Nyuserre Ini - Knowledge

1811:

external limestone cladding and the accompanying mortuary temple still had to be built. Neferefre had begun covering the pyramid surface with limestone and had built the foundation of a stone temple on the pyramid eastern side; Nyuserre completed their father's pyramid complex, though he did so more parsimoniously than his brother. He abandoned the task of covering the pyramid altogether and finished the mortuary temple with cheaper materials than were normally used for such buildings. Its walls were made of mud-bricks rather than limestone and its floor was of beaten clay. The outer part of the temple was built to comprise a column portico and a pillared court, all columns being made of wood rather than the usual granite. The temple and pyramid were also surrounded by a brick wall. Likely for reasons of economy, the causeway leading to the mortuary temple at the foot of the pyramid was never built, no satellite pyramid was added to the mortuary complex, and the valley temple was left unfinished. Consequently, the priest of the mortuary cult of Neferirkare lived on the temple premises, in dwellings of mud-bricks and rushes, rather than in the pyramid town closer to the Nile valley.

1512: 2248: 1236:, originally translated by "Mother of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt the king of Upper and Lower Egypt" led some scholars, including Verner, to propose that she might even have reigned in her own right. This hypothesis is now deemed unlikely, and her title is rather translated as "Mother of two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt". Ptahshepses became vizier under Nyuserre, whose daughter he married; received the honorary title of "King's son"; and was buried in one of the largest private tombs in Egypt. According to Verner and Nigel Strudwick, the architectural elements of this tomb such as its lotus-bud columns similar to those used in Nyuserre's own temple, boat pits and layout of the burial chamber, demonstrate "the favor shown by that king to his son-in-law". 1524:, thereby concentrating all pyramid building activities in South Abusir, in an area of 300 m × 300 m (980 ft × 980 ft). This meant that his pyramid was out of the alignment formed by the preceding ones, limited its size and constrained the layout of his mortuary complex. This would explain why, despite having enjoyed one of the longest reigns of the Fifth Dynasty, Nyuserre's pyramid was smaller than that of his father and closer in size to that of his grandfather Sahure. Builders and artisans who worked on Nyuserre's constructions projects lived in the pyramid town "Enduring-are-the-(cult)-places-of-Niuserre", which was very likely located in Abusir between the causeways of Sahure and Nyuserre. 1826: 2191: 1976: 1739: 1220:→ Nyuserre Ini. In support of this hypothesis is Verner's observation that Neferefre and Nyuserre were very likely full brothers, both sons of Neferirkare Kakai, There is also evidence that Neferefre was Neferirkare's eldest son and in his early twenties at the death of his father, and thus would have been likely to inherit the throne. These observations, in addition to further archaeological evidence such as the lack of a pyramid of Shepseskare and the position of Neferefre's own, convinced Verner that Neferefre directly succeeded his father, dying after a very short reign of about two years. 1303: 47: 1401: 1683: 1245: 1697: 2095:, discovered in 2015, favors the hypothesis that Menkauhor was a son of Neferefre and thus a nephew of Nyuserre rather than his own son. Khentkaus is called "king's wife" and "king's mother" in inscriptions left by the tomb builders. Given the location of the mastaba, close to the pyramid of Neferefre, her husband was likely this pharaoh. Since she was also the mother of a king and since Nyuserre was a brother to Neferefre, the son in question is most probably the future Menkauhor Kaiu, who would thus have succeeded his uncle. 1855: 2112: 2022: 1602: 1803: 1347: 1575:

golden stars. Arriving near the pyramid, the causeway led into a columned courtyard preceded by storage rooms and succeeded by the mortuary temple itself, which housed statues of the king and depictions of the royal family and Nyuserre in the presence of the gods. The wider pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall, with two large rectangular structures on its north-east and south-east corners. Both Lehner and Verner see these as the precursor of the

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pyramids, both truncated, had rectangular bases of 27.7 m × 21.5 m (91 ft × 71 ft) for the eastern one and 21.7 m × 15.7 m (71 ft × 52 ft) for the western one, their walls reaching an inclination of about 78 degrees. This means that the construction resembled a pair of mastabas more than a couple of pyramids, in fact so much so that Dušan Magdolen proposed that Lepsius XXV is a mastaba.

1182: 1731:", "Re's Favorite Place", "Delight of Ra", or "Place agreeable to Ra". Curiously, Nyuserre's sun temple was first built in mudbrick, only later to be reconstructed entirely in stone. It is the only such structure to receive this treatment, thanks to which much of the architectural elements and reliefs have survived to this day. While the reason for this renewal remains unclear, Lehner has proposed that it may be related to Nyuserre's 1932:

near its base. The last two phases of construction were undertaken during Nyuserre's reign. Nyuserre first added an inner enclosure of limestone in the pre-existing court, extended the outside enclosure and either completed or built entirely the valley temple. In the last construction phase, Nyuserre encased the inner enclosure in mudbrick, added an altar and five stone benches to the central court, and built an annex to the temple.

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the temple were thus primarily concerned with Ra's creator function as well as his role as father of the king. During his lifetime, the king would appoint his closest officials to the running of the temple, allowing them to benefit from the temple's income and thus ensuring their loyalty. After the pharaoh's death, the sun temple's income would be associated with the pyramid complex, supporting Nyuserre's funerary cult.

7740: 1909:. According to Mark Lehner, this queen, who bore the same name as Nyuserre's mother and like his mother bore two pharaohs, provided Nyuserre with a genealogical link relating him to his Fourth Dynasty forebears. John Nolan believes that the mirroring position and names of both Khentkaus queens was emphasised so that Nyuserre could legimitise his rule after the troubled times surrounding Neferefre's death. 521: 469: 220: 2052:, as suggested by her title of "King's daughter" as well as her marriage to the powerful vizier Ptahshepses. This remains conjectural until direct evidence of this relationship can be discovered. In particular, the only known connection between Reptynub and Khamerernebty are the reliefs from Ptahshepses's tomb, the presence of which would seem natural if Reptynub was Khamerernebty's mother. 1483:

east during his reign. The art historian William Stevenson Smith has pointed out, that such statues were customary elements of the decoration of royal temples and mastabas, suggesting that they may not be immediately related to actual military campaigns. Similar statues and small wooden figures of kneeling captives were discovered in the mortuary complexes of Neferefre, Djedkare Isesi,

2271:, statues of Old Kingdom pharaohs including one of Nyuserre Ini were placed in a cachette (a hiding place) in the temple of Ptah in Memphis, suggesting their continued use for cultic purposes until that point. Concurrently with these activities, extensive restoration works in Abusir and Saqqara were undertaken during the reign of Ramses II under the direction of prince 1875:

temples of kings incorporating, for example, a satellite pyramid, and being aligned on an east–west axis. The temple was administratively at least partially independent from the temple of Neferirkare Kakai with which it nonetheless shared some religious services, and it continued to function until the end of the Sixth Dynasty, some 300 years after Khentkaus' lifetime.

1654: 1321:. This festival was meant to rejuvenate the king and was normally (though not always) first celebrated after 30 years of rule. Representations of the festival were part of the typical decorations of temples associated to the king during the Old Kingdom and mere depictions of it do not necessarily imply a long reign. For example, a relief showing 1232:. This latter hypothesis is motivated by the exalted positions that both individuals seem to have enjoyed. The mortuary temple of Khentkaus II was designed to imitate that of a king, for example by incorporating its own satellite pyramid and having an alignment on an east–west axis. These features, together with Khentkaus II peculiar title of 2264:, with the purpose of honouring a selection of royal ancestors and which includes the cartouche showing "Iny" for Nyuserre. This choice is unusual, as cartouches normally include the king's praenomen rather than a birth name, "Iny" being likely chosen here because it was under this name that Nyuserre was venerated and had become deified. 1224:

outside the royal family. In any case, Shepseskare apparently succeeded in holding the crown for a short time. Nyuserre ultimately prevailed however, either because of Shepseskare's own premature death or because he was backed by powerful high officials and members of the royal family, foremost among whom were his mother

1455:, as revealed by seal impressions bearing Nyuserre's name found on the site. The port comprised large galleries carved into the sandstone serving as living quarters and storage places. The wall of one such gallery was inscribed with a text in ink mentioning the expedition to Sinai and dating it to the year of the second 1051:. In parallel, a spontaneous popular cult appeared, with people venerating Nyuserre under his birth name "Iny". In this cult, Nyuserre played a role similar to that of a saint, being invoked as an intercessor between the believer and the gods. It left little archaeological evidence and seems to have continued until the 1776:, a symbol of the sun god Ra. It was built on a pedestal with sloping sides and a square top, like a truncated pyramid, which was 20 m (66 ft) high and was constructed of limestone and red granite around the base. The obelisk topping it was another 36 m (118 ft) high, built entirely of limestone. 1383:, and probably harked back to the predynastic kingdoms of the Nile valley. The earliest topographical lists of the nomes of Upper and Lower Egypt date back to the reign of Nyuserre, a procession of personified nomes being depicted on reliefs from Nyuserre's sun temple. It is also around this time that the 1834:

the pyramid were possibly unfinished as well. Nyuserre hastily completed the pyramid by transforming it into a stylised primeval mound resembling a mastaba: the walls of the core layer already in place were covered with limestone and the top was filled with clay and stones drawn from the local desert.

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In parallel to that official cult were the more private cults of pious individuals venerating Nyuserre as a kind of "saint", an intercessor between the believers and the gods. This popular cult, which developed spontaneously, perhaps because of the proximity of Nyuserre's pyramid to Memphis, referred

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during the Fifth Dynasty. Sun temples built during this period were meant to play for Ra the same role that the pyramid played for the king: they were funerary temples for the sun god, where his renewal and rejuvenation necessary to maintain the order of the world could take place. Cults performed in

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has been cited as a likely candidate. In the burial chamber, which is reached via a straight north–south passageway, the broken up mummy of a young woman was discovered. She stood around 160 cm (5.2 ft) tall and died between 21 and 23 years of age. It is unclear whether the mummy is that of

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related that Nyuserre reigned for 44 years, a figure which is rejected by Egyptologists, who rather credit him with about three decades of reign owing to the paucity of secure dates for his rule. The entry of the Turin canon pertaining to Nyuserre is damaged and the duration of his rule is difficult

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Two competing hypotheses exist in Egyptology to describe the succession of events running from the death of Neferirkare Kakai, the third king of the Fifth Dynasty, to the coronation of Nyuserre Ini, the sixth ruler of the dynasty. Relying on historical sources, where Nyuserre is said to have directly

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The statue in question is fragmentary, the lower half being now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo under the catalogue number CG 42003 and the upper half in the Rochester Memorial Art Gallery, catalogue no. 42.54. The lower part of a black granite statue of Nyuserre, now in the British museum under the

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by the Ancient Egyptian, which means "The Fortress of Ra", and built in four phases by three pharaohs. Userkaf first constructed a rectangular enclosure with a mound in its center. Sahure or Neferirkare Kakai then transformed this mound into a granite obelisk on a pedestal, adding two statue shrines

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The pyramid is located in Abusir, next to that of Neferikare Kakai, who was Khentkaus' husband and under whose reign the construction of Khentkaus's complex had started. Once completed, the pyramid stood 17 m (56 ft) high, with a side of 25 m (82 ft) at the base and a slope of 52

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Today the pyramid is heavily ruined, its outer casing of fine white limestone long gone, and it stands only 5 m (16 ft) tall. While graffiti left by the builders indicate that the construction of this pyramid dates to the later part of Nyuserre's reign and took place under the direction of

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of red granite. The back of the portico led to the causeway, the base of which was entirely covered in basalt, while its upper portions were decorated with numerous reliefs, some showing the king as a sphinx trampling over his enemies. The causeway was roofed by limestone blocks painted in blue with

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The completed pyramid was entirely covered in fine limestone. It was about 52 m (171 ft) tall, with a base of 78.8 m (259 ft) along each side, a slope of 52 degrees and a total volume of stone of about 112,000 m (4,000,000 cu ft). The burial chamber and antechamber

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The king's power slowly weakened as the bureaucracy expanded, although he remained a living god in the eyes of his subjects.This situation went unchecked until the reign of Nyuserre's second successor Djedkare Isesi, who implemented the first comprehensive reforms of the system of ranking titles and

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The reign of Nyuserre Ini witnessed the unabated growth of the priesthood and state bureaucracy, a phenomenon which had started in the early Fifth Dynasty in particular under Neferirkare Kakai. Changes in the Egyptian administration during this period are manifested by a multiplication in the number

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in 2000 and 2001, following excavations of the Abusir necropolis, which indicated that Neferefre's purported predecessor Shepseskare most likely reigned for only a few months between Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. Verner proposes that the royal succession was Neferirkare Kakai → Neferefre → Shepseskare

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During the Old Kingdom, provisions for the official funerary cult of Nyuserre Ini were produced in agricultural estates set up during his reign. The names of some of these estates have been found inscribed on the walls of tombs in Saqqara or in Nyuserre's mortuary temple, such as "The track of Ini"

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At least one sibling of Nyuserre is known with near-certainty: Neferefre, who was a son of Neferirkare and Khentkaus II, was Nyuserre's elder brother. Since the relation between Shepseskare and Nyuserre remains uncertain, it is possible that the two were brothers too, as suggested by Roth, although

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In the valley temple of Menkaure, Nyuserre extended the eastern annex, where he added two sets of alabaster columns, rebuilt the main entrance and refurbished the limestone causeway leading from the valley temple to the high temple. There, Mark Lehner suggested that Nyuserre expanded the inner part

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Construction works on the pyramid of Neferefre had just begun when Neferefre died unexpectedly in his early twenties. At the time of Nyuserre's ascension to the throne, only one step of the core of Neferefre's pyramid had been completed. The substructures, built in a large open pit at the center of

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The temple was entered from the eastern side following a long causeway which departed from a valley temple located closer to the Nile. This temple mostly served as a gateway to the upper temple and housed a pillared portico of mudbrick encased in yellow limestone. The upper temple comprised a large

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The pyramid complex is unusual as the outer sections of the mortuary temple are offset to the south of the eastern side of the complex. This allowed Nyuserre to intercept and complete his father's causeway, which led from the valley temple close to the Nile to the pyramid itself on the desert edge.

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As pharaoh, Nyuserre Ini benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. Under the umbrella of the term "funerary cult" are grouped various cultic activities of two different types. First, there was an official cult taking place in the king's mortuary complex and which was provided for by

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The mortuary temple of the queen, at the eastern foot of the pyramid, was the object of successive completion works during Nyuserre's reign, the earliest one used stone while the latest used only mudbrick. Completely ruined today, the temple seems to have been designed in imitation of the mortuary

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There is little evidence for military action during Nyuserre's reign. William C. Hayes proposed that a few fragmentary limestone statues of kneeling and bound prisoners of war discovered in his mortuary temple possibly attest to punitive raids in Libya to the west or the Sinai and Palestine to the

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Nyuserre's effective deification and popular veneration flourished in parallel to the official cult throughout the period, as revealed for example by inscriptions in the tomb of an individual named Ipi, who desires to be "honoured before Iny", a terminology in which Nyuserre plays a role normally

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plaque bearing Nyuserre's name was discovered in a deposit of votive offerings located under the floor of the sanctuary. Unfortunately, this deposit does not represent the original context of the plaque, which could have once adorned the walls of the temple or could equally have been deposed in a

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Work on the pyramid and mortuary temple of Nyuserre's mother, Khentkaus II, had begun during her husband's rule but was stopped in the tenth year of his reign, at which point only the pyramid core was still uncased. After a delay of 12 years, Nyuserre Ini restarted the building work, and expended

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The western tomb was built subsequently to the eastern one and seems to have served to bury another woman. Builders graffiti uncovered during the Czech excavations demonstrate in all likelihood that the monument was built under Nyuserre, its owners possibly amongst the last members of the broader

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Neferefre was the eldest son of Neferirkare with queen Khentkaus II, as shown by a relief on limestone slab depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest son Ranefer", the future pharaoh Neferefre. At the same time, Nyuserre Ini undertook numerous construction works in the

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The ruins known today as Lepsius XXV constitute not one but two large adjacent tombs built as a single monument on the south-eastern edge of the Abusir necropolis. The peculiar construction, which Verner has called a "double pyramid", was known to ancient Egyptians as "The Two are Vigilant". The

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Nyuserre was then still a child and, in this hypothesis, his claim to the throne faced a serious challenge in the person of his possible uncle Shepseskare who might have been a son of Sahure. Alternatively, Shepseskare may have been a short-lived son of Neferefre or, less likely, an usurper from

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During the Old Kingdom, Ancient Egyptians did not have a system of absolute dating as we do today, rather they counted years from the beginning of a king's reign and gave them names relating to important events that occurred or would occur during this year. The most important such event was the

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of individuals, notably during the Middle Kingdom, whose names included "Iny", such as Inhotep, Inemsaf, Inankhu and many more. Although the veneration of Nyuserre was originally a local phenomenon from Abusir, Saqqara and their surroundings, it may have ultimately reached even outside of Egypt

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A further peculiarity of the structure is the lack of associated mortuary temple. Instead, the eastern tomb boasts a small offering chapel built of undecorated white limestone and situated within the tomb superstructure. Its ceiling reached 5 m (16 ft) high. Excavations revealed small

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during the Middle Kingdom, at which point is the latest known mention of a priest serving in Nyuserre's funerary complex. In later times, the official cult of Nyuserre was essentially reduced to a cult of the royal ancestor figure, a "limited version of the cult of the divine" as Jaromir Malek

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Assuming Verner's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty royal family, Nyuserre Ini faced an enormous task when he ascended the throne: his father, mother and brother had all left their pyramids unfinished, his father's and brother's sun temples were unfinished too and he had to construct his own

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onwards on a year-by-year basis, are damaged and break off following the reign of Neferirkare Kakai. The second piece of evidence for administrative activity relates to the provincial administration. During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptian state was divided administratively into provinces, called

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The pyramid of Neferirkare was planned to be significantly larger than that of Neferirkare's Fifth Dynasty predecessors, with a square base side of 105 m (344 ft) and a height of 72 m (236 ft). Although well underway at the death of the pharaoh, the pyramid was lacking its

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in the tunic of the Sed festival has been found in his mortuary temple, although both historical sources and archeological evidence agree that he ruled Egypt for less than 14 full years. Yet, in Nyuserre's case, these reliefs taken together with the archaeological evidence have convinced most

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Verner writes that such scenes are part of a standard decoration program for the funerary complex of the king: "Beautiful reliefs with the scenes of the sed-festival from this sun temple are occasionally considered as indirect evidence of a long reign for this king. Generally, the historical

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instead sees the reign of Djedkare Isesi as the very beginning of the decline in the importance of the king, given the decentralisation stemming from his reforms. Yet for Nigel Strudwick and Klaus Baer, these reforms were precisely undertaken as a reaction to the rapid growth of the central

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As a corollary, Nyuserre was almost certainly a son of Neferirkare Kakai as Khentkaus II was Neferirkare's queen. This relationship is also indicated by the location of Nyuserre's pyramid in Abusir next to that of Neferirkare, as well as his reuse for his own valley temple of materials from

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festival offer a rare glimpse into the ritual acts carried out during this ceremony. In particular, the festival seems to have involved a procession in a barque over a body of water, a detail either not represented or lost in all subsequent representations of the festival until the reign of

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cattle count, and many documents and inscriptions thus mentions the year of the Xth cattle count under king Y. In the case of Nyuserre, the latest such event attested in a document contemporaneous with his reign is the 8th cattle count, that is at most Nyuserre's 16th year on the throne.

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The accompanying mortuary temple, which then comprised only a small stone chapel possibly built by the ephemeral Shepseskare, was finished by Nyuserre. Extending over the whole 65 m (213 ft) length of the pyramid side, the temple was built of mudbrick and comprised the earliest

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have traditionally believed that the following succession took place: Neferirkare Kakai → Shepseskare → Neferefre → Nyuserre Ini. In this scenario, Neferefre is the father of Nyuserre, who would have become pharaoh after Neferefre's unexpected death. Neferefre would be the successor of

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Nyuserre is one of the very few Old Kingdom kings for whom there is evidence that the funerary cult continued uninterrupted during the First Intermediate Period, when the central authority of the pharaohs had broken down and the Egyptian state was in turmoil. The tombs of two priests

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In any case, the succession of Nyuserre seems to have gone smoothly. A seal bearing both Nyuserre's and Menkauhor's names has been uncovered in the mortuary complex of Nyuserre's mother Khentkaus II. A further seal is believed to have both Nyuserre's and Djedkare's names on it,

1723:, north of Abusir, Nyuserre's sun temple is the largest and best preserved of its kind, leading some Egyptologists such as von Beckerath to see Nyuserre's reign as the peak of the solar cult, an assertion which, according to Grimal, is exaggerated. The temple was known as the 1627:

the original owner of the pyramid or dates to a later period as the mummification method employed could suggest. Excavations of the burial chamber yielded fragments of a pink granite sarcophagus as well as pieces of large calcite canopic jars and smaller funerary equipment.

1124:(fl. 1279–1213 BCE), but it has since been lost in a large lacuna affecting the document. Fragments of his reign length are still visible on the papyrus, indicating a reign of somewhere between 11 and 34 years. Nyuserre is the only Fifth Dynasty king absent from the 2132:

to Nyuserre using his birth name Iny, and likely consisted of invocations and offerings to statues of the king or in his mortuary temple. Therefore, archaeological traces of this cult are difficult to discern, yet Nyuserre's special status is manifest in some

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Ryholt writes "Nyuserre's reign is damaged. There is a distinct trace of a 10, 20 or 30, followed by a stroke after which the papyrus breaks off. Accordingly, the possibilities are 11–14, 21–24, and 31–34 years , and not just 24 years" as is conventionally

2060:, an hitherto unknown daughter of Nyuserre, was excavated in Abusir south by a team under the direction of Miroslav Bárta. She was married to an important Egyptian official, whose name is lost. According to Bárta, this type of marriage reflects the growing 1630:

On the eastern side of the pyramid, the ruins of a small satellite pyramid as well as of a mortuary temple have been discovered. Both were heavily affected by stone robbing, which started as early as the New Kingdom and reached a climax during the

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desires Nyuserre to live". Several priests serving in the pyramid complex and sun temple of Nyuserre are known from their tombs until the end of the Sixth Dynasty, showing that the official mortuary cult endured throughout the late Old Kingdom.

2239:. These events are contemporaneous with the life of the last priest serving the official cult of Nyuserre, a certain Inhotep. Both of these facts hint at a lapse of royal interest in the state-sponsored funerary cults of Old Kingdom rulers. 2207:

reserved to the gods. Similar qualifications denoting Nyuserre's status are found in tombs dating to the subsequent early Middle Kingdom, such as the mummy chest of an individual named Inhotep, on which he says he is to be "honoured before

2041:, the only known consort of Nyuserre. Her existence and relation to Nyuserre are attested by a fragmentary alabaster statuette of her discovered in the valley temple of Nyuserre's pyramid complex. Pieces of relief from the tomb of vizier 1670:

pieces of papyrus inscribed with a list of offerings as well as fragments of an alabaster statue of a woman clothed in a simple robe. The burial chamber revealed scant remains of the female owner and a few pieces of funerary equipment.

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Numerous artefacts and architectural elements either bearing Nyuserre's nomen, prenomen or serekh or simply contemporary with his reign have been unearthed. These are now scattered throughout the world in many museums including the

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of titles, reflecting the creation of new administrative offices. These in turn, reflect a movement to better organise the administration of the state with the new titles corresponding to charges attached to very specific duties.

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since 1976, points in particular to Nyuserre's numerous constructions, amounting to no less than three new pyramids, the completion of a further three, the construction of the largest sun temple built during the Old Kingdom.

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Proposed dates for Nyuserre's reign: 2474–2444 BCE, 2470–2444 BCE, 2465–2435 BCE, 2453–2422 BCE, 2453–2420 BCE, 2445–2421 BCE, 2445–2414 BCE, 2420–2389 BCE, 2402–2374 BCE, 2398–2388 BCE. In a 1978 work, the Egyptologist

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Between his 1985 book on the Egyptian administration and his 2005 book on Egyptian texts of the Old Kingdom, Nigel Strudwick has changed his opinion on Nyuserre's reign length and now credits him with 31 years on the

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The valley temple of Nyuserre was thus built on the foundations laid by his father for his own unfinished valley temple. Once completed, it consisted of a portico with eight papyriform columns, its floor was of black

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This is witnessed by a fragmentary inscription where Djedkare claims to have undertaken works in Nyuserre's temple. The block bearing the inscription is currently housed in the Berlin Museum, under the catalogue No.

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rectangular courtyard entered via five granite doorways located on its eastern side. An altar was located in the center of the courtyard, which can still be seen today. It was constructed from five large blocks of

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pyramid as well as those of his queens. Nyuserre met this challenge by placing his pyramid in the immediate vicinity of the unfinished ones, on the north-eastern corner of that of Neferirkare Kakai and next to

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much effort in completing the majority of the construction. The motivation for this might have been to legitimise his rule following the premature death of Neferefre and the possible challenge by Shepseskare.

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South of the pyramid of his mother Khentkaus II, Nyuserre built a pyramid for a queen, either a consort of himself or of his brother Neferefre. The pyramid is known today as Lepsius XXIV, after its number in

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The popular veneration of Nyuserre during earlier times continued to influence the cults performed during the New Kingdom. This is best exemplified by the Karnak king list, composed during the reign of

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As with other Old Kingdom pharaohs, Nyuserre benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. In Nyuserre's case, this official state-sponsored cult existed for centuries, surviving the chaotic

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Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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coast, which existed during much of the Fifth Dynasty, were seemingly active during Nyuserre's reign, as suggested by a fragment of cylindrical alabaster vase bearing his name uncovered in the city.

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The view that Nyuserre reigned in excess of twenty years is furthermore supported by archaeological evidence, which points to a fairly long reign for him. Verner, who has been excavating the Abusir

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of Ancient Egypt, its roof supported by wooden columns. The hall housed a large wooden statue of the deceased king. Nyuserre also built storage rooms to the north of the hall and, east of it, the "

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have shown that Nyuserre's reign length as reported on the document could equally be 11–14, 21–24, or 31–34 years. The later figure is now favoured by Egyptologists including Strudwick and Verner.

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Nyuserre Ini is known to have had at least one son: his first born, whose name is lost, is represented on several relief fragments from the high temple of his pyramid complex. Beyond the title of

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the dominant hypothesis is that Shepseskare was a son of Sahure and hence Nyuserre's uncle. Finally, yet another brother, possibly younger than Nyuserre has also been proposed: Iryenre, a prince

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Known more completely as Khamerernebty A in modern Egyptology, a denomination aimed at distinguishing her from later Khamerernebtys. For the same reason, Ptahshepses is known as Ptahshepses B.

2707:. Antonio Morales adds Unas to this list, but this is contested by Malek, who sees Unas' funerary cult during the Middle Kingdom as a revival rather than a continuation of existing practices. 1474:, which provided material for buildings and statues, as shown by a fragmentary stone stela inscribed with Nyuserre's Horus name that was discovered in a settlement adjacent to the quarries. 1618:. It originally reached about 27 m (89 ft) high with a base of 31.5 m (103 ft), its core made of limestone and clay mortar organised in horizontal and accretion layers. 1999:, in whose mortuary temple a fragmentary relief showing her facing her son Nyuserre and his family has been uncovered. On this relief both Khentkaus and Nyuserre appear on the same scale. 7496: 2227:

and of the royal ancestors. At the same time, the 12th Dynasty saw the widespread dismantling of many Old Kingdom funerary temples for their materials, which were notably reused in the

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As noted in this article, Lehner states that Userkaf's sun temple underwent a similar transformation, albeit less total, while Grimal and von Beckerath emphasise the uniqueness of the

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I and II, who lived during this period, mention their roles and duties in the funerary establishment of Nyuserre, witnessing to the continuing existence of the official mortuary cult.

46: 7113:

Strouhal, Eugen; Černý, Viktor; Vyhnánek, Luboš (2000). "An X-ray examination of the mummy found in pyramid Lepsius no. XXIV at Abusir". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

1889:

Archaeological excavations in 2012–2015 revealed that Nyuserre Ini undertook building works on the valley temple of Menkaure, as witnessed by numerous seal impressions bearing his

1317:

The hypothesis of a reign more than three decades long for Nyuserre Ini is supported, albeit indirectly, by reliefs discovered in his solar temple showing him participating in a

2037:

given to them by Lepsius in his list of pyramids, both monuments are heavily ruined and the names of their owners cannot be ascertained. One of these two queens might have been

2029:

Nyuserre Ini seems to have had at least two wives, as witnessed by two small pyramids located at the southern end of the pyramid field of Abusir. Known today under the names of

6279:

The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom

2447:

authenticity of such reliefs is doubted since the sed-festival scenes very probably belonged in the Old Kingdom to the standard 'Bildprogram' of the royal funerary monuments.

6491:

Lehner, Mark; Jones, Daniel; Yeomans, Lisa Marie; Mahmoud, Hanan; Olchowska, Kasia (2011). "Re-examining the Khentkawes Town". In Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (eds.).

2174:

Nyuserre furthermore received special attention from at least two of his successors during this period: Djedkare Isesi either restored or completed his funerary temple, and

937:

period. He is credited with a reign of 24 to 35 years depending on the scholar, and likely lived in the second half of the 25th century BCE. Nyuserre was the younger son of

6419: 6387:

Janák, Jiří; Vymazalová, Hana; Coppens, Filip (2010). "The Fifth Dynasty 'sun temples' in a broader context". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

957:, albeit only for a few weeks or months at the most. The relation of Shepseskare with Neferefre and Nyuserre remains highly uncertain. Nyuserre was in turn succeeded by 6277: 2045:

give the titles of a queen and while her name is lost, these titles are the same as those that Reptynub bore, leading Egyptologists to propose that these refer to her.

1326:

Egyptologists that Nyuserre enjoyed over 30 years of reign and that "the sed-festival scenes from Abu Gurab the 30th jubilee of the king's accession to the throne".

1901:

was not the object of royal attention. Beyond Menkaure's valley temple, Nyuserre apparently also took a wider interest in the administration of the pyramid town of

2013:

whose relationship is suggested by the fact that his funerary cult was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the temple of Khentkaus II.

2103:

being Nyuserre's second successor. Taken together these seals reveal that, at the very least, Menkauhor and Djedkare did not perceive Nyuserre as an antagonist.

1266:'s 1959 study of the canon, scholars such as Nigel Strudwick credited Nyuserre with 11 years of reign. Gardiner's reading of the canon was then reevaluated from 1068:

Nyuserre Ini is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign, for example in the tombs of some of his contemporaries including Nyuserre's manicurists

2385:

mortuary temple of Khentkaus II, who bore the title of "Mother of Two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt", indicating that two of her sons ascended the throne. See

7315: 2554:

Often translated as "Hereditary prince" or "Hereditary noble" and more precisely "Concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.

1443:. The relief shows Nyuserre "smiting the Bedouins of all foreign lands, the great god, lord of the two lands". At the right of Nyuserre is a dedication to " 1362:

There are two pieces of direct evidence of administrative activities during Nyuserre's reign. The first is that the Old Kingdom royal annals, of which only

7522: 7444: 7344: 7143: 6973:

Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, Wyndham Toledo Hotel, Toledo, Ohio, Apr 20, 2007

5808: 1511: 11272: 6173:. Direction de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts; Études et documents d'archéologie (in French). Paris: P. Geuthner, Librarie Adrien Maisonneuve. 6590:

Malek, Jaromir (2000b). "Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

2182:

festival and Nyuserre in the latter's valley temple, a close association meant to "evidence the pretended association of the king with his forefather".

1783:

festival as well as a "chapel of seasons" attached to the obelisk pedestal, decorated with representations of human activities throughout the seasons.

1562:

were both lined with fine limestone as well and roofed with three tiers of gigantic limestone beams 10 m (33 ft) long weighing 90 tons each.

1012:, a move which may have been an attempt to legitimise his rule following the troubled times surrounding the unexpected death of his brother Neferefre. 239: 2141:

proper, in Sinai, Byblos and Nubia, where fragments of statues, vessels and stelae bearing Nyuserre's name have been discovered in cultic contexts.

2123:

agricultural domains established during Nyuserre's reign. This cult was most active until the end of the Old Kingdom but lasted at least until the

2219:

The Middle Kingdom saw the decline of the official cult of Nyuserre. Evidence from this period come from works undertaken in the Karnak temple by

2056:

goes further and hypothesises that Nyuserre had two more daughters, who he believes were buried close to Nyuserre's pyramid. In 2012, the tomb of

11353: 6740: 6461: 2703:

The Old Kingdom kings whose funerary cult continued to exist during the First Intermediate period are, according to Jaromir Malek, Nyuserre and

1846:" where animals were ritually slaughtered. A column courtyard completed the temple entrance, adorned with two stone columns and 24 wooden ones. 52: 3613: 1100:(fl. 1479–1425 BCE) to honour some of his forebears and which mentions Nyuserre in the fourth entry, which shows his birth name "Iny" in a 6933:

Les archives du temple funéraire de Neferirkare-Kakai (Les papyrus d'Abousir). Tomes I & II (complete set). Traduction et commentaire

1035:, provincial governors who, for the first time, were sent to live in the provinces they administered rather than at the pharaoh's court. 401: 5847: 5937:

Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire Nos 1–1294. Statuen und Statuetten von Königen und Privatleuten. Teil 1

2337:

of a piece of wood discovered in the mastaba of Ptahshepses, a vizier and son in law of Nyuserre. The wood was dated to 2465–2333 BCE.

11287: 11282: 7043:. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. 6909:

Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. VII Nubia, the deserts, and outside Egypt

1015:

There is little evidence for military action during Nyuserre's reign; the Egyptian state continued to maintain trade relations with

7415: 7114: 2295:(fl. c. 690–664 BCE) had reliefs from the temples of Sahure, Nyuserre and Pepi II reproduced in the temple of Amun of Gem-Aten in 727: 695: 677: 639: 618: 583: 11262: 11257: 5957: 5783: 5659: 2287:, Old Kingdom mortuary temples enjoyed a revival of interest due primarily to the archaizing style favoured by the kings of the 662: 659: 603: 577: 495: 447: 383: 315: 285: 192: 11267: 6968: 6885:

Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. III/1. Memphis. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr

498: 496: 350: 197: 195: 1927:

Userkaf, founder of the Fifth Dynasty, was also the first pharaoh to build a temple to Ra in Abu Gurob. The temple was called

712: 656: 600: 492: 490: 11247: 7721: 7702: 7683: 7655:

Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien

7624: 7605: 7586: 7560: 7485: 7428: 7380: 7361: 7328: 7257: 7221: 7186: 7165: 7086: 7077:

Shaw, Ian (2003). "New fieldwork at Gebel el-Asr: "Chephren's diorite quarries"". In Hawass, Zahi; Pinch Brock, Lyla (eds.).

7067: 7048: 7024: 6957: 6896: 6710: 6691: 6672: 6580: 6544: 6523: 6500: 6450: 6332: 6263: 6241: 6219: 6159: 6140: 6071: 6020: 5999: 5967: 5860: 5833: 5755: 5736: 5713: 1165:, that is "Rathurês", reigning for forty-four years as the sixth king of the Fifth Dynasty. "Rathurês" is believed to be the 710: 654: 598: 580: 450: 381: 380: 313: 310: 190: 187: 158: 2084:

observes that one relief fragment comprises a "r", possibly part of the prince's name. If so then he would be distinct from

112: 11277: 11252: 6778: 6012:

The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1. The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370), Khnumenti (G 2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G 2378)

2720:, that is early Middle Kingdom, but does not exclude the possibility of an earlier date, in the First Intermediate Period. 11242: 9022: 8810: 7598:

Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten : die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr

7288:

Verner, Miroslav (1980b). "Die Königsmutter Chentkaus von Abusir und einige Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der 5. Dynastie".

1711:. In doing so, he was following a tradition established by Userkaf that reflects the paramount importance of the cult of 2247: 1769:

also means "offering" or "offering table" in Ancient Egyptian, so that the altar was literally an offering table to Ra.

11231: 9992: 9708: 8576: 7836: 7810: 6374:. Bibliothèque d'étude (in French). Vol. 34. Le Caire: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1366:, are believed to have been composed during his reign. The annals, which give details on the reigns of kings from the 11348: 7127: 6599: 2133: 7414:

Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

2091:

The precise relationship between Nyuserre and Menkauhor remains uncertain but indirect evidence from the mastaba of

11297: 6997: 2356: 10484: 7152: 6821: 1636: 540: 103: 5109: 5107: 10534: 10261: 10117: 6031: 1270:, yielding a 24 to 25 years figure for Nyuserre's reign. This duration is accepted by some scholars including 10830: 10620: 10552: 10417: 10284: 10194: 10007: 8125: 7744: 5898: 5877: 5104: 2288: 1959: 1632: 7697:. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 19, Reihe B. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 7574: 6511: 949:. He may have succeeded his brother directly, as indicated by much later historical sources. Alternatively, 10402: 10339: 9622: 6859: 1447:, lord of the foreign lands, who has made pure libations". This expedition departed Egypt from the port of 1286: 7635: 6665:

Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 – July 5, 2005)

5921:. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Abusir 1902–1904 (in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 2223:, who dedicated a number of statues of Old Kingdom kings including at least one of Nyuserre, to a cult of 968:

and his queens and completed a further three for his father, mother and brother, all in the necropolis of

10763: 9872: 9784: 9269: 9046: 9037: 7640:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. 7198:"Les "ports intermittents" de la mer Rouge à l'époque pharaonique : caractéristiques et chronologie" 2268: 6935:. Bibliothèque d'études (in French). Vol. 65. Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 6891:(second, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek ed.). Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. 875: 10592: 9925: 9662: 9489: 9421: 8003: 6283: 2360: 2348: 1674:

royal family to be buried in Abusir, the necropolis being abandoned by Nyuserre's successor Menkauhor.

1069: 6724: 2154:

domains of the king, which comprise the land holdings of the mortuary temple of Nyuserre, are known: "

2128:

writes, manifested by the dedication of statues and the compilation of lists of kings to be honoured.

1962:

onwards and was again rebuilt in the course of the Fifth Dynasty, possibly during Nyuserre's reign. A

11113: 8884: 7356:. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis: Academia. 6759: 6472: 6399: 2717: 2284: 1311: 1040: 6362: 5017: 1435:

were exploited during much of the Old Kingdom. This expedition left a large rock relief, now in the

8958: 8729: 8591: 7716:. Fouilles du Louvre à Saqqara (in French). Vol. 1. Paris, Louvain: Musée du Louvre, Peeters. 2190: 1615: 1105: 17: 7453: 6928: 5935: 435: 10798: 10713: 10690: 9007: 8869: 8806: 8595: 8395: 8211: 7600:. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. 5774: 1185:

Neferefre, Nyuserre's elder brother, died unexpectedly in his early twenties after a short reign.

1150: 1048: 1005: 7570: 7252:. Blackwell history of the ancient world. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 7176: 7038: 7014: 6642: 6534: 5784:"De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire Egyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie" 1196: 1080:, Neferefre-ankh and Khabawptah, and the priests of his funerary cult Nimaatsed and Kaemnefert. 11302: 11292: 10840: 10819: 10738: 9652: 9512: 9122: 8756: 8716: 8510: 8452: 8336: 8140: 7803: 7773: 7391: 2228: 2049: 1843: 1797: 1380: 1367: 930: 765: 6644:

Les mastabas de l'ancien empire : fragment du dernier ouvrage de Auguste Édouard Mariette

5748:

The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC

5697: 2460:

administration which had amassed too much political or economic power in the eyes of the king.

2053: 1200: 11312: 10788: 10753: 10733: 10723: 10685: 9285: 9189: 8543: 6299: 5899:"La chambre des trois saisons du sanctuaire solaire du roi Rathourès (Ve dynastie) à Abousir" 5866: 5820: 5802: 2236: 1922: 989: 869: 7657:. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 17. Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling. 6010: 5855:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 5828:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 2076:

and "eldest king's son", he likely held two priestly titles: "lector priest" and "priest of

1913:

of the high temple, notably adding to it a square antechamber with a single central pillar.

11307: 10813: 10768: 10141: 9769: 9704: 9557: 9552: 9259: 9254: 9107: 8533: 8321: 8200: 7423:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 581–602. 6667:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 311–341. 6032:"Volume III: A prosopographical register of the wives of Egyptian kings (Dynasties I-XVII)" 1898: 1820: 1752: 1611: 1576: 1089: 1052: 1009: 863: 7122:. Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 543–550. 6976: 6802: 6594:. Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 241–258. 6118:. Bibliothèque égyptologique (in French). Vol. 21–26. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux. 8: 10803: 10778: 10743: 10680: 10055: 10030: 9234: 9229: 8653: 8084: 7675: 7062:. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke: Reihe Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 2. Bonn: Habelt. 5977:

Bothmer, Bernard V. (1974). "The Karnak statue of Ny-user-ra : Membra dispersa IV".

5681: 5664: 1884: 1708: 1571: 1533: 973: 965: 852: 824: 67: 7100:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 7040:

The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C

1825: 1031:. Nyuserre's reign saw the growth of the administration, and the effective birth of the 11093: 11080: 10657: 9667: 9239: 9214: 8281: 8056: 7619:(in German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. 7539: 7438: 7338: 7137: 6682:

Mumford, G. D. (1999). "Wadi Maghara". In Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Steven Blake (eds.).

6350: 6154:. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen (in German). Vol. 39. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern. 5725: 5688:. Festschrift Jürgen von Beckerath zum 70. Geburtstag am 19. Februar 1990 (in German). 2334: 1955: 1639:(525–402 BCE) periods, making a modern reconstruction of the temple layout impossible. 1584: 1558:, meaning "Established are the places of Nyuserre" or "The places of Nyuserre endure". 7181:. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 6106: 2563:

The statuette is now in the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, under the catalogue number 17438.

1984: 1975: 1727:

by the Ancient Egyptians, which has been variously translated as "Joy of the heart of

1700:

Red granite entrance portico bearing Nyuserre's titulary, likely from his sun temple,

11148: 11127: 11021: 10988: 10700: 10035: 9657: 9537: 9159: 9087: 8745: 8548: 8538: 8470: 7796: 7717: 7698: 7679: 7658: 7641: 7620: 7601: 7582: 7556: 7516: 7481: 7473: 7424: 7402: 7376: 7357: 7324: 7253: 7236: 7217: 7182: 7161: 7123: 7101: 7082: 7063: 7044: 7020: 6953: 6936: 6916: 6892: 6751: 6706: 6687: 6668: 6651: 6622: 6595: 6576: 6540: 6519: 6496: 6446: 6375: 6338: 6328: 6287: 6259: 6237: 6215: 6194: 6174: 6155: 6136: 6119: 6067: 6060: 6039: 6016: 6015:. Giza Mastabas. Vol. 7. Boston: Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts. 5995: 5963: 5944: 5922: 5885: 5856: 5829: 5751: 5732: 5709: 5701: 4257: 2175: 1622:

vizier Ptahshepses, the name of the queen for whom the pyramid was intended is lost.

1521: 938: 804: 7674:. Studies in Egyptology. London, New York: Kegan Paul International: distributed by 7216:. Champollion (in French). Translated by Nathalie Baum. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. 7154:

The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders

6883: 6539:. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 6152:

Elephantine VIII: der Tempel der Satet: die Funde der Frühzeit und des alten Reiches

11327: 11154: 10982: 10748: 10502: 10085: 9382: 9278: 9219: 8643: 8623: 7272:

Abstracts of Papers, First International Congress of Egyptology, October 2–10, 1976

6634: 6516:

Towards a new history for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: perspectives on the pyramid age

6273: 6110: 5914: 2491: 2321: 1738: 1686: 1109: 1093: 964:

Nyuserre was the most prolific builder of his dynasty, having built three pyramids

7019:. Ägypten und Altes Testament (in German). Vol. 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 6907: 2275:. The sun temple of Nyuserre was among the monuments benefiting from these works. 11099: 11069: 11028: 10964: 10708: 10638: 10508: 9847: 9502: 9224: 8618: 8256: 8224: 8063: 7267: 7209: 7016:

Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie

6610: 6567:

Malek, Jaromir (2000a). "The Old Kingdom (c. 2160–2055 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.).

6304: 6207: 2456: 2368: 2352: 2124: 2116: 2025:

Entrance of the pyramid Lepsius XXIV, believed to belong to a consort of Nyuserre

1941: 1701: 1580: 1500: 1436: 1424: 1216: 1137:, a history of Egypt probably written in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of 1117: 1044: 1024: 954: 885: 8805: 6786: 6720: 6569: 4090: 4088: 11195: 10993: 10954: 10672: 10628: 10497: 9581: 9507: 9337: 9209: 9169: 8917: 8769: 8734: 8724: 8658: 8613: 8495: 8490: 8070: 8049: 8015: 7780: 6638: 6229: 6102: 6009:

Brovarski, Edward (2001). Der Manuelian, Peter; Simpson, William Kelly (eds.).

5959:

Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aḥu-Re (Band 2): Die Wandbilder: Abbildungsblätter

5770: 4576: 4564: 2100: 2085: 2034: 1648: 1271: 1125: 958: 915: 848: 94: 7231:

Vachala, Břetislav (1979). "Ein weiterer Beleg für die Königin Repewetnebu?".

6420:"Archaeological excavation of the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III (Tomb AC 30)" 5766: 3925: 1958:

around 3200 BCE. The temple was enlarged and renovated several times from the

11342: 10874: 10773: 10605: 10575: 10251: 10106: 9963: 9832: 9672: 9647: 9597: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9184: 8991: 8922: 8912: 8774: 8528: 8276: 8219: 8172: 8009: 7968: 7672:

Royal annals of ancient Egypt: the Palermo stone and its associated fragments

7662: 7406: 7240: 7105: 6920: 6755: 6655: 6626: 6342: 6186: 6043: 4721: 4719: 4665: 4085: 3985: 3044: 3042: 2407:

Verner proposes that he received the title upon marrying Nyuserre's daughter.

2364: 2261: 2092: 1995:

The identity of the mother of Nyuserre is known with certainty: it was queen

1765:, that is "May Ra be satisfied", from the four cardinal points. The sign for 1420: 1363: 1335: 1263: 1088:

Nyuserre is attested in three ancient Egyptian king lists, all dating to the

923: 895: 6379: 6198: 6178: 6123: 5948: 5889: 1400: 10959: 10793: 10783: 10758: 10610: 10560: 10519: 10245: 10157: 10045: 9958: 9938: 9857: 9822: 9817: 9703: 9642: 9352: 9174: 9164: 9127: 9082: 8996: 8986: 8976: 8892: 8608: 8294: 8235: 8095: 8042: 7947: 7645: 6992: 6940: 6320: 6291: 5926: 5170: 5143: 4833: 2030: 1996: 1596: 1456: 1452: 1372: 1318: 1225: 1116:(fl. 1290–1279 BCE). Nyuserre's prenomen was most likely also given on the 1097: 1073: 942: 844: 814: 7373:

The Pyramids: the mystery, culture, and science of Egypt's great monuments

7298: 6082:"Czech expedition discovers the tomb of an ancient Egyptian unknown queen" 4869: 4716: 4269: 3622:, vol. 2: pl. 15 p. 38; vol. 3: pl. 9 p. 193, pl. 10 pp 198 & 201–204. 3160: 3081: 3039: 1893:

discovered on the site. These works ended a long period from the reign of

1854: 1244: 463: 273: 146: 11063: 11008: 10859: 10808: 10728: 10600: 10492: 10474: 10432: 10343: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10178: 10162: 10135: 10100: 10090: 10025: 9978: 9968: 9953: 9943: 9890: 9852: 9827: 9807: 9797: 9563: 9547: 9522: 9517: 9317: 9244: 9154: 9137: 9092: 9067: 9001: 8981: 8966: 8948: 8678: 8673: 8480: 8307: 8287: 8101: 8035: 8026: 7910: 7756: 6438: 6251: 5843: 5816: 5355: 5353: 4525: 4359: 4221: 2232: 2081: 2057: 2042: 1967:

foundational offering made in anticipation of the temple reconstruction.

1951: 1906: 1682: 1229: 1205: 1028: 950: 934: 776: 80: 7543: 6493:

Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC

6462:"A Hundred and One Years Later: Peering into the Menkaure Valley Temple" 3387: 2064:

in the Egyptian elite and the progressive dilution of the king's power.

1735:

festival, or to some evolution in the ideology surrounding sun temples.

1696: 1387:

started to reside in their province rather than at the royal residence.

11180: 11134: 11087: 11042: 11014: 10835: 10718: 10643: 10570: 10459: 10274: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10184: 10172: 10152: 10125: 10095: 10075: 10020: 9973: 9948: 9880: 9842: 9812: 9802: 9542: 9342: 9332: 9102: 9097: 9062: 8971: 8943: 8764: 8668: 8663: 8648: 8633: 8441: 8435: 8349: 8077: 7895: 7832: 7034: 6840: 6750:. Vol. 13, no. 2. Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. 2272: 2220: 2137: 1894: 1779:

The temple was adorned with numerous fine reliefs depicting Nyuserre's

1448: 1282: 1275: 1166: 1145:. Even though no copies of the text survive, it is known through later 1138: 1133: 1001: 6080: 5350: 5113: 3132: 3105: 2333:

The only date known reliably in relation with Nyuserre Ini comes from

1871:. Today, the pyramid is a 4 m (13 ft) high mound of rubble. 1653: 51:

Double statue portraying Nyuserre as both a young man and an old man,

11120: 11035: 10998: 10924: 10918: 10845: 10825: 10542: 10524: 10469: 10449: 10312: 10147: 10130: 10080: 9933: 9900: 9895: 9837: 9636: 9457: 9410: 9362: 9322: 9299: 9072: 8938: 8907: 8561: 8475: 8301: 8182: 7919: 7761: 6518:. Harvard Egyptological studies. Vol. 1. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 5476: 5449: 5425: 5413: 5401: 2694:

The fragmented jamb is now in the Berlin Museum, catalogue No. 17934.

2178:

erected a door jamb bearing an inscription mentioning both his first

2077: 1839: 1748: 1720: 1432: 1302: 1267: 1121: 1101: 1077: 993: 946: 836: 84: 7197: 5979:

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo

4893: 4288: 4286: 4284: 2519:, variously translated as "The two are watchful / vigilant / alert". 2324:

credited Nyuserre with 30+2(?) years of reign, starting c. 2500 BCE.

2021: 1419:

East of Egypt, Nyuserre commissioned at least one expedition to the

11190: 11185: 11174: 11141: 11056: 11049: 11003: 10975: 10969: 10934: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10514: 10454: 10297: 10269: 9862: 9792: 9604: 9590: 9570: 9532: 9444: 9389: 9347: 9179: 9149: 9112: 9057: 8902: 8779: 8684: 8628: 8523: 8430: 8424: 8413: 8379: 8263: 8249: 8242: 8229: 8193: 7933: 7160:. Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. 6703:

Das Unas-Friedhof Nord-West I: topographisch-historische Einleitung

6388: 6081: 5194: 2598:

Catalogue number CG 38, the statue is 65 cm (26 in) high.

2061: 2038: 1867:

degrees. Its sepulchral chamber likely housed a sarcophagus of red

1623: 1601: 1338:(fl. c. 1390–1350 BCE), over 1000 years after Nyuserre's lifetime. 1154: 997: 879: 754: 6418:

Krejčí, Jaromír; Arias Kytnarová, Katarína; Odler, Martin (2015).

5437: 4024: 3838: 3836: 3834: 2845: 1570:

and its walls were made of limestone with painted reliefs above a

11167: 11106: 10949: 10633: 10444: 10438: 10426: 10307: 10302: 10239: 10218: 10063: 10015: 9915: 9905: 9630: 9527: 9497: 9479: 9468: 9451: 9403: 9396: 9327: 9249: 8897: 8705: 8691: 8603: 8554: 8460: 8403: 8354: 8187: 8177: 8157: 8090: 7940: 7819: 7768: 6554:

Magdolen, Dušan (2008). "Lepsius No XXV: a problem of typology".

4971: 4969: 4427: 4425: 4281: 4036: 2292: 2111: 2009: 1963: 1950:, personification of the Nile floods, had stood on the island of 1868: 1773: 1547: 1496: 1459: – possibly Nyuserre's fourth year on the throne. 1384: 1146: 1142: 1032: 926: 60: 7831: 7352:

Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter (1995).

6512:"Shareholders: the Menkaure valley temple occupation in context" 6393:. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts. pp. 430–442. 5503: 5119: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 1208:, credited with seven years of reign, as indicated in Manetho's 11074: 10944: 10581: 10464: 10069: 10040: 9910: 9885: 9677: 9611: 9437: 9430: 9357: 9312: 9306: 9132: 9052: 8638: 8465: 8418: 8372: 8344: 8270: 8148: 8107: 7989: 7954: 7926: 7739: 7098:

A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom

7079:

Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology

6906:

Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B.; Burney, Ethel W. (1951).

6882:

Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B.; Burney, Ethel W. (1981).

5849:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2

5822:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1

5218: 4588: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4014: 4012: 3831: 3795: 2937: 2935: 2296: 2251:

Section of the Karnak list of kings to be honoured by Thutmosis

2208: 2163: 2155: 1902: 1890: 1567: 1551: 1492: 1467: 1428: 1413: 1409: 1376: 1346: 1322: 1113: 1020: 1016: 969: 7454:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" 6820: 6372:

Les noms des domaines funéraires sous l'ancien empire égyptien

5882:

Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re (Rathures), I, II, III

4966: 4857: 4799: 4797: 4442: 4440: 4422: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3309: 3166: 3122: 3120: 2115:

Statuette of Nyuserre Ini of uncertain provenance, now in the

1802: 11160: 10939: 10929: 10907: 10565: 9474: 9462: 9375: 9292: 9143: 9077: 8739: 8408: 8366: 8360: 8152: 8111: 7982: 7975: 7961: 5767:"Egypt's Old Kingdom: The Latest Discoveries at Abusir South" 4731: 3848: 3720: 3657: 3655: 3577: 2372: 2159: 2048:

Nyuserre and Reptynub likely had a daughter in the person of

1947: 1757: 1538: 1471: 1463: 1444: 1440: 40:

Niuserre Ini, Neuserre Ini, Nyuserra, Newoserre Any, Rathoris

7497:"New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field" 6858: 5206: 4981: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4758: 4491: 4383: 4365: 4009: 3771: 2932: 2905: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2716:

Malek states that these priests date "probably" to the late

1375:. These provinces were recognised as such since the time of 1274:. More recent analyses of the original papyrus conducted by 1181: 10912: 10902: 10292: 10167: 9368: 8698: 8518: 8500: 8385: 8167: 8162: 7996: 7788: 7351: 6471:. Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Archived from 5660:"Tomb of previously unknown pharaonic queen found in Egypt" 5389: 5338: 5176: 5149: 5005: 4875: 4839: 4794: 4582: 4570: 4437: 4181: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3487: 3458: 3299: 3297: 3252: 3196: 3172: 3117: 3093: 3027: 2922: 2920: 2704: 2224: 2167: 1488: 1484: 1248:

Fragmentary statue of a Fifth Dynasty king, likely Nyuserre

474: 296: 171: 6801: 6777: 6417: 5598: 5596: 5559: 5557: 5544: 5542: 5466: 5464: 5316: 5314: 5301: 5299: 5297: 4457: 4455: 3819: 3652: 3630: 3628: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3411: 3393: 3138: 3111: 2789: 9117: 7555:. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. 7472:

Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In

6490: 5876: 5637: 5635: 5493: 5491: 5284: 5282: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5041: 4937: 4706: 4704: 4671: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4263: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4105: 4103: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 3997: 3619: 3543: 3541: 3399: 3284: 3282: 3225: 3223: 3059: 3057: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2984: 2982: 2952: 2950: 2818: 2756:

catalogue number BM EA 870, may come from Karnak as well.

1707:

Nyuserre was the penultimate Egyptian pharaoh to build a

1252: 961:, who could have been his nephew and a son of Neferefre. 757:, at least another queen whose name is lost, possibly two 10338: 7581:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 517–518. 6236:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. 5377: 5365: 5070: 5068: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4910: 4908: 4845: 4782: 4748: 4746: 4677: 4542: 4540: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4322: 4320: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4245: 4233: 3732: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3667: 3640: 3504: 3502: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3377: 3375: 3362: 3360: 3294: 3269: 3267: 2917: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2490:

The primary example of Old Kingdom gneiss statue is the

1772:

At the western end of the rectangular court was a giant

7303:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

7299:"Un roi de la Ve dynastie. Rêneferef ou Rênefer ?" 7081:. Cairo, New York: American University in Cairo Press. 6719: 6327:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 5791:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

5620: 5608: 5593: 5569: 5554: 5539: 5461: 5326: 5311: 5294: 5242: 5230: 5182: 4993: 4954: 4689: 4479: 4452: 4148: 3761: 3759: 3625: 3514: 3470: 3242: 3240: 3238: 2851: 2255:

III. Nyuserre is the fourth seated king of the top row.

2080:". Although the name of Nyuserre's eldest son is lost, 1728: 1712: 977: 421: 7553:

Sons of the Sun. Rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty

6386: 5632: 5527: 5515: 5488: 5279: 5254: 5160: 5158: 4821: 4701: 4653: 4600: 4467: 4410: 4371: 4332: 4275: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4127: 4115: 4100: 4073: 4048: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3744: 3538: 3526: 3279: 3220: 3208: 3184: 3054: 3006: 2979: 2947: 1023:

coast and to send mining and quarrying expeditions to

7579:

Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Band IV: Megiddo – Pyramiden

7281:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

7233:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

7112: 6514:. In Der Manuelian, Peter; Schneider, Thomas (eds.). 6469:

AERA, Working Through Change, Annual Report 2010–2011

5131: 5092: 5080: 5065: 5053: 5029: 5026:, Youtube video of a presentation on the excavations. 4920: 4905: 4881: 4770: 4743: 4641: 4629: 4537: 4508: 4317: 4298: 4227: 3783: 3499: 3423: 3372: 3357: 3264: 3069: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2869: 2768: 1112:, written nearly 200 years later during the reign of 7530:

Verner, Miroslav (2012). "Pyramid towns of Abusir".

5797:: 23–92. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. 5581: 4809: 4552: 3901: 3860: 3756: 3565: 3553: 3446: 3235: 2881: 2857: 1858:

In the foreground, Khentkaus' ruined mortuary temple

1583:. Beyond the main pyramid was a smaller one for the 7695:Ägyptische Siedlungen nach Texten des Alten Reiches 7279:Verner, Miroslav (1980a). "Excavations at Abusir". 5994:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 5657: 5155: 5125: 4617: 4200: 4160: 3913: 3884: 3872: 3807: 3601: 3589: 3345: 3333: 2994: 2808: 2806: 2804: 1786: 984:or "Joy of the heart of Ra". He also completed the 7478:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 7354:Abusir III : the pyramid complex of Khentkaus 6568: 6059: 5724: 5706:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 3321: 2962: 2893: 1849: 1350:Ptahshepses, vizier and son in law of Nyuserre Ini 1000:in Giza. In doing so, he was the first king since 6705:(in German). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. 6036:The wives of the Egyptian kings: dynasties I-XVII 1791: 1120:(third column, 22nd row), dating to the reign of 953:may have reigned between the two as advocated by 11340: 7521:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7503:. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013 7443:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7433:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. 7343:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7333:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. 7142:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7132:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. 6905: 6881: 6212:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 5880:; Kees, Hermann; Borchardt, Ludwig (1905–1928). 5807:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3801: 2801: 1905:and revived the cult of both Menkaure and queen 1755:for Ra and the others shaped like the glyph for 1195:succeeded Neferefre, many Egyptologists such as 6927: 6915:. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. 6684:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 6536:The great name: ancient Egyptian royal titulary 6323:; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012). 6298: 6214:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 85–87. 4594: 3126: 2302: 2136:, where his name is invoked, as well as in the 1395: 7270:(1976). "Czechoslovak Excavations at Abusir". 7247: 7060:Untersuchungen zum Titel s3-njśwt "Königssohn" 6369: 5431: 5419: 5407: 3777: 2911: 1954:to the south of Egypt since at least the late 7804: 7692: 7614: 7595: 7577:. In Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard (eds.). 7569: 7480:. Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. 6839: 6250: 5985:. Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern: 165–170. 5903:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 5708:. Oxford University Press. pp. 597–601. 4292: 4094: 3315: 3150: 3099: 3033: 2941: 2795: 2211:, lord of life, and Iny, lord of reverence". 27:Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty 7313: 6133:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 6130: 5989: 5395: 5011: 4987: 4975: 4803: 4764: 4502: 4446: 4431: 4392: 4194: 4018: 3931: 3493: 3464: 2278: 2185: 1878: 1157:. In particular, Africanus relates that the 7392:"Further thoughts on the Khentkaus problem" 7292:(in German). Vol. 8. pp. 243–268. 5696: 5679: 5200: 5114:Discovery of the tomb of Khentkaus III 2015 3661: 2839: 1506: 1408:To the north of Egypt, trade contacts with 1390: 558:Translation uncertain, possibly a nickname: 72:24 to 35 years in the late 25th century BCE 7811: 7797: 5990:Brewer, Douglas J.; Teeter, Emily (1999). 5781: 5682:"Bemerkungen zur Gründung der 6. Dynastie" 5212: 1293: 1215:This view was challenged, most notably by 1189: 1063: 980:constructed during the Old Kingdom, named 945:, and the brother of the short-lived king 45: 7669: 7317:Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir 7235:(in German). Vol. 106. p. 176. 7208: 7174: 7150: 6969:"Sed Festival Reliefs of the Old Kingdom" 6686:. New York: Routledge. pp. 875–876. 6029: 6008: 5955: 5933: 5913: 5700:(2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In 5482: 5455: 5383: 5371: 5224: 5177:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 5150:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 4948: 4899: 4876:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 4851: 4840:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 4583:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 4571:Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995 4003: 3842: 3750: 3738: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3646: 3634: 3583: 3520: 3481: 2988: 2926: 2386: 2016: 1404:Relief of Nyuserre from the Wadi Maghareh 1141:(fl. 283–246 BCE) by the Egyptian priest 11221: 7314:Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). 6864:in the Petrie museum, online collection" 6633: 6608: 6553: 6532: 6433:. Czech Institute of Archaeology: 28–42. 6185: 6100: 5731:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4251: 4239: 3559: 3394:Krejčí, Arias Kytnarová & Odler 2015 3258: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3087: 3063: 3048: 2246: 2189: 2110: 2020: 1974: 1916: 1853: 1824: 1801: 1737: 1695: 1681: 1652: 1600: 1537: 1510: 1399: 1345: 1301: 1243: 1180: 7711: 7652: 7633: 7471: 7451: 7389: 7370: 7287: 7278: 7230: 7057: 6966: 6681: 6662: 6319: 6057: 5976: 5897:Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1955). 5896: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5548: 5470: 5443: 5359: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5305: 5248: 5236: 4999: 4960: 4827: 4737: 4695: 4531: 4485: 4461: 4404: 4264:Bissing, Kees & Borchardt 1905–1928 4154: 3825: 3620:Bissing, Kees & Borchardt 1905–1928 3595: 3547: 3532: 3417: 3351: 3339: 3288: 3273: 3229: 3075: 3021: 2956: 2875: 2863: 2783: 2003:Neferikare's unfinished constructions. 1990: 1814: 1590: 1515:Tomb relief of Iny excavated at Saqqara 168: 14: 11354:Pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 11341: 10368: 9733: 8835: 7861: 7550: 7529: 7494: 7413: 7296: 7266: 7214:À la découverte des pyramides d'Égypte 7195: 7033: 6589: 6566: 6509: 6459: 6437: 6397: 6258:. American University in Cairo Press. 6228: 6206:Goelet, Ogden (1999). "Abu Gurab". In 6205: 6168: 6149: 5943:(in German). Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. 5919:Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-re' 5777:from the original on 14 November 2021. 5641: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5288: 5273: 5137: 4788: 4725: 4710: 4683: 4659: 4635: 4611: 4473: 4416: 4377: 4353: 4326: 4311: 4215: 4175: 4142: 4121: 4109: 4079: 4067: 4042: 4030: 3866: 3854: 3789: 3765: 3571: 3508: 3440: 3405: 3381: 3366: 3327: 3246: 2887: 1527: 1341: 1253:Historical and archaeological evidence 11220: 10337: 9702: 8804: 7830: 7792: 7202:NeHeT – Revue numérique d'Égyptologie 7095: 6991: 6738: 6700: 6272: 5884:(in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 5842: 5815: 5782:Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). 5764: 5745: 5692:. Hildesheim: Pelizaeus-Museum: 1–20. 5188: 5164: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 4931: 4914: 4887: 4863: 4776: 4752: 4728:, pp. 93 & 148–149, no. 426. 4647: 4623: 4546: 4519: 3991: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3813: 3452: 3303: 3000: 2973: 2812: 2634:ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr Ḥwt-Ḥr ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ 1542:The pyramid of Nyuserre Ini in Abusir 1083: 1055:, nearly 1000 years after his death. 10873: 7617:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen 7076: 7012: 6993:"Royal Head, Probably King Nyuserre" 6947: 6803:"Nyuserre on the MMA online catalog" 6131:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). 5722: 5686:Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 4815: 4558: 4276:Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2010 3878: 3726: 3607: 2899: 2660:ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr B3stt ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ 2398:That is, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. 2307: 2299:during his restoration works there. 2150:and "The offerings of Ini". Several 1806:The pyramid of Neferirkare in Abusir 1477: 7417:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 7116:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 6952:. Routledge London & New York. 6741:"Fifth Dynasty Renaissance at Giza" 6592:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 6571:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 6390:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010 6135:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 4228:Strouhal, Černý & Vyhnánek 2000 3167:Digital Egypt for Universities 2016 3090:, p. 40, see also footnote 59. 3051:, p. 40, see also footnote 58. 1829:The unfinished pyramid of Neferefre 1761:. They were arranged so as to read 1742:Altar of the sun temple of Nyuserre 1306:Relief of Nyuserre celebrating his 1131:Nyuserre was also mentioned in the 24: 7401:. Vol. 38. pp. 109–117. 7283:. Vol. 107. pp. 158–169. 6841:"Petrie museum, online collection" 5650: 2744:jm3ḫ(w) ḫr Wsir nb ˁnḫ Jnj nb jm3ḫ 2515:Ancient Egyptian transliteration: 2166:wishes that Nyuserre lives", and " 1946:A temple dedicated to the goddess 1935: 1262:to read with certainty. Following 25: 11365: 7732: 7532:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 7290:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 7096:Smith, William Stevenson (1949). 6445:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 6210:; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.). 5727:Rank and Title in the Old Kingdom 4534:, pp. 250–252 & 265–267. 4366:Reliefs in the Petrie Museum 2017 3934:, pp. 146–147 & 148–149. 2647:ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr Ḥr ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ 2291:(c. 760–656 BCE). In particular, 2214: 1897:until his reign during which the 1605:Ruins of the pyramid Lepsius XXIV 1499:as well as in the tomb of vizier 972:. He built the largest surviving 7738: 7634:Waddell, William Gillan (1971). 6998:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 5962:(in German). Leipzig: Hinrichs. 5362:, pp. 318–319, footnote 26. 2749: 2736: 2723: 2710: 2697: 2688: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2614: 2601: 2592: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2535: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2469:Catalogue number Cairo JE 38570. 2357:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1787:Completion and restoration works 1462:To the south of Egypt, in Lower 519: 467: 218: 53:Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich 7323:. Praha: Academia Škodaexport. 6171:Fouilles de Byblos I. 1926–1932 6112:Œuvres diverses, volume sixième 4097:, pp. 97–98 & 232–234. 3139:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2016 3112:Boston Museum of fine Arts 2016 2484: 2472: 2463: 2450: 2440: 2430: 2420: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2378: 2340: 2327: 2313: 2194:Head of king, probably Nyuserre 1979:Glazed relief showing Khentkaus 1850:Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II 1239: 1108:occupies the 30th entry of the 1092:. The earliest of these is the 867:Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II 7693:Zibelius-Chen, Karola (1978). 7615:von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). 7596:von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). 6826:Digital Egypt for Universities 6370:Jacquet-Gordon, Helen (1962). 5878:Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm von 3994:, pl. 126d & e; fig. 130b. 3980:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3968:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3956:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3944:Porter, Moss & Burney 1981 3802:Porter, Moss & Burney 1951 2242: 2162:wishes that Nyuserre lives", " 2158:wishes that Nyuserre lives", " 2144: 1792:Pyramid complex of Neferirkare 1642: 1470:quarries of Gebel el-Asr near 1451:, on the western shore of the 428:who belongs to the power of Ra 13: 1: 10831:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 7248:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). 6404:Czech Institute of Egyptology 6256:Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza 6038:(PhD). Macquarie University. 5680:Altenmüller, Hartwig (1990). 5485:, pp. 158–159, fig. 132. 5458:, pp. 157–158, fig. 131. 5116:, Charles University website. 2289:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 1677: 547: 408: 357: 246: 119: 7818: 7712:Ziegler, Christiane (2007). 7175:Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). 6533:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 6427:Prague Egyptological Studies 6400:"Pyramid "Lepsius no. XXIV"" 6030:Callender, Vivienne (1992). 5769:. Presentation given at the 4033:, p. 586, footnote 15d. 2852:Encyclopædia Britannica 2016 2762: 2303:Notes, citations and sources 1396:Trade and mining expeditions 1359:thus of the administration. 1096:, which was commissioned by 861:Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai 7: 10764:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 7274:. Munich. pp. 671–675. 6950:Who is who in Ancient Egypt 6575:. Oxford University Press. 6325:Ancient Egyptian Chronology 6101:de Rougé, Emmanuel (1918). 5446:, p. 319, footnote 26. 4902:, p. 25, 109, fig. 88. 4045:, p. 586, footnote 15. 996:, and the valley temple of 10: 11370: 9663:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 9047:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 8811:Second Intermediate Period 7653:Wildung, Dietrich (1969). 7452:Verner, Miroslav (2001a). 7390:Verner, Miroslav (1997b). 7371:Verner, Miroslav (1997a). 7250:A history of ancient Egypt 7178:Texts from the Pyramid Age 6807:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6783:Boston Museum of Fine Arts 6621:. Paris: Didier: 168–186. 6609:Mariette, Auguste (1864). 6300:"Head and torso of a king" 6284:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6254:; Senussi, Ashraf (2008). 6234:A History of Ancient Egypt 6086:Charles University website 5956:Borchardt, Ludwig (1913). 5934:Borchardt, Ludwig (1911). 2389:for a detailed discussion. 2361:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2349:Boston Museum of Fine Arts 1939: 1920: 1882: 1818: 1795: 1646: 1594: 1579:, characteristic of later 1531: 1329:The reliefs of Nyuserre's 1070:Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum 1058: 1008:, to pay attention to the 687: 631: 569: 510: 482: 477: 439: 402:Prenomen (Praenomen) 372: 325: 302: 299: 277: 209: 179: 174: 150: 11325: 11227: 11216: 11114:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 10858: 10804:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 10699: 10671: 10656: 10619: 10591: 10551: 10533: 10483: 10416: 10401: 10359: 10355: 10333: 10283: 10260: 10193: 10116: 10054: 10006: 9991: 9924: 9871: 9783: 9768: 9724: 9720: 9709:Third Intermediate Period 9698: 9621: 9580: 9488: 9420: 9268: 9036: 9021: 8957: 8931: 8883: 8868: 8826: 8822: 8800: 8755: 8715: 8590: 8575: 8509: 8451: 8394: 8335: 8320: 8210: 8139: 8124: 8025: 7909: 7894: 7852: 7848: 7837:First Intermediate Period 7826: 7777: 7766: 7753: 7551:Verner, Miroslav (2014). 7495:Verner, Miroslav (2007). 7399:Discussions in Egyptology 7375:. New York: Grove Press. 7297:Verner, Miroslav (1985). 7204:(in French). Vol. 3. 7151:Strudwick, Nigel (1985). 7058:Schmitz, Bettina (1976). 6967:Richter, Barbara (2013). 6556:Asian and African Studies 6062:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 5512:, pp. 250 & 256. 4866:, p. 418, see n. 24. 2796:Hawass & Senussi 2008 2285:Third Intermediate Period 2279:Third Intermediate Period 2186:First Intermediate Period 2106: 1970: 1879:Valley Temple of Menkaure 1689:'s reconstruction of the 1466:, Nyuserre exploited the 1312:Egyptian Museum of Berlin 1041:First Intermediate Period 929:, the sixth ruler of the 891: 830: 820: 810: 800: 761: 750: 546: 539: 481: 407: 400: 356: 349: 301: 260:(lit. place of the heart) 245: 238: 178: 133:(lit. place of the heart) 118: 111: 100: 90: 76: 66: 59: 44: 39: 34: 11349:25th-century BC pharaohs 10826:Cleopatra VII Philopator 9083:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 7841: (<3150–2040 BC) 7670:Wilkinson, Toby (2000). 6398:Krejčí, Jaromir (2005). 6191:The Royal Canon of Turin 6169:Dunand, Maurice (1939). 5765:Bárta, Miroslav (2018). 5750:. Stacey International. 5396:Brewer & Teeter 1999 5126:The Express Tribune 2015 5012:Dodson & Hilton 2004 4988:Verner & Zemina 1994 4976:Dodson & Hilton 2004 4804:Dodson & Hilton 2004 4765:Verner & Zemina 1994 4503:Verner & Zemina 1994 4447:Verner & Zemina 1994 4432:Verner & Zemina 1994 4393:Verner & Zemina 1994 4195:Verner & Zemina 1994 4019:Verner & Zemina 1994 3932:Verner & Zemina 1994 3729:, p. 297 & 300. 3494:Verner & Zemina 1994 3465:Verner & Zemina 1994 2088:, Nyuserre's successor. 1507:Main building activities 1391:Activities outside Egypt 1176: 793:Unlikely: Menkauhor Kaiu 369:The divine golden falcon 10799:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 10714:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 9008:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 7714:Le Mastaba d'Akhethetep 7196:Tallet, Pierre (2015). 6779:"Niuserre BMFA catalog" 6725:Encyclopædia Britannica 6495:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 6150:Dreyer, Günter (1986). 6066:. Thames & Hudson. 6058:Clayton, Peter (1994). 5992:Egypt and the Egyptians 5746:Baker, Darrell (2008). 5434:, p. 155, num. 16. 5422:, p. 156, num. 18. 5410:, p. 157, num. 25. 5203:, pp. 1–2 & 5. 3857:, pp. 41 & 60. 3845:, p. 136, text 58. 2067: 1234:Mwt Nisw bity Nisw bity 1190:Accession to the throne 1151:Sextus Julius Africanus 1064:Contemporaneous sources 842:Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini 825:Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini 10841:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 10820:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 10814:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 10769:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 10739:Arsinoe III Philopator 9653:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 9123:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 9063:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 8654:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 6948:Rice, Michael (1999). 6929:Posener-Kriéger, Paule 6611:"La table de Saqqarah" 6193:. Griffith Institute. 5771:Harvard Semitic Museum 5658:AFP (4 January 2015). 5227:, p. 36, num. 38. 5213:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4740:, p. 161, fig. 5. 2256: 2195: 2119: 2050:princess Khamerernebty 2026: 2017:Consorts and daughters 1987: 1859: 1844:Sanctuary of the Knife 1830: 1807: 1798:Pyramid of Neferirkare 1751:, one shaped like the 1743: 1704: 1693: 1662: 1606: 1543: 1516: 1405: 1351: 1314: 1249: 1186: 1043:and lasting until the 629:Hieroglyphic variants: 10789:Ptolemy X Alexander I 10754:Ptolemy VI Philometor 10734:Ptolemy IV Philopator 10729:Berenice II Euergetes 10724:Ptolemy III Euergetes 10686:Philip III Arrhidaeus 9195:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 9190:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 8544:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7571:von Beckerath, Jürgen 6701:Munro, Peter (1993). 6510:Lehner, Mark (2015). 6460:Lehner, Mark (2011). 6443:The Complete Pyramids 2250: 2193: 2114: 2024: 1978: 1960:Early Dynastic Period 1923:Sun temple of Userkaf 1917:Sun Temple of Userkaf 1857: 1828: 1805: 1741: 1699: 1685: 1656: 1604: 1541: 1514: 1403: 1349: 1305: 1247: 1184: 1072:, the high officials 990:Sun temple of Userkaf 870:Sun temple of Userkaf 563:(for an overdue baby) 11222:Dynastic genealogies 10846:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 10142:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 10056:High Priests of Amun 9558:Merankhre Mentuhotep 9260:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 9255:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 9108:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 8815: (2040–1550 BC) 8534:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 7747:at Wikimedia Commons 7013:Roth, Silke (2001). 6739:Nolan, John (2012). 6650:. Paris: F. Vieweg. 5723:Baer, Klaus (1960). 5698:Altenmüller, Hartwig 4595:Posener-Kriéger 1976 3261:, p. 4, pl. 17. 3127:Brooklyn Museum 2016 2673:mr Ptḥ ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ 1991:Parents and siblings 1821:Pyramid of Neferefre 1815:Pyramid of Neferefre 1612:Karl Richard Lepsius 1591:Pyramid Lepsius XXIV 1287:University of Prague 1197:Jürgen von Beckerath 1161:mentioned a pharaoh 1004:, last ruler of the 864:Pyramid of Neferefre 845:Pyramid Lepsius XXIV 10744:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10681:Alexander the Great 9713: (1550–664 BC) 9235:Mershepsesre Ini II 9230:Merkawre Sobekhotep 8624:Neferkare IV Khendu 7676:Columbia University 6979:on 24 February 2015 6789:on 22 November 2021 6615:Revue Archéologique 5665:The Express Tribune 5432:Jacquet-Gordon 1962 5420:Jacquet-Gordon 1962 5408:Jacquet-Gordon 1962 5347:, pp. 339–340. 5050:, pp. 621–622. 4674:, pp. 175–176. 4585:, pp. 133–142. 4573:, pp. 143–163. 4295:, pp. 517–518. 4278:, pp. 441–442. 4230:, pp. 549–550. 3828:, pp. 875–876. 3778:Van de Mieroop 2011 3420:, pp. 266–267. 3408:, pp. 596–597. 3306:, pp. 427–428. 3205:, pp. 242–249. 3181:, pp. 294–295. 2912:Van de Mieroop 2011 2054:Hartwig Altenmüller 1885:Pyramid of Menkaure 1534:Pyramid of Nyuserre 1528:Pyramid of Nyuserre 1342:Domestic activities 1201:Hartwig Altenmüller 918:known as Rathurês, 11081:Trebonianus Gallus 9668:Senakhtenre Ahmose 9286:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 9240:Sewahenre Senebmiu 9215:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 8644:Neferkare V Tereru 8614:Neferkare III Neby 8282:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7474:Redford, Donald B. 6860:"Reliefs from the 5702:Redford, Donald B. 4672:Lehner et al. 2011 4293:von Beckerath 1982 4266:, Band 1: Der Bau. 4095:Zibelius-Chen 1978 3316:von Beckerath 1999 3151:Petrie Museum 2016 3100:von Beckerath 1999 3034:von Beckerath 1997 2942:von Beckerath 1999 2335:radiocarbon dating 2267:Later, during the 2257: 2196: 2134:religious formulae 2120: 2027: 1988: 1956:Predynastic Period 1860: 1831: 1808: 1744: 1705: 1694: 1663: 1635:(664–525 BCE) and 1607: 1544: 1517: 1406: 1352: 1315: 1250: 1187: 1084:Historical sources 11334: 11333: 11321: 11320: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11128:Claudius Gothicus 11022:Severus Alexander 10989:Septimius Severus 10854: 10853: 10652: 10651: 10397: 10396: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10036:Osorkon the Elder 9987: 9986: 9764: 9763: 9694: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9658:Nubkheperre Intef 9538:Sekhemre Shedwast 9160:Sehetepkare Intef 9088:Semenkare Nebnuni 9017: 9016: 8864: 8863: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8571: 8570: 8549:Netjerkare Siptah 8471:Neferirkare Kakai 8316: 8315: 8120: 8119: 7890: 7889: 7787: 7786: 7778:Succeeded by 7743:Media related to 7723:978-2-35031-084-8 7704:978-3-88226-012-0 7685:978-0-7103-0667-8 7626:978-3-8053-2591-2 7607:978-3-8053-2310-9 7588:978-3-447-02262-0 7562:978-80-7308-541-4 7487:978-0-19-510234-5 7461:Archiv Orientální 7430:978-80-85425-39-0 7382:978-0-8021-3935-1 7363:978-80-200-0535-9 7330:978-80-200-0022-4 7259:978-1-4051-6071-1 7223:978-2-268-05326-4 7188:978-1-58983-680-8 7167:978-0-7103-0107-9 7088:978-977-424-715-6 7069:978-3-7749-1370-7 7050:978-87-7289-421-8 7026:978-3-447-04368-7 6959:978-0-203-44328-6 6898:978-0-900416-19-4 6712:978-3-8053-1353-7 6693:978-0-415-18589-9 6674:978-80-7308-116-4 6635:Mariette, Auguste 6582:978-0-19-815034-3 6546:978-1-58983-736-2 6525:978-90-04-30189-4 6502:978-1-84217-430-2 6478:on 14 August 2020 6452:978-0-500-28547-3 6334:978-90-04-11385-5 6265:978-977-305-986-6 6243:978-0-631-19396-8 6221:978-0-203-98283-9 6161:978-3-8053-0501-3 6142:978-0-500-05128-3 6088:. 21 January 2015 6073:978-0-500-05074-3 6022:978-0-87846-479-1 6001:978-0-521-44518-4 5969:978-3-535-00577-1 5915:Borchardt, Ludwig 5862:978-2-7247-0250-7 5835:978-2-7247-0250-7 5757:978-1-905299-37-9 5738:978-0-226-03412-6 5715:978-0-19-510234-5 5215:, pp. 57–58. 5191:, pp. 17–19. 4978:, pp. 68–69. 4791:, pp. 77–78. 4686:, pp. 12–13. 4434:, pp. 77–79. 3318:, pp. 56–59. 2742:Ancient Egyptian 2729:Ancient Egyptian 2671:Ancient Egyptian 2658:Ancient Egyptian 2645:Ancient Egyptian 2632:Ancient Egyptian 2620:Ancient Egyptian 2607:Ancient Egyptian 2504:Mn-s.wt-Nj-wsr-Rˁ 2308:Explanatory notes 2229:pyramid complexes 2176:Pepi II Neferkare 1546:Nyuserre built a 1478:Military activity 1427:, where mines of 1379:, founder of the 1364:fragments survive 1285:on behalf of the 939:Neferirkare Kakai 901: 900: 805:Neferirkare Kakai 796: 791: 787: 781: 774: 770: 744: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 731: 730: 724: 723: 716: 715: 685: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 666: 665: 626: 625: 622: 621: 615: 614: 607: 606: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 514: 513: 506: 505: 502: 501: 458: 457: 454: 453: 396: 395: 391: 390: 387: 386: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 329: 328: 323: 322: 319: 318: 293: 292: 289: 288: 262:of the two Ladies 261: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 213: 212: 205: 204: 201: 200: 166: 165: 162: 161: 134: 83:(most likely) or 16:(Redirected from 11361: 11328:List of pharaohs 11218: 11217: 10983:Pescennius Niger 10871: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10779:Ptolemy IX Soter 10749:Cleopatra I Syra 10669: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10366: 10365: 10357: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10335: 10334: 10086:Djedkhonsuefankh 10004: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9781: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9751: 9746: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9700: 9699: 9293:Qareh Khawoserre 9279:Yakbim Sekhaenre 9220:Mersekhemre Ined 9034: 9033: 9030: 9029: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8833: 8832: 8824: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8802: 8801: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8132: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7828: 7827: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7769:Pharaoh of Egypt 7754:Preceded by 7751: 7750: 7742: 7727: 7708: 7689: 7666: 7649: 7630: 7611: 7592: 7566: 7547: 7526: 7520: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7491: 7468: 7458: 7448: 7442: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7396: 7386: 7367: 7348: 7342: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7268:Verner, Miroslav 7263: 7244: 7227: 7210:Tyldesley, Joyce 7205: 7192: 7171: 7159: 7147: 7141: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7092: 7073: 7054: 7030: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6975:. Archived from 6963: 6944: 6924: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6785:. Archived from 6774: 6772: 6770: 6765:on 1 August 2019 6764: 6758:. Archived from 6745: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6716: 6697: 6678: 6659: 6649: 6630: 6605: 6586: 6574: 6563: 6550: 6529: 6506: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6466: 6456: 6434: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6394: 6383: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6295: 6269: 6247: 6225: 6202: 6182: 6165: 6146: 6127: 6117: 6107:Naville, Édouard 6097: 6095: 6093: 6077: 6065: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6026: 6005: 5986: 5973: 5952: 5942: 5930: 5910: 5893: 5873: 5872:on 2 April 2015. 5871: 5865:. 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Hayes 2317: 2283:During the late 2269:Ramesside period 2254: 2202: 1982: 1907:Khentkaus I 1687:Ludwig Borchardt 1660: 1657:Ruins of Lepsius 1616:list of pyramids 1581:Egyptian temples 1110:Abydos King List 1094:Karnak king list 924:Ancient Egyptian 876:Mortuary complex 794: 789: 785: 779: 772: 768: 707: 706: 699: 698: 692: 691: 688: 651: 650: 643: 642: 636: 635: 632: 595: 594: 587: 586: 574: 573: 570: 548: 523: 522: 487: 486: 483: 475: 471: 470: 464: 444: 443: 440: 436: 409: 377: 376: 373: 362:Bik Nebu Netjeri 358: 307: 306: 303: 297: 282: 281: 278: 274: 270: 269: 259: 247: 222: 221: 184: 183: 180: 172: 155: 154: 151: 147: 143: 142: 135:of the two lands 132: 120: 109: 108: 49: 32: 31: 21: 11369: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11339: 11338: 11335: 11330: 11317: 11223: 11200: 11100:Macrianus Minor 11029:Maximinus Thrax 10965:Marcus Aurelius 10864: 10863: 10862: 10850: 10709:Ptolemy I Soter 10695: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10648: 10615: 10587: 10547: 10529: 10509:Psammetichus IV 10479: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10393: 10371: 10362: 10351: 10348:(664 BC–313 AD) 10347: 10346: 10317: 10279: 10256: 10252:Menkheperre Ini 10189: 10112: 10050: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9983: 9920: 9867: 9848:Neferneferuaten 9774: 9773: 9772: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9744: 9743:Pharaohs 9736: 9727: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9682: 9617: 9576: 9503:Sobekhotep VIII 9484: 9416: 9264: 9225:Sewadjkare Hori 9027: 9026: 9025: 9013: 8953: 8927: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8860: 8838: 8829: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8784: 8751: 8711: 8619:Djedkare Shemai 8581: 8580: 8579: 8567: 8505: 8447: 8390: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8312: 8206: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8116: 8021: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7886: 7864: 7855: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7822: 7817: 7783: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7705: 7686: 7627: 7608: 7589: 7563: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7504: 7488: 7456: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7420: 7394: 7383: 7364: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7320: 7260: 7224: 7189: 7168: 7157: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7119: 7089: 7070: 7051: 7027: 7003: 7001: 6982: 6980: 6960: 6912: 6899: 6888: 6872: 6870: 6849: 6847: 6830: 6828: 6811: 6809: 6792: 6790: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6743: 6729: 6727: 6713: 6694: 6675: 6647: 6639:Maspero, Gaston 6602: 6583: 6547: 6526: 6503: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6464: 6453: 6422: 6408: 6406: 6358: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6335: 6310: 6308: 6305:Brooklyn Museum 6266: 6244: 6230:Grimal, Nicolas 6222: 6162: 6143: 6115: 6103:Maspero, Gaston 6091: 6089: 6074: 6048: 6046: 6023: 6002: 5970: 5940: 5869: 5863: 5852: 5836: 5825: 5800: 5799: 5786: 5758: 5739: 5716: 5670: 5668: 5653: 5651:General sources 5648: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5304: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4938: 4930: 4921: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4650:, pp. 4–5. 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4509: 4501: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4299: 4291: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4201: 4193: 4182: 4174: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2819: 2811: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2457:Joyce Tyldesley 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2379: 2369:Egyptian Museum 2353:Brooklyn Museum 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2281: 2252: 2245: 2217: 2200: 2188: 2147: 2125:Twelfth Dynasty 2117:Egyptian Museum 2109: 2070: 2019: 1993: 1985:Náprstek Museum 1980: 1973: 1944: 1942:Temple of Satet 1938: 1936:Temple of Satet 1925: 1919: 1899:Giza necropolis 1887: 1881: 1852: 1823: 1817: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1702:Egyptian Museum 1680: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1599: 1593: 1556:Mensut Nyuserre 1550:for himself at 1536: 1530: 1509: 1501:Senedjemib Mehi 1480: 1437:Egyptian Museum 1398: 1393: 1344: 1300: 1255: 1242: 1217:Miroslav Verner 1192: 1179: 1086: 1066: 1061: 1045:Twelfth Dynasty 1010:Giza necropolis 976:to the sun god 955:Miroslav Verner 886:Temple of Satet 884: 882: 874: 872: 868: 866: 862: 860: 858: 851: 847: 843: 841: 792: 783: 746: 745: 736: 711: 686: 655: 630: 628: 627: 599: 568: 564: 561:The delayed one 559: 557: 553: 520: 497: 491: 468: 430: 426: 418: 414: 392: 382: 371: 367: 363: 314: 264: 256: 252: 219: 196: 191: 137: 129: 125: 106: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11367: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11332: 11331: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11196:Maximinus Daza 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10955:Antoninus Pius 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10879: 10877: 10868: 10865:(30 BC–313 AD) 10856: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10666: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10629:Artaxerxes III 10625: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10585: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10505: 10500: 10498:Petubastis III 10495: 10489: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10435: 10430: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10363: 10360: 10353: 10352: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10289: 10287: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10060: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10012: 10010: 10001: 9993:3 Intermediate 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9789: 9787: 9778: 9775:(1550–1070 BC) 9766: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9728: 9725: 9718: 9717: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9586: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9508:Neferhotep III 9505: 9500: 9494: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9426: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9338:Sewadjkare III 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9307:Maaibre Sheshi 9303: 9300:'Ammu Ahotepre 9296: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9210:Merhotepre Ini 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9170:Sobekhotep III 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9042: 9040: 9031: 9028:(1802–1550 BC) 9023:2 Intermediate 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8918:Mentuhotep III 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8878: 8875:(2040–1802 BC) 8870:Middle Kingdom 8866: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8820: 8819: 8807:Middle Kingdom 8798: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8770:Neferkare VIII 8767: 8761: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8735:Nebkaure Khety 8732: 8727: 8725:Meryibre Khety 8721: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8659:Neferkamin Anu 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8585: 8582:(2181–2040 BC) 8577:1 Intermediate 8573: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8496:Djedkare Isesi 8493: 8491:Menkauhor Kaiu 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8330: 8327:(2686–2181 BC) 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8134: 8131:(3150–2686 BC) 8126:Early Dynastic 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8031: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7913: 7904: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7856: 7853: 7846: 7845: 7824: 7823: 7816: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7784: 7781:Menkauhor Kaiu 7779: 7776: 7765: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7734: 7733:External links 7731: 7729: 7728: 7722: 7709: 7703: 7690: 7684: 7667: 7650: 7631: 7625: 7612: 7606: 7593: 7587: 7567: 7561: 7548: 7527: 7492: 7486: 7469: 7449: 7429: 7411: 7387: 7381: 7368: 7362: 7349: 7329: 7311: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7264: 7258: 7245: 7228: 7222: 7206: 7193: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7148: 7128: 7110: 7093: 7087: 7074: 7068: 7055: 7049: 7031: 7025: 7010: 6989: 6964: 6958: 6945: 6925: 6903: 6897: 6879: 6856: 6837: 6822:"Nyuserre Ini" 6818: 6799: 6775: 6736: 6717: 6711: 6698: 6692: 6679: 6673: 6660: 6631: 6606: 6600: 6587: 6581: 6564: 6551: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6507: 6501: 6488: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6415: 6395: 6384: 6367: 6359:|journal= 6333: 6317: 6296: 6274:Hayes, William 6270: 6264: 6248: 6242: 6226: 6220: 6203: 6187:Gardiner, Alan 6183: 6166: 6160: 6147: 6141: 6128: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6055: 6027: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5968: 5953: 5931: 5911: 5894: 5874: 5861: 5840: 5834: 5813: 5779: 5762: 5756: 5743: 5737: 5720: 5714: 5694: 5677: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5644:, p. 348. 5631: 5629:, p. 170. 5619: 5617:, p. 322. 5607: 5605:, p. 321. 5592: 5580: 5578:, p. 326. 5568: 5566:, p. 318. 5553: 5551:, p. 336. 5538: 5536:, p. 246. 5526: 5524:, p. 248. 5514: 5502: 5500:, p. 245. 5487: 5483:Borchardt 1907 5475: 5473:, p. 317. 5460: 5456:Borchardt 1907 5448: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5384:Brovarski 2001 5376: 5372:Brovarski 2001 5364: 5349: 5337: 5335:, p. 337. 5325: 5323:, p. 333. 5310: 5308:, p. 313. 5293: 5291:, p. 180. 5278: 5276:, p. 257. 5253: 5251:, p. 340. 5241: 5239:, p. 314. 5229: 5225:Borchardt 1911 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5179:, p. 129. 5169: 5154: 5152:, p. 121. 5142: 5130: 5118: 5103: 5101:, p. 622. 5091: 5089:, p. 665. 5079: 5077:, p. 297. 5064: 5062:, p. 621. 5052: 5040: 5038:, p. 326. 5028: 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 176. 4992: 4990:, p. 183. 4980: 4965: 4963:, p. 403. 4953: 4951:, p. 115. 4949:Callender 1992 4936: 4934:, p. 233. 4919: 4917:, p. 485. 4904: 4900:Borchardt 1907 4892: 4890:, p. 486. 4880: 4868: 4856: 4852:Strudwick 2005 4844: 4842:, p. 171. 4832: 4820: 4818:, p. 106. 4808: 4793: 4781: 4779:, p. 335. 4769: 4767:, p. 126. 4757: 4755:, p. 234. 4742: 4730: 4715: 4713:, p. 150. 4700: 4698:, p. 390. 4688: 4676: 4664: 4662:, p. 306. 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4614:, p. 292. 4599: 4597:, p. 532. 4587: 4575: 4563: 4561:, p. 317. 4551: 4549:, p. 554. 4536: 4524: 4522:, p. 553. 4507: 4505:, p. 123. 4490: 4488:, p. 111. 4478: 4476:, p. 147. 4466: 4464:, p. 400. 4451: 4436: 4421: 4419:, p. 293. 4409: 4407:, pl. I–XXIII. 4397: 4395:, p. 110. 4382: 4380:, p. 152. 4370: 4358: 4356:, p. 151. 4331: 4316: 4297: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4254:, p. 205. 4244: 4242:, p. 211. 4232: 4220: 4199: 4180: 4159: 4157:, p. 316. 4147: 4145:, p. 149. 4126: 4124:, p. 117. 4114: 4112:, p. 116. 4099: 4084: 4082:, p. 407. 4072: 4070:, p. 148. 4047: 4035: 4023: 4021:, p. 141. 4008: 4006:, p. 158. 4004:Brovarski 2001 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 422. 3972: 3970:, p. 394. 3960: 3958:, p. 421. 3948: 3946:, p. 424. 3936: 3924: 3912: 3910:, p. 115. 3900: 3883: 3881:, p. 451. 3871: 3859: 3847: 3843:Strudwick 2005 3830: 3818: 3806: 3804:, p. 390. 3794: 3792:, p. 280. 3782: 3770: 3755: 3751:Wilkinson 2000 3743: 3741:, p. 339. 3739:Strudwick 1985 3731: 3719: 3717:, p. 341. 3715:Strudwick 1985 3707: 3705:, p. 340. 3703:Strudwick 1985 3695: 3693:, p. 238. 3691:Tyldesley 2005 3683: 3681:, p. 337. 3679:Strudwick 1985 3666: 3664:, p. 597. 3651: 3649:, p. 338. 3647:Strudwick 1985 3639: 3635:Brovarski 2001 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 173. 3600: 3588: 3584:Borchardt 1913 3576: 3564: 3552: 3550:, p. 484. 3537: 3535:, p. 416. 3525: 3521:Brovarski 2001 3513: 3511:, p. 672. 3498: 3496:, p. 180. 3486: 3482:Strudwick 1985 3469: 3467:, p. 189. 3457: 3455:, p. 451. 3445: 3443:, p. 146. 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3384:, p. 589. 3371: 3369:, p. 282. 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3293: 3291:, p. 401. 3278: 3263: 3251: 3234: 3232:, p. 320. 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3143: 3131: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3053: 3038: 3026: 3024:, p. 404. 3005: 2993: 2989:Strudwick 1985 2978: 2961: 2959:, p. 491. 2946: 2944:, p. 283. 2931: 2929:, p. xxx. 2927:Strudwick 2005 2916: 2904: 2902:, p. 141. 2892: 2890:, p. 100. 2880: 2878:, p. 215. 2868: 2856: 2844: 2842:, p. 599. 2817: 2800: 2788: 2786:, p. 589. 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2677: 2664: 2651: 2638: 2625: 2613: 2600: 2591: 2589:priest of Min. 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2534: 2521: 2508: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2462: 2449: 2439: 2429: 2419: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2377: 2375:and many more. 2339: 2326: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2280: 2277: 2244: 2241: 2216: 2215:Middle Kingdom 2213: 2187: 2184: 2146: 2143: 2108: 2105: 2101:Djedkare Isesi 2086:Menkauhor Kaiu 2069: 2066: 2018: 2015: 1992: 1989: 1983:II enthroned, 1972: 1969: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1851: 1848: 1840:hypostyle hall 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1679: 1676: 1649:Double Pyramid 1647:Main article: 1644: 1641: 1595:Main article: 1592: 1589: 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1522:that of Sahure 1508: 1505: 1479: 1476: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1343: 1340: 1299: 1292: 1272:Nicolas Grimal 1254: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1126:Saqqara Tablet 1085: 1082: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1049:Middle Kingdom 1006:Fourth Dynasty 959:Menkauhor Kaiu 899: 898: 893: 889: 888: 832: 828: 827: 822: 818: 817: 812: 808: 807: 802: 798: 797: 763: 759: 758: 752: 748: 747: 742: 741: 738: 737: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 703: 702: 696: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657: 647: 646: 640: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 591: 590: 584: 581: 578: 551: 544: 543: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 517: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 493: 479: 478: 472: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 432: 431: 412: 405: 404: 398: 397: 394: 393: 389: 388: 385: 384: 361: 354: 353: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 332: 330: 327: 326: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 266: 265: 258:The favourite 250: 243: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 176: 175: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 139: 138: 131:The favourite 123: 116: 115: 107: 104:Royal titulary 102: 101: 98: 97: 95:Menkauhor Kaiu 92: 88: 87: 78: 74: 73: 70: 64: 63: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11366: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11337: 11329: 11324: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11219: 11215: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10774:Cleopatra III 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10579: 10577: 10576:Nepherites II 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10390: 10387: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10367: 10364: 10358: 10354: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10107:Psusennes III 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998:(1069–664 BC) 9994: 9990: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9964:Ramesses VIII 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9833:Amenhotep III 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9756: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9710: 9706: 9701: 9697: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9673:Seqenenre Tao 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Sobekemsaf II 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9598:Wepwawetemsaf 9595: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205:Merneferre Ay 9203: 9201: 9200:Wahibre Ibiau 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9185:Sobekhotep IV 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9009: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992:Amenemhat III 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8923:Mentuhotep IV 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8913:Mentuhotep II 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8854: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8775:Wahkare Khety 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Neferkare VII 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8277:Seth-Peribsen 8275: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:Hotepsekhemwy 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8010:Double Falcon 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7901:(pre-3150 BC) 7897: 7896:Protodynastic 7893: 7883: 7880: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7838: 7834: 7833:Protodynastic 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7782: 7775: 7774:Fifth Dynasty 7771: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7467:(3): 363–418. 7466: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7432: 7426: 7419: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7305:(in French). 7304: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7131: 7129:80-85425-39-4 7125: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6869: 6868:Petrie Museum 6865: 6863: 6857: 6846: 6845:Petrie Museum 6842: 6838: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6617:(in French). 6616: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6601:80-85425-39-4 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6562:(2): 205–223. 6561: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6321:Hornung, Erik 6318: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208:Bard, Kathryn 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5793:(in French). 5792: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5398:, p. 52. 5397: 5392: 5386:, p. 70. 5385: 5380: 5374:, p. 55. 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5140:, p. 58. 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5014:, p. 69. 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4878:, p. 70. 4877: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 27. 4853: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4830:, p. 29. 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 64. 4805: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4638:, p. 13. 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4449:, p. 79. 4448: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4329:, p. 86. 4328: 4323: 4321: 4314:, p. 78. 4313: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4252:Magdolen 2008 4248: 4241: 4240:Magdolen 2008 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4197:, p. 83. 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 66. 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3898:, p. 58. 3897: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3869:, p. 39. 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3822: 3816:, p. 67. 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3780:, p. 65. 3779: 3774: 3768:, p. 58. 3767: 3762: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3637:, p. 98. 3636: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3574:, p. 77. 3573: 3568: 3561: 3560:Gardiner 1959 3556: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 12. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3484:, p. 89. 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 40. 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3276:, p. 51. 3275: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3259:Mariette 1864 3255: 3249:, p. 13. 3248: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3217:, p. 88. 3216: 3215:de Rougé 1918 3211: 3204: 3203:Mariette 1885 3199: 3193:, p. 89. 3192: 3191:de Rougé 1918 3187: 3180: 3179:Mariette 1885 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3102:, p. 59. 3101: 3096: 3089: 3088:Leprohon 2013 3084: 3078:, p. 61. 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 40. 3065: 3064:Leprohon 2013 3060: 3058: 3050: 3049:Leprohon 2013 3045: 3043: 3036:, p. 56. 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3003:, p. 58. 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2914:, p. 55. 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2866:, p. 60. 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2798:, p. 10. 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2731:jm3ḫw ḫr Jnjj 2726: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2458: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2423: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:Petrie Museum 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2262:Thutmosis III 2249: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2199:Heryshefhotep 2192: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2093:Khentkaus III 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661:XXV in Abusir 1655: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1614:' pioneering 1613: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1587:of the king. 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Wadi Maghareh 1417: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381:Third Dynasty 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368:First Dynasty 1365: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1339: 1337: 1336:Amenhotep III 1332: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Alan Gardiner 1260: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104:. Nyuserre's 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Fifth Dynasty 928: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 896:Fifth Dynasty 894: 890: 887: 881: 877: 871: 865: 857: 854: 850: 846: 839: 838: 833: 829: 826: 823: 819: 816: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 778: 767: 766:Khamerernebty 764: 760: 756: 753: 749: 726: 720: 719: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 676: 670: 669: 661: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 617: 611: 610: 602: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 567: 566:The eyebrows 562: 556: 550: 549: 545: 542: 538: 518: 516: 509: 494: 489: 488: 485: 484: 480: 476: 473: 466: 465: 462: 460: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 429: 425: 423: 420:Possessed of 417: 411: 410: 406: 403: 399: 379: 378: 375: 374: 370: 366: 365:Bjk-nbw-nṯr.j 360: 359: 355: 352: 348: 333: 331: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 298: 295: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 263: 255: 249: 248: 244: 241: 237: 217: 215: 208: 194: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 177: 173: 170: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 128: 122: 121: 117: 114: 110: 105: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 11336: 11173: 11166: 11159: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11086: 11079: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 10981: 10974: 10960:Lucius Verus 10917: 10818: 10794:Berenice III 10784:Cleopatra IV 10759:Cleopatra II 10691:Alexander IV 10611:Nectanebo II 10580: 10561:Nepherites I 10520:Artaxerxes I 10507: 10437: 10425: 10408:(664–332 BC) 10388: 10344:Roman Period 10246:Shoshenq VII 10244: 10217: 10177: 10158:Shoshenq III 10140: 10105: 10068: 10046:Psusennes II 9959:Ramesses VII 9939:Ramesses III 9823:Amenhotep II 9818:Thutmose III 9754: 9643:Sobekemsaf I 9635: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9569: 9562: 9467: 9450: 9445:'Aper-'Anati 9443: 9436: 9429: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9353:Sekheperenre 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9175:Neferhotep I 9165:Seth Meribre 9142: 9128:Djedkheperew 9045: 9006: 8997:Amenemhat IV 8987:Senusret III 8977:Amenemhat II 8893:Mentuhotep I 8855: 8744: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8609:Neferkare II 8560: 8553: 8486:Nyuserre Ini 8485: 8440: 8423: 8378: 8371: 8359: 8300: 8295:Neferkasokar 8293: 8286: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8199: 8192: 8100: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8043:Finger Snail 8041: 8034: 8014: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7881: 7767: 7745:Nyuserre Ini 7713: 7694: 7671: 7654: 7636: 7616: 7597: 7578: 7552: 7535: 7531: 7505:. Retrieved 7500: 7477: 7464: 7460: 7416: 7398: 7372: 7353: 7316: 7306: 7302: 7289: 7280: 7271: 7249: 7232: 7213: 7201: 7177: 7153: 7115: 7097: 7078: 7059: 7039: 7015: 7002:. Retrieved 6996: 6981:. Retrieved 6977:the original 6972: 6949: 6932: 6908: 6884: 6871:. Retrieved 6867: 6861: 6848:. Retrieved 6844: 6829:. Retrieved 6825: 6810:. Retrieved 6806: 6791:. Retrieved 6787:the original 6782: 6767:. Retrieved 6760:the original 6747: 6728:. Retrieved 6702: 6683: 6664: 6643: 6618: 6614: 6591: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6535: 6515: 6492: 6480:. Retrieved 6473:the original 6468: 6442: 6439:Lehner, Mark 6430: 6426: 6407:. Retrieved 6403: 6389: 6371: 6324: 6309:. Retrieved 6303: 6282:. New York: 6278: 6255: 6252:Hawass, Zahi 6233: 6211: 6190: 6170: 6151: 6132: 6111: 6090:. Retrieved 6085: 6061: 6047:. Retrieved 6035: 6011: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5958: 5936: 5918: 5906: 5902: 5881: 5867:the original 5848: 5844:Baud, Michel 5821: 5817:Baud, Michel 5803:cite journal 5794: 5790: 5747: 5726: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5669:. Retrieved 5663: 5627:Wildung 1969 5622: 5615:Morales 2006 5610: 5603:Morales 2006 5588:Bothmer 1974 5583: 5576:Morales 2006 5571: 5564:Morales 2006 5549:Morales 2006 5529: 5517: 5505: 5478: 5471:Morales 2006 5451: 5444:Morales 2006 5439: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5360:Morales 2006 5345:Morales 2006 5340: 5333:Morales 2006 5328: 5321:Morales 2006 5306:Morales 2006 5249:Morales 2006 5244: 5237:Morales 2006 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5167:, p. 9. 5145: 5133: 5121: 5094: 5082: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 5000:Vachala 1979 4995: 4983: 4961:Verner 2001a 4956: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4828:Schmitz 1976 4823: 4811: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4738:Verner 1980a 4733: 4696:Verner 2001a 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4626:, p. 4. 4619: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4532:Verner 1980b 4527: 4486:Verner 1997b 4481: 4469: 4462:Verner 2001a 4412: 4405:Bissing 1955 4400: 4373: 4361: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4155:Verner 1997a 4150: 4117: 4075: 4038: 4026: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3826:Mumford 1999 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3753:, p. 1. 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3642: 3615: 3603: 3596:Richter 2013 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3548:Hornung 2012 3533:Verner 2001a 3528: 3516: 3489: 3460: 3448: 3418:Verner 1980b 3413: 3401: 3389: 3352:Verner 2001b 3347: 3340:Verner 2001a 3335: 3323: 3311: 3289:Verner 2001a 3274:Waddell 1971 3254: 3230:Morales 2006 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3146: 3134: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3076:Clayton 1994 3071: 3029: 3022:Verner 2001a 2996: 2991:, p. 3. 2976:, p. 3. 2957:Hornung 2012 2907: 2895: 2883: 2876:Ziegler 2007 2871: 2864:Clayton 1994 2859: 2847: 2791: 2784:Verner 2001b 2751: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2712: 2699: 2690: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2581:In Egyptian 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2465: 2452: 2442: 2432: 2422: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2380: 2342: 2329: 2315: 2282: 2266: 2258: 2218: 2205: 2197: 2179: 2173: 2151: 2148: 2130: 2121: 2097: 2090: 2073: 2071: 2047: 2031:Lepsius XXIV 2028: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997:Khentkaus II 1994: 1945: 1928: 1926: 1911: 1888: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1836: 1832: 1809: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1745: 1732: 1724: 1718: 1706: 1690: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1629: 1620: 1608: 1597:Lepsius XXIV 1564: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1518: 1481: 1461: 1457:cattle count 1453:Gulf of Suez 1418: 1407: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1330: 1328: 1319:Sed festival 1316: 1307: 1295: 1280: 1258: 1256: 1240:Reign length 1233: 1226:Khentkaus II 1222: 1214: 1209: 1193: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1132: 1130: 1098:Thutmose III 1087: 1074:Khufukhaf II 1067: 1037: 1014: 985: 981: 963: 943:Khentkaus II 919: 912:Neuserre Ini 911: 908:Niuserre Ini 907: 904:Nyuserre Ini 903: 902: 855: 835: 815:Khentkaus II 784:Khentykauhor 771:, Reputnebty 565: 560: 554: 427: 419: 415: 368: 364: 351:Golden Horus 257: 253: 130: 126: 35:Nyuserre Ini 29: 11064:Gordian III 11009:Diadumenian 10809:Cleopatra V 10663:(332–30 BC) 10658:Hellenistic 10601:Nectanebo I 10493:Cambyses II 10475:Psamtik III 10433:Tefnakht II 10235:Takelot III 10230:Osorkon III 10225:Shoshenq VI 10179:Pedubast II 10163:Shoshenq IV 10136:Shoshenq II 10101:Pinedjem II 10091:Menkheperre 10026:Psusennes I 9979:Ramesses XI 9969:Ramesses IX 9954:Ramesses VI 9944:Ramesses IV 9891:Ramesses II 9853:Tutankhamun 9828:Thutmose IV 9808:Thutmose II 9798:Amenhotep I 9770:New Kingdom 9705:New Kingdom 9564:Senusret IV 9548:Dedumose II 9523:Nebiriau II 9518:Nebiryraw I 9513:Mentuhotepi 9318:Khakherewre 9245:Merkheperre 9155:Imyremeshaw 9138:Sedjefakare 9093:Sehetepibre 9068:Ameny Qemau 9002:Sobekneferu 8982:Senusret II 8967:Amenemhat I 8949:Iyibkhentre 8679:Neferirkare 8674:Neferkauhor 8481:Shepseskare 8322:Old Kingdom 8308:Khasekhemwy 8288:Neferkara I 8257:Weneg-Nebty 8102:Scorpion II 7757:Shepseskare 7538:: 407–410. 7507:26 November 7501:Archaeogate 7035:Ryholt, Kim 7004:16 December 6983:24 February 6409:24 November 5642:Grimal 1992 5534:Malek 2000b 5522:Malek 2000b 5510:Malek 2000b 5498:Malek 2000b 5289:Grimal 1992 5274:Malek 2000b 5138:Verner 2014 4789:Grimal 1992 4726:Dreyer 1986 4711:Lehner 2008 4684:Lehner 2011 4660:Lehner 2015 4636:Lehner 2011 4612:Lehner 2015 4474:Lehner 2008 4417:Lehner 2015 4378:Lehner 2008 4354:Lehner 2008 4327:Goelet 1999 4312:Grimal 1992 4216:Krejčí 2005 4176:Verner 2007 4143:Lehner 2008 4122:Grimal 1992 4110:Grimal 1992 4080:Verner 2012 4068:Lehner 2008 4043:Verner 2000 4031:Verner 2000 3867:Tallet 2015 3855:Tallet 2015 3790:Dunand 1939 3766:Grimal 1992 3586:, Blatt 45. 3572:Grimal 1992 3509:Verner 1976 3441:Lehner 2008 3406:Verner 2000 3382:Verner 2000 3367:Verner 1985 3328:Verner 2000 3247:Ryholt 1997 2888:Malek 2000a 2243:New Kingdom 2233:Amenemhat I 2145:Old Kingdom 2082:Michel Baud 2058:Sheretnebty 2043:Ptahshepses 2035:Lepsius XXV 1952:Elephantine 1719:Located in 1643:Lepsius XXV 1294:Nyuserre's 1230:Ptahshepses 1206:Shepseskare 1118:Turin canon 1090:New Kingdom 1053:New Kingdom 1029:Lower Nubia 966:for himself 951:Shepseskare 935:Old Kingdom 933:during the 849:Lepsius XXV 777:Sheretnebty 81:Shepseskare 77:Predecessor 11343:Categories 11181:Diocletian 11135:Quintillus 11088:Aemilianus 11043:Gordian II 11015:Elagabalus 10836:Arsinoe IV 10719:Arsinoe II 10644:Darius III 10571:Psammuthes 10460:Psamtik II 10275:Bakenranef 10213:Pedubast I 10208:Takelot II 10203:Harsiese A 10185:Osorkon IV 10173:Shoshenq V 10153:Osorkon II 10126:Shoshenq I 10096:Smendes II 10076:Pinedjem I 10021:Amenemnisu 9974:Ramesses X 9949:Ramesses V 9901:Amenmesses 9881:Ramesses I 9843:Smenkhkare 9813:Hatshepsut 9803:Thutmose I 9553:Montuemsaf 9543:Dedumose I 9343:Nebdjefare 9333:Merdjefare 9103:Nedjemibre 9098:Sewadjkare 8972:Senusret I 8944:Qakare Ini 8765:Meryhathor 8669:Neferkaure 8664:Qakare Iby 8649:Neferkahor 8634:Neferkamin 8442:Thamphthis 8436:Shepseskaf 8350:Sekhemkhet 8201:Horus Bird 8078:Scorpion I 7575:"Niuserre" 7309:: 281–284. 6873:17 January 6862:Shesepibre 6850:28 October 6831:28 October 6812:29 October 6793:30 October 6769:29 October 6730:25 October 6721:"Neuserre" 6482:30 October 6311:30 October 6049:25 October 5909:: 319–338. 5189:Munro 1993 5165:Baud 1999a 5099:Baud 1999b 5087:Baud 1999b 5075:Baud 1999a 5060:Baud 1999b 5048:Baud 1999b 5036:Baud 1999a 5024:Bárta 2018 4932:Baud 1999a 4915:Baud 1999b 4888:Baud 1999b 4864:Baud 1999b 4777:Baud 1999a 4753:Baud 1999a 4648:Nolan 2012 4624:Nolan 2012 4547:Baud 1999b 4520:Baud 1999b 3992:Smith 1949 3920:Hayes 1978 3908:Hayes 1978 3896:Smith 1949 3814:Hayes 1978 3453:Baud 1999b 3304:Baker 2008 3001:Hayes 1978 2974:Nolan 2012 2813:LACMA 2016 2585:, meaning 2543:Shesepibre 2273:Khaemweset 2237:Senusret I 2221:Senusret I 2138:onomastics 1895:Shepseskaf 1753:hieroglyph 1725:Shesepibre 1721:Abu Ghurob 1709:sun temple 1691:Shesepibre 1678:Sun Temple 1449:Ain Sukhna 1310:festival, 1283:necropolis 1276:Kim Ryholt 1268:facsimiles 1259:Aegyptiaca 1257:Manetho's 1210:Aegyptiaca 1167:Hellenised 1159:Aegyptiaca 1139:Ptolemy II 1134:Aegyptiaca 1002:Shepseskaf 982:Shesepibre 941:and queen 883:Uncertain: 873:Renovated: 859:Completed: 856:Shesepibre 853:Sun temple 254:Nbti st ib 251:Nebtisetib 240:Nebty name 127:St jb tȝwj 113:Horus name 11313:Ptolemaic 11121:Gallienus 11036:Gordian I 10999:Caracalla 10925:Vespasian 10919:Vitellius 10701:Ptolemaic 10543:Amyrtaeus 10525:Darius II 10470:Ahmose II 10450:Psamtik I 10389:uncertain 10377:Pharaohs 10313:Tanutamun 10148:Takelot I 10131:Osorkon I 10081:Masaharta 10031:Amenemope 9934:Setnakhte 9896:Merneptah 9838:Akhenaten 9755:uncertain 9637:Nebmaatre 9458:Sakir-Har 9411:Yaqub-Har 9323:Nebefawre 9073:Hotepibre 8939:Segerseni 8908:Intef III 8856:uncertain 8844:Pharaohs 8476:Neferefre 8302:Hudjefa I 8183:Semerkhet 7920:Hedju Hor 7882:uncertain 7870:Pharaohs 7762:Neferefre 7663:635608696 7439:cite book 7407:0268-3083 7339:cite book 7241:2196-713X 7138:cite book 7106:558013099 6921:312542797 6756:1944-0014 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