egypt recorded on the Palermo stone are religious in nature. This royal annal records that in the "year of the first time of traveling around", Sahure journeyed to the
1166:(1279â1213 BC). Neither of these sources give his reign length. The absolute dates of Sahure's reign are uncertain but most scholars date it to the first half of the 25th century BC, see note 1 for details.
2184:. A cursed child from ancient Egypt introduces himself as âPrince Sahure of Egypt, son of the god Userkof, king of kings, lord of the two lands, conquered of the east and west, and fabulous fisherman.â
7711:
Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
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but leaving its ultimate fate uncertain. Further precision as to the architecture of the temple may be inferred from the absence of the obelisk determinative in some hieroglyphic variants of the name
35:
2157:(423â404 BC) and up until the Ptolemaic period attest to continued cultic activities on the site. For example, a certain Horib was "Priest of Sekhmet of the temple of Sekhmet of Sahure" under the
2239:, who will reign successively as the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty. Some Egyptologists have therefore proposed that Khentkaus was the mother of Sahure and the historical figure on which
863:, where his predecessors had built their monuments. This decision was possibly motivated by the presence of the sun temple of Userkaf in Abusir, the first such temple of the Fifth Dynasty. The
1203:
The same relief strongly suggests that interpreters were on board the ships, tasked with translations to facilitate trade with foreign lands. A relief, unique to Egyptian art, depicts several
1427:
II, whose mortuary complex had been built by Userkaf in Saqqara. He added an entrance portico with four columns to her temple, so that the entrance was not facing Userkaf's pyramid any more.
7786:
NavrĂĄtilovĂĄ, Hana; Arnold, Felix; Allen, James P. (2013). "New Kingdom Graffiti in Dahshur, Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III: Preliminary Report. Graffiti Uncovered in Seasons 1992â2010".
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This is one of only three known statues of Sahure, the other two being that of Sahure with a nome god heading this article, and that dedicated by Senusret I shown at the end this article.
5969:
Ancient records of Egypt historical documents from earliest times to the Persian conquest, collected edited and translated with commentary, vol. I The First to the Seventeenth Dynasties
1503:, a location possibly connected with expeditions to the Eastern desert and south of Egypt to Nubia. Sahure's cartouche has been found in graffiti in Tumas and on seal impressions from
2047:. The papyrus tells the mythical story of the origins of the Fifth Dynasty, presenting kings Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai as three brothers, sons of Ra and a woman named
1920:
The mortuary complex immediately around the pyramid also includes a second smaller cult pyramid which must have stood nearly 12 m (39 ft) high, originally built for the
2200:
Proposed dates for the reign of Sahure: 2517â2505 BC, 2506â2492 BC, 2496â2483 BC, 2491â2477 BC, 2487â2475 BC, 2471â2458 BC, 2458â2446 BC, 2446â2433BC, 2428â2417 BC, 2428â2416 BC.
1400:. This title, possibly meaning "Lord of doing effective things", indicates that he personally performed physical cultic activities to ensure the existence and persistence of the
1099:
forms for Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare, respectively. Manetho's reconstruction of the early Fifth Dynasty is in agreement with those given on two more historical sources, the
824:. Sahure is shown celebrating the success of this venture in a relief from his mortuary temple which shows him tending a myrrh tree in the garden of his palace whose name means
6960:
The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom
1143:
I, which corresponds to the end of the ninth month. Taken together these pieces of information indicate that the royal annal of the Fifth Dynasty recorded a reign of 13 years 5
7749:
Mumford, Gregory (2006). "Tell Ras Budran (Site 345): Defining Egypt's Eastern Frontier and Mining Operations in South Sinai during the Late Old Kingdom (Early EB IV/MB I)".
2019:
No priest serving in the funerary cult of Sahure is known from the Middle Kingdom period. Evidence from this period rather come from works undertaken in the Karnak temple by
1036:
for his father. This is debated, as Michel Baud points out that at the time of Sahure, the eviction of royal princes from the vizierate was ongoing if not already complete.
6421:. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. pp. 37â44.
1969:
pharaohs, who were buried in saff tombs. These consisted of an open courtyard fronting a row of entrances into subterranean corridors and chambers dug in the hillsides of
6958:
6038:
A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, Derived Entirely from the Monuments : To which is added a memoir on the exodus of the Israelites and the Egyptian Monuments
1135:(1292â1189 BC), credits him with a reign of twelve years five months and twelve days. In contrast, the near contemporary royal annal of the Fifth Dynasty known as the
1660:
Concurrently with these developments, architectural and artistic innovations relating to tombs of private individuals can be dated to Sahure's reign. These including
6167:
7398:
1139:
records his second, third, fifth and sixth years on the throne as well as his final 13th or 14th year of reign and even records the day of his death as the 28th of
8733:
Wright, Mary; Pardee, Dennis (1988). "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: Contacts between Egypt and Syro-Palestine during the Old Kingdom".
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and 204 arouras (0.7 to nearly 140 acres). Concerning Lower Egypt, the stone register corresponding to this reign gives the earliest known mention of the city of
1945:
The painted reliefs covering the walls of Sahure's mortuary temple were recognized as an artistic achievement of the highest degree by the Ancient Egyptians. A
8382:
7821:
978:, and bore the title of "king's mother". This makes Userkaf the father of Sahure in all likelihood. This is further reinforced by the discovery of Sahure's
7654:
Mark, Samuel (2013). "Graphical Reconstruction and Comparison of Royal Boat Iconography from the Causeway of the Egyptian King Sahure (c. 2487â2475 BC)".
2408:
For example, Sahure's main pyramid had a volume of 98,000 m (3,500,000 cu ft) versus Khufu's 2,595,000 m (91,600,000 cu ft).
1909:
comprising large limestone beams of several tons each. Today all of these beams are fractured, which weakens the pyramid structure. Fragments of a basalt
12287:
7606:
MĂĄlek, Jaromir (2000b). "Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
1329:
Sahure's pretensions regarding the lands and riches surrounding Egypt are encapsulated in several reliefs from his mortuary temple which show the god
221:
1905:
The entrance at the north side is a short descending corridor lined with red granite followed by a passageway ending at the burial chamber with its
8360:
Veldmeijer, André J.; Zazzaro, Chiara; Clapham, Alan J.; Cartwright, Caroline R.; Hagen, Fredrik (2008). "The "Rope Cave" at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis".
7240:
2328:
Finally, a piece of thin gold stamped to a wooden throne and bearing Sahure's cartouches has been purportedly found during illegal excavations in
12368:
1840:, Sahure being suckled by Nekhbet, the earliest depictions of a king fishing and fowling, a counting of foreigners by or in front of the goddess
7406:. Catalogue Général des Antiquités Egyptiennes du Musée du Caire (in French). Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
1499:
was mined in the vicinity since the times of the Fourth Dynasty. The lower half of a statue with the name of the king was discovered in 2015 in
7304:
Labrousse, Audran (1997). "Un bloc décoré du temple funéraire de la mÚre royale NéferhétephÚs". In Berger, Catherine; Mathieu, Bernard (eds.).
6650:
GarcĂa, Juan Carlos Moreno (2015). "កwt jáž„(w)t, The administration of the Western Delta and the 'Libyan question' in the third millennium BC".
1032:
Netjerirenre bore several religious titles corresponding to high-ranking positions in the court and which suggest that he may have acted as a
2355:
was seen by the Egyptians as a rich land, and that economic considerations motivated Egyptians attempts at controlling the neighboring lands.
1008:
Sahure's figure towering next to those of his sons including Netjerirenre, Khakare and Neferirkare Kakai on a relief from his mortuary temple
1459:
The stones for Sahure's buildings and statues were quarried throughout Egypt. For example, the limestone cladding of the pyramid comes from
7185:(2000). "Die Rolle von Saqqara und Abusir bei der Ăberlieferun altĂ€gyptischer JenseitsbĂŒcher". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
1195:
trees. Other ships are represented loaded with "Asiatics", both adults and children who were either slaves, or merchants, greeting Sahure:
7061:
Proceedings of the Second Central European Conference of Young Egyptologists. Egypt 2001: Perspectives of Research, Warsaw 5â7 March 2001
6524:
Espinel, Andrés Diego (2002). "The Role of the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal as Intermediary between Egypt and Byblos during the Old Kingdom".
2258:
379:
6285:
5785:
1753:
Sahure's pyramid and mortuary temple. The town later flourished under Nyuserre and seems to have still been in the existence during the
2262:
12302:
12297:
8222:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 237. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen.
7498:
1749:
708:
5718:
BareĆĄ, Ladislav (2000). "The destruction of the monuments at the necropolis of Abusir". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
1147:
months and 12 days for Sahure, only one year more than given by the Turin Canon and close to the 13 years figure given in Manetho's
6385:
7266:
Egyptology at the dawn of the Twenty-first Century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000
2168:, as shown by the abundant production of mill-stones, presence of lime production facilities and worker shelters in the vicinity.
2085:
named "Sekhmet of Sahure". For example, the scribe Ptahemuia and fellow scribes visited Sahure's temple in the 30th year of Ramses
1365:
are also reported. During Sahure's fifth year on the throne, the Palermo stone mentions the making of a divine barge, possibly in
468:
432:
12277:
12272:
5894:
1239:, is reported on the Palermo Stone where it is said to have come back with 80,000 of an unspecified measure of myrrh, along with
6297:
Dunn Friedman, Florence; Friedman, Florence (1995). "The Underground Relief Panels of King Djoser at the Step Pyramid Complex".
892:, Sahure was venerated as a royal ancestor figure but his cult no longer had dedicated priests. For unknown reasons, during the
574:
571:
524:
453:
450:
422:
361:
293:
290:
288:
263:
179:
176:
173:
12282:
8170:
Interconnections in the Ancient Near-East: A Study of the Relationships Between the Arts of Egypt, the Aegean, and Western Asia
1953:
the Old Kingdom. Some of its architectural elements, such as its palmiform columns, became hallmarks of Egyptian architecture.
1294:
Sahure's military career is known primarily from reliefs in his mortuary complex. It apparently consisted of campaigns against
328:
2915:
1921:
1810:
polychrome bas-reliefs. Miroslav BĂĄrta describes the reliefs as "the largest collection known from the third millennium BCE".
12262:
8686:
8664:
8568:
8547:
8528:
8485:
8464:
8445:
8395:
8293:
8272:
8227:
8089:
8070:
7960:
7875:
7739:
7720:
7596:
7488:
7469:
7448:
7384:
7336:
7313:
7294:
7273:
7217:
7068:
7041:
6991:
6944:
6887:
6724:
6640:
6485:
6426:
6400:
6338:
6274:
6156:
6083:
6064:
6045:
6015:
5904:
5798:
5771:
5684:
5665:
5642:
2396:
1836:
The many reliefs of the mortuary, causeway and valley temples also depict, among other things, Sahure hunting wild bulls and
1396:
Further indication of religious activities lies in that Sahure is the earliest known king to have used the Egyptian title of
971:
568:
527:
447:
427:
359:
358:
144:
5608:
429:
424:
102:
12292:
12267:
2443:
in Neferirkare's sun temple, priest of Neferirkare, priest in Nyuserre Ini's and Neferirkare Kakai's pyramid complexes and
7562:. The Egypt Exploration Society. Occasional Publications. Vol. 8. London: Egypt Exploration Society. pp. 57â76.
6175:
1577:
12257:
10037:
9825:
8521:
Chronologie des pharaonischen Ăgypten : die Zeitbestimmung der Ă€gyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr
7415:
1604:
As my nostrils enjoy health, as the gods love me, may you depart into the cemetery at an advanced old age as one revered.
1439:
A statue of Sahure was uncovered in Elkab, which may have been the starting point of mining expeditions during his reign.
1091:
mentioned the succession "UsercherĂȘs â SephrĂȘs â NefercherĂȘs" at the start of the Fifth Dynasty. UsercherĂȘs, SephrĂȘs (in
12246:
11007:
10723:
9591:
8851:
8825:
8198:
6695:
6445:
2130:
904:
had priests and attracted visitors from all over Egypt to Sahure's temple. This unusual cult was celebrated far beyond
6417:
El Awady, Tarek (2006). "King Sahure with the Precious Trees from Punt in a Unique Scene!". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav (ed.).
1820:) in his palace in front of his family; a relief depicting Syrian brown bears and another showing the bringing of the
12363:
7615:
7567:
7194:
6631:
Gaber, Amr (2003). "Aspects of the deification of some Old Kingdom kings". In Eyma, Aayko K.; Bennett, C. J. (eds.).
5994:
5727:
1235:, probably along the Somalian coast. The expedition, which is conjectured to have departed Egypt from the harbor of
12312:
7148:. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 73.2 (in German). Wien: Rudolf M. Rohrer.
1898:
seemingly coming back into fashion after being temporarily abandoned by the builders of the five great pyramids at
6057:
Images of woman and child from the Bronze Age: reconsidering fertility, maternity, and gender in the ancient world
11499:
8259:
7991:
Rowland, Joanne (2011). "An Old Kingdom mastaba and the results of the continued excavations at Quesna in 2010".
2417:
The standard work on Sahure's pyramid complex is Borchardt's excavation report, available online in its entirety.
1283:
828:. This relief is the only one in Egyptian art depicting a king gardening. Sahure sent further expeditions to the
486:
93:
8401:
7558:
MĂĄlek, Jaromir (1992). "A Meeting of the Old and New. SaqqĂąra during the New Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.).
11549:
11276:
11132:
8030:
Byblos in the third millenium BC: a reconstruction of the stratigraphy and a study of the cultural connections
7284:
6800:
Giveon, Raphael (1978). "Corrected Drawings of the Sahure and Sesostris I Inscriptions from the Wadi Kharig".
2094:, where it was celebrated during two festivals taking place every year, on the 16th day of the first month of
11845:
11635:
11567:
11432:
11299:
11209:
11022:
9140:
7059:
HorvĂĄth, Z. (2003). Popielska-Grzybowska, J. (ed.). "SahurĂą and his Cult-Complex in the Light of Tradition".
2138:
2126:
2039:
Sahure's legacy had endured sufficiently by the Middle Kingdom period that he is mentioned in a story of the
1362:
7308:. Orientalia monspeliensia (in French). Vol. 9. Montpellier: UniversitĂ© Paul ValĂ©ry. pp. 263â270.
2332:
among a wider assemblage known as the "Dorak Treasure". The existence of the treasure is now widely doubted.
11417:
11354:
10637:
8217:
8186:
7261:
6635:. Occasional volume of the Egyptologists' electronic forum. Vol. 1. Boca Raton: Universal Publishers.
2044:
934:
8579:
8558:
7713:
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 â July 5, 2005)
5967:
5653:
2280:
2235:
that the future demise of his lineage will come from three brothers, born of the god Ra and a woman named
11778:
10887:
10799:
10284:
10061:
10052:
8584:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann.
7140:
2430:, close to Memphis and the attraction of then already ancient pyramids of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties.
2073:
1852:"Lord of the Foreign Countries" leading bound Asiatic captives, and the return of an Egyptian fleet from
1132:
1128:
6419:
The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, Proceedings of the conference held in Prague, May 31 â June 4, 2004
2903:
2901:
2293:
In the context of Egyptology, the term "Asiatics" is used to refer to people from the Levant, including
11607:
10940:
10677:
10504:
10436:
9018:
7244:
7189:(in German). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic â Oriental Institute. pp. 215â228.
6964:
1949:
inscription found in Abusir for example poetically compares the temple to the heaven lit by full moon.
1805:
deities and personified agricultural estates marching into the mortuary temple of Sahure with offerings
1366:
1107:
where Sahure's name is given on the 33rd entry. These lists of kings were written during the reigns of
45:
8741:(3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 143â161.
6455:
El-Khadragy, Mahmoud (2001). "The Adoration Gesture in Private Tombs up to the Early Middle Kingdom".
12128:
9899:
8132:
2181:
1966:
1833:, and even show personified plants such as corn represented as a man with corn-ears instead of hair.
1754:
1610:
8045:
5934:
Bradbury, Louise (1988). "Reflections on Traveling to "God's Land" and Punt in the Middle Kingdom".
9973:
9744:
9606:
2020:
938:
8605:(2). London: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): 155â167.
8413:
1718:
Userkaf was the first king to build a sun temple in Abusir. Known to the ancient Egyptians as the
512:
11813:
11728:
11705:
10022:
9884:
9821:
9610:
9410:
9226:
8523:. MĂŒnchner Ă€gyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
7227:
Khaled, Mohamed Ismail (2013). "The Economic Aspects of the Old Kingdom Royal Funerary Domains".
2095:
1957:
1564:. They permit precise estimates regarding shipbuilding, for example indicating that the mid-ship
1464:
1347:
1076:
994:
925:
889:
868:
8516:
7633:
7517:
7459:
7331:. BibliothÚque d'étude, Vol. 130 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
6146:
1936:
Palmiform columns, an innovation of Sahure's temple, became a hallmark of Egyptian architecture.
1581:
Niankhsekhmet and his wife shown on his false door, carved and painted in the presence of Sahure
1369:, the appointment of 200 priests and the exact quantity of daily offerings of bread and beer to
12317:
12307:
11855:
11834:
11753:
10667:
10527:
10137:
9771:
9731:
9525:
9467:
9351:
9155:
8818:
8788:
8148:
6582:
1895:
1762:
1268:
1075:. No copies of the Aegyptiaca have survived and it is now known only through later writings by
1033:
959:
873:
785:
777:
755:
727:
684:
8283:
7635:
Les mastabas de l'ancien empire : fragment du dernier ouvrage de Auguste Ădouard Mariette
6078:. EinfĂŒhrungen und Quellentexte zur Ăgyptologie (in German). Vol. 1, 3, 6. MĂŒnster: LIT.
5677:
The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I â Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300â1069 BC
5626:
2149:(332â30 BC), albeit with a very reduced influence. Several graffiti dating from the reigns of
12327:
11803:
11768:
11748:
11738:
11700:
10300:
10204:
9558:
7815:
6734:
Gillam, Robyn A. (1995). "Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance".
6545:
Evans, Linda (2011). "The Shedshed of Wepwawet: an artistic and behavioural interpretation".
5804:
5758:
2146:
1701:
1508:
1140:
909:
7868:
The graffiti of pharaonic Egypt : scope and roles of informal writings, c. 3100â332 B.C
7610:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic â Oriental Institute. pp. 241â258.
6763:
Giveon, Raphael (1977). "Inscriptions of SahurÄÊż and Sesostris I from Wadi Khariǧ (Sinai)".
5793:. BibliothÚque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
5766:. BibliothÚque d'étude 126/1 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
2426:
This change may have been spurred by the return of the Egyptian capital to Middle Egypt, in
989:
This contradicts older, alternative theories according to which Sahure was the son of queen
12322:
11828:
11783:
11156:
10784:
10719:
10572:
10567:
10274:
10269:
10122:
9548:
9336:
9215:
8606:
7715:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 311â341.
7663:
6352:
5963:
4929:
2275:
2142:
1946:
1891:
1661:
1565:
1412:
throughout the Fifth Dynasty, as this ceremony subsequently became an integral part of the
1385:(4800 measures) fixed by the king. Also reported are gifts of lands to temples of between 1
893:
773:
7730:
Mumford, G. D. (1999). "Wadi Maghara". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).
7545:. Göttingen: Seminar fĂŒr Ăgyptologie und Koptologie an der UniversitĂ€t Göttingen: 77â100.
7306:Ătudes sur l'Ancien Empire et la nĂ©cropole de SaqqĂąra : dĂ©diĂ©es Ă Jean-Philippe Lauer
7001:
Hoffmeier, James K. (1993). "The Use of Basalt in Floors of Old Kingdom Pyramid Temples".
6040:. Vol. 1. Translated by Seymour, Henry Danby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2137:, including images of the king crushing his enemies as a sphinx. Shortly after, under the
2043:, probably written during the 12th Dynasty although the earliest extent copy dates to the
1532:
1448:, "Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven". The palace is known from an inscription on beef
1404:, the Egyptian concept of order and justice. This title remained in use until the time of
66:
Duration: 13 years, 5 months, and 12 days in the early 25th century BC
8:
11818:
11793:
11758:
11695:
11070:
11045:
10249:
10244:
9668:
9099:
8122:
8065:. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke: Reihe Ăgyptologie (in German). Vol. 2. Bonn: Habelt.
7324:
7289:. Britannica Guide to Ancient Civilizations. Chicago: Britannica Educational Publishing.
6862:. Vol. 31. London: Society of Biblical Archaeology. pp. 247â254 & 319â323.
6395:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 31â45.
5722:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic â Oriental Institute. pp. 1â16.
4005:
3993:
3763:
1629:
1523:
Relief from Sahure's mortuary temple showing the Egyptian fleet returning from the Levant
61:
8610:
8495:
Verner, Miroslav (2012). "Betrachtungen zu den königlichen PalÀsten des Alten Reiches".
8219:
Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective
7667:
7588:
7582:
7031:
6406:
5697:; Fattovich, Rodolfo (2011). "The Middle Kingdom Red Sea Harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis".
12108:
12095:
11672:
10682:
10254:
10229:
9296:
9071:
8758:
8750:
8721:
8713:
8622:
8369:
8348:
8340:
8246:
8032:. Archaeology and languages of the ancient Near East. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
8016:
8008:
7979:
7939:
7910:
7902:
7854:
7803:
7774:
7766:
7679:
7363:
7103:
7095:
7018:
6920:
6825:
6817:
6788:
6780:
6751:
6675:
6667:
6619:
6611:
6570:
6562:
6533:
6512:
6464:
6372:
6314:
6246:
6197:
6110:
5951:
5878:
5870:
5840:
5832:
5706:
1288:
975:
8305:"Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbors on the Suez Gulf"
8288:. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
7829:
Pahor, Ahmes L.; Farid, Adel (2003). "Ni-Ankh-Sekhmet: first rhinologist in history".
6495:
Emery, W. B. (1965). "Preliminary Report on the Excavations at North SaqqĂąra 1964-5".
6076:
EinfĂŒhrung in die altĂ€gyptische Literaturgeschichte. Band 1: Altes und Mittleres Reich
1913:, likely Sahure's, were found here in the burial chamber when it was first entered by
1463:, while the black basalt used for the flooring of Sahure's mortuary temple comes from
12373:
12163:
12142:
12036:
12003:
11715:
11050:
10672:
10552:
10174:
10102:
9760:
9563:
9553:
9485:
8811:
8795:
8762:
8725:
8682:
8660:
8652:
8639:
8585:
8564:
8543:
8524:
8504:
8481:
8460:
8441:
8433:
8391:
8352:
8289:
8268:
8223:
8204:
8194:
8173:
8136:
8085:
8066:
8033:
8020:
7956:
7914:
7871:
7846:
7778:
7735:
7716:
7683:
7642:
7611:
7592:
7563:
7546:
7484:
7465:
7444:
7438:
7407:
7380:
7332:
7309:
7290:
7269:
7213:
7205:
7190:
7170:
7149:
7124:
7107:
7064:
7047:
7037:
6987:
6968:
6940:
6883:
6863:
6846:
6829:
6792:
6720:
6703:
6679:
6636:
6623:
6574:
6481:
6441:
6422:
6396:
6334:
6270:
6250:
6238:
6152:
6114:
6079:
6060:
6041:
6011:
6005:
5990:
5973:
5922:
5900:
5844:
5794:
5767:
5723:
5680:
5661:
5638:
5630:
5614:
5604:
2158:
2081:
III. This cult was devoted to the deified king in a form associated with the goddess
1914:
1816:
1731:
1596:
1307:
1204:
1018:
986:, indicating that Sahure finished the structure started most probably by his father.
946:
864:
848:
793:
772:
BC). He reigned for about 13 years in the early 25th century BC during the
704:
694:
640:
84:
8261:
The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders
7858:
7481:
Ancient Egyptian Literature: a Book of Readings. The Old and Middle Kingdoms, Vol. 1
7464:. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
6858:
Green, Frederick Wastie (1909). "Notes on some inscriptions in the Etbai district".
5882:
5129:
12342:
12169:
11997:
11763:
11517:
11100:
10397:
10293:
10234:
9658:
9638:
8742:
8705:
8614:
8332:
8000:
7931:
7894:
7838:
7795:
7758:
7692:
7671:
7625:
7355:
7087:
7010:
6954:
6910:
6809:
6772:
6743:
6687:
6659:
6603:
6554:
6504:
6364:
6326:
6306:
6230:
6102:
5943:
5914:
5890:
5862:
5824:
4448:
2911:
1155:
1100:
1084:
1067:(ÎáŒ°ÎłÏ
ÏÏÎčαÎșÎŹ), a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of
6915:
6898:
6368:
4551:
2849:
2488:
1162:(1479â1425 BC) and on the 26th entry of the Saqqara Tablet dating to the reign of
12114:
12084:
12043:
11979:
11723:
11653:
11523:
10862:
10517:
10239:
9633:
9271:
9239:
9078:
8475:
8191:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 1, Part 2. Early History of the Middle East
7394:
7078:
Hsu, Shih-Weih (2012). "The development of ancient Egyptian royal inscriptions".
6214:
6093:
Callender, Vivienne Gae (2011). "Curious names of some Old Kingdom royal women".
5694:
4092:
2457:
2228:
2040:
2029:
1695:
leads Miroslav Verner to propose that it never fully functioned as a sun temple.
1264:
1124:
954:
930:
837:
9820:
8193:(3rd ed.). London, New york: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145â207.
7578:
7537:
Mac Farlane, Ann (1991). "Titles of sm3 + God and áž«t + God. Dynasties 2 to 10".
6438:
Sahure â The Pyramid Causeway: History and Decoration Program in the Old Kingdom
5197:
5157:
4877:
4849:
719:
Palaces "Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven" and "The crown of Sahure appears"
12210:
12008:
11969:
11687:
11643:
11512:
10596:
10522:
10352:
10224:
10184:
9932:
9784:
9749:
9739:
9673:
9628:
9510:
9505:
9085:
9064:
9030:
8674:
8336:
8304:
8004:
7842:
7799:
7629:
7136:
7091:
6981:
6875:
6663:
6607:
6558:
6106:
5828:
2806:
2091:
1974:
1220:
1104:
7898:
6026:
5866:
4965:
2736:
12357:
11889:
11788:
11620:
11590:
11266:
11121:
10978:
10847:
10687:
10662:
10612:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10199:
10006:
9937:
9927:
9789:
9543:
9291:
9234:
9187:
9024:
8983:
8508:
8187:"The Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period"
8140:
8126:
8105:
8037:
7646:
7550:
7174:
7153:
7128:
7051:
6867:
6850:
6707:
6348:
6242:
6128:
5977:
5926:
4299:
2177:
1932:
1873:
1640:, vizier during Sahure's reign, attested in the mortuary temple of the king.
1303:
1260:
1236:
1192:
1184:
1136:
1096:
1092:
884:, and although it has not yet been located, it is presumably also in Abusir.
751:
8208:
8098:
7675:
6234:
6121:
5738:
5618:
4011:
3999:
1231:
In his last year, Sahure sent the first documented expedition to the fabled
1154:
Sahure appears in two further historical records: on the third entry of the
1025:", although this remains conjectural. The same relief further depicts queen
11974:
11808:
11798:
11773:
11625:
11575:
11534:
11260:
11172:
11060:
10973:
10953:
10872:
10837:
10832:
10718:
10657:
10367:
10189:
10179:
10142:
10097:
10011:
10001:
9991:
9907:
9623:
9500:
9309:
9250:
9110:
9057:
8962:
8643:
8589:
7850:
6972:
6691:
6440:. Abusir monographs. Vol. XVI. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology.
4017:
3171:
2165:
1881:
inscribed with Sahure's titulary, from the courtyard of his mortuary temple
1837:
1802:
1622:
1545:
1472:
1435:
1251:. In his last year Sahure sent another expedition abroad, this time to the
1232:
1159:
809:
8457:
The Pyramids. The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments
8177:
7762:
7411:
6218:
5213:
541:
251:
132:
12078:
12023:
11874:
11823:
11743:
11615:
11507:
11489:
11447:
11358:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11193:
11177:
11150:
11115:
11105:
11040:
10993:
10983:
10968:
10958:
10905:
10867:
10842:
10822:
10812:
10578:
10562:
10537:
10532:
10332:
10259:
10169:
10152:
10107:
10082:
10016:
9996:
9981:
9963:
9693:
9688:
9495:
9322:
9302:
9116:
9050:
9041:
8925:
8542:. MĂŒnchner Ă€gyptologische Studien (in German). Mainz: Philip von Zabern.
7560:
Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society. In Honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths
7434:
7182:
6932:
6191:
5989:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 221â255.
5781:
5754:
4941:
2106:
1910:
1845:
1786:
1592:
1460:
1417:
1413:
1357:
1330:
1319:
1022:
990:
648:
8638:. MĂŒnchner Ă€gyptologische Studien, 17 (in German). Berlin: B. Hessling.
8373:
8250:
8012:
7983:
7943:
7922:
Redford, Donald B. (1986). "Egypt and Western Asia in the Old Kingdom".
7885:
Phillips, Jacke (1997). "Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa".
7807:
7770:
7099:
7022:
6755:
6671:
6566:
6537:
6478:
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo. A walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt
6468:
6318:
6074:
Burkard, GĂŒnter; Thissen, Heinz Josef; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2003).
6028:
Sahure. Tod und Leben eines groĂen Pharao. Bis 28.11.2010 im Liebieghaus
5955:
5874:
5710:
5658:
The Oxford History of Historical Writing, Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600
3545:
3024:
2573:
2571:
1798:
12195:
12149:
12102:
12057:
12029:
11850:
11733:
11658:
11585:
11474:
11289:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11199:
11187:
11167:
11140:
11110:
11090:
11035:
10988:
10963:
10895:
10857:
10827:
10817:
10557:
10357:
10347:
10117:
10112:
10077:
9986:
9958:
9779:
9683:
9678:
9663:
9648:
9456:
9450:
9364:
9092:
8910:
8847:
8754:
8626:
8344:
7367:
6924:
6821:
6784:
6615:
6516:
6376:
5836:
5587:
Don't Eat the Pictures: Sesame Street at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
4128:
2245:
2227:, which could be translated as "mother of two kings". A story from the
2102:
2013:
1961:
1878:
1821:
1561:
1484:
1068:
1026:
998:
625:
8717:
7906:
4977:
1179:
1049:
1004:
12135:
12050:
12013:
11939:
11933:
11860:
11840:
11557:
11539:
11484:
11464:
11327:
11162:
11145:
11095:
10948:
10915:
10910:
10852:
10651:
10472:
10425:
10377:
10337:
10314:
10087:
9953:
9922:
9576:
9490:
9316:
9197:
8934:
7935:
7163:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen ArchÀologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
7014:
6747:
6310:
6165:
5947:
5261:
4801:
4557:
3637:
2987:
2985:
2568:
2244:
Fifth Dynasty are not yet clear. In particular, an ephemeral pharaoh
2154:
2150:
1744:
Sahure built a pyramid complex for his tomb and funerary cult, named
1519:
1453:
1420:'s threshing of Osiris by driving calves trampling fields of barley.
1256:
1240:
1224:
1163:
979:
877:
829:
817:
8746:
8618:
7359:
7262:"Appearance of the Abusir Pyramid Necropolis during the Old Kingdom"
7161:
Kaiser, Werner (1956). "Zu den SonnenheiligtĂŒmern der 5. Dynastie".
6813:
6776:
6508:
5117:
1527:
Sahure's reign may have been a time of development for the Egyptian
844:
chieftains in the Western Desert, bringing back livestock to Egypt.
776:. Sahure's reign marks the political and cultural high point of the
18:
Egyptian pharaoh, second ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, 25th century BC
12205:
12200:
12189:
12156:
12071:
12064:
12018:
11990:
11984:
11949:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11529:
11469:
11312:
11284:
10877:
10807:
10619:
10605:
10585:
10547:
10459:
10404:
10362:
10194:
10164:
10127:
10072:
9917:
9794:
9699:
9643:
9538:
9445:
9439:
9428:
9394:
9278:
9264:
9257:
9244:
9208:
8948:
8709:
8267:. Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International.
5312:
3954:
2240:
2236:
2048:
1970:
1826:
1637:
1614:
1496:
1390:
1275:
quarries near Abu Simbel were exploited throughout Sahure's reign.
1244:
1080:
821:
799:
During Sahure's rule, Egypt had important trade relations with the
8696:
Wilson, John A. (1947). "The Artist of the Egyptian Old Kingdom".
8359:
4098:
3714:
3712:
3290:
3288:
3099:
3012:
2982:
2364:
The Iunti and Montiu were Nubian and Asiatic nomads, respectively.
1648:
1569:
aboard a ship paddling in a wave pattern, possibly during a race.
12182:
12121:
11964:
11648:
11459:
11453:
11441:
11322:
11317:
11254:
11233:
11078:
11030:
10930:
10920:
10645:
10542:
10512:
10494:
10483:
10466:
10418:
10411:
10342:
10264:
9912:
9720:
9706:
9618:
9569:
9475:
9418:
9369:
9202:
9192:
9172:
9105:
8955:
8834:
8783:
8776:
6700:
The Inscriptions of Sinai, edited and completed by Jaroslav CernĂœ
5985:
Bresciani, Edda (1997). "Foreigners". In Donadoni, Sergio (ed.).
5896:
Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aáž„u-Re (Band 1): Der Bau: Blatt 1â15
3835:
3368:
2427:
2392:
2298:
2134:
2120:
2082:
2024:
1996:
1956:
This trend continued to hold in later times. For example, in the
1899:
1857:
1778:
1665:
1549:
1480:
1405:
1378:
1315:
1272:
1199:
Hail to thee, O Sahure! God of the living, we behold thy beauty!.
1072:
983:
967:
897:
856:
804:
781:
747:
674:
74:
54:
8846:
7497:
6935:(2003). Accomazzo, Laura; Manferto de Fabianis, Valeria (eds.).
4330:
4328:
4326:
4305:
2827:
2825:
2164:
The dismantlement of Sahure's pyramid started in earnest in the
2008:
1740:
The ruined pyramid of Sahure as seen from the pyramid's causeway
1736:
12089:
11959:
11596:
11479:
11084:
11055:
10925:
10900:
10692:
10626:
10452:
10445:
10372:
10327:
10321:
10147:
10067:
9653:
9433:
9387:
9359:
9285:
9163:
9122:
9004:
8969:
8941:
8189:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
5787:
Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire Ă©gyptien. Tome 2
5760:
Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire Ă©gyptien. Tome 1
4193:
4191:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3709:
3285:
3065:
3063:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2714:
2712:
2440:
2329:
2316:
2302:
2294:
1848:
believes was "meant to ward off any evil or disorder", the god
1841:
1830:
1774:
1633:
1468:
1449:
1409:
1382:
1374:
1323:
1252:
1219:
took place during Sahure's reign. Excavations of the temple of
1216:
1208:
1108:
993:, believed to be the wife of the last pharaoh of the preceding
950:
905:
852:
833:
803:
coast. Sahure launched several naval expeditions to modern-day
800:
41:
8414:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology"
8147:
7346:
Lansing, Ambrose (1926). "The Museum's Excavations at Lisht".
6719:. Cairo: A.R.E.: Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations.
5336:
5071:
5069:
5067:
4753:
4695:
4693:
4023:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3409:
3407:
3002:
3000:
2588:
2586:
2054:
12175:
11954:
11944:
11922:
11580:
10489:
10477:
10390:
10307:
10158:
10092:
9754:
9423:
9381:
9375:
9167:
9126:
8997:
8990:
8976:
8237:
Spalinger, Anthony (1994). "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom".
7970:
Routledge, Carolyn (2007). "The Royal Title nb U+0131rt-áž«t".
5423:
4953:
4825:
4563:
4424:
4323:
4275:
4164:
3908:
3906:
3697:
2945:
2943:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2822:
2232:
2033:
1906:
1849:
1621:
and royal manicure under Sahure, later promoted to vizier by
1553:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1295:
1248:
841:
813:
7379:. Petite BibliothĂšque Payot, 107 (in French). Paris: Payot.
7030:
Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012).
5399:
5278:
5276:
5237:
5093:
4364:
4352:
4263:
4188:
3930:
3874:
3729:
3727:
3087:
3075:
3060:
2921:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2837:
2724:
2709:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
1267:, which had been active since at least the beginning of the
11927:
11917:
11307:
11182:
10383:
9713:
9533:
9515:
9400:
9182:
9177:
9011:
8803:
8681:. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International.
6219:"La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire"
5507:
5064:
4989:
4905:
4741:
4705:
4690:
4654:
4587:
4496:
4472:
4203:
3775:
3661:
3605:
3404:
3392:
3329:
3327:
2997:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2583:
2382:
The only other similar relief is found in Userkaf's temple.
2176:
Sahureâs name and that of his father were used in the 1983
1853:
1782:
1618:
1528:
1401:
860:
552:
274:
157:
8636:
Die Rolle Àgyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt
6190:
5185:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4176:
3983:
3981:
3903:
3593:
3431:
2940:
2757:
2755:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2577:
2516:
10132:
8432:
Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In
7870:. Probleme der Ăgyptologie. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill.
6837:
Goedicke, Hans (1988). "The death of Pepi II Neferkare".
5543:
5360:
5324:
5273:
5081:
5030:
5028:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4508:
4436:
4412:
4311:
4046:
4044:
3862:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3724:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3227:
3225:
3147:
2861:
2796:
2794:
2543:
2504:
1856:, perhaps Byblos. Some of the low relief-cuttings in red
1351:
Sahure might have visited Elephantine early in his reign.
11353:
6882:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
6166:
Czech Institute of Egyptology website (1 October 2018).
5495:
5105:
4837:
4813:
4765:
4484:
4460:
4340:
4029:
3966:
3891:
3852:
3850:
3739:
3649:
3484:
3482:
3356:
3324:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3188:
3186:
3048:
2646:
2533:
2531:
2098:
and on the 11th day of the fourth month of that season.
1894:. This technique also reflects the older style from the
1825:
permit the identification of the animals shown, such as
1423:
Sahure reorganized the cult of his mother, Nepherhetepes
8459:. Translated by Steven Rendall. New York: Grove Press.
8100:"Seal impression bearing Sahure's cartouche from Buhen"
7354:(3, Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1924â1925): 33â40.
7268:. Cairo, New York: American University in Cairo Press.
7036:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
6223:
Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
5567:
5531:
5519:
5447:
5435:
5389:
5387:
5372:
5348:
5300:
4893:
4729:
4642:
4532:
4400:
3978:
3751:
3673:
3627:
3625:
3569:
2960:
2958:
2752:
2634:
2598:
1370:
1103:
where Sahure's cartouche is on the 27th entry, and the
743:
714:
399:
8560:
Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant
7837:(11). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 846â849.
7785:
7329:
Les Complexes Funéraires d'Ouserkaf et de NéferhétepÚs
7286:
Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest
5288:
5249:
5052:
5025:
5001:
4983:
4717:
4678:
4666:
4630:
4611:
4599:
4575:
4520:
4388:
4227:
4116:
4104:
4068:
4041:
3918:
3787:
3518:
3419:
3339:
3312:
3273:
3222:
3198:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2624:
2622:
2620:
1748:, which is variously translated as "The Rising of the
8563:. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
8440:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585â591.
7751:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
7693:"Dorak Diggers Weigh In On Anna & Royal Treasure"
7212:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351â356.
6802:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
6765:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
6296:
6036:
Brugsch, Heinrich Karl (2015) . Smith, Philip (ed.).
5637:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 597â601.
5145:
4865:
3942:
3847:
3769:
3533:
3494:
3479:
3467:
3210:
3183:
3036:
2970:
2528:
941:, tells the myth of the origins of the Fifth Dynasty.
7377:
Saqqarah, une vie: entretiens avec Philippe Flandrin
5555:
5483:
5471:
5411:
5384:
5225:
5173:
5013:
4777:
4287:
4251:
4215:
4152:
4140:
4080:
3685:
3622:
3581:
3557:
3443:
3380:
3159:
3135:
3123:
3111:
2955:
2257:
The first pharaoh to have a throne name, called the
1940:
1416:. In subsequent times, the ceremony corresponded to
44:
statue of Sahure in the gallery 103 of the New York
6594:Faulkner, R. O. (1941). "Egyptian Seagoing Ships".
6073:
5660:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 53â75.
5459:
5318:
5040:
4917:
4789:
4376:
4239:
4056:
3300:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2617:
2117:II's reign, becoming a site of local worship only.
1514:
867:is much smaller than the pyramids of the preceding
8438:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
7210:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
6860:Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology
6168:"New research and insights into the Palermo Stone"
5635:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
1595:in history, reports that he asked the king that a
1095:, ÎŁÏ”ÏÏÎźÏ), and NefercherĂȘs are believed to be the
8312:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
8084:(in German). DĂŒsseldorf: Patmos Albatros Verlag.
7820:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7375:Lauer, Jean-Phillipe; Flandrin, Philippe (1992).
6686:
4012:Petrie Museum, online catalog, seal UC 11769 2015
4000:Petrie Museum, online catalog, seal UC 21997 2015
3455:
3294:
2478:
2476:
2133:, some of Sahure's temple reliefs were copied by
1773:Sahure chose to construct his pyramid complex in
1430:
12355:
8362:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
7972:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
7924:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
7788:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
7400:Statues et statuettes de rois et de particuliers
7003:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
6736:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
6299:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
5936:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
5699:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1643:
1001:and a brother to either Userkaf or Neferirkare.
7732:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt
7516:
7461:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary
6581:
6475:
6347:
5099:
4759:
4358:
3718:
855:, thereby abandoning the royal necropolises of
8323:Tooley, Angela M. J. (1996). "Osiris Bricks".
8063:Untersuchungen zum Titel s3-njĆwt "Königssohn"
8044:
7978:. American Research Center in Egypt: 193â220.
7930:. American Research Center in Egypt: 125â143.
7794:. American Research Center in Egypt: 113â141.
7322:
7009:. American Research Center in Egypt: 117â123.
6742:. American Research Center in Egypt: 211â237.
6391:. In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
6123:"Clay impression of a seal of Sahure UC 11769"
5942:. American Research Center in Egypt: 127â156.
5705:. American Research Center in Egypt: 105â129.
2949:
2510:
2473:
2248:may have ruled between Shepseskaf and Userkaf.
2121:Third intermediate, late and Ptolemaic periods
896:Sahure was equated with a form of the goddess
8819:
8659:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Liebieghaus.
8597:Wicker, F. D. P. (1998). "The road to Punt".
8537:
8515:
7656:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
7374:
7264:. In Hawass, Zahi; Pinch Brock, Lyla (eds.).
6010:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Liebieghaus.
5749:(1). San Diego: The University of California.
5693:
4281:
3177:
2730:
2718:
2592:
1483:quarries located in the desert north-west of
912:nearly 2500 years after Sahure's death.
840:. He also ordered military campaigns against
780:. He was probably the son of his predecessor
8732:
8380:
8046:"Sahure and the god of the region of Coptos"
7483:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7115:Huyge, Dirk (2017). "King Sahure in Elkab".
6899:"The Folklore of Ancient Egyptian Monuments"
6714:
6267:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
6264:
5972:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
5919:Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aងu-Re (Band 2)
5851:
5656:. In Feldherr, Andrew; Hardy, Grant (eds.).
5613:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5603:
5203:
5163:
5135:
4995:
4883:
4855:
4747:
4711:
4699:
4660:
4209:
3936:
3885:
3667:
3413:
3398:
2831:
2812:
2742:
2522:
2494:
2284:Sahure's second, third and fourteenth years.
2261:, different from his birth name, called the
2012:Statue of Sahure enthroned, commissioned by
1479:bearing Sahure's name was discovered in the
1373:(138, 40 and 74 measures in three temples),
1247:and 2600 or 23,020 staves, possibly made of
8368:. American Research Center in Egypt: 9â39.
7734:. New York: Routledge. pp. 1071â1075.
7536:
6476:El-Shahawy, Abeer; Atiya, Farid S. (2005).
6454:
6305:. American Research Center in Egypt: 1â42.
5625:
4947:
3153:
2562:
2194:
2055:New Kingdom: emergence of Sekhmet of Sahure
1053:Cartouche of Sahure on the Abydos king list
8826:
8812:
8657:Sahure: Tod und Leben eines grossen Pharao
8480:. The American University in Cairo Press.
7893:(3). Cambridge University Press: 423â457.
7828:
6386:"The royal family of Sahure. New evidence"
6024:
6007:Sahure: Tod und Leben eines grossen Pharao
6003:
5861:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 305â323.
4935:
4558:Czech Institute of Egyptology website 2018
4182:
2907:
2456:Another statue from this group is that of
2171:
1452:containers discovered in February 2011 in
1302:, a land possibly located in the northern
1017:Sahure is known to have been succeeded by
8673:
8556:
8384:Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir
8281:
8257:
8236:
8079:
7969:
7303:
7142:Giza. 9, Das Mittelfeld des Westfriedhofs
7000:
6939:. Vercelli Italy: White Star publishers.
6914:
6416:
6383:
6363:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 114â133.
6092:
5984:
5913:
5889:
5629:(2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In
5330:
5219:
5123:
5087:
5007:
4959:
4843:
4819:
4807:
4771:
4569:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4457:, pp. 10, 15 & footnote 3 p. 10.
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4370:
4346:
4334:
4317:
4035:
3868:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3781:
3733:
3643:
3551:
3362:
3333:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3030:
2934:
2855:
2843:
2773:
1636:and vizier under Userkaf and Sahure; and
812:, which brought back large quantities of
12236:
8381:Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994).
7884:
7831:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
7624:
7478:
7457:
6896:
6836:
6593:
6435:
6286:"The 5th dynasty (c. 2465 â c. 2325 BC)"
6059:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5962:
5933:
5405:
5111:
4911:
4831:
4269:
4197:
4134:
4122:
4074:
4050:
3972:
3745:
3616:
3279:
3006:
2858:, p. Plate (Blatt) 32, 33 & 34.
2800:
2761:
2007:
1931:
1872:
1797:
1735:
1647:
1576:
1518:
1434:
1346:
1282:
1191:boats laden with the trunks of precious
1178:
1048:
1003:
924:
908:, and persisted up until the end of the
8650:
8633:
8577:
8431:
8411:
8060:
8027:
7990:
7921:
7748:
7729:
7710:
7393:
7348:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
7345:
7058:
7029:
6523:
6325:
6213:
6144:
6035:
5815:Bennett, John (1966). "Pyramid Names".
5814:
5610:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids
5537:
5513:
5453:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5306:
5282:
5267:
5243:
5075:
5034:
4971:
4938:, Video presentation of the exhibition.
4735:
4684:
4648:
4605:
4593:
4545:
4406:
4394:
3793:
3599:
3527:
3488:
3473:
3437:
3425:
3350:
3231:
3204:
3192:
2976:
2785:
2611:
2537:
1342:
792:, and was in turn succeeded by his son
154:
12369:Pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
12356:
11383:
10748:
9850:
8876:
8695:
8596:
8494:
8473:
8454:
8322:
8302:
8215:
8149:"Short list of attestations of Sahure"
7605:
7576:
7433:
7282:
7259:
7226:
7203:
7160:
7135:
6979:
6931:
6874:
6799:
6762:
6733:
6649:
6283:
5921:(in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
5899:(in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
5651:
5294:
5255:
5191:
5058:
5046:
4974:, pp. 175â176, 180â181 & 275.
4723:
4672:
4636:
4624:
4581:
4526:
4382:
4233:
4110:
4062:
3924:
3912:
3897:
3841:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3631:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3539:
3512:
3500:
3374:
3216:
3042:
2892:
2679:
2640:
2439:Khuyemsnewy was also priest of Ra and
1652:Werbauba on Sahure's royal hunt relief
1337:
1057:
937:but probably first written during the
826:"Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven"
12235:
11352:
10717:
9819:
8845:
8807:
8184:
8167:
8121:
7865:
7690:
7557:
7499:"Limestone false door of Ptahshepses"
7204:Katary, Sally (2001). "Taxation". In
7114:
6953:
6857:
6845:. Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH: 111â121.
6702:. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
6630:
6544:
6494:
6054:
5857:. The Archaeology of World Heritage.
5780:
5753:
5736:
5717:
5674:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5525:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5393:
5342:
5231:
5179:
5151:
5019:
4899:
4871:
4795:
4293:
4257:
4245:
4221:
3987:
3960:
3948:
3856:
3757:
3655:
3461:
3449:
3386:
3318:
3306:
3165:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3054:
3018:
2991:
2964:
2910:, Book abstract, English translation
2703:
2667:
2301:and the southern coast of modern-day
1287:Silver cylinder seal of king Sahure,
1278:
1169:
1158:, which was made during the reign of
1083:. According to the Byzantine scholar
982:in the mortuary temple of Userkaf at
11888:
8540:Handbuch der Àgyptischen Königsnamen
8331:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 167â179.
8172:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
7950:
7653:
7587:. Oxford University Press. pp.
7503:Online catalog of the British Museum
7181:
6265:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).
5823:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 174â176.
5501:
4984:NavrĂĄtilovĂĄ, Arnold & Allen 2013
4783:
4306:Online catalog of the British Museum
4170:
4158:
4146:
4086:
2691:
2628:
1902:and Giza during the Fourth Dynasty.
1613:, probably born during the reign of
1314:(2284â2184 BC) and in the temple of
1174:
8325:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
7993:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
7955:. Routledge London & New York.
7608:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000
7584:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
7579:"The Old Kingdom (c. 2160â2055 BC)"
7443:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
7239:
7187:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000
7080:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
7077:
6652:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
6596:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
6547:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
6497:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
6393:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005
6355:(1950). "The Passion of the Flax".
6095:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
5817:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
5720:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000
4923:
4024:List of attestations of Sahure 2000
2482:
2231:tells of a magician foretelling to
2051:destined to supplant Khufu's line.
1699:earlier sun temple of Userkaf, the
1207:, presumably brought back from the
13:
7518:"List of Ancient Egyptian viziers"
3772:, p. 29 & Fig. 18b p. 31.
1793:
1725:
970:, as indicated by the location of
14:
12385:
8239:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
8185:Smith, William Stevenson (1971).
8168:Smith, William Stevenson (1965).
6986:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
6839:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
6717:The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt
6526:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
6457:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
6151:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
6031:(video) (in German). Liebieghaus.
6004:Brinkmann, Vinzenz, ed. (2010a).
5319:Burkard, Thissen & Quack 2003
3770:Dunn Friedman & Friedman 1995
2003:
1941:Artistic and architectural legacy
1628:Two viziers of Sahure are known:
1127:, a king list written during the
8578:Waddell, William Gillan (1971).
7123:. Egyptian Exploration Society.
6503:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 3â8.
6327:Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen
5739:"Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty"
5679:. London: Stacey International.
5579:
3180:, pp. 56â57, king number 2.
2450:
2433:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
1515:Development of the Egyptian Navy
595:
545:
200:
34:
29:Sahura, Sahu-Re, SephrĂȘs, ÎŁÏ”ÏÏÎźÏ
8698:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8655:. In Brinkmann, Vinzenz (ed.).
8390:. Praha: Academia Ć kodaexport.
7691:Mazur, Suzan (4 October 2005).
6269:. London: Thames & Hudson.
5743:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
5596:
5222:, p. 248, text number 173.
3295:Gardiner, Peet & ÄernĂœ 1955
2578:Walters Art Museum website 2015
2344:
2335:
2322:
2308:
2287:
2267:
2251:
2216:
2203:
2129:(744â656 BC) at the end of the
2101:During the same period, prince
2064:, the Karnak temple of Thutmose
1363:opening of the mouth ceremonies
1118:
240:Two Ladies, Lord of apparitions
8538:von Beckerath, JĂŒrgen (1999).
8153:Digital Egypt for Universities
8131:(in German). wikipedia entry:
7887:The Journal of African History
7802:(inactive 17 September 2024).
7522:Digital Egypt for Universities
6055:Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2014).
4950:, p. 187, see footnote 2.
3554:, p. 135, text number 57.
1985:
1672:
1431:Building and mining activities
966:. She was the wife of pharaoh
742:, meaning "He who is close to
1:
11846:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
8679:Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt
6916:10.1080/0015587X.1947.9717870
6369:10.1080/0015587X.1950.9717999
5270:, pp. 4â5 & pl. III.
3021:, pp. 547â548 & 550.
2994:, pp. 66â68 & p. 71.
2467:
2445:Overseer of the Two Granaries
2028:statue of Sahure, now in the
1644:Evolution of the high offices
1572:
1044:
766:
759:
647:(possibly the same person as
493:
386:
335:
228:
109:
8833:
8282:Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005).
7866:Peden, Alexander J. (2001).
7458:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013).
7241:"King Sahure and a Nome God"
6937:The Treasure of the Pyramids
6480:. Cairo: Farid Atiya Press.
3963:, p. 321 & pl. LIV.
1585:
920:
754:and the second ruler of the
7:
11779:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
8557:Wachsmann, Shelley (1998).
8477:Abusir: The Realm of Osiris
7953:Who is who in Ancient Egypt
7033:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
6715:Ghaliounghui, Paul (1983).
5126:, p. 141, footnote 78.
4760:El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005
3844:, p. 174, footnote 22.
3719:Eisler & Hildburgh 1950
1768:
1713:
1677:
1087:, Africanus wrote that the
1012:
10:
12390:
10678:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
10062:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
9826:Second Intermediate Period
8735:The Biblical Archaeologist
8653:"Das Nachleben des Sahure"
8651:Wildung, Dietrich (2010).
8634:Wildung, Dietrich (1969).
8412:Verner, Miroslav (2001a).
8337:10.1177/030751339608200117
8285:Texts from the Pyramid Age
8135:. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
8080:Schneider, Thomas (2002).
8005:10.1177/030751331109700102
7843:10.1258/002221503322542827
7800:10.5913/0065-9991-49-1-113
7245:Metropolitan Museum of Art
7092:10.1177/030751331209800115
6965:Metropolitan Museum of Art
6880:A History of Ancient Egypt
6664:10.1177/030751331510100104
6608:10.1177/030751334002600102
6583:"False Door of Neferk(ai)"
6559:10.1177/030751331109700107
6333:. New York: Viking Press.
6107:10.1177/030751331109700109
5829:10.1177/030751336605200122
4810:, p. Plate (Blatt) 9.
3377:, p. 160 and Fig. 39.
2950:Labrousse & Lauer 2000
2072:In the second part of the
1868:
1777:, thereby abandoning both
1729:
1183:Relief of Sahure from the
586:
560:
555:
516:
414:
380:Prenomen (Praenomen)
350:
303:
280:
277:
255:
191:
165:
160:
136:
121:Horus, Lord of apparitions
46:Metropolitan Museum of Art
12340:
12242:
12231:
12129:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
11873:
11819:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
11714:
11686:
11671:
11634:
11606:
11566:
11548:
11498:
11431:
11416:
11374:
11370:
11348:
11298:
11275:
11208:
11131:
11069:
11021:
11006:
10939:
10886:
10798:
10783:
10739:
10735:
10724:Third Intermediate Period
10713:
10636:
10595:
10503:
10435:
10283:
10051:
10036:
9972:
9946:
9898:
9883:
9841:
9837:
9815:
9770:
9730:
9605:
9590:
9524:
9466:
9409:
9350:
9335:
9225:
9154:
9139:
9040:
8924:
8909:
8867:
8863:
8852:First Intermediate Period
8841:
8792:
8781:
8773:
8474:Verner, Miroslav (2003).
8455:Verner, Miroslav (2002).
8258:Strudwick, Nigel (1985).
8216:Sowada, Karin N. (2009).
8133:Urkunden des Alten Reichs
8128:Urkunden des Alten Reichs
8061:Schmitz, Bettina (1976).
8028:Saghieh, Muntaha (1983).
7899:10.1017/S0021853797007068
7479:Lichteim, Miriam (2000).
7283:Kuiper, Kathleen (2010).
6980:Hellum, Jennifer (2007).
6192:"Dates of Sahure's reign"
6148:Chronicle of the Pharaohs
5867:10.1080/00438240701464905
5589:. Event occurs at 15:35.
4282:Lauer & Flandrin 1992
2719:Bard & Fattovich 2011
2395:tomb is located close to
2131:Third Intermediate Period
1927:
1917:in the mid 19th century.
1755:First Intermediate Period
1544:oldest known sea harbor,
915:
723:
713:Sun temple "The Field of
700:
690:
680:
670:
631:
621:
559:
492:
485:
404:Alternative translations:
385:
378:
334:
327:
279:
227:
220:
164:
108:
101:
90:
80:
70:
60:
53:
33:
28:
23:
12364:25th-century BC pharaohs
11841:Cleopatra VII Philopator
10098:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
8856: (<3150â2040 BC)
8599:The Geographical Journal
7577:MĂĄlek, Jaromir (2000a).
7260:Krecji, Jaromir (2003).
7243:. Online catalog of the
6897:Grinsell, L. V. (1947).
6688:Gardiner, Alan Henderson
6436:El Awady, Tarek (2009).
6384:El Awady, Tarek (2006).
5737:BĂĄrta, Miroslav (2017).
5345:, pp. 59â60, 95â96.
4996:Verner & Zemina 1994
4748:Verner & Zemina 1994
4712:Verner & Zemina 1994
4700:Verner & Zemina 1994
4661:Verner & Zemina 1994
4173:, pp. 270, 280â281.
3937:Bloxam & Heldal 2007
3886:Verner & Zemina 1994
3668:Wright & Pardee 1988
3414:Wright & Pardee 1988
3399:Wright & Pardee 1988
3108:, p. 133 & 141.
2832:Dodson & Hilton 2004
2523:Wright & Pardee 1988
2187:
1980:
1039:
974:immediately adjacent to
639:(ascended the throne as
347:The golden double falcon
11814:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
11729:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
10023:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
8303:Tallet, Pierre (2012).
7676:10.1111/1095-9270.12015
6290:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6235:10.3406/bifao.1916.1736
6145:Clayton, Peter (1994).
5675:Baker, Darrell (2008).
5432:, pp. 19 & 28.
2397:Nepherhetepes's pyramid
2225:mwt nswt bity nswt bity
2172:In Contemporary Culture
1877:A massive pink granite
1632:, royal prince, son of
1077:Sextus Julius Africanus
953:under the direction of
11856:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
11835:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
11829:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
11784:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
11754:Arsinoe III Philopator
10668:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
10138:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
10078:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
9669:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
8104:Online catalog of the
7951:Rice, Michael (1999).
7581:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.).
6284:Dorman, Peter (2014).
6127:Online catalog of the
4183:Pahor & Farid 2003
4099:Veldmeijer et al. 2008
3706:, p. 79 & 99.
3033:, Pl. 32, 33 & 34.
2182:Don't Eat the Pictures
2016:
1937:
1882:
1806:
1741:
1653:
1606:
1582:
1524:
1440:
1352:
1291:
1201:
1187:
1054:
1009:
942:
407:He whom Ra has touched
11804:Ptolemy X Alexander I
11769:Ptolemy VI Philometor
11749:Ptolemy IV Philopator
11744:Berenice II Euergetes
11739:Ptolemy III Euergetes
11701:Philip III Arrhidaeus
10210:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
10205:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
9559:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
8517:von Beckerath, JĂŒrgen
8082:Lexikon der Pharaonen
7763:10.1086/BASOR25066952
7440:The Complete Pyramids
6331:The Pyramids of Egypt
5964:Breasted, James Henry
5652:Baines, John (2011).
4137:, pl. 1 & Fig. 2.
2011:
1935:
1876:
1844:, which Egyptologist
1801:
1739:
1651:
1617:, was high priest of
1602:
1580:
1522:
1438:
1393:in the Delta region.
1350:
1286:
1197:
1182:
1052:
1007:
928:
890:Middle Kingdom period
851:built for himself in
505:He who is close to Ra
12237:Dynastic genealogies
11861:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
11157:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
11071:High Priests of Amun
10573:Merankhre Mentuhotep
10275:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
10270:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
10123:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
9830: (2040â1550 BC)
9549:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
8123:Sethe, Kurt Heinrich
7641:. Paris: F. Vieweg.
7421:on 23 September 2015
7325:Lauer, Jean-Philippe
7117:Egyptian Archaeology
6025:Brinkmann, Vinzenz.
5627:AltenmĂŒller, Hartwig
5100:Brooklyn Museum 2019
4359:List of viziers 2000
2141:(664â525 BC) of the
2139:Twenty-sixth Dynasty
2127:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
2023:pharaoh Senusret I (
1892:Pyramid of Neferefre
1552:was operating under
1509:cataract of the Nile
1475:. South of Egypt, a
1446:Uetjes Neferu Sahure
1343:Religious activities
1215:Trade contacts with
11759:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
11696:Alexander the Great
10728: (1550â664 BC)
10250:Mershepsesre Ini II
10245:Merkawre Sobekhotep
9639:Neferkare IV Khendu
8611:1998GeogJ.164..155W
8407:on 1 February 2011.
7668:2013IJNAr..42..270M
7539:Göttinger Miszellen
7323:Labrousse, Audran;
6633:A delta-man in Yebu
6412:on 1 February 2011.
5552:, pp. 278â279.
5516:, pp. 320â321.
5504:, pp. 225â226.
5408:, pp. 349â350.
5194:, pp. 107â118.
5142:, pp. 456â457.
5078:, pp. 275â276.
4962:, pp. 118â119.
4596:, pp. 387â389.
4433:, pp. 312â313.
4337:, pp. 243â244.
4272:, pp. 109â110.
4200:, pp. 108â109.
3915:, pp. 241â242.
3658:, pp. 167â169.
3646:, pl. 1â5 & 19.
3619:, pp. 108â110.
3602:, pp. 875â876.
3515:, pp. 260â263.
3440:, pp. 105â106.
3096:, pp. 198â203.
3084:, pp. 213â214.
3072:, pp. 208â213.
3057:, pp. 509â510.
3009:, pp. 215â220.
2937:, pp. 192â198.
2895:, pp. 142â144.
2846:, pp. 214â216.
2670:, pp. 343â345.
2511:Online archive 2014
2501:, pp. 329â330.
2045:Seventeenth Dynasty
1381:(800 measures) and
1338:Activities in Egypt
1263:and Wadi Kharit in
1243:, 6000 measures of
1058:Relative chronology
945:Excavations at the
935:Seventeenth Dynasty
902:"Sekhmet of Sahure"
707:"The Rising of the
398:He who is close to
12096:Trebonianus Gallus
10683:Senakhtenre Ahmose
10301:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
10255:Sewahenre Senebmiu
10230:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
9659:Neferkare V Tereru
9629:Neferkare III Neby
9297:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
8434:Redford, Donald B.
8048:. 28 February 2014
7206:Redford, Donald B.
6229:. Cairo: 161â214.
6198:Walters Art Museum
6178:on 12 October 2018
5631:Redford, Donald B.
4572:, p. 295â296.
3178:von Beckerath 1999
2731:von Beckerath 1999
2593:von Beckerath 1997
2074:Eighteenth Dynasty
2017:
1938:
1883:
1807:
1742:
1654:
1583:
1525:
1441:
1353:
1292:
1289:Walters Art Museum
1279:Military campaigns
1205:Syrian brown bears
1188:
1170:Foreign activities
1129:Nineteenth Dynasty
1115:II, respectively.
1055:
1010:
943:
774:Old Kingdom Period
12349:
12348:
12336:
12335:
12227:
12226:
12223:
12222:
12219:
12218:
12143:Claudius Gothicus
12037:Severus Alexander
12004:Septimius Severus
11869:
11868:
11667:
11666:
11412:
11411:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11051:Osorkon the Elder
11002:
11001:
10779:
10778:
10709:
10708:
10705:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10673:Nubkheperre Intef
10553:Sekhemre Shedwast
10175:Sehetepkare Intef
10103:Semenkare Nebnuni
10032:
10031:
9879:
9878:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9586:
9585:
9564:Netjerkare Siptah
9486:Neferirkare Kakai
9331:
9330:
9135:
9134:
8905:
8904:
8802:
8801:
8796:Neferirkare Kakai
8793:Succeeded by
8688:978-0-7103-0667-8
8666:978-3-7774-2861-1
8570:978-0-89096-709-6
8549:978-3-8053-2591-2
8530:978-3-8053-2310-9
8487:978-977-424-723-1
8466:978-0-8021-3935-1
8447:978-0-19-510234-5
8421:Archiv OrientĂĄlnĂ
8397:978-80-200-0022-4
8295:978-1-58983-680-8
8274:978-0-7103-0107-9
8229:978-3-7278-1649-9
8091:978-3-49-196053-4
8072:978-3-7749-1370-7
7962:978-0-203-44328-6
7877:978-9-00-412112-6
7741:978-0-203-98283-9
7722:978-80-7308-116-4
7626:Mariette, Auguste
7598:978-0-19-815034-3
7490:978-0-520-02899-9
7471:978-1-58-983736-2
7450:978-0-500-05084-2
7386:978-2-22-888557-7
7338:978-2-7247-0261-3
7315:978-2-84-269047-2
7296:978-1-61530-572-8
7275:978-9-77-424674-6
7229:Ătudes et Travaux
7219:978-0-19-510234-5
7070:978-8-38-749676-0
7063:. Warsaw: 63â70.
7043:978-90-04-11385-5
6993:978-0-313-32580-9
6946:978-88-8095-233-6
6889:978-0-631-19396-8
6726:978-3-8053-0600-3
6692:Peet, Thomas Eric
6642:978-1-58-112564-1
6487:978-9-77-171983-0
6428:978-8-02-001465-8
6402:978-80-7308-116-4
6340:978-0-67-058361-4
6276:978-0-500-05128-3
6158:978-0-500-05074-3
6085:978-3-82-580987-4
6066:978-1-10-766032-8
6047:978-1-108-08472-7
6017:978-3-7774-2861-1
5915:Borchardt, Ludwig
5906:978-3-535-00577-1
5891:Borchardt, Ludwig
5855:World Archaeology
5800:978-2-7247-0250-7
5773:978-2-7247-0250-7
5686:978-1-905299-37-9
5667:978-0-19-103678-1
5644:978-0-19-510234-5
5576:, pp. 14â15.
5528:, pp. 13â14.
5444:, pp. 57â76.
5369:, pp. 63â70.
5285:, pp. 60â63.
4902:, pp. 45â46.
4505:, pp. 39â40.
4481:, pp. 26â27.
4210:Ghaliounghui 1983
3990:, pp. 41â43.
3900:, pp. 16â19.
3784:, pp. 71â72.
3682:, pp. 65â66.
3578:, pp. 61â63.
3321:, pp. 66â67.
2834:, pp. 62â69.
2643:, pp. 83â85.
2614:, pp. 60â63.
2209:Ancient Egyptian
2159:Ptolemaic dynasty
1915:John Shae Perring
1817:Commiphora myrrha
1732:Pyramid of Sahure
1175:Trade and tribute
1160:Thutmose III
1019:Neferirkare Kakai
947:pyramid of Sahure
882:"The Field of Ra"
865:Pyramid of Sahure
794:Neferirkare Kakai
733:
732:
711:Spirit of Sahure"
705:Pyramid of Sahure
695:Pyramid of Sahure
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
641:Neferirkare Kakai
638:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
590:
589:
582:
581:
578:
577:
536:
535:
532:
531:
481:
480:
476:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
456:
411:Ra has endowed me
374:
373:
369:
368:
365:
364:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
307:
306:
301:
300:
297:
296:
271:
270:
267:
266:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
195:
194:
187:
186:
183:
182:
152:
151:
148:
147:
85:Neferirkare Kakai
12381:
12343:List of pharaohs
12233:
12232:
11998:Pescennius Niger
11886:
11885:
11882:
11881:
11794:Ptolemy IX Soter
11764:Cleopatra I Syra
11684:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11429:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11381:
11380:
11372:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11350:
11349:
11101:Djedkhonsuefankh
11019:
11018:
11015:
11014:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10766:
10761:
10746:
10745:
10737:
10736:
10730:
10729:
10715:
10714:
10308:Qareh Khawoserre
10294:Yakbim Sekhaenre
10235:Mersekhemre Ined
10049:
10048:
10045:
10044:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9848:
9847:
9839:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9817:
9816:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9147:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8874:
8873:
8865:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8843:
8842:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8805:
8804:
8784:Pharaoh of Egypt
8774:Preceded by
8771:
8770:
8766:
8729:
8692:
8670:
8647:
8630:
8593:
8574:
8553:
8534:
8512:
8491:
8470:
8451:
8428:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8400:. Archived from
8389:
8377:
8356:
8319:
8309:
8299:
8278:
8266:
8254:
8233:
8212:
8181:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8144:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8095:
8076:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8041:
8024:
7987:
7966:
7947:
7936:10.2307/40001094
7918:
7881:
7862:
7825:
7819:
7811:
7782:
7745:
7726:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7687:
7650:
7640:
7621:
7602:
7573:
7554:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7494:
7475:
7454:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7414:. Archived from
7405:
7395:Legrain, Georges
7390:
7371:
7342:
7319:
7300:
7279:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7236:
7223:
7200:
7178:
7157:
7147:
7132:
7111:
7074:
7055:
7026:
7015:10.2307/40000231
6997:
6976:
6950:
6928:
6918:
6893:
6871:
6854:
6833:
6796:
6759:
6748:10.2307/40000840
6730:
6711:
6683:
6646:
6627:
6590:
6578:
6541:
6520:
6491:
6472:
6451:
6432:
6413:
6411:
6405:. Archived from
6390:
6380:
6353:Hildburgh, W. L.
6344:
6322:
6311:10.2307/40000828
6293:
6280:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6215:Daressy, Georges
6210:
6208:
6206:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6174:. Archived from
6162:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6118:
6089:
6070:
6051:
6032:
6021:
6000:
5981:
5959:
5948:10.2307/40000875
5930:
5910:
5886:
5848:
5811:
5810:on 2 April 2015.
5809:
5803:. Archived from
5792:
5777:
5765:
5750:
5733:
5714:
5695:Bard, Kathryn A.
5690:
5671:
5648:
5622:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4948:El-Khadragy 2001
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3337:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3154:Mac Farlane 1991
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2919:
2916:Internet archive
2912:available online
2905:
2896:
2890:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2563:AltenmĂŒller 2001
2560:
2541:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2147:Ptolemaic period
2116:
2110:
2088:
2080:
2067:
1542:
1538:
1511:in Lower Nubia.
1426:
1388:
1311:
1156:Karnak king list
1146:
1114:
1101:Abydos king list
1085:George Syncellus
1071:(283â246 BC) by
963:
933:, dating to the
910:Ptolemaic period
876:has the form of
789:
771:
768:
764:
761:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
636:
599:
598:
565:
564:
561:
553:
549:
548:
542:
521:
520:
517:
513:
494:
444:
443:
436:
435:
419:
418:
415:
387:
355:
354:
351:
336:
285:
284:
281:
275:
260:
259:
256:
252:
248:
247:
229:
204:
203:
170:
169:
166:
158:
141:
140:
137:
133:
129:
128:
110:
99:
98:
38:
21:
20:
12389:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12379:
12378:
12354:
12353:
12350:
12345:
12332:
12238:
12215:
12115:Macrianus Minor
12044:Maximinus Thrax
11980:Marcus Aurelius
11879:
11878:
11877:
11865:
11724:Ptolemy I Soter
11710:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11663:
11630:
11602:
11562:
11544:
11524:Psammetichus IV
11494:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11408:
11386:
11377:
11366:
11363:(664 BCâ313 AD)
11362:
11361:
11332:
11294:
11271:
11267:Menkheperre Ini
11204:
11127:
11065:
11012:
11011:
11010:
10998:
10935:
10882:
10863:Neferneferuaten
10789:
10788:
10787:
10775:
10774:
10764:
10759:
10758:Pharaohs
10751:
10742:
10731:
10727:
10726:
10697:
10632:
10591:
10518:Sobekhotep VIII
10499:
10431:
10279:
10240:Sewadjkare Hori
10042:
10041:
10040:
10028:
9968:
9942:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9875:
9853:
9844:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9799:
9766:
9726:
9634:Djedkare Shemai
9596:
9595:
9594:
9582:
9520:
9462:
9405:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9327:
9221:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9131:
9036:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8901:
8879:
8870:
8859:
8855:
8854:
8837:
8832:
8798:
8787:
8779:
8769:
8747:10.2307/3210065
8689:
8675:Wilkinson, Toby
8667:
8619:10.2307/3060367
8571:
8550:
8531:
8488:
8467:
8448:
8416:
8404:
8398:
8387:
8307:
8296:
8275:
8264:
8230:
8201:
8158:
8156:
8112:
8110:
8092:
8073:
8051:
8049:
7963:
7878:
7813:
7812:
7742:
7723:
7701:
7699:
7638:
7630:Maspero, Gaston
7618:
7599:
7570:
7527:
7525:
7507:
7505:
7491:
7472:
7451:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7403:
7387:
7360:10.2307/3254818
7339:
7316:
7297:
7276:
7250:
7248:
7220:
7197:
7145:
7137:Junker, Hermann
7071:
7044:
6994:
6947:
6890:
6876:Grimal, Nicolas
6814:10.2307/1356703
6777:10.2307/1356577
6727:
6696:ÄernĂœ, Jaroslav
6643:
6587:Brooklyn Museum
6509:10.2307/3855614
6488:
6448:
6429:
6409:
6403:
6388:
6341:
6277:
6255:
6253:
6204:
6202:
6196:Website of the
6181:
6179:
6172:cegu.ff.cuni.cz
6159:
6135:
6133:
6086:
6067:
6048:
6018:
5997:
5907:
5807:
5801:
5790:
5774:
5763:
5730:
5687:
5668:
5654:"Ancient Egypt"
5645:
5599:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5309:, pp. 3â4.
5305:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4936:Brinkmann 2010b
4934:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3340:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2922:
2908:Brinkmann 2010a
2906:
2899:
2891:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2610:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2544:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2458:Intef the Elder
2455:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2309:
2292:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2229:Westcar Papyrus
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2174:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2086:
2078:
2065:
2057:
2041:Westcar Papyrus
2030:Egyptian Museum
2014:Senusret I
2006:
1988:
1983:
1977:, near Thebes.
1943:
1930:
1871:
1796:
1794:Mortuary temple
1771:
1734:
1728:
1726:Pyramid complex
1716:
1680:
1675:
1646:
1588:
1575:
1540:
1536:
1517:
1433:
1424:
1386:
1345:
1340:
1309:
1281:
1177:
1172:
1144:
1121:
1112:
1069:Ptolemy II
1060:
1047:
1042:
1015:
976:that of Userkaf
961:
955:Miroslav Verner
939:Twelfth Dynasty
931:Westcar Papyrus
923:
918:
787:
769:
762:
718:
712:
685:Neferhetepes II
643:), Netjerirenre
617:
616:
596:
546:
528:
507:
503:
499:
477:
428:
423:
413:
409:
405:
403:
396:
392:
370:
360:
349:
345:
341:
289:
242:
238:
234:
201:
123:
119:
115:
96:
49:
19:
12:
11:
5:
12387:
12377:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12252:
12249:
12243:
12240:
12239:
12229:
12228:
12225:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12213:
12211:Maximinus Daza
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12172:
12167:
12160:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12075:
12068:
12061:
12054:
12047:
12040:
12033:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11970:Antoninus Pius
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11894:
11892:
11883:
11880:(30 BCâ313 AD)
11871:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11720:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11692:
11690:
11681:
11669:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11662:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11644:Artaxerxes III
11640:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11612:
11610:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11572:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11554:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11520:
11515:
11513:Petubastis III
11510:
11504:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11450:
11445:
11437:
11435:
11426:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11406:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11396:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11378:
11375:
11368:
11367:
11346:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11287:
11281:
11279:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11264:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11214:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11081:
11075:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11016:
11008:3 Intermediate
11004:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10945:
10943:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10892:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10793:
10790:(1550â1070 BC)
10781:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10743:
10740:
10733:
10732:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10648:
10642:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10609:
10601:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10582:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10523:Neferhotep III
10520:
10515:
10509:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10441:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10353:Sewadjkare III
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10322:Maaibre Sheshi
10318:
10315:'Ammu Ahotepre
10311:
10304:
10297:
10289:
10287:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10225:Merhotepre Ini
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10185:Sobekhotep III
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10057:
10055:
10046:
10043:(1802â1550 BC)
10038:2 Intermediate
10034:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10026:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9978:
9976:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9950:
9948:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9933:Mentuhotep III
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9904:
9902:
9893:
9890:(2040â1802 BC)
9885:Middle Kingdom
9881:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9845:
9842:
9835:
9834:
9822:Middle Kingdom
9813:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9785:Neferkare VIII
9782:
9776:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9764:
9757:
9752:
9750:Nebkaure Khety
9747:
9742:
9740:Meryibre Khety
9736:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9674:Neferkamin Anu
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9615:
9613:
9600:
9597:(2181â2040 BC)
9592:1 Intermediate
9588:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9573:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9530:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9511:Djedkare Isesi
9508:
9506:Menkauhor Kaiu
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9460:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9415:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9379:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9356:
9354:
9345:
9342:(2686â2181 BC)
9333:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9231:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9149:
9146:(3150â2686 BC)
9141:Early Dynastic
9137:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9120:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9054:
9046:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9027:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8930:
8928:
8919:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8871:
8868:
8861:
8860:
8839:
8838:
8831:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8808:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8791:
8780:
8775:
8768:
8767:
8730:
8710:10.1086/370844
8704:(4): 231â249.
8693:
8687:
8671:
8665:
8648:
8631:
8594:
8575:
8569:
8554:
8548:
8535:
8529:
8513:
8492:
8486:
8471:
8465:
8452:
8446:
8429:
8409:
8396:
8378:
8357:
8320:
8300:
8294:
8279:
8273:
8255:
8234:
8228:
8213:
8200:978-0521077910
8199:
8182:
8165:
8145:
8119:
8096:
8090:
8077:
8071:
8058:
8042:
8025:
7988:
7967:
7961:
7948:
7919:
7882:
7876:
7863:
7826:
7783:
7757:(342): 13â67.
7746:
7740:
7727:
7721:
7708:
7688:
7662:(2): 270â285.
7651:
7622:
7616:
7603:
7597:
7574:
7568:
7555:
7534:
7514:
7495:
7489:
7476:
7470:
7455:
7449:
7431:
7391:
7385:
7372:
7343:
7337:
7320:
7314:
7301:
7295:
7280:
7274:
7257:
7237:
7224:
7218:
7201:
7195:
7179:
7158:
7133:
7112:
7075:
7069:
7056:
7042:
7027:
6998:
6992:
6977:
6955:Hayes, William
6951:
6945:
6929:
6909:(4): 345â360.
6894:
6888:
6872:
6855:
6834:
6797:
6771:(226): 61â63.
6760:
6731:
6725:
6712:
6684:
6647:
6641:
6628:
6591:
6579:
6542:
6521:
6492:
6486:
6473:
6452:
6447:978-8073082550
6446:
6433:
6427:
6414:
6401:
6381:
6349:Eisler, Robert
6345:
6339:
6323:
6294:
6281:
6275:
6262:
6211:
6188:
6163:
6157:
6142:
6119:
6090:
6084:
6071:
6065:
6052:
6046:
6033:
6022:
6016:
6001:
5995:
5982:
5960:
5931:
5911:
5905:
5887:
5849:
5812:
5799:
5778:
5772:
5751:
5734:
5728:
5715:
5691:
5685:
5672:
5666:
5649:
5643:
5623:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5578:
5566:
5554:
5542:
5540:, p. 198.
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5456:, p. 170.
5446:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5383:
5381:, p. 393.
5371:
5359:
5357:, p. 313.
5347:
5335:
5333:, p. 101.
5331:Borchardt 1910
5323:
5321:, p. 178.
5311:
5299:
5297:, p. 257.
5287:
5272:
5260:
5258:, p. 180.
5248:
5236:
5224:
5220:Strudwick 2005
5212:
5210:, p. 404.
5196:
5184:
5172:
5170:, p. 370.
5156:
5154:, p. 106.
5144:
5128:
5124:Callender 2011
5116:
5114:, p. 295.
5104:
5092:
5090:, p. 159.
5088:Strudwick 1985
5080:
5063:
5061:, p. 216.
5051:
5039:
5024:
5012:
5008:Borchardt 1910
5000:
4988:
4986:, p. 132.
4976:
4964:
4960:Hoffmeier 1993
4952:
4940:
4928:
4926:, p. 281.
4916:
4904:
4892:
4890:, p. 276.
4876:
4874:, p. 110.
4864:
4862:, p. 333.
4848:
4844:Strudwick 2005
4836:
4824:
4820:El Awady 2006b
4812:
4808:Borchardt 1910
4800:
4788:
4786:, p. 271.
4776:
4772:Strudwick 1985
4764:
4752:
4740:
4738:, p. 389.
4728:
4726:, p. 281.
4716:
4704:
4689:
4677:
4675:, p. 409.
4665:
4653:
4651:, p. 175.
4641:
4639:, p. 100.
4629:
4627:, p. 143.
4610:
4598:
4586:
4584:, p. 150.
4574:
4570:Spalinger 1994
4562:
4550:
4548:, p. 390.
4531:
4529:, p. 112.
4519:
4517:, p. 295.
4515:Spalinger 1994
4507:
4503:Strudwick 1985
4495:
4491:Strudwick 1985
4483:
4479:Strudwick 1985
4471:
4467:Strudwick 1985
4459:
4455:Strudwick 1985
4447:
4445:, p. 338.
4443:Strudwick 1985
4435:
4431:Strudwick 1985
4423:
4421:, p. 339.
4419:Strudwick 1985
4411:
4409:, p. 166.
4399:
4387:
4375:
4371:Borchardt 1913
4363:
4351:
4347:Strudwick 1985
4339:
4335:Schneider 2002
4322:
4320:, p. 136.
4318:Strudwick 1985
4310:
4298:
4286:
4284:, p. 122.
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4236:, p. 242.
4226:
4214:
4202:
4187:
4185:, p. 846.
4175:
4163:
4161:, p. 280.
4151:
4149:, p. 272.
4139:
4127:
4115:
4113:, p. 161.
4103:
4091:
4089:, p. 285.
4079:
4067:
4055:
4040:
4036:Wachsmann 1998
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3977:
3975:, p. 151.
3965:
3953:
3951:, p. 167.
3941:
3939:, p. 312.
3929:
3927:, p. 150.
3917:
3902:
3890:
3888:, p. 110.
3873:
3871:, p. 265.
3869:Labrousse 1997
3861:
3859:, p. 336.
3846:
3834:
3832:, p. 194.
3830:Routledge 2007
3822:
3820:, p. 220.
3818:Routledge 2007
3810:
3808:, p. 216.
3806:Routledge 2007
3798:
3786:
3782:Strudwick 2005
3774:
3762:
3750:
3748:, p. 119.
3738:
3736:, p. 268.
3734:Bresciani 1997
3723:
3721:, p. 130.
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3670:, p. 156.
3660:
3648:
3644:Borchardt 1913
3636:
3621:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3552:Strudwick 2005
3544:
3542:, p. 155.
3532:
3530:, p. 589.
3517:
3505:
3503:, p. 198.
3493:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3452:, p. 110.
3442:
3430:
3428:, p. 121.
3418:
3416:, p. 151.
3403:
3401:, p. 150.
3391:
3389:, p. 233.
3379:
3367:
3365:, p. 229.
3363:Bresciani 1997
3355:
3353:, p. 137.
3338:
3336:, p. 228.
3334:Bresciani 1997
3323:
3311:
3299:
3284:
3272:
3270:, p. 259.
3268:Wilkinson 2000
3260:
3258:, p. 168.
3256:Wilkinson 2000
3248:
3246:, p. 297.
3244:Spalinger 1994
3236:
3234:, p. 391.
3221:
3219:, p. 352.
3209:
3207:, p. 205.
3197:
3182:
3170:
3168:, p. 297.
3158:
3146:
3144:, p. 487.
3134:
3132:, p. 521.
3122:
3120:, p. 535.
3110:
3106:Callender 2011
3098:
3094:El Awady 2006a
3086:
3082:El Awady 2006a
3074:
3070:El Awady 2006a
3059:
3047:
3045:, p. 268.
3035:
3031:Borchardt 1910
3023:
3011:
2996:
2981:
2969:
2967:, p. 494.
2954:
2939:
2935:El Awady 2006a
2920:
2897:
2860:
2856:Borchardt 1910
2848:
2844:El Awady 2006a
2836:
2821:
2819:, p. 337.
2805:
2790:
2788:, p. 491.
2778:
2774:Strudwick 1985
2766:
2764:, p. 426.
2751:
2735:
2733:, p. 283.
2723:
2721:, p. 116.
2708:
2696:
2694:, p. 270.
2684:
2672:
2645:
2633:
2631:, p. 173.
2616:
2597:
2595:, p. 188.
2582:
2567:
2565:, p. 598.
2542:
2540:, p. 588.
2527:
2525:, p. 144.
2515:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2432:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2343:
2334:
2321:
2307:
2286:
2266:
2250:
2215:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2173:
2170:
2155:Darius II
2153:(570â526 BC),
2151:Amasis II
2122:
2119:
2092:Deir el-Medina
2056:
2053:
2005:
2004:Middle Kingdom
2002:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:Deir el-Bahari
1958:Middle Kingdom
1942:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1870:
1867:
1838:hippopotamuses
1795:
1792:
1770:
1767:
1730:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1645:
1642:
1587:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1516:
1513:
1507:at the second
1432:
1429:
1377:(4 measures),
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1304:Western desert
1280:
1277:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:Ramses II
1120:
1117:
1105:Saqqara Tablet
1059:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1014:
1011:
995:Fourth Dynasty
922:
919:
917:
914:
900:. The cult of
869:Fourth Dynasty
778:|Fifth Dynasty
731:
730:
725:
721:
720:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
667:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
569:
557:
556:
550:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
525:
509:
508:
497:
490:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
440:
439:
433:
430:
425:
390:
383:
382:
376:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
362:
339:
332:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
278:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
244:
243:
232:
225:
224:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
162:
161:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
125:
124:
113:
106:
105:
97:
94:Royal titulary
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
51:
50:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12386:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12352:
12344:
12339:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12234:
12230:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12180:
12178:
12177:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12165:
12161:
12159:
12158:
12154:
12152:
12151:
12147:
12145:
12144:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12126:
12124:
12123:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12104:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12080:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12069:
12067:
12066:
12062:
12060:
12059:
12055:
12053:
12052:
12048:
12046:
12045:
12041:
12039:
12038:
12034:
12032:
12031:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11999:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11935:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11887:
11884:
11876:
11872:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11836:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11789:Cleopatra III
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11674:
11670:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11633:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11594:
11592:
11591:Nepherites II
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11547:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11443:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11419:
11415:
11405:
11402:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11388:
11382:
11379:
11373:
11369:
11360:
11356:
11351:
11347:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11235:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11195:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11158:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11122:Psusennes III
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11068:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11017:
11013:(1069â664 BC)
11009:
11005:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10979:Ramesses VIII
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10938:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10885:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10848:Amenhotep III
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10797:
10794:
10786:
10782:
10771:
10768:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10753:
10747:
10744:
10738:
10734:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10688:Seqenenre Tao
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10663:Sobekemsaf II
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10653:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10613:Wepwawetemsaf
10610:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10588:
10587:
10583:
10581:
10580:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10464:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10450:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10423:
10421:
10420:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10402:
10400:
10399:
10395:
10393:
10392:
10388:
10386:
10385:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10319:
10317:
10316:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10298:
10296:
10295:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10282:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10220:Merneferre Ay
10218:
10216:
10215:Wahibre Ibiau
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10200:Sobekhotep IV
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10025:
10024:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10007:Amenemhat III
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9971:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9945:
9939:
9938:Mentuhotep IV
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9928:Mentuhotep II
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9894:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9869:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9849:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9827:
9823:
9818:
9814:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9790:Wahkare Khety
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9769:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9745:Neferkare VII
9743:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9716:
9715:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9704:
9702:
9701:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9601:
9593:
9589:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9396:
9392:
9390:
9389:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9338:
9334:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9292:Seth-Peribsen
9290:
9288:
9287:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9274:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9235:Hotepsekhemwy
9233:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9153:
9150:
9142:
9138:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9028:
9026:
9025:Double Falcon
9023:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8923:
8920:
8916:(pre-3150 BC)
8912:
8911:Protodynastic
8908:
8898:
8895:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8866:
8862:
8853:
8849:
8848:Protodynastic
8844:
8840:
8836:
8829:
8824:
8822:
8817:
8815:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8797:
8790:
8789:Fifth Dynasty
8786:
8785:
8778:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8582:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8499:(in German).
8498:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8427:(3): 363â418.
8426:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8386:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8306:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8263:
8262:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8231:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8120:
8108:
8107:
8106:Petrie Museum
8101:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8064:
8059:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7617:80-85425-39-4
7613:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7569:0-85698-120-6
7565:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7535:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7302:
7298:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7196:80-85425-39-4
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6225:(in French).
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6200:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6131:
6130:
6129:Petrie Museum
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5996:0-226-15556-0
5992:
5988:
5987:The Egyptians
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5729:80-85425-39-4
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5588:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5564:, p. 19.
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5492:, p. 12.
5491:
5486:
5480:, p. 11.
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5420:, p. 28.
5419:
5414:
5407:
5406:Grinsell 1947
5402:
5396:, p. 18.
5395:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5245:
5240:
5234:, p. 33.
5233:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5182:, p. 36.
5181:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5113:
5112:Mariette 1885
5108:
5101:
5096:
5089:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5037:, p. 34.
5036:
5031:
5029:
5022:, p. 68.
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4998:, p. 60.
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4913:
4912:El Awady 2009
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4852:
4846:, p. 86.
4845:
4840:
4833:
4832:El Awady 2009
4828:
4822:, p. 37.
4821:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4774:, p. 64.
4773:
4768:
4762:, p. 33.
4761:
4756:
4750:, p. 53.
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4714:, p. 69.
4713:
4708:
4702:, p. 68.
4701:
4696:
4694:
4687:, p. 49.
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4663:, p. 71.
4662:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4608:, p. 88.
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4493:, p. 41.
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4469:, p. 15.
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4397:, p. 84.
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4349:, p. 80.
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4296:, p. 40.
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4270:Breasted 1906
4266:
4260:, p. 48.
4259:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4224:, p. 38.
4223:
4218:
4212:, p. 69.
4211:
4206:
4199:
4198:Breasted 1906
4194:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4135:El Awady 2009
4131:
4124:
4123:Faulkner 1941
4119:
4112:
4107:
4101:, p. 33.
4100:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4075:Faulkner 1941
4071:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4051:Faulkner 1941
4047:
4045:
4038:, p. 12.
4037:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:Bradbury 1988
3969:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3796:, p. 29.
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3746:Goedicke 1988
3742:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3694:, p. 48.
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3634:, p. 78.
3633:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:Breasted 1906
3613:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3590:, p. 76.
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3566:, p. 61.
3565:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3491:, p. 55.
3490:
3485:
3483:
3476:, p. 54.
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3309:, p. 32.
3308:
3303:
3297:, p. 15.
3296:
3291:
3289:
3282:, p. 70.
3281:
3280:Breasted 1906
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3195:, p. 51.
3194:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3156:, p. 80.
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:Lichteim 2000
3003:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2979:, p. 46.
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2803:, p. 38.
2802:
2801:Leprohon 2013
2797:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2762:Phillips 1997
2758:
2756:
2749:, p. xx.
2748:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2706:, p. 41.
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2297:, modern-day
2296:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2276:cattle counts
2270:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:Sesame Street
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1925:
1924:of the king.
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:Third Dynasty
1893:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1763:Sixth Dynasty
1758:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:torus molding
1658:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:hogging-truss
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:Gebel Qatrani
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:Third Dynasty
1266:
1262:
1261:Wadi Maghareh
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Mersa Gawasis
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1185:Wadi Maghareh
1181:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1137:Palermo Stone
1134:
1133:Ramesside era
1131:in the early
1130:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
927:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:Sahure had a
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
783:
779:
775:
757:
756:Fifth Dynasty
753:
752:ancient Egypt
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
728:Fifth Dynasty
726:
722:
716:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
663:and Nebankhre
650:
642:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
594:
592:
585:
573:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
558:
554:
551:
544:
543:
540:
538:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
496:
495:
491:
488:
484:
467:
461:
460:
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:
426:
421:
420:
417:
416:
412:
408:
402:
401:
395:
389:
388:
384:
381:
377:
357:
356:
353:
352:
348:
344:
338:
337:
333:
330:
326:
311:
309:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
273:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:nb.tj nb áž«Ë w
233:Nebti Nebkhau
231:
230:
226:
223:
219:
199:
197:
190:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
159:
156:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
114:Horus Nebkhau
112:
111:
107:
104:
100:
95:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
16:
12351:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12162:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12101:
12094:
12077:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
11996:
11989:
11975:Lucius Verus
11932:
11833:
11809:Berenice III
11799:Cleopatra IV
11774:Cleopatra II
11706:Alexander IV
11626:Nectanebo II
11595:
11576:Nepherites I
11535:Artaxerxes I
11522:
11452:
11440:
11423:(664â332 BC)
11403:
11359:Roman Period
11261:Shoshenq VII
11259:
11232:
11192:
11173:Shoshenq III
11155:
11120:
11083:
11061:Psusennes II
10974:Ramesses VII
10954:Ramesses III
10838:Amenhotep II
10833:Thutmose III
10769:
10658:Sobekemsaf I
10650:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10584:
10577:
10482:
10465:
10460:'Aper-'Anati
10458:
10451:
10444:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10368:Sekheperenre
10320:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10190:Neferhotep I
10180:Seth Meribre
10157:
10143:Djedkheperew
10060:
10021:
10012:Amenemhat IV
10002:Senusret III
9992:Amenemhat II
9908:Mentuhotep I
9870:
9759:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9624:Neferkare II
9575:
9568:
9501:Nyuserre Ini
9480:
9455:
9438:
9393:
9386:
9374:
9315:
9310:Neferkasokar
9308:
9301:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9214:
9207:
9115:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9058:Finger Snail
9056:
9049:
9029:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8896:
8782:
8738:
8734:
8701:
8697:
8678:
8656:
8635:
8602:
8598:
8580:
8559:
8539:
8520:
8500:
8496:
8476:
8456:
8437:
8424:
8420:
8402:the original
8383:
8365:
8361:
8328:
8324:
8315:
8311:
8284:
8260:
8242:
8238:
8218:
8190:
8169:
8157:. Retrieved
8152:
8127:
8111:. Retrieved
8103:
8081:
8062:
8050:. Retrieved
8029:
7996:
7992:
7975:
7971:
7952:
7927:
7923:
7890:
7886:
7867:
7834:
7830:
7816:cite journal
7791:
7787:
7754:
7750:
7731:
7712:
7700:. Retrieved
7696:
7659:
7655:
7634:
7607:
7583:
7559:
7542:
7538:
7526:. Retrieved
7521:
7506:. Retrieved
7502:
7480:
7460:
7439:
7435:Lehner, Mark
7423:. Retrieved
7416:the original
7399:
7376:
7351:
7347:
7328:
7305:
7285:
7265:
7249:. Retrieved
7232:
7228:
7209:
7186:
7183:Kahl, Jochem
7166:
7162:
7141:
7120:
7116:
7083:
7079:
7060:
7032:
7006:
7002:
6983:The Pyramids
6982:
6963:. New York:
6959:
6936:
6933:Hawass, Zahi
6906:
6902:
6879:
6859:
6842:
6838:
6805:
6801:
6768:
6764:
6739:
6735:
6716:
6699:
6655:
6651:
6632:
6599:
6595:
6586:
6550:
6546:
6529:
6525:
6500:
6496:
6477:
6460:
6456:
6437:
6418:
6407:the original
6392:
6360:
6356:
6330:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6266:
6254:. Retrieved
6226:
6222:
6203:. Retrieved
6195:
6180:. Retrieved
6176:the original
6171:
6147:
6134:. Retrieved
6126:
6098:
6094:
6075:
6056:
6037:
6027:
6006:
5986:
5968:
5939:
5935:
5918:
5895:
5858:
5854:
5820:
5816:
5805:the original
5786:
5782:Baud, Michel
5759:
5755:Baud, Michel
5746:
5742:
5719:
5702:
5698:
5676:
5657:
5634:
5609:
5605:Allen, James
5597:Bibliography
5586:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5538:Wildung 1969
5533:
5521:
5514:Morales 2006
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5468:, p. 9.
5461:
5454:Wildung 1969
5449:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5379:Verner 2001a
5374:
5367:HorvĂĄth 2003
5362:
5355:Morales 2006
5350:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5307:Legrain 1906
5302:
5290:
5283:Wildung 1969
5268:Legrain 1906
5263:
5251:
5244:Legrain 1906
5239:
5227:
5215:
5205:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5165:
5159:
5147:
5137:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5076:Wildung 2010
5054:
5042:
5035:Lansing 1926
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4972:Edwards 1972
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4885:
4879:
4867:
4857:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4798:, p. 6.
4791:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4736:Verner 2001a
4731:
4719:
4707:
4685:Mumford 2006
4680:
4668:
4656:
4649:Bennett 1966
4644:
4632:
4606:Brugsch 2015
4601:
4594:Verner 2001a
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4546:Verner 2001a
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4407:Schmitz 1976
4402:
4395:Schmitz 1976
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4248:, p. 4.
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4125:, p. 6.
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4077:, p. 3.
4070:
4058:
4053:, p. 4.
4031:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3893:
3864:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3794:Rowland 2011
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3600:Mumford 1999
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3528:Verner 2001b
3508:
3496:
3489:Mumford 2006
3474:Mumford 2006
3469:
3457:
3445:
3438:Espinel 2002
3433:
3426:Saghieh 1983
3421:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3351:Redford 1986
3314:
3302:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3232:Verner 2001a
3212:
3205:Daressy 1912
3200:
3193:Waddell 1971
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2977:Clayton 1994
2972:
2851:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2786:Hornung 2012
2781:
2776:, p. 3.
2769:
2744:
2738:
2726:
2699:
2687:
2682:, p. 3.
2675:
2636:
2612:Clayton 1994
2538:Verner 2001b
2518:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2324:
2310:
2289:
2269:
2253:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2175:
2166:Roman period
2163:
2124:
2100:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2038:
2021:12th Dynasty
2018:
1993:
1989:
1967:11th Dynasty
1955:
1951:
1944:
1919:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1863:
1835:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1772:
1759:
1746:Khaba Sahura
1745:
1743:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1687:(also spelt
1684:
1681:
1659:
1655:
1627:
1623:Nyuserre Ini
1607:
1603:
1589:
1558:
1546:Wadi al-Jarf
1526:
1493:
1473:Middle Egypt
1458:
1445:
1442:
1422:
1397:
1395:
1354:
1328:
1299:
1293:
1233:land of Punt
1230:
1221:Baalat-Gebal
1214:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1153:
1148:
1122:
1119:Reign length
1088:
1064:
1061:
1031:
1016:
988:
960:Neferhetepes
944:
901:
886:
881:
846:
825:
810:land of Punt
798:
786:Neferhetepes
739:
735:
734:
504:
500:
410:
406:
397:
393:
346:
342:
329:Golden Horus
239:
235:
120:
116:
15:
12079:Gordian III
12024:Diadumenian
11824:Cleopatra V
11678:(332â30 BC)
11673:Hellenistic
11616:Nectanebo I
11508:Cambyses II
11490:Psamtik III
11448:Tefnakht II
11250:Takelot III
11245:Osorkon III
11240:Shoshenq VI
11194:Pedubast II
11178:Shoshenq IV
11151:Shoshenq II
11116:Pinedjem II
11106:Menkheperre
11041:Psusennes I
10994:Ramesses XI
10984:Ramesses IX
10969:Ramesses VI
10959:Ramesses IV
10906:Ramesses II
10868:Tutankhamun
10843:Thutmose IV
10823:Thutmose II
10813:Amenhotep I
10785:New Kingdom
10720:New Kingdom
10579:Senusret IV
10563:Dedumose II
10538:Nebiriau II
10533:Nebiryraw I
10528:Mentuhotepi
10333:Khakherewre
10260:Merkheperre
10170:Imyremeshaw
10153:Sedjefakare
10108:Sehetepibre
10083:Ameny Qemau
10017:Sobekneferu
9997:Senusret II
9982:Amenemhat I
9964:Iyibkhentre
9694:Neferirkare
9689:Neferkauhor
9496:Shepseskare
9337:Old Kingdom
9323:Khasekhemwy
9303:Neferkara I
9272:Weneg-Nebty
9117:Scorpion II
8245:: 275â319.
8159:13 February
8113:12 February
8052:10 February
7702:12 February
7528:13 February
7508:13 February
7425:14 December
7251:10 February
7169:: 104â116.
7086:: 269â283.
6808:(232): 76.
6553:: 103â115.
6532:: 103â119.
6463:: 187â201.
6205:10 February
6136:12 February
6101:: 127â142.
5295:MĂĄlek 2000b
5256:Grimal 1992
5246:, CG 42004.
5192:Junker 1950
5059:Gillam 1995
5047:Khaled 2013
4834:, pls. 5â6.
4724:Krecji 2003
4673:Verner 2012
4637:Hellum 2007
4625:Lehner 2008
4582:Lehner 2008
4527:Kaiser 1956
4383:Dorman 2014
4234:Wilson 1947
4111:Wicker 1998
4063:Tallet 2012
3925:Verner 2003
3913:Wilson 1947
3898:Verner 2012
3842:Tooley 1996
3704:GarcĂa 2015
3692:Kuiper 2010
3680:Baines 2011
3632:GarcĂa 2015
3588:Giveon 1978
3576:Giveon 1977
3564:Giveon 1977
3540:Wicker 1998
3513:Hawass 2003
3501:Sowada 2009
3375:Sowada 2009
3217:Katary 2001
3043:Verner 2002
2914:and on the
2893:Lehner 2008
2680:Sowada 2009
2641:MĂĄlek 2000a
2399:in Saqqara.
2143:Late Period
2125:During the
2105:, a son of
1986:Old Kingdom
1947:New Kingdom
1911:sarcophagus
1907:gabled roof
1846:Mark Lehner
1787:Shepseskare
1673:Sun temples
1611:Ptahshepses
1593:rhinologist
1535:long (c. 50
1467:, near the
1414:Osiris myth
1358:Elephantine
1223:yielded an
1125:Turin canon
1109:Seti I
1023:Shepseskare
991:Khentkaus I
972:her pyramid
894:New Kingdom
878:palm leaves
784:with Queen
770: 2325
763: 2465
651:), Horemsaf
649:Shepseskare
71:Predecessor
12358:Categories
12196:Diocletian
12150:Quintillus
12103:Aemilianus
12058:Gordian II
12030:Elagabalus
11851:Arsinoe IV
11734:Arsinoe II
11659:Darius III
11586:Psammuthes
11475:Psamtik II
11290:Bakenranef
11228:Pedubast I
11223:Takelot II
11218:Harsiese A
11200:Osorkon IV
11188:Shoshenq V
11168:Osorkon II
11141:Shoshenq I
11111:Smendes II
11091:Pinedjem I
11036:Amenemnisu
10989:Ramesses X
10964:Ramesses V
10916:Amenmesses
10896:Ramesses I
10858:Smenkhkare
10828:Hatshepsut
10818:Thutmose I
10568:Montuemsaf
10558:Dedumose I
10358:Nebdjefare
10348:Merdjefare
10118:Nedjemibre
10113:Sewadjkare
9987:Senusret I
9959:Qakare Ini
9780:Meryhathor
9684:Neferkaure
9679:Qakare Iby
9664:Neferkahor
9649:Neferkamin
9457:Thamphthis
9451:Shepseskaf
9365:Sekhemkhet
9216:Horus Bird
9093:Scorpion I
8318:: 147â168.
7235:: 366â372.
6658:: 69â105.
5574:BareĆĄ 2000
5562:Gaber 2003
5550:Peden 2001
5526:BareĆĄ 2000
5490:BareĆĄ 2000
5478:BareĆĄ 2000
5466:BareĆĄ 2000
5442:MĂĄlek 1992
5430:Gaber 2003
5418:Gaber 2003
5394:Gaber 2003
5343:Peden 2001
5232:Sethe 1903
5180:Sethe 1903
5152:Hayes 1978
5020:Hayes 1978
4900:Budin 2014
4872:Evans 2011
4796:BĂĄrta 2017
4294:Sethe 1903
4258:Sethe 1903
4246:Emery 1965
4222:Sethe 1903
3988:Huyge 2017
3961:Green 1909
3949:Smith 1971
3857:Baud 1999a
3758:Sethe 1903
3656:Sethe 1903
3462:Mazur 2005
3450:Smith 1965
3387:Smith 1971
3319:Hayes 1978
3307:Sethe 1903
3166:Baud 1999a
3142:Baud 1999b
3130:Baud 1999b
3118:Baud 1999b
3055:Baud 1999b
3019:Baud 1999b
2992:Hayes 1978
2965:Baud 1999b
2704:Huyge 2017
2668:Baker 2008
2468:References
2246:Djedefptah
2103:Khaemwaset
1962:Senusret I
1879:architrave
1822:pyramidion
1630:Sekhemkare
1597:false door
1573:Court life
1485:Abu Simbel
1367:Heliopolis
1149:Aegyptiaca
1111:and Ramses
1097:Hellenized
1089:Aegyptiaca
1065:Aegyptiaca
1045:Chronology
1027:Meretnebty
999:Shepseskaf
626:Meretnebty
340:Bikwy Nebw
222:Nebty name
103:Horus name
40:Head of a
12328:Ptolemaic
12136:Gallienus
12051:Gordian I
12014:Caracalla
11940:Vespasian
11934:Vitellius
11716:Ptolemaic
11558:Amyrtaeus
11540:Darius II
11485:Ahmose II
11465:Psamtik I
11404:uncertain
11392:Pharaohs
11328:Tanutamun
11163:Takelot I
11146:Osorkon I
11096:Masaharta
11046:Amenemope
10949:Setnakhte
10911:Merneptah
10853:Akhenaten
10770:uncertain
10652:Nebmaatre
10473:Sakir-Har
10426:Yaqub-Har
10338:Nebefawre
10088:Hotepibre
9954:Segerseni
9923:Intef III
9871:uncertain
9859:Pharaohs
9491:Neferefre
9317:Hudjefa I
9198:Semerkhet
8935:Hedju Hor
8897:uncertain
8885:Pharaohs
8763:163985913
8726:162321729
8509:1438-7956
8503:: 12â19.
8353:220269536
8141:846318602
8038:858367626
8021:190492551
7999:: 11â29.
7915:161631072
7779:163484022
7684:162960720
7647:722498663
7551:0344-385X
7175:917064527
7154:886197144
7129:0962-2837
7108:190032178
7052:0169-9423
6868:221790304
6851:0340-2215
6830:163409094
6793:163793800
6708:559072028
6680:193622997
6624:192298351
6575:190475162
6256:11 August
6251:267263127
6243:0255-0962
6115:192564857
5978:491147601
5927:936475141
5845:221765432
5784:(1999b).
5757:(1999a).
5502:Kahl 2000
4914:, pl. 13.
4784:Mark 2013
4373:, pl. 17.
4171:Mark 2013
4159:Mark 2013
4147:Mark 2013
4087:Mark 2013
2692:Mark 2013
2629:Rice 1999
1827:hedgehogs
1689:Sekhet Re
1586:Officials
1566:freeboard
1487:in Lower
1454:Neferefre
1398:Nb Ărt-áž«t
1259:mines of
1257:turquoise
1241:malachite
1225:alabaster
1209:Levantine
980:cartouche
921:Parentage
836:mines in
830:turquoise
818:malachite
801:Levantine
746:") was a
701:Monuments
659:, Khakare
655:, Raemsaf
343:bážł.wj nbw
81:Successor
12374:Pharaohs
12288:21 to 23
12206:Galerius
12201:Maximian
12190:Numerian
12157:Aurelian
12109:Valerian
12072:Balbinus
12065:Pupienus
12019:Macrinus
11991:Pertinax
11985:Commodus
11950:Domitian
11913:Claudius
11908:Caligula
11903:Tiberius
11898:Augustus
11518:Darius I
11470:Necho II
11313:Shebitku
11285:Tefnakht
10878:Horemheb
10808:Ahmose I
10620:Pantjeny
10606:Senebkay
10586:Pepi III
10548:Bebiankh
10405:Shenshek
10363:Nebsenre
10195:Sihathor
10165:Khendjer
10128:Renseneb
10073:Nerikare
9918:Intef II
9795:Merykare
9700:Wadjkare
9644:Merenhor
9539:Userkare
9446:Menkaure
9440:Bikheris
9429:Djedefre
9395:Qahedjet
9279:Wadjenes
9265:Horus Sa
9258:Nubnefer
9245:Nynetjer
9209:Sneferka
8949:Ni-Neith
8835:Pharaohs
8677:(2000).
8519:(1997).
8374:27801620
8251:25152700
8209:33234410
8125:(1903).
8013:23269885
7984:27801613
7944:40001094
7859:30009299
7851:14670142
7808:24555421
7771:25066952
7628:(1885).
7437:(2008).
7397:(1906).
7327:(2000).
7139:(1950).
7100:24645014
7023:40000231
6957:(1978).
6903:Folklore
6878:(1992).
6756:40000840
6698:(1955).
6672:26379038
6567:23269890
6538:25152861
6469:25152842
6357:Folklore
6329:(1972).
6319:40000828
6217:(1912).
6182:21 April
5966:(1906).
5956:40000875
5917:(1913).
5893:(1910).
5883:53134735
5875:40026202
5711:24555387
5619:41431623
4924:Hsu 2012
3760:, 243,3.
2483:MET 2015
2281:biennial
2259:prenomen
2241:Rededjet
2237:Rededjet
2211:Mwt-Nswt
2180:special
2077:Thutmose
2049:Rededjet
1971:El-Tarif
1769:Location
1720:Nekhenre
1714:Nekhenre
1707:Sekhetre
1702:Nekhenre
1693:Sekhetre
1685:Sekhetre
1678:Sekhetre
1666:cornices
1638:Werbauba
1615:Menkaure
1497:iron ore
1391:Athribis
1245:electrum
1081:Eusebius
1013:Children
822:electrum
632:Children
501:sêŁáž„.w.rê„
394:sêŁáž„.w.rê„
12183:Carinus
12164:Tacitus
12122:Quietus
11965:Hadrian
11649:Khabash
11480:Wahibre
11460:Necho I
11454:Nekauba
11442:Ammeris
11385:Dynasty
11323:Taharqa
11318:Shabaka
11255:Rudamun
11234:Iuput I
11079:Herihor
11031:Smendes
10931:Twosret
10921:Seti II
10765:female)
10750:Dynasty
10646:Rahotep
10543:Semenre
10513:Djehuti
10495:Khamudi
10484:Yanassi
10467:Salitis
10419:Yakareb
10412:Khamure
10343:Sehebre
10265:Merkare
9913:Intef I
9852:Dynasty
9761:Imhotep
9721:Iytjenu
9707:Khuiqer
9619:Menkare
9570:Neferka
9554:Pepi II
9476:Userkaf
9370:Sanakht
9193:Anedjib
9173:Hor-Aha
9106:Iry-Hor
9100:Shendjw
9072:Pen-Abu
8956:Hat-Hor
8878:Dynasty
8777:Userkaf
8755:3210065
8644:5628021
8627:3060367
8607:Bibcode
8590:6246102
8581:Manetho
8436:(ed.).
8345:3822120
7664:Bibcode
7632:(ed.).
7368:3254818
7208:(ed.).
6973:7427345
6925:1257192
6822:1356703
6785:1356577
6616:3854516
6602:: 3â9.
6589:. 2019.
6517:3855614
6377:1257742
5837:3855832
5633:(ed.).
2428:Itjtawy
2393:mastaba
2353:Tjemehu
2299:Lebanon
2135:Taharqa
2083:Sekhmet
2062:Akhmenu
1997:mastaba
1900:Dahshur
1869:Pyramid
1858:granite
1831:jerboas
1779:Saqqara
1550:Red Sea
1548:on the
1481:diorite
1406:Herihor
1379:Nekhbet
1316:Taharqa
1300:Tjemehu
1296:Libyans
1273:diorite
1073:Manetho
984:Saqqara
968:Userkaf
898:Sekhmet
874:capital
857:Saqqara
849:pyramid
805:Lebanon
782:Userkaf
748:pharaoh
724:Dynasty
675:Userkaf
635:Ranefer
622:Consort
117:nb-áž«Ë-w
75:Userkaf
55:Pharaoh
12323:Argead
12170:Probus
12090:Decius
12085:Philip
11960:Trajan
11688:Argead
11597:Muthis
11550:XXVIII
11530:Xerxes
11398:female
11376:Period
11085:Piankh
11056:Siamun
10926:Siptah
10901:Seti I
10741:Period
10693:Kamose
10627:Snaaib
10597:Abydos
10453:Semqen
10446:Sharek
10398:Sheneh
10378:'Apepi
10373:Bebnum
10328:Nehesy
10148:Sebkay
10068:Sonbef
9865:female
9843:Period
9654:Nikare
9544:Pepi I
9481:Sahure
9434:Khafre
9419:Snefru
9388:Sedjes
9360:Djoser
9286:Senedj
9164:Narmer
9123:Narmer
9005:Wazner
8970:Hsekiu
8942:Ny-Hor
8891:female
8869:Period
8761:
8753:
8724:
8718:542654
8716:
8685:
8663:
8642:
8625:
8588:
8567:
8546:
8527:
8507:
8484:
8463:
8444:
8394:
8372:
8351:
8343:
8292:
8271:
8249:
8226:
8207:
8197:
8178:510516
8176:
8155:. 2000
8139:
8109:. 2015
8088:
8069:
8036:
8019:
8011:
7982:
7959:
7942:
7913:
7907:182543
7905:
7874:
7857:
7849:
7806:
7777:
7769:
7738:
7719:
7682:
7645:
7614:
7595:
7589:83â107
7566:
7549:
7524:. 2000
7487:
7468:
7447:
7412:975589
7410:
7383:
7366:
7335:
7312:
7293:
7272:
7247:. 2015
7216:
7193:
7173:
7152:
7127:
7106:
7098:
7067:
7050:
7040:
7021:
6990:
6971:
6943:
6923:
6886:
6866:
6849:
6828:
6820:
6791:
6783:
6754:
6723:
6706:
6678:
6670:
6639:
6622:
6614:
6573:
6565:
6536:
6515:
6484:
6467:
6444:
6425:
6399:
6375:
6337:
6317:
6273:
6249:
6241:
6201:. 2015
6155:
6132:. 2015
6113:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6014:
5993:
5976:
5954:
5925:
5903:
5881:
5873:
5843:
5835:
5797:
5770:
5726:
5709:
5683:
5664:
5641:
5617:
5206:et al.
5204:Allen
5166:et al.
5164:Allen
5138:et al.
5136:Allen
4886:et al.
4884:Allen
4858:et al.
4856:Allen
2815:et al.
2813:Allen
2745:et al.
2743:Allen
2497:et al.
2495:Allen
2441:Hathor
2330:Turkey
2317:Hathor
2303:Turkey
2295:Canaan
2115:
2109:
2107:Ramses
2087:
2079:
2066:
1928:Legacy
1842:Seshat
1775:Abusir
1634:Khafre
1541:
1539:m, 170
1537:
1533:cubits
1469:Faiyum
1450:tallow
1425:
1410:Osiris
1387:
1383:Wadjet
1375:Hathor
1324:Epirus
1310:
1253:copper
1217:Byblos
1145:
1113:
1034:vizier
962:
951:Abusir
916:Family
906:Abusir
853:Abusir
842:Libyan
834:copper
820:, and
788:
740:Sahura
738:(also
736:Sahure
691:Burial
681:Mother
671:Father
498:Sahure
391:Sahure
42:gneiss
24:Sahure
12176:Carus
11955:Nerva
11945:Titus
11923:Galba
11890:XXXIV
11875:Roman
11654:Arses
11581:Hakor
11500:XXVII
11210:XXIII
10800:XVIII
10760:(male
10490:Apepi
10478:Khyan
10391:Wazad
10159:Wegaf
10093:Iufni
9947:Nubia
9755:Setut
9577:Nefer
9424:Khufu
9382:Khaba
9376:Nebka
9240:Nebra
9168:Menes
9127:Menes
9079:Stork
9042:Upper
8998:Neheb
8991:Thesh
8977:Khayu
8926:Lower
8759:S2CID
8751:JSTOR
8722:S2CID
8714:JSTOR
8623:JSTOR
8497:Sokar
8417:(PDF)
8405:(PDF)
8388:(PDF)
8370:JSTOR
8349:S2CID
8341:JSTOR
8308:(PDF)
8265:(PDF)
8247:JSTOR
8017:S2CID
8009:JSTOR
7980:JSTOR
7940:JSTOR
7911:S2CID
7903:JSTOR
7855:S2CID
7804:JSTOR
7775:S2CID
7767:JSTOR
7697:Scoop
7680:S2CID
7639:(PDF)
7419:(PDF)
7404:(PDF)
7364:JSTOR
7146:(PDF)
7104:S2CID
7096:JSTOR
7019:JSTOR
6921:JSTOR
6826:S2CID
6818:JSTOR
6789:S2CID
6781:JSTOR
6752:JSTOR
6676:S2CID
6668:JSTOR
6620:S2CID
6612:JSTOR
6571:S2CID
6563:JSTOR
6534:JSTOR
6513:JSTOR
6465:JSTOR
6410:(PDF)
6389:(PDF)
6373:JSTOR
6315:JSTOR
6247:S2CID
6111:S2CID
5952:JSTOR
5879:S2CID
5871:JSTOR
5841:S2CID
5833:JSTOR
5808:(PDF)
5791:(PDF)
5764:(PDF)
5707:JSTOR
2263:nomen
2233:Khufu
2188:Notes
2096:Peret
2034:Cairo
1981:Cults
1850:Sopdu
1554:Khufu
1505:Buhen
1501:Elkab
1489:Nubia
1477:stele
1298:from
1265:Sinai
1249:ebony
1193:cedar
1141:Shemu
1093:Greek
1040:Reign
838:Sinai
814:myrrh
487:Nomen
62:Reign
12009:Geta
11928:Otho
11918:Nero
11636:XXXI
11621:Teos
11568:XXIX
11433:XXVI
11418:Late
11395:male
11355:Late
11308:Piye
11277:XXIV
11183:Pami
11133:XXII
10722:and
10638:XVII
10384:Nuya
10053:XIII
9862:male
9824:and
9714:Khui
9611:VIII
9534:Teti
9516:Unas
9401:Huni
9203:Qa'a
9183:Djet
9178:Djer
9086:Bull
9065:Fish
9031:Wash
9012:Mekh
8888:male
8683:ISBN
8661:ISBN
8640:OCLC
8586:OCLC
8565:ISBN
8544:ISBN
8525:ISBN
8505:ISSN
8482:ISBN
8461:ISBN
8442:ISBN
8392:ISBN
8290:ISBN
8269:ISBN
8224:ISBN
8205:OCLC
8195:ISBN
8174:OCLC
8161:2015
8137:OCLC
8115:2015
8086:ISBN
8067:ISBN
8054:2015
8034:OCLC
7957:ISBN
7872:ISBN
7847:PMID
7822:link
7736:ISBN
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