Pyramid of Neferefre

525: 248: 995:, likely a wife of Neferefre, was discovered near his unfinished pyramid in Abusir. She was buried in a mastaba 16.12 m (52.9 ft; 30.76 cu) long by 10.70 m (35.1 ft; 20.42 cu) wide and with masonry preserved up to a height of 3.30 m (10.8 ft; 6.30 cu). The mastaba superstructure was primarily composed of locally quarried yellow and grey limestone, with a core of mudbrick, limestone debris, and pottery. This was encased in poor quality, unpolished white limestone indicating that construction was abandoned before completion. 675:

to expand his tomb gradually over the course of his reign, but if this was the case, then there should be a correlation between regnal duration and pyramid size, yet no such relationship exists. Borchardt, who resurveyed the pyramids between 1902–08, further promulgated the theory after discovering what he believed were accretion layers in Sahure's pyramid. His model of the internal structure of Sahure's pyramid, displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and his published plans for the Abusir pyramids garnered the hypothesis widespread support. The Egyptologists

809: 29: 432: 742: 642: 762:. In the middle of the corridor was a further security measure in the form of a massive red granite interlocking "jaw" barrier. A barrier of this type has not been verified in any other building, but appears to have been included due to the lack of protection for the tomb from above. The corridor terminates at an antechamber, with a burial chamber lying further to the west. The rooms are oriented along the east-west axis and each apartment was originally covered by a 255: 847:

temple had a simple layout, with an unusual orientation along the north-south axis, and constructed from fine white limestone. Its sole entrance was a low stepped staircase on its south side, that led directly into a vestibule. Here, priests conducted purification rituals prior to entry, as evidenced by a small floor-set basin. The remaining temple comprised three chambers. The largest and most significant was the offering hall, which had a red granite

879: 1024:. The Abusir monuments were further dismantled at this time, as their limestone was sought after in lime production. Traces of this activity have been found in Neferefre's temple, particularly in the corridor and funerary apartments. Two limestone blocks from the north-east corner of the pyramid have incised Arabic inscriptions on them, most likely authored by commoner passers-by. The inscriptions were written in 3331: 865:

clearly influenced by the predicament of building a royal temple in front of a non-standard, non-pyramid royal tomb to break with custom and improvise. He retained the north-south orientation, but moved the entrance to the centre of the eastern façade, underneath a portico adorned with two white limestone lotus stalk columns. These supported an architrave, upon which a wood floored roof terrace was built.

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western temple – one was repurposed to accommodate the ritual burial of two damaged wooden cult boats, apparently adorned with two thousand carnelian beads. The northern sector of the temple contained ten two-story storage magazines, arranged in two rows of five rooms opposite each other, all accessed from a single passage. Their arrangement reflected the five

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wooden columns – none of which has been preserved beyond fragments of stucco and polychromatic paint – that supported the approximately 4 m (13 ft) high wooden ceiling. The ceiling has not survived, but remnants indicate that it was blue with painted gold stars. Inside the hall, numerous fragments of statues – diorite, basalt, limestone, red

915:– flint knives and other remains were also discovered. Particularly significant to Egyptologists is the recovery of a vast quantity of clay sealings bearing the names of kings, officials, temples, palaces, gods and other details, which provide a plethora of information on administrative and economic organisation in the Old Kingdom. 350:, Neferefre's younger brother, the temple was expanded twice. In the second phase, built from mudbrick, the temple was significantly extended to the east, a transverse corridor leading to five storage rooms was added, as were ten two-story storage magazines in the northern side of the temple, and, most significantly, a 1020:

and chromatic glass, all dating to the New Kingdom period. Around the same time, a necropolis formed around the Abusir monuments containing the crude wooden coffins of common people, who had seemingly concluded that the shadow of the pyramids was the best final resting place. The cemetery remained active into the

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The abattoir had a single, wide entrance in its north side through which cattle, goats, gazelles, and other animals were herded inside. In the north-west of the building was an open slaughterhouse, and in the north-east a butchery where the meat was prepared. There was also a staircase up to the roof

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During Nyuserre's reign, a further reconstruction of the temple was undertaken. It was further enlarged eastward, and an open columned courtyard, an entrance hall and a new columned entrance were added. A pair of limestone papyri-form columns adorned the new entrance, while twenty-two or twenty-four

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hall with twenty-six wooden lotus columns, arranged in four rows of five columns, was uncovered. Verner states that this was the first discovery of a hypostyle hall from ancient Egypt, which he described as "absolutely unexpected". Its floor was paved with clay, which held the limestone bases of the

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and an offering altar. No trace of the false door and only an impression from the altar remains. Beneath the hall's pavement, the heads of a bull and a bird, miniature clay vessels with gray clay lids, and other offerings were found. Flanking either side of the hall were two long narrow rooms, which

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According to Verner, the time required for burial arrangements was insufficient for anything more than a small improvised cult structure to be completed. This was built on a 5 m (16 ft) wide strip of limestone platform, retained originally for the pyramid's fine white limestone casing. The

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canopic jars, alabaster sacrificial offering containers, and a partial mummy were recovered. The sarcophagus was covered by a convex lid with rectangular end pieces, had body walls 35 cm (1 ft 2 in) thick, and a length of no more than 2.7 m (8.9 ft). The red granite build is

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is significant among these statues, as it presents a motif previously only known from a single statue of Khafre. The usual elements of an entrance hall, columned courtyard, and five niche statue temple were forgone, though the entrance hall and columned courtyard were added in during the third phase

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to form. The king would pass through the false door, have his meal, and then return to his tomb. The food was not physically eaten, rather, it was a token of a meal shared between the living in this world, and the deceased in the next. The corridor leading to the chambers in the pyramid served twin

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Typically, the temple would include an entrance hall, open courtyard, and a five niche statue chapel, but these were forgone. Instead, beyond the entrance a transverse corridor led to five storage magazines, which held equipment for the mortuary cult, and – after a minor fire damaged the northern /

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The pyramid substructure was accessed from slightly above ground level on the middle of the pyramid's north side. A descending corridor, deflected slightly to the south-east, led to the funerary apartments. The corridor was reinforced with red granite near its terminus, and guarded by a red granite

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The Abusir pyramids were thus constructed in a radically different manner to those of the preceding dynasties. This method of construction, albeit less time and resource consuming, was careless and unstable, and meant that only the outer casing was constructed using high quality limestone. Stripped

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limestone blocks sloped at ~78°. Above the chamber's ceiling, a flat roof terrace was built then covered in a thin layer of clay and gravel, completing the monument. Burial preparations, including mummification rituals, took a prescribed minimum of seventy days. Completion of the pyramid, a project

708:, with particular attention paid to the mortaring of the corner stones. The pyramid core, between the two frames, was then packed with rubble fill composed of limestone chips, sand, pottery shards, and clay. Only the lowest step of Neferefre's pyramid was completed, before a hasty conversion into a 703:

The pyramid faces were framed by massive grey limestone blocks up to 5 m (16 ft) by 5.5 m (18 ft) by 1 m (3.3 ft) in size. The inner chambers and passageway were similarly framed, but using much smaller blocks. The frames were made by horizontally layering four or five

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After exploring the Abusir necropolis in 1843, Lepsius developed the hypothesis that the Abusir pyramids were built by layering stone blocks at a ~75° angle against a central limestone spindle on the pyramid's vertical axis. Lepsius justified his hypothesis with the idea that it allowed the pharaoh

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In the New Kingdom, the mortuary temple was subject to dismantlement from stone quarrying for new projects. The white limestone built first phase of the temple was particularly affected by these attacks. In the hypostyle hall, a mudbrick ramp had been built by stone thieves who left behind vessels

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Built into the superstructure was an offering chapel containing a vertical shaft leading into the tomb's substructure and burial chamber. Fragments of a mummy were recovered from the shaft, which anthropological analysis revealed belonged to a twenty-year-old female. Her name and titles were found

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mace grasped against his chest, a uraeus (originally) on his head, and with the outstretched wings of Horus protecting him from behind. Previously, this motif had been known to exist only from a single diorite statue of Khafre recovered from his valley temple in Giza. Fragments of life-size wooden

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functions: first, to allow passage into the pyramid for the burial and second to allow the resurrected king to leave. From the king's perspective, the corridor ascended into the region of the sky in the north referred to as "the Imperishable Ones" where the king united with the goddess of the sky

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In the second phase of construction, during the reign of Neferefre's younger brother, Nyuserre, the temple was significantly extended along its entire length. Constructed predominantly from mudbrick, – a cheaper and less durable alternative to limestone – it had a unique design. The architect was

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round wooden columns, possibly imitating date-palm trees, adorned the columned courtyard. No trace of a stone/alabaster altar, typically found in the north-west corner of the courtyard, has been preserved. The temple acquired the usual T-shaped ground plan in the restructure. During the reign of

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At the pyramid site, builders had the ground levelled, and measures for the construction of the pyramid base taken. A large east-west oriented rectangular trench was excavated to form the basis of the pyramid's funerary apartments, and a deep north-south oriented ditch dug to form the corridor

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South-east of the mortuary temple, a rectangular north-south oriented mudbrick building, built in two phases, was uncovered. The building served as a ritual abattoir in service to the mortuary cult. Temple archive papyri and vessel inscriptions identify it as "the Sanctuary of the Knife", and

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itself was placed against the western wall with its head pointed north, but facing east. The experimental dig failed to find the passage, leading Borchardt to conclude that the structure was left incomplete and unused. Either by chance or error, Borchardt abandoned the dig whilst perhaps only

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terrace, which was perhaps used for drying meats. The remaining abattoir was occupied by storage rooms, which became the only operating area of the building after the third stage of the temple's construction. The abattoir was fully decommissioned and bricked up during the reign of

791:. This suggests that Neferefre's sarcophagus was most likely an emergency solution. The mummy remains have been identified as belonging to a twenty to twenty-three-year-old male, probably Neferefre. Blocks from above the gabled ceiling also regularly contain an inscription reading 894:

Inside the storage magazines, significant collections of papyri, constituting the third Abusir temple archives, were unearthed. These provide a wealth of information regarding the daily operation of the mortuary cult and life in the Abusir pyramid complexes. Besides the papyri,

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are linked at their south-east corners instead. The siting of Neferefre's pyramid gives an indication of its position on a chronological scale. As the third and final pyramid in line on the Abusir diagonal, it follows that it is the third in line of succession following

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fine white limestone ceiling. These have been severely damaged by stone thieves quarrying inside the pyramid who had easy access to the chambers from the roof terrace where they dug a ditch and set up a workshop. The pyramid was likely plundered in the

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Borchardt carried out a trial excavation at the site, digging a trench into the open ditch that spanned from the north face of the monument to its center. He anticipated that if the tomb was functional, he would encounter the passage leading to the

410:, likely Neferefre's wife, was discovered near his unfinished pyramid in Abusir. Inside the substructure fragments of a mummy were recovered, which were determined to belong to a twenty-year-old female. Her name and titles were found recorded on 927:

and wood – of Neferefre, and six complete portraits were recovered. The stone statues were between 35 cm (1 ft 2 in) and 80 cm (2 ft 7 in) tall. One such statue represented Neferefre seated upon his throne with a

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was built on a strip of platform originally intended for the casing of the pyramid. It is unclear who constructed this initial phase of the temple, though clay sealings found in its vicinity suggest that it may have been the ephemeral ruler

1127:, who ate the sun at sunset and gave birth to it at sunrise. In effect, she did the same to the king transforming him into a sun god. For this reason, the complex took on an east-west orientation, mirroring the sun's path through the sky. 629:; (4) a cult pyramid; and (5) the main pyramid. Neferefre's complex consisted of an unfinished pyramid, comprising a single step that was hastily converted into a mound, and a mortuary temple built in three stages during the reigns of 609:. The owner was identified as Neferefre from a single cursive inscription, written in black on a block taken from the corridor. The archaeological excavations of the Czech team continued throughout the 1980s, coming to a halt in 1998. 832:

At the end of the 1970s, with written evidence supporting its existence and a working hypothesis that the tomb was functional, a search was conducted for the mortuary temple of Neferefre's unfinished pyramid by the Czech team. A

1032:, dating to the 9th and 10th centuries AD. To the benefit of Neferefre's monument, its condition discouraged tomb robbers from looting the pyramid, allowing it to remain one of the best preserved complexes of the Old Kingdom. 856:. It is unclear who finished the temple after Neferefre's death, but two clay seals bearing the Horus name of Shepseskare, Sekhemkau, were discovered in the vicinity suggesting that it may have been commissioned by him. 799:

was uncovered, corresponding to the first or second year of Neferefre's reign, or assuming a biennial census then theoretically a third year, and briefly preceding the interruption of the pyramid construction process.

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The mortuary temple functioned as a symbolic resting place for the pharaoh. Here, priests tending to cult performed daily rituals and processions for the god king. It was believed that when an individual died, their

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survey of the sand plain on the pyramid's east side revealed a large, articulate, T-shaped mudbrick building buried under the sand. The building was confirmed to be the mortuary temple in the subsequent excavations.

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1 m (3.3 ft) away from discovering remnants of the passage. As a consequence of Borchardt's decision, the function of the monument and the identity of its owner remained a mystery for seventy years.

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and Sahure's. In the 1980s, the Czech Abusir Mission were able to thoroughly examine the internal structure of Neferefre's unfinished pyramid. The single completed step contained no accretion layers, and in

1003:, and included the title of "mother of the king". Although the identity of her child was not found recorded among the epigraphy of the tomb, it is likely that the king being referred to is either 975:

burial was unearthed in the abattoir, belonging to a hunchbacked – caused by severe tuberculosis of the bone – man called Khuiankh, who had served as one of the last priests of the mortuary cult.

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leading to those apartments. Two layers of massive limestone blocks were then set onto the prepared site, upon which the pyramid superstructure was to be built concurrently with the substructure.

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and Fifth Dynasty pyramids in the 1960s, but failed to find any evidence supporting accretion layers, and instead found horizontal layers in the structures of the pyramids they visited, including

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An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary: With an index of English words, King List and Geographical List with Indexes, List of Hieroglyphic Characters, Coptic and Semitic Alphabets, etc

4150: 3935: 4155: 4135: 4093: 354:

hall. It contained twenty-two or twenty-four wooden columns, all lost, and many stone and wooden statues of the ruler, of which fragments have been found. A limestone

4130: 4028: 4014: 3922: 1114:, the approximate equivalent to a ghost, representing the resurrected form of the king. The pyramid was an instrument which enabled this union to happen. As an 733:

of their valuable casing, their cores were exposed to further human destruction and natural erosion, leaving the Abusir pyramids as ruinous, formless mounds.

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A definitive assignment of an owner to the pyramid stump was not possible prior to the 1970s. It was speculatively attributed to Neferefre, or the ephemeral

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Krejčí, Jaromír; Kytnarová, Katarína Arias; Odler, Martin (2014). "Archaeological excavation of the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III (tomb AC 30) in Abusir".

505: 414:, including the title "mother of the king". The identity of this king was not found recorded in the epigraphy of her tomb, but most likely refers to either 918:

The most significant architectural discovery was made in the southern temple, where, under nearly 4 m (13 ft) of sand, a long east-west oriented

4160: 1096:, approximately meaning life force, was sustained with food, hence the food offerings in the offering hall, the most significant room in the temple. The 676: 3533: 778:

In spite of the devastation wrought by stone thieves, remnants of the burial have been preserved. Inside the substructure fragments of a red granite

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to the Nineteenth century, the monument was periodically farmed of its limestone. Despite this, the complex remains one of the best preserved of the

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The unfinished pyramid and mortuary temple were surrounded by a massive brick perimeter wall, reinforced with limestone monoliths at its corners.

4271: 724:– was made to accommodate his funeral. The single step, about 7 m (23 ft; 13 cu) tall, was enclosed by roughly dressed fine white 362:

South-east of the mortuary temple, a large rectangular mudbrick building was uncovered. This was revealed to be "the Sanctuary of the Knife", an

1070:

Proposed dates for the reign of Neferefre: c. 2475–2474 BC, c. 2460–2453 BC, c. 2448–2445 BC, c. 2431–2420 BC, c. 2419–2416 BC, c. 2362–2359 BC.

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Vachala, Břetislav; Ondráš, František (2000). "An Arabic inscription on the pyramid of Neferefre". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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the king is free to roam the earth and the sky, and is second only to the gods. The purpose of the burial rites and offerings was to allow the

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The pyramid's condition created the opportunity for a detailed examination of construction methodology employed by pyramid builders in the

500:. Similarly, it is the furthest of the three from the Nile delta, and thus held the least advantageous position for material transport. A 3299: 601:, and it was believed that the structure was abandoned before its completion, excluding the possibility of a burial and, consequently, a 933:

statues of Neferefre and smaller wooden statues of bound and kneeling enemies of Egypt (Asiatics, Libyans and Nubians) were also found.

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Dynasties. In particular, the Czech team were able to test Lepsius' and Borchardt's accretion layer hypothesis – the method used in the

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Bareš, Ladislav (2000). "The destruction of the monuments at the necropolis of Abusir". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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Krejčí, Jaromír (2000). "The royal necropolis at Abusir during the Old Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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Reconstructions of the complex after the conversion from the pyramid to a mastaba and the completion of the ritual structures

131: 113: 107: 2489: 382:, the abattoir had been bricked up and decommissioned. The mortuary cult of the king ceased activities after the reign of 3909: 3764: 3357: 3334: 3090: 2975:

Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Newly discovered royal sarcophagi from Abusir". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

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sarcophagus and of Neferefre's mummy, who was found to have died at around twenty to twenty-three years of age. The

3940: 2964: 3292: 2691: 946:, the columned courtyard became host to simple brick lodgings for the priests of the cult, who were active until 3986: 475:. It is seated on the Abusir diagonal, a figurative line touching the north-western corners of the pyramids of 4145: 3468: 950:'s reign at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, when the temple was abandoned, and also for a brief period in the 4122: 3675: 1100:, which can be approximated to a soul, is the individual which travels into the afterlife in search of the 853: 606: 4033: 4019: 4192: 3967: 625:

mortuary complexes typically consist of five main components: (1) a valley temple; (2) a causeway; (3) a

4107: 3863: 3285: 480: 334:'s early death. In the period between his death and mummification, an improvised, north-south oriented 308: 3956: 3949: 3855: 3798: 3707: 3319: 1046: 768: 3873: 3647: 3348: 3323: 1051: 951: 553: 387: 2995: 3903: 3840: 3782: 3664: 3642: 3486: 972: 963:

preserve an event in which 130 bulls were slaughtered at the abattoir during a ten-day festival.

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will be unable to function. In the afterlife, when the parts reunited, the individual became an

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tablets – depicting gods and the king, alongside gold leaf covered hieroglyphic inscriptions –,

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preserve an event where 130 bulls were slaughtered during a ten-day festival. By the reign of

3886: 3522: 2979:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 561–580. 2769: 2729:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 467–484. 2699: 580:

in the sky and remain in the "heavenly ocean" for all eternity. By contrast the burial- and

4177: 3750: 3383: 2814: 772: 622: 545: 395: 391: 2926:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 73–76. 795:

approximately "Burial area of Neferefre". At the end of the corridor, a block with a date

8: 3980: 3826: 3681: 3544: 3527: 3433: 3267: 2568:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 1–16. 633:

and, possibly, Shepseskare. The valley temple, causeway and cult pyramid were not built.

487:). It is similar to the Giza diagonal which converges to the same point, except that the 448: 2843: 2835: 524: 3803: 3745: 3740: 3637: 3454: 3447: 2625: 2600: 1087: 1081: 688: 4200: 3735: 3654: 3539: 3461: 3426: 3406: 3308: 3250: 3236: 3214: 3192: 3178: 3160: 3146: 3121: 3086: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3027: 3010: 2980: 2954: 2927: 2908: 2870: 2862: 2847: 2822: 2800: 2781: 2770: 2753: 2730: 2711: 2700: 2677: 2655: 2649: 2633: 2604: 2569: 2550: 2544: 2529: 2521: 2505: 2495: 2485: 557: 541: 476: 444: 281: 3700: 3495: 3475: 2645: 2592: 808: 705: 561: 488: 436: 292: 4276: 3808: 3730: 3712: 2941: 2695: 1685: 1683: 1681: 741: 693: 626: 338: 288: 2902: 3793: 3694: 3412: 943: 713: 569: 440: 188: 2596: 1678: 704:

courses of limestone, each 1 m (3.3 ft) thick, and bound using clay

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in the village of Abusir in the 1930s, depicts Neferirkare with his consort,

407: 371: 367: 63: 50: 2826: 2613: 2509: 4245: 4220: 4083: 3687: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3509: 3232: 3210: 2885: 2768:(1999). "pyramids (Old Kingdom), construction of". In Bard, Kathryn (ed.). 2669: 834: 509: 472: 3516: 3247:

Abusir XV. Stone Vessels from the Mortuary Complex of Raneferef at Abusir

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The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

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Bárta, Miroslav (2005). "Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt".

1021: 1008: 779: 725: 598: 581: 533: 497: 343: 303:. Neferefre's unfinished pyramid is the third and final one built on the 696:'s opinion, mostly likely none of the other Abusir pyramids did either. 605:. Intensive research of the remains began in 1974, by the Czech team of 366:

which was used for the ritual slaughter of animals as offerings for the

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Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo.

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Verner, Miroslav (2001c). "Old Kingdom". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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Quelques pièces du matériel cultuel du temple funéraire de Rêneferef.

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Abusir XIV. Faience Inlays from the Funerary Temple of King Raneferef

2414: 2402: 2368: 2366: 1004: 924: 919: 887: 788: 783: 641: 573: 572:. Substructure passages had north-south orientations pointing to the 513: 501: 415: 351: 335: 331: 296: 199: 36: 3277: 1459: 3189:

Abusir IX: The Pyramid Complex of Raneferef : The Archaeology.

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Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Abusir". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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diagonal – a figurative line connecting the Abusir pyramids with

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Posener-Kriéger, Paule, Miroslav Verner, Hana Vymazalova :

2886:"Pyramid Design and Construction – Part I: The Accretion Theory" 3916: 3502: 3157:

Abusir X. The Pyramid Complex of Raneferef. The Papyrus Archive

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noteworthy, as Fifth Dynasty sarcophagi were typically made of

763: 576:, where Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaoh would join 493: 464: 327: 304: 219:

65 m (213 ft; 124 cu) (after mastaba conversion)

2996:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" 2462: 1104:. The body becomes inanimate, but, must not decay or else the 160:

Alternatively translated as "Divine are the Ba's of Neferefre"

4230: 3225:

Supplément aux sculptures de Rêneferef découvertes à Abousir

3177:(MDIAK) volume 47), von Zabern, Mainz 1991, pp. 293–304 1874: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1615: 1613: 1025: 908: 871: 585: 1588: 1586: 878: 1387: 968: 896: 398:. In its substructure, excavators found fragments of a red 375: 2026: 1722: 1610: 1598: 1510: 1363: 1315: 4267:

Buildings and structures completed in the 25th century BC

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Sons of the Sun. Rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty

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of Abusir, but not subject to thorough investigation.

3045:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. 2869:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 289–290. 2861:

Peck, William H. (2001). "Lepsius, Karl Richard". In

2528:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 597–601. 2488:; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; et al. (1999). 2336: 2307: 2295: 2272: 2245: 2167: 2104: 2073: 2009: 1973: 1886: 1826: 1814: 1763: 1710: 1659: 1644: 1625: 1559: 1534: 1522: 1416: 1399: 1327: 1225: 1198: 1169: 1140: 875:

of the priesthood that maintained the mortuary cult.

729:

that took years to finish, was therefore impossible.

2743: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2351: 2131: 1949: 1925: 1910: 1898: 1862: 1571: 1339: 1273: 1240: 1186: 2438: 1471: 1428: 1375: 1351: 1261: 1157: 479:, Neferirkare, and Neferefre, and pointing towards 3203:Les sculptures de Rêneferef découvertes à Abousir 3043:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 3024:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1 2867:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 2546:The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture 2526:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 2143: 2038: 671:– for the construction of Fifth Dynasty pyramids. 528:Borchardt's photograph of the pyramid of Neferefre 3026:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 5–7. 771:, and then periodically mined for stone from the 443:, showing the locations, from north to south, of 4258: 2772:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 2702:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 459:The unfinished pyramid is located south-west of 217:78 m (256 ft; 149 cu) (intended) 3534:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan 3268:The Pyramid of Neferefre (Raneferer) at Abusir 3249:. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague 2006. 3159:. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague 2006. 3145:. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague 2006. 593:Charles University excavations and discoveries 3293: 2921: 2468: 564:each gave limited attention to the building. 3191:Czech Institute of Egyptology, Prague 2006, 2842:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2674:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 2668: 2494:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2484: 1393: 1369: 254: 2821:. Bad Honnef am Rhein: Proff & Co. KG. 2516: 1321: 3300: 3286: 986: 584:chambers were oriented east-west, and the 532:The building was noticed during the early 421: 27: 2947:Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir 2520:(2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In 957: 645:Structure of the single pyramid core step 548:(1842–1846), who catalogued the ruins as 516:, further substantiating the chronology. 346:who commissioned it. During the reign of 322:The pyramid was hastily converted into a 2883: 2776:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 2706:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 1689: 1042:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques 903:ornaments, stone vessels – variously of 877: 807: 740: 640: 523: 430: 3059: 3040: 3021: 2993: 2813: 2690: 2644: 2491:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids 2266: 2239: 2137: 2067: 2032: 1991: 1979: 1943: 1892: 1844: 1832: 1796: 1745: 1733: 1716: 1704: 1653: 1619: 1604: 1516: 1492: 1465: 1453: 1422: 1333: 1309: 1234: 1219: 1180: 1151: 971:, at the start of the Sixth Dynasty. A 4272:Pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 4259: 3356: 3120:. Amalgamated Book. pp. 249–251. 3112: 3080: 2974: 2940: 2794: 2764: 2724: 2542: 2357: 2345: 2330: 2318: 2301: 2289: 2254: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2161: 2125: 2098: 2020: 2003: 1967: 1955: 1931: 1919: 1904: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1820: 1808: 1784: 1757: 1672: 1638: 1592: 1565: 1553: 1528: 1504: 1434: 1410: 1381: 1292: 1255: 1192: 287:("Divine is Neferefre's power")) is a 227:29,575 m (38,683 cu yd) 3347: 3307: 3281: 2833: 2624: 2611: 2582: 2563: 2456: 2444: 2149: 2044: 1577: 1345: 1267: 1163: 455:, and Neferefre's unfinished pyramids 3330: 2900: 2860: 2819:Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopen 1480: 1357: 4282:Unfinished buildings and structures 4121: 2977:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 2924:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 2907:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2904:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 2840:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 2836:"The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC)" 2727:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 2566:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 775:through to the nineteenth century. 653:D: Pit for the underground chambers 612: 435:A map of the Abusir necropolis, by 13: 3101: 2632:. Vol. 1. London: J. Murray. 2433:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 2421:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 2409:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 2397:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 2385:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 2373:Krejčí, Kytnarová & Odler 2014 852:Verner posits may have hosted the 803: 209:~7 m (23 ft; 13 cu) 14: 4293: 3260: 2799:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 978: 386:, but was briefly revived in the 3329: 2953:. Prague: Academia Škodaexport. 2614:"Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty" 2585:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1014: 519: 253: 246: 3231:volume 86). 1986, pp. 361–366 ( 3187:Verner, Miroslav et al. : 2676:. London: Thames & Hudson. 2654:. London: Thames & Hudson. 2618:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 1073: 1064: 859: 736: 636: 295:built for the Egyptian pharaoh 237:78° (after mastaba conversion) 3169:Posener-Kriéger, Paule : 3085:. Prague: Charles University. 936: 841: 1: 3118:The Treasures of the Pyramids 1811:, pp. 565–566 & 570. 1692:, Vol 11, No. 3 The Ostracon. 1468:, pp. 294 & 302–303. 1134: 954:, when the cult was revived. 158:"Divine is Neferefre's power" 2746:Prague Egyptological Studies 1748:, pp. 97 & 305–306. 716:– as suggested by its name, 607:Charles University in Prague 7: 3141:Landgráfová, Renata : 3135: 2626:Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis 1035: 890:hall of the mortuary temple 745:Substructure of the pyramid 426: 262:Location within Lower Egypt 10: 4298: 3106: 3060:Verner, Miroslav (2001d). 2994:Verner, Miroslav (2001a). 2477: 84: 4216: 4191: 4176: 4106: 3966: 3872: 3854: 3839: 3817: 3778: 3763: 3721: 3628: 3485: 3397: 3382: 3343: 3320:List of Egyptian pyramids 3315: 3081:Verner, Miroslav (2014). 3066:. New York: Grove Press. 2884:Sampsell, Bonnie (2000). 2651:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 2597:10.1017/s0959774305000090 2591:(2). Cambridge: 177–191. 2469:Vachala & Ondráš 2000 2197:, pp. 143 & 145. 1047:List of Egyptian pyramids 826:G: Sanctuary of the Knife 769:First Intermediate Period 617: 241: 231: 223: 213: 205: 195: 175: 165: 79: 42: 35: 26: 21: 3223:Verner, Miroslav : 3201:Verner, Miroslav : 2612:Bárta, Miroslav (2017). 1707:, pp. 97 & 304. 1394:Dodson & Hilton 2004 1092:and body separated. The 1057: 1052:List of megalithic sites 4226:Construction techniques 2901:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). 2834:Málek, Jaromír (2003). 2672:; Hilton, Dyan (2004). 2549:. London: I.B. Tauris. 2543:Arnold, Dieter (2003). 1883:, pp. 23 & 28. 987:Conjectural wife's tomb 422:Location and excavation 155:Netjeri bau Nefer-ef-Re 4141:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 3987:Southern South Saqqara 3245:Vlčková, Petra : 3009:(3). Prague: 363–418. 2838:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.). 958:Sanctuary of the Knife 891: 884:Statuette of Neferefre 829: 797:rnpt sp tpy, ꜣbd 4 ꜣḫt 754: 656: 529: 456: 356:Statuette of Neferefre 315:, sited south-west of 3765:1 Intermediate Period 3273:Layout of the pyramid 2815:Lepsius, Karl Richard 2797:The Complete Pyramids 2795:Lehner, Mark (2008). 2694:(1999). "Abusir". In 881: 822:E: Columned courtyard 811: 744: 720:(hill), found in the 644: 527: 504:block, discovered by 461:Neferirkare's pyramid 434: 317:Neferirkare's pyramid 64:29.89389°N 31.20167°E 2518:Altenmüller, Hartwig 818:C: Storage magazines 655:E: Pit for the entry 651:C: Pyramid step fill 546:Karl Richard Lepsius 467:necropolis, between 278:pyramid of Raneferef 276:, also known as the 274:pyramid of Neferefre 22:Pyramid of Neferefre 4108:Second Intermediate 3556:Mastabet el-Fara'un 2333:, pp. 151–152. 2221:, pp. 145–146. 2209:, pp. 143–145. 2164:, pp. 142–143. 2035:, pp. 306–307. 2006:, pp. 140–141. 1859:, pp. 135–136. 1760:, pp. 139–140. 1736:, pp. 305–306. 1622:, pp. 303–304. 1607:, pp. 309–310. 1595:, pp. 147–148. 1519:, pp. 301–302. 1507:, pp. 136–138. 60: / 4151:Senakhtenre Ahmose 3469:Zawyet el-Maiyitin 2863:Redford, Donald B. 2522:Redford, Donald B. 1028:, and one line in 892: 830: 820:D: Mortuary temple 755: 657: 530: 512:, and eldest son, 457: 182:pyramid (intended) 69:29.89389; 31.20167 16:Unfinished pyramid 4254: 4253: 4212: 4211: 4172: 4171: 4146:Nubkheperre Intef 4102: 4101: 3835: 3834: 3759: 3758: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3309:Egyptian pyramids 3073:978-0-8021-1703-8 3052:978-0-19-510234-5 3033:978-0-19-510234-5 3003:Archiv Orientální 2960:978-80-200-0022-4 2914:978-0-19-815034-3 2876:978-0-19-510234-5 2853:978-0-19-815034-3 2806:978-0-500-28547-3 2787:978-0-203-98283-9 2717:978-0-203-98283-9 2692:Edwards, Iorwerth 2661:978-0-500-05074-3 2646:Clayton, Peter A. 2556:978-1-86064-465-8 2535:978-0-19-510234-5 2501:978-0-8109-6543-0 2471:, pp. 73–76. 2459:, pp. 14–15. 2423:, pp. 32–33. 2411:, pp. 30–31. 1994:, pp. 45–46. 1970:, pp. 28–29. 1946:, pp. 52–53. 1370:Allen et al. 1999 828:H: Perimeter wall 824:F: Hypostyle hall 814:A: Pyramid stump 782:, pieces of four 753:D: Burial chamber 749:B: Access passage 683:examined several 558:Jacques de Morgan 542:John Shae Perring 359:of construction. 285:Nṯrỉ bꜣw Nfr-f-Rꜥ 270: 269: 235:64°30' (intended) 151:Nṯrỉ bꜣw Nfr-f-Rꜥ 148: 147: 144: 143: 125: 124: 117: 116: 4289: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4079: 4037: 4023: 4009: 3944: 3931: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3651: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3131: 3096: 3077: 3056: 3037: 3018: 3000: 2990: 2971: 2969: 2963:. Archived from 2952: 2942:Verner, Miroslav 2937: 2918: 2897: 2880: 2857: 2830: 2810: 2791: 2775: 2761: 2740: 2721: 2705: 2687: 2665: 2641: 2621: 2608: 2579: 2560: 2539: 2513: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2243: 2237: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2102: 2096: 2071: 2065: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1676: 1670: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1322:Altenmüller 2001 1319: 1313: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1238: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1128: 1077: 1071: 1068: 911:, limestone and 677:Vito Maragioglio 649:B: Internal wall 647:A: External wall 613:Mortuary complex 562:Ludwig Borchardt 506:Édouard Ghazouli 418:or Shepseskare. 282:ancient Egyptian 257: 256: 250: 104: 103: 96: 95: 89: 88: 85: 75: 74: 72: 71: 70: 65: 61: 58: 57: 56: 53: 31: 19: 18: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4208: 4206: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4166: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4098: 4073: 4031: 4029:South Dahshur B 4017: 4015:South Dahshur A 4003: 3962: 3938: 3936:Central Dahshur 3925: 3868: 3864:Reherishefnakht 3845: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3813: 3787: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3717: 3645: 3624: 3481: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3370: 3339: 3311: 3306: 3263: 3138: 3128: 3109: 3104: 3102:Further reading 3099: 3093: 3074: 3053: 3034: 2998: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2950: 2934: 2915: 2877: 2854: 2807: 2788: 2737: 2718: 2684: 2662: 2576: 2557: 2536: 2502: 2480: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2105: 2097: 2074: 2066: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1696: 1688: 1679: 1671: 1660: 1652: 1645: 1637: 1626: 1618: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1535: 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310. 2259: 2257:, p. 153. 2244: 2242:, p. 309. 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2185:, p. 143. 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2128:, p. 148. 2103: 2101:, p. 142. 2072: 2070:, p. 307. 2049: 2037: 2025: 2023:, p. 141. 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1847:, p. 400. 1837: 1825: 1823:, p. 571. 1813: 1801: 1799:, p. 305. 1789: 1787:, p. 140. 1762: 1750: 1738: 1721: 1709: 1694: 1677: 1675:, p. 139. 1658: 1643: 1641:, p. 784. 1624: 1609: 1597: 1582: 1580:, p. 178. 1570: 1568:, p. 468. 1558: 1556:, p. 138. 1533: 1531:, p. 133. 1521: 1509: 1497: 1495:, p. 137. 1485: 1483:, p. 289. 1470: 1458: 1456:, p. 302. 1439: 1427: 1415: 1413:, p. 135. 1398: 1396:, p. 288. 1386: 1374: 1362: 1360:, p. 482. 1350: 1348:, p. 100. 1338: 1326: 1324:, p. 599. 1314: 1312:, p. 589. 1297: 1295:, p. 147. 1272: 1270:, p. 180. 1260: 1258:, p. 146. 1239: 1237:, p. 464. 1224: 1222:, p. 306. 1197: 1195:, p. 159. 1185: 1183:, p. 304. 1168: 1166:, p. 921. 1156: 1154:, p. 301. 1138: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1016: 1013: 988: 985: 980: 979:Perimeter wall 977: 973:Middle Kingdom 959: 956: 944:Djedkare Isesi 938: 935: 861: 858: 854:funerary boats 843: 840: 805: 802: 751:C: Antechamber 738: 735: 714:primeval mound 710:square mastaba 638: 635: 619: 616: 614: 611: 594: 591: 570:burial chamber 534:archaeological 521: 518: 428: 425: 423: 420: 328:primeval mound 324:square mastaba 268: 267: 261: 252: 251: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 189:Primeval mound 185:Square mastaba 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 100: 99: 93: 83: 81: 77: 76: 44: 40: 39: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4294: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Seqenenre Tao 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4136:Sobekemsaf II 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4094:Merneferre Ay 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3255:9788073081140 3252: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3197:9788020013576 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3165:9788073081546 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3151:9788073081300 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3127:9788880952336 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2986:80-85425-39-4 2982: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2933:80-85425-39-4 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2736:80-85425-39-4 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2696:Bard, Kathryn 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683:0-500-05128-3 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Dodson, Aidan 2667: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2575:80-85425-39-4 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2447:, p. 10. 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 35. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2399:, p. 30. 2398: 2393: 2387:, p. 29. 2386: 2381: 2375:, p. 34. 2374: 2369: 2367: 2360:, p. 58. 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1982:, p. 36. 1981: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1958:, p. 28. 1957: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1934:, p. 20. 1933: 1928: 1922:, p. 24. 1921: 1916: 1914: 1907:, p. 23. 1906: 1901: 1895:, p. 52. 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1871:, p. 18. 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1835:, p. 97. 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1719:, p. 96. 1718: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1690:Sampsell 2000 1686: 1684: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1656:, p. 97. 1655: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1425:, p. 98. 1424: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1372:, p. xx. 1371: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1336:, p. 60. 1335: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015:Later history 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 994: 993:Khentkaus III 984: 976: 974: 970: 964: 955: 953: 949: 945: 934: 931: 926: 921: 916: 914: 910: 907:, alabaster, 906: 902: 898: 889: 885: 880: 876: 874: 873: 866: 857: 855: 850: 839: 836: 835:magnetometric 810: 801: 798: 794: 793:Hut Neferefre 790: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 765: 761: 743: 734: 730: 727: 723: 722:Abusir Papyri 719: 715: 711: 707: 701: 697: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 672: 670: 669:Third Dynasty 666: 662: 643: 634: 632: 628: 624: 610: 608: 604: 603:mortuary cult 600: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544:(1835–1837), 543: 539: 535: 526: 520:Early surveys 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 489:Giza pyramids 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 454: 453:Neferirkare's 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 419: 417: 413: 409: 408:Khentkaus III 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:Sixth Dynasty 377: 373: 372:Abusir Papyri 369: 368:mortuary cult 365: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Fifth Dynasty 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 249: 240: 234: 230: 226: 222: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 178: 174: 171: 170:Fifth Dynasty 168: 164: 156: 152: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 121: 120: 112: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 82: 78: 73: 45: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 20: 4246:Pyramidology 4221:Step pyramid 4205: 4165: 4131:Sobekemsaf I 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4027: 4013: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3955: 3948: 3934: 3915: 3908: 3904:Senusret III 3891: 3701: 3693: 3688:Lepsius XXIV 3686: 3674: 3669: 3665:Khentkaus II 3643:Neferhetepes 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3532: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3365: 3246: 3228: 3224: 3206: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3156: 3142: 3117: 3114:Hawass, Zahi 3082: 3062: 3042: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2976: 2965:the original 2946: 2923: 2903: 2896:(3). Denver. 2893: 2890:The Ostracon 2889: 2866: 2839: 2818: 2796: 2771: 2766:Lehner, Mark 2749: 2745: 2726: 2701: 2673: 2650: 2629: 2617: 2588: 2584: 2565: 2545: 2525: 2490: 2486:Allen, James 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2353: 2326: 2297: 2267:Verner 2001d 2262: 2240:Verner 2001d 2214: 2202: 2190: 2157: 2152:, p. 6. 2145: 2140:, p. 6. 2138:Verner 2001b 2133: 2068:Verner 2001d 2047:, p. 7. 2040: 2033:Verner 2001d 2028: 1999: 1992:Verner 2001d 1987: 1980:Verner 2001d 1975: 1963: 1951: 1944:Verner 2001d 1939: 1927: 1900: 1893:Verner 2001d 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1845:Verner 2001a 1840: 1833:Verner 2001d 1828: 1816: 1804: 1797:Verner 2001d 1792: 1753: 1746:Verner 2001d 1741: 1734:Verner 2001d 1717:Verner 2001d 1712: 1705:Verner 2001d 1654:Edwards 1999 1620:Verner 2001d 1605:Verner 2001d 1600: 1573: 1561: 1524: 1517:Verner 2001d 1512: 1500: 1493:Lepsius 1913 1488: 1466:Verner 2001d 1461: 1454:Verner 2001d 1437:, p. 2. 1430: 1423:Edwards 1999 1418: 1389: 1384:, p. 8. 1377: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1334:Clayton 1994 1329: 1317: 1310:Verner 2001c 1263: 1235:Verner 2001d 1220:Verner 2001d 1188: 1181:Verner 2001d 1159: 1152:Verner 2001d 1119: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1075: 1066: 1022:Roman period 1018: 1000: 999:recorded on 997: 991:The tomb of 990: 982: 965: 961: 940: 929: 917: 893: 870: 867: 863: 860:Second phase 845: 831: 796: 792: 777: 756: 737:Substructure 731: 717: 702: 698: 673: 658: 637:Main pyramid 621: 596: 566: 554:pyramid list 549: 531: 510:Khentkaus II 484: 473:Giza Plateau 458: 441:O. Rubensohn 437:L. Borchardt 411: 361: 321: 284: 277: 273: 271: 180:Smooth-sided 154: 150: 80:Ancient name 4178:New Kingdom 4074: [ 4032: [ 4018: [ 4004: [ 3976:Ameny Qemau 3939: [ 3926: [ 3899:Senusret II 3882:Amenemhat I 3660:Neferirkare 3646: [ 3550:Khentkaus I 3441:Elephantine 3384:Old Kingdom 2358:Verner 2014 2346:Verner 1994 2331:Verner 1994 2319:Verner 1994 2302:Verner 1994 2290:Verner 1994 2255:Verner 1994 2219:Verner 1994 2207:Verner 1994 2195:Verner 1994 2183:Verner 1994 2162:Verner 1994 2126:Lehner 2008 2099:Verner 1994 2021:Verner 1994 2004:Verner 1994 1968:Lehner 2008 1956:Lehner 2008 1932:Lehner 2008 1920:Lehner 2008 1905:Lehner 2008 1881:Lehner 2008 1869:Lehner 2008 1857:Verner 1994 1821:Verner 2000 1809:Verner 2000 1785:Verner 1994 1758:Verner 1994 1673:Verner 1994 1639:Lehner 1999 1593:Lehner 2008 1566:Krejčí 2000 1554:Verner 1994 1529:Verner 1994 1505:Verner 1994 1435:Arnold 2003 1411:Verner 1994 1382:Lehner 2008 1293:Lehner 2008 1256:Lehner 2008 1193:Arnold 2003 1009:Shepseskare 1001:Baugraffiti 937:Third phase 842:First phase 780:sarcophagus 773:New Kingdom 623:Old Kingdom 599:Shepseskare 498:Neferirkare 412:Baugraffiti 396:Old Kingdom 392:New Kingdom 390:. From the 344:Shepseskare 291:unfinished 191:(converted) 166:Constructed 67: / 43:Coordinates 4261:Categories 4241:Pyramidion 3923:Neferuptah 3887:Senusret I 3676:Unfinished 3448:Edfu South 2457:Bareš 2000 2445:Bareš 2000 2150:Bárta 2017 2045:Bárta 2017 1578:Bárta 2005 1346:Málek 2003 1268:Bárta 2005 1164:Budge 1920 1135:References 882:Limestone 849:false door 760:portcullis 538:necropolis 481:Heliopolis 449:Nyuserre's 313:necropolis 309:Heliopolis 52:29°53′38″N 3751:Sesheshet 3670:Neferefre 3619:Lepsius L 3427:Lepsius I 3241:0255-0962 3219:0255-0962 3183:0342-1279 3015:0044-8699 2817:(1913) . 2758:1214-3189 2752:: 28–42. 2638:697736910 2605:161629772 1481:Peck 2001 1358:Shaw 2003 1005:Menkauhor 925:quartzite 920:hypostyle 888:hypostyle 886:from the 789:greywacke 784:alabaster 747:A: Entry 689:Userkaf's 574:pole star 514:Neferefre 502:limestone 416:Menkauhor 352:hypostyle 336:limestone 332:Neferefre 311:– of the 297:Neferefre 200:Limestone 55:31°12′6″E 37:Neferefre 3981:Khendjer 3827:Merikare 3702:Headless 3682:Nyuserre 3545:Menkaure 3528:Djedefre 3434:Athribis 3366:Pyramids 3136:Specific 3116:(2003). 2944:(1994). 2827:84318033 2648:(1994). 2628:(1920). 2510:41431623 1036:See also 1030:Kufesque 631:Nyuserre 471:and the 445:Sahure's 427:Location 406:tomb of 364:abattoir 348:Nyuserre 196:Material 4001:SAK S 7 3994:SAK S 3 3746:Pepi II 3741:Merenre 3638:Userkaf 3455:el-Kula 3358:Dynasty 3335:Commons 3324:Lepsius 3322: ( 3107:General 2865:(ed.). 2698:(ed.). 2524:(ed.). 2478:Sources 948:Pepi II 905:diorite 901:faience 552:in his 469:Saqqara 463:in the 404:mastaba 400:granite 384:Pepi II 378:in the 299:of the 4277:Abusir 4201:Ahmose 4161:Kamose 4071:DAS 53 4064:DAS 51 4057:DAS 50 4050:DAS 49 4043:DAS 46 3917:Hawara 3736:Pepi I 3695:Double 3655:Sahure 3540:Khafre 3503:Meidum 3462:Naqada 3413:Buried 3407:Djoser 3349:Period 3253: 3239: 3217: 3195: 3181: 3163: 3149: 3124: 3089: 3070: 3049: 3030: 3013: 2983: 2957: 2930: 2911: 2873: 2850: 2844:83–107 2825: 2803: 2784: 2780:–786. 2756: 2733: 2714: 2680: 2658: 2636: 2603: 2572: 2553: 2532: 2508: 2498: 913:basalt 872:phyles 764:gabled 706:mortar 685:Fourth 618:Layout 560:, and 494:Sahure 477:Sahure 465:Abusir 370:. The 330:after 305:Abusir 280:, (in 224:Volume 206:Height 4236:Texts 4231:Seked 4193:XVIII 4078:] 4036:] 4022:] 4008:] 3943:] 3930:] 3910:Black 3893:White 3650:] 3523:Khufu 3496:Seila 3476:Sinki 3420:Layer 2999:(PDF) 2968:(PDF) 2951:(PDF) 2710:–99. 2601:S2CID 1058:Notes 1026:Kufic 909:gabro 665:Sixth 661:Fifth 586:mummy 582:ante- 232:Slope 4123:XVII 4089:S 10 3968:XIII 3809:Khui 3783:VIII 3731:Teti 3713:Unas 3612:G3-c 3605:G3-b 3598:G3-a 3591:G2-a 3584:G1-d 3577:G1-c 3570:G1-b 3563:G1-a 3510:Bent 3251:ISBN 3237:ISSN 3215:ISSN 3193:ISBN 3179:ISSN 3173:In: 3161:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3122:ISBN 3087:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3047:ISBN 3028:ISBN 3011:ISSN 2981:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2928:ISBN 2909:ISBN 2871:ISBN 2848:ISBN 2823:OCLC 2801:ISBN 2782:ISBN 2754:ISSN 2731:ISBN 2712:ISBN 2678:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2634:OCLC 2570:ISBN 2551:ISBN 2530:ISBN 2506:OCLC 2496:ISBN 969:Teti 930:hedj 897:frit 726:Tura 679:and 663:and 550:XXVI 496:and 485:Iunu 439:and 376:Teti 272:The 214:Base 176:Type 4084:S 9 3874:XII 3804:Ibi 3794:Ity 3517:Red 3399:III 3233:PDF 3227:(= 3211:PDF 3205:(= 2778:778 2593:doi 1125:Nut 1120:akh 1116:akh 1111:akh 1007:or 718:iat 712:or 326:or 187:or 4263:: 4076:de 4034:de 4020:de 4006:de 3941:de 3928:de 3856:XI 3723:VI 3648:de 3487:IV 3235:) 3213:) 3007:69 3005:. 3001:. 2894:11 2892:. 2888:. 2846:. 2750:XV 2748:. 2708:97 2616:. 2599:. 2589:15 2587:. 2504:. 2365:^ 2338:^ 2309:^ 2274:^ 2247:^ 2226:^ 2169:^ 2106:^ 2075:^ 2052:^ 2011:^ 1912:^ 1765:^ 1724:^ 1697:^ 1680:^ 1661:^ 1646:^ 1627:^ 1612:^ 1585:^ 1536:^ 1473:^ 1442:^ 1401:^ 1300:^ 1275:^ 1242:^ 1227:^ 1200:^ 1171:^ 1142:^ 1106:ba 1102:ka 1098:ba 1094:ka 1089:ba 1086:, 1083:ka 1011:. 578:Re 556:, 451:, 447:, 319:. 3819:X 3630:V 3326:) 3301:e 3294:t 3287:v 3130:. 3095:. 3076:. 3055:. 3036:. 3017:. 2989:. 2936:. 2917:. 2879:. 2856:. 2829:. 2809:. 2790:. 2760:. 2739:. 2720:. 2686:. 2664:. 2640:. 2620:. 2607:. 2595:: 2578:. 2559:. 2538:. 2512:. 483:(

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