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invented the
Doctrine of Necessity alias Nazria e Zaroorat in later years to buttress martial law in Pakistan. In this trial in Lahore against Manto, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, M.D. Taseer and many literary celebrities testified in favor of Manto. Manto's trial ended with a warning from Sessions Judge Munir that he was being let off easy with just a fine but would be sent to jail for many years if he did not stop writing his provocative short stories. So, Manto could not write his novel and cutting edge short stories. Manto sank into depression. He tried to alleviate his depression with alcohol and this started affecting his liver and led to cirrhosis of liver with him vomiting blood. His wife and relatives tried admitting him into Lahore Mental Asylum on Jail Road, Lahore which was the rehab clinic for alcoholics at that time. This treatment did not work. Manto returned to Lakshami Mansions, Beadon Road near Mall Road. Soon he had become increasingly alcoholic, which eventually led to
1515:. It not only showed the influence of his own demons, but also that of the collective madness that he saw in the ensuing decade of his life. To add to it, his numerous court cases and societal rebukes deepened his cynical view of society, from which he felt isolated. No part of human existence remained untouched or taboo for him, he sincerely brought out stories of prostitutes and pimps alike, just as he highlighted the subversive sexual slavery of the women of his times. To many contemporary women writers, his language portrayed reality and provided them with the dignity they long deserved. He is still known for his scathing insight into human behaviour as well as revelation of the macabre animalistic nature of the enraged people, that stands out amidst the brevity of his prose.
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family as well including his relatives Film
Director Masud Pervaiz and Cricket Commentator Hamid Jalal. Manto, Safia Manto and their three daughters all lived with their extended family in a large apartment in the posh LAKSHMI MANSION, an Apartment Complex situated between Hall Road and Beadon Road which had a circular enclosed green space with a Peepal Tree where the other Apartment residents included Mani Shankar Ayyar and the renowned Lahore jeweller Girdhari Lal. The three storied building was built by
1347:. Some of his short stories also came from this phase including Kaali Shalwar (1941), Dhuan (1941) and Bu (1945), which was published in Qaumi Jang (Bombay) in February 1945. Another highlight of his second phase in Bombay was the publication of a collection of his stories, Chugad, which also included the story 'Babu Gopinath'. Dissatisfied with the people at Filmistan, he joined the
1532:, partly because he wrote about taboos of Indo-Pakistani Society. His concerns on the socio-political issues, from local to global are revealed in his series, Letters to Uncle Sam, and those to Pandit Nehru. On his writing he often commented, "If you find my stories dirty, the society you are living in is dirty. With my stories, I only expose the truth".
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The partition was brutal and bloody, and to Saadat Hasan Manto, a Muslim journalist, short-story author and Indian film screenwriter living in Bombay, it appeared maddeningly senseless. Manto was already an established writer before August 1947, but the stories he would go on to write about partition
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of 1947-48 in Lahore. The mansion is currently dilapidated and uninhabited, though its façade still exists, renovated and painted. Later on, when Manto's financial situation went from bad to worse, he and his family moved in with his wife Mrs. Safia Manto's extended family. This was Manto's extended
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He claimed allegiance not only to his native Punjab but also to his ancestors' home in
Kashmir. While raised speaking Punjabi, he was also proud of the remnants of Kashmiri culture that his family maintained-food customs, as well as intermarriage with families of Kashmiri origin-and throughout his
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Manto had suffered public trials for writing obscene literature in the newly created and increasingly
Islamized Pakistan. Sessions Judge Munir presided over Manto's last trial in Lahore and he is the infamous judge who later became Justice Munir, Chief Justice of Pakistan Supreme Court and who
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located in Lahore's famous
Lakshmi Chowk (where many Film Distributors had offices) at the juncture of McLeod Road and Abbott Road. Lakshmi Building no longer exists as such but only its front or facade has been renovated and still faces McLeod Road. Lakshmi Building was abandoned during the
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and found a new spurt in his writing. His second story, "Inqlaab Pasand", was published in
Aligarh magazine in March 1935. His education at Aligarh was cut short when nine months into joining the university he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He spent the next three months at a sanatorium at
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On 26 April 1939, Manto married Safia Begum. Their first child Arif died at a young age in April 1941 in Delhi. Later they had three daughters Nighat Manto, Nuzhat Manto and Nusrat Manto. His daughter Nighat Bashir still lives at
Lakshami Mansions, Beadon Road where Manto breathed his last.
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Manto was a writer whose life story became a subject of intense discussion and introspection. During the last two decades, many stage productions were done to present his character in conflict with the harsh socio-economic realities of the post-partition era. Danish Iqbal's stage Play
1497:. Though his earlier works, influenced by the progressive writers of his times, showed a marked leftist and socialist leanings, his later work progressively became stark in portraying the darkness of the human psyche, as humanist values progressively declined around the Partition.
934:, he produced 22 collections of short stories, a novel, five series of radio plays, three collections of essays and two collections of personal sketches. His best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. He is best known for his stories about the
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reached him, in the midst of occasional communal riots in Bombay itself, he decided to migrate to
Pakistan, and left for it by ship. He stayed a few days in Karachi, finally settling at Lahore with his family. Manto and his family thus found themselves as
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The big turning point in his life came in 1933, at age 21, when he met Abdul Bari Alig, a scholar and polemic writer who encouraged him to find his true talents and read
Russian and French authors. Bari also encouraged Manto to translate
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life he assigned special importance to others who had
Kashmiri roots. In a tongue-in-cheek letter addressed to Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, he went so far as to suggest that being beautiful was the second meaning of being Kashmiri
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His final works, which grew from the social climate and his own financial struggles, reflected an innate sense of human impotency towards darkness and contained satire that verged on dark comedy, as seen in his final work,
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Here lies Saadat Hasan Manto. With him lie buried all the arts and mysteries of short story writing . . . Under tons of earth he lies, wondering who of the two is the greater short story writer: God or
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Madness and Partition: The Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto, Stephen Alter, Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 14, Madness and Civilization/ al-Junun wa al-Hadarah (1994), pp. 91–100.
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Another Lonely Voice: The Urdu Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto, by Leslie A. Flemming, Berkeley: Centre for South and South east Asian Studies. University of California. 1979.
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Manto faced trial for obscenity in his writings, three times in British India before 1947 (‘Dhuan’, ‘Bu’ and ‘Kali Shalwar’) and three times in Pakistan after 1947 (‘Khol Do’, ‘
1519:"We’ve been hearing this for some time now — Save India from this, save it from that. The fact is that India needs to be saved from the people who say it should be saved.
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in the early nineteenth century and taken up the legal profession. His father, Khwaja Ghulam Hasan, was a session judge of a local court. His mother, Sardar Begum had a
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where he twice failed his matriculation examination. In 1931 he took admission at the Hindu Sabha College but dropped out after first year due to poor results.
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One can, however, assert that the finest short/ stories about the period were written by Saadat Hasan Manto. For him the partition was an overwhelming tragedy.
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However, on the insistence of his family it was replaced by an alternative epitaph on his grave, which was also authored by him, inspired by a couplet from
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Alter, Stephen; ﺃﻟﺘﺮ, ﺳﺘﻴﭭﻦ (1994). "Madness and Partition: The Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto / ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ : ﻗﺼﺺ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ".
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in Pakistan's early years. He was fined only in one case. Regarding the charges of obscenity he opined, "I am not a pornographer but a story writer".
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The Life and Works of Saadat Hasan Manto. Introduction by Leslie Flemming; trans. by Tahira Naqvi. Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books Ltd., 1985.
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would come to cement his reputation. ... Manto had been implacably opposed to partition and had refused to go to the newly formed Pakistan.
1372:" (refugees from India) and were among the millions of Muslims who left present-day India for the new Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan.
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1363:. In 1948, his wife and children went to Lahore to visit their relatives and friends. During this time, as stories of the atrocities of
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https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/study/ugmodules/ugmodules/censorship/teachingandreadingmaterials/manto_previous_resources.pptx
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This is the grave of the grave of Saadat Hasan Manto, who still thinks his name was not the repeated word on the tablet of time.”
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This proved to be his most productive period as in the next eighteen months he published over four collections of radio plays,
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2467:"Saadat Hasan Manto and Bollywood: From writing a National Award-winning film to playing a cameo in an Ashok Kumar movie"
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1098:(Russian Stories). The collection included stories from Tolstoy, Gorky and Chekhov and two of Manto's original stories,
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or Marxists and leftists criticised him for ideological reasons, namely for his migration to Pakistan and embrace of
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1086:(Kindness), both published from Amritsar. He also edited and translated Russian and French stories for the journals
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On 18 January 2005, the fiftieth anniversary of his death, Manto was commemorated on a Pakistani postage stamp.
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Naked Voices: Stories and Sketches by Manto, Ed. and tr. by Rakhshanda Jalil. Indian Ink & Roli Books, 2008.
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ancestry and was the second wife of his father. Ethnically a Kashmiri he was proud of his roots. In a letter to
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Manto Naama: The Life of Saadat Hasan Manto, English translation of the above by Jai Ratan, 1998, Roli Books.
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in Delhi. Subsequently he moved to Delhi in January 1941 and accepted the job of writing for Urdu Service of
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Manto chronicled the chaos that prevailed, during and after the Partition of India in 1947. Manto strongly
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Dozakhnama - A Novel: A biography of Manto and Ghalib and history of Indian culture combined into one by
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Manto joined All India Radio in early 1941 and became acquainted with many writers working there such as
3416:"Reviewed work: Another Lonely Voice: The Urdu Short Stories of Saadat Hasan Manto., Leslie A. Flemming"
1427:. He died on 18 January 1955, at Lakshami Mansions, Lahore. His death was attributed to the effects of
1297:, he left his job and returned to Bombay in July 1942 and again started working with the film industry.
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1137:(Philosopher's Stone). In 1936, at Lahore, he published his first collection of original short stories
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After a brief stay in Amritsar, Manto moved to Lahore in search of employment and joined the newspaper
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Stars from Another Sky: The Bombay Film World of the 1940s, tr. by Khalid Hasan. Penguin India, 2000.
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By virtue of his disposition, temperament, features and his spirit, Manto remains a Kashmiri Pandit.
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Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hassan Manto, edited and tr. by Khalid Hassan, Penguin, 2008.
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While the conservative or right-wing section of the society criticised him on moral grounds, the
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Life and Works of Saadat Hasan Manto, by Alok Bhalla. 1997, Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
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Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers' Movement in Urdu
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When Manto arrived in Lahore from Bombay, he associated with several intellectuals at Lahore's
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1094:. On Bari's encouragement these Russian stories were then published in Lahore under the title,
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942:, immediately following independence in 1947. Manto's most notable work has been archived by
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Bengali translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's tongue-in-cheek essay on himself from the Urdu
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Manto is buried in Miani Saheb graveyard in Lahore. In 1954 he composed his own epitaph:
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1279:(Three women). He continued to write short stories and his next short story collection
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The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide
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The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide
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The Pity of Partition: Manto's Life, Times, and Work across the India-Pakistan Divide
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1740:(Fiction and Drama) – 1943 افسانے اور ڈرامے - collection of stories and radio plays
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3152:"Abida Parveen, Aleem Dar among winners Posthumous awards for Manto, Mehdi Hassan"
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Manto: Selected Stories, tr. by Aatish Taseer. Vintage/Random House India, 2008.
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Manto Ki Behtareen Kahanian (Best Stories of Manto) – 1963 منٹو کی بہترین کہانیاں
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he suggested that being 'beautiful' was the second meaning of being 'Kashmiri'.
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among the 100 stories that shaped the world, alongside works by authors like
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2586:"Lahore's charm is distinct: Nandita Das falls in love with the walled city"
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presented Manto in a new perspective on occasion of his birth centenary.
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2678:"Lahore diary - If you haven't seen Lahore, you haven't even been born"
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1961:"The Storyteller: Saadat Hasan Manto (May 11, 1912 - January 18, 1955"
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in 1943. Meanwhile, due to growing differences with his colleagues at
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1900:"So What Do We Do About Manto, Who Was Neither Indian Nor Pakistani?"
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1224:(Caravan) at a lower salary. Dissatisfied in his work, he applied to
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2087:"'Manto' Is an Unflinching Account of a Man's Descent Into Paranoia"
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Manto returned to Bombay in July 1942 and rejoined as the editor of
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writers and is the subject of two biographical films: the 2015 film
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Badshahat Ka Khatimah (The End of Kingship) – 1950 بادشاہت کا خاتمہ
1708:(Stories of Manto) – 1940 منٹو کے افسانے - short stories collection
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As a resident of Bombay, Manto had intended to stay in India after
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1692:(Russian Stories) - translated collection of Russian short stories
1170:(Society). He also started to write dialogues and scripts for the
1070:(Spectacle) under a pseudonym in Abdul Bari Alig's Urdu newspaper
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into Urdu in 1934. He published his first original story in Urdu,
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into Urdu which was later published by Urdu Book Stall, Lahore as
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Sarkandon Ke Peechhey (Behind The Reeds) – 1955 سرکنڈوں کے پیچھے
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This heightened enthusiasm pushed Manto to pursue graduation at
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Another Lonely Voice: The Life and Works of Saadat Hassan Manto
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1501:"A writer picks up his pen only when his sensibility is hurt."
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Manto was tried for obscenity six times; thrice before 1947 in
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1991:"Saadat Hasan Manto: 'He anticipated where Pakistan would go'"
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and entered his best phase in screenwriting giving films like
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Bengali translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's Urdu short story
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Pardey Ke Peechhey (Behind The Curtains) – 1953 پردے کے پیچھے
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1188:(Cleopatra's Death). In Bombay, he also came in contact with
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Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits
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Mottled Dawn: Fifty Sketches and Stories of Partition - 1997
1700:(Nuggets of Fire) – 1936 آتش پارے - short stories collection
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In 1940 he published his second collection of short stories
3503:"Manto Bridge : to Manto, Bombay was about its people"
2866:"A short story by Sadat Hasan Manto: A Biographical Sketch"
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Tahira Se Tahir (From Tahira to Tahir) – 1971 طاہرہ سے طاہر
1078:. During this period he contributed to the daily newspaper
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He received his early education at a Muslim High School at
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Manto Naama, by Jagdish Chander Wadhawan.1998, Roli Books.
3252:"Look who's playing Nawazuddin Siddiqui's friend in Manto"
1309:. During this time, he associated with his Aligarh friend
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Pakistani Urdu novelist, playwright and writer (1912–1955)
2922:"Some Closing Thoughts on Saadat Hasan Manto's Centenary"
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to regain his health and then returned home to Amritsar.
911:; 11 May 1912 – 18 January 1955) was a Pakistani writer,
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and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
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1918:"Dareechah-e-Nigaarish - Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955)"
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Nimrud Ki Khudai (Nimrod The God) – 1950 نمرود کی خُدائی
1549:’ and ‘Upar Neeche Darmiyaan’) under section 292 of the
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At least one commentator compares Saadat Hasan Manto to
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and Pakistan Peoples Party stalwart Malik Meraj Khalid.
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3125:"Mumtaz Shirin & movement for Pakistani literature"
2797:"Social and Political World-View of Saadat Hasan Manto"
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Baghair Unwan Ke (Without a Title) – 1954 بغیر عنوان کے
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award (Distinguished Service to Pakistan Award) by the
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In August 1940 he was dismissed from the editorship of
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Sarak Ke Kinarey (By the Roadside) – 1953 سڑک کے کنارے
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family of barristers on 11 May 1912. He belonged to a
3205:"Behind the scenes: How Manto, the movie, came about"
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Baghair Ijazit (Without Permission) – 1955 بغیر اجازت
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Saadat Hassan Manto was born in Paproudi village of
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3531:, translated by Arunava Sinha. Random House India.
2851:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 113.
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Shikari Auratein (Hunter Women) – 1955 شکاری عورتیں
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3001:"Manto's Anna Hazare moment: Who will save India?"
1594:, Saadat Hasan Manto was posthumously awarded the
1192:and became friendly with progressive writers like
1162:In Bombay, Manto started his work as an editor of
1150:when he received an invitation to edit the weekly
2946:Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hasan Manto
1758:Lazzat-e-Sang – 1948 (The Taste of Rock) لذتِ سنگ
1418:Manto's grave at Miani Saheb graveyard in Lahore.
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3028:"प्रामाणिक रुप से लिखने वाला क्रांतिकारी कथाकार"
1767:Khali Botlein (Empty Bottles) – 1950 خالی بوتلیں
1722:(Smoke) – 1941 دُھواں - short stories collection
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1220:and started working for another magazine called
356:Award (Order of Excellence) in 2012 (posthumous)
2221:"Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955) Men of Letters"
1761:Siyah Hashiye – 1948 (Black Borders) سیاہ حاشیہ
1317:. In 1932, on Latif's invitation he joined the
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1489:. His first story was "Tamasha", based on the
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1752:(Blind Fool)– چُغد - short stories collection
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1734:(Three women) - 1942 - radio play collection
1321:studio. Here he also formed friendship with
1166:along with Nazir Ludhianvi and the magazine
49:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
3932:People from Punjab Province (British India)
3501:Pinglay-Plumber, Prachi (12 January 2015).
3102:. Princeton University Press. p. 109.
2896:"Manto's undivided people & divided us"
1860:. Princeton University Press. p. 216.
1561:Progressive critique: migration to Pakistan
1541:Conservative critique: charge for obscenity
953:, and thrice after independence in 1947 in
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3912:20th-century Pakistani short story writers
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3541:. India: Random House India. p. 544.
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2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2131:
1979:
889:
835:
821:
149:
136:
3603:Saadat Hasan Manto | Kavishala Sootradhar
3453:
3431:
1728:(Funerals) - 1942 - radio play collection
1056:(A Prisoner's Story). He then translated
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3297:
3244:
2520:
2508:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2400:
2388:
2358:
2346:
2331:
2307:
2295:
2268:
2253:
2241:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2192:
1824:Ratti, Masha, Tolah – 1956 رتی ماشہ تولہ
1746:(Manto's Dramas) - radio play collection
1413:
1354:
3907:20th-century dramatists and playwrights
3230:"The 100 stories that shaped the world"
2819:
2817:
2782:
2621:
2557:
2162:
1988:
1351:in 1947, after the partition of India.
1239:
1117:(IPWA). It was here that he met writer
1115:Indian Progressive Writers' Association
14:
3804:
3651:
3362:
3308:
3122:
2846:
2823:
2768:"Lakshmi Mansion: Now A Decrepit Void"
2765:
2753:
2738:
2709:
2644:
2478:
2476:
2373:
2319:
2119:
2107:
2084:
1773:Ganjey Farishtey (Sketches) گنجے فرشتے
1618:In 2015, Pakistani actor and director
1180:. He wrote many radio plays including
3625:
3599:. Translated by Frances W. Pritchett.
3413:
3341:
3278:"Saadat Hasan Manto's 108th Birthday"
3202:
3097:
3074:"Sentence First – Verdict Afterwards"
3071:
3048:
3025:
2976:
2942:
2657:from the original on 22 December 2021
2280:
2210:
2018:
1945:. Penguin Books India. Archived from
1855:
1714:(Come) - 1940 - radio play collection
1676:celebrated his 108th birthday with a
906:
897:
3852:Pakistani dramatists and playwrights
3565:Works by or about Saadat Hasan Manto
3535:Bal, Rabishankar (2 December 2012).
3456:Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics
2849:Life and works of Saadat Hasan Manto
2814:
2712:"Saadat Hasan Manto, the family man"
2710:Farooq, Mohammad (18 January 2018).
2622:Balouch, Akhtar (14 December 2013).
2482:
2052:
1553:(by the British Government) and the
29:
3917:20th-century Pakistani male writers
3534:
3049:Manto, Saadat Hasan (10 May 2005).
2675:
2583:
2473:
2085:Thakur, Tanul (21 September 2018).
1014:trading family that had settled in
888:
807:Indian People's Theatre Association
56:Please consider converting them to
24:
3857:Pakistani male short story writers
3827:Alcohol-related deaths in Pakistan
3384:
2979:"औरत को इंसान के रुप में पेश किया"
2766:Rehman, Noor Ur (14 August 2018).
2609:Karachi - Tareekh ke aayiney meain
2606:
2485:"बैरिस्टर के बेटे से लेखक होने तक"
2132:Reeck, Matt; Ahmad, Aftab (2012).
1770:Loud Speaker (Sketches) لاؤڈ سپیکر
1184:(Come, Let's Listen to Radio) and
25:
3943:
3558:
3311:"Manto: A Psychological Portrait"
2924:. Pak Tea House. 19 December 2012
2532:
1989:Manzoor, Sarfraz (11 June 2016).
1812:Phunduney (Tassles) – 1955 پھندنے
1776:Manto ke Mazameen منٹو کے مضا مین
1661:film based on the life of Manto.
1375:
908:[səˈaːd̪ət̪ˈɦəsənˈməɳʈoː]
3291:
3203:Jalil, Xari (8 September 2015).
2647:"Migration and the Manto Family"
2645:Mohsin, Jugnu (22 August 2020).
1755:Khol Do (Open It) – 1948 کھول دو
1535:
1455:
1213:(Stories of Manto) from Lahore.
1190:Progressive Writers' Association
1074:(Creation). It was based on the
852:
34:
3837:Male dramatists and playwrights
3270:
3222:
3196:
3170:
3144:
3116:
3091:
3072:Tariq, Bashir (20 March 2015).
3065:
3042:
3019:
2993:
2970:
2936:
2914:
2888:
2858:
2826:"Saadat Hasan Manto: A Profile"
2759:
2703:
2692:
2669:
2638:
2615:
2600:
2577:
2558:Hussain, Abid (19 March 2015).
2551:
2526:
2459:
2156:
2125:
2078:
1830:(Black Pants) – 1961 کالی شلوار
1683:
1252:, Ansar Nasiri, Mahmud Nizami,
1049:The Last Day of a Condemned Man
3369:. Princeton University Press.
2038:
2012:
1953:
1935:
1910:
1892:
1874:
1849:
1664:
1471:opposed the partition of India
899:[s'aːdət(ɦ)əsənmənʈoː]
60:to ensure the article remains
13:
1:
3892:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
3887:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
3882:Progressive Writers' Movement
3872:People from Ludhiana district
3414:Memon, Muhammad Umar (1981).
3123:Parekh, Rauf (4 March 2008).
2676:Das, Nandita (6 April 2015).
2584:Das, Nandita (7 April 2015).
1843:
1818:Shaiytan (Satan) – 1955 شیطان
1785:(Cold Meat) – 1950 ٹھنڈا گوشت
1606:Film, theatre, and literature
989:
915:and author who was active in
417:Progressive Writers' Movement
3765:Films based on Manto's works
3420:The Journal of Asian Studies
3298:Flemming, Leslie A. (1985).
3026:Shani, Sufia (10 May 2005).
2977:Shani, Sufia (10 May 2005).
2943:Manto, Saadat Hasan (2008).
2483:Dutt, Sharad (10 May 2005).
2019:Mehta, Suketu (8 May 2014).
1882:"A writer of fierce candour"
1481:and Russian writers such as
1404:Pakistan's National Assembly
1301:Return to Bombay (1942-1948)
1158:Career in Bombay (1937-1941)
984:
7:
3574:Works by Saadat Hasan Manto
3348:. Oxford University Press.
3309:Hashmi, Ali Madeeh (2012).
2560:"Not everyone's cup of tea"
1622:made and released a movie,
1592:Pakistan's Independence Day
1590:On 14 August 2012 which is
1464:
10:
3948:
3742:Depictions of Manto's life
3342:Jalil, Rakhshanda (2014).
3232:. BBC Culture. 22 May 2018
1146:In late 1936, he moved to
1030:Education and early career
3867:People from British India
3764:
3741:
3700:
3659:
1585:
1580:
1491:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1111:Aligarh Muslim University
1076:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
666:Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya
380:
368:
360:
349:
304:
296:
270:
262:
256:British India (1912–1948)
252:
226:
212:
188:
156:
144:
135:
122:
3922:20th-century translators
3178:"Tributes paid to Manto"
1409:
802:Communist Party of India
3363:Jalal, Ayesha (2013a).
2163:Pandita, Rahul (2013).
921:1947 partition of India
529:Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum
289:personal correspondence
3862:Pakistani progressives
3098:Jalal, Ayesha (2013).
2169:. Random House India.
2138:. Random House India.
1856:Jalal, Ayesha (2013).
1600:Government of Pakistan
1526:
1508:
1505:Manto to a court judge
1453:
1441:
1425:cirrhosis of the liver
1419:
1250:Akhtar Hussain Raipuri
895:Punjabi pronunciation:
683:Pramod Ranjan Sengupta
624:Salaam Machhalishahari
3897:Urdu-language writers
3832:Deaths from cirrhosis
3751:(2015 Pakistani film)
3720:Chal Chal Re Naujawan
3583:Manto and his stories
3053:(in Hindi). BBC Hindi
3051:"मैं क्या लिखता हूँ?"
3030:(in Hindi). BBC Hindi
2981:(in Hindi). BBC Hindi
2847:Bhalla, Alok (1997).
2770:. Charcoal and gravel
2533:Manto, Saadat Hasan.
2487:(in Hindi). BBC Hindi
1809:Burquey – 1955 بُرقعے
1571:Pakistani nationalism
1517:
1499:
1449:
1436:
1417:
1355:Migration to Pakistan
1332:Chal Chal Re Naujawan
919:and later, after the
796:Related Organisations
604:Muhammad Ali Siddiqui
258:Pakistani (1948–1955)
217:Miani Sahib Graveyard
3615:Shahid Saz (شہید ساز
2824:Chatterjee, Aparna.
2231:on 25 December 2017.
1943:"Saadat Hasan Manto"
1806:– 1955 ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ
1555:Pakistan Penal Code
1246:Chiragh Hasan Hasrat
1240:In Delhi (1941-1942)
649:Mohiuddin Qadri Zore
3902:Writers from Lahore
1655:Nawazuddin Siddiqui
1577:and Mumtaz Shirin.
1198:Rajinder Singh Bedi
1172:Hindi film industry
1143:(Nuggets of Fire).
904:Urdu pronunciation:
509:Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi
459:Razia Sajjad Zaheer
3927:People from Lahore
3877:Postmodern writers
3812:Saadat Hasan Manto
3757:(2018 Indian film)
3653:Saadat Hasan Manto
3588:Saadat Hasan Manto
3258:. 25 February 2017
3007:. 28 February 2013
2902:. 6 September 2015
2122:, pp. 29, 30.
2025:The New York Times
2021:"Pearls of Regret"
1613:Ek Kutte Ki Kahani
1551:Indian Penal Code
1420:
1271:(Manto's Dramas),
1202:Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
1186:Qalopatrah ki maut
1054:Sarguzasht-e-Aseer
971:and the 2018 film
936:partition of India
930:Writing mainly in
848:Saadat Hasan Manto
569:Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
524:Majrooh Sultanpuri
489:Saadat Hasan Manto
245:short story writer
130:Saadat Hasan Manto
3847:Modernist writers
3842:Modernist theatre
3799:
3798:
3617:) by Subhamay Ray
3376:978-1-4008-4668-9
3355:978-0-19-809673-3
3304:. Vanguard Books.
2949:. Penguin Books.
2624:"Manto's Lakshmi"
1949:on 30 March 2016.
1788:Yazid – 1951 یزید
1738:Afsane Aur Dramay
1524:
1506:
1291:Afsane aur Dramey
1082:, (Equality) and
845:
844:
774:Twilight in Delhi
544:Majnun Gorakhpuri
402:
401:
393:Abid Hassan Minto
297:Years active
116:
115:
108:
66:Several templates
18:Sadat Hasan Manto
16:(Redirected from
3939:
3673:Manto Ke Afsanay
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3569:Internet Archive
3552:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3475:
3445:
3435:
3380:
3359:
3338:
3315:Social Scientist
3305:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:. 14 August 2012
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3078:The Friday Times
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2836:on 30 July 2017.
2832:. Archived from
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2801:Kashmir Sentinel
2793:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2536:Ganjay Farishtay
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2361:, pp. 8, 9.
2356:
2350:
2349:, pp. 7, 8.
2344:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2310:, pp. 6, 7.
2305:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:, pp. 4, 5.
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:. Archived from
2217:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2195:, pp. 3, 4.
2190:
2184:
2183:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1705:Manto Ke Afsanay
1672:On 11 May 2020,
1522:
1504:
1386:Lakshmi Building
1287:Manto ke Mazamin
1258:Upendranath Ashk
1210:Manto Ke Afsanay
1119:Ali Sardar Jafri
1102:(Spectacle) and
1002:district of the
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
891:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
865:
864:
861:
858:
837:
830:
823:
779:Manto Ke Afsanay
723:Kashmiri writers
619:Shaukat Siddiqui
564:Ale Ahmad Suroor
549:Firaq Gorakhpuri
534:Ali Sardar Jafri
499:Jan Nisar Akhtar
404:
403:
385:Saifuddin Kichlu
195:
166:
164:
151:
140:
120:
119:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
78:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3760:
3737:
3696:
3655:
3650:
3561:
3549:
3518:
3516:
3433:10.2307/2054591
3387:
3385:Further reading
3377:
3356:
3321:(11/12): 5–15.
3294:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
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3211:
3201:
3197:
3187:
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3149:
3145:
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3133:
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3117:
3110:
3096:
3092:
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3043:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
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2927:
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2905:
2903:
2894:
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2889:
2879:
2877:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2845:
2841:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2607:Damohi, Usman.
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2527:
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2407:
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2318:
2314:
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2287:
2279:
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2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
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2187:
2177:
2161:
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2146:
2130:
2126:
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2114:
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2102:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1686:
1667:
1608:
1596:Nishan-e-Imtiaz
1588:
1583:
1563:
1543:
1538:
1520:
1502:
1467:
1458:
1412:
1396:Lala Lajpat Rai
1391:partition riots
1378:
1365:partition riots
1357:
1303:
1295:All India Radio
1275:(Funerals) and
1242:
1234:All India Radio
1230:All India Radio
1228:for a job with
1226:Krishan Chander
1194:Krishan Chander
1160:
1032:
992:
987:
903:
894:
867:
855:
851:
841:
812:
811:
797:
789:
788:
759:
751:
750:
740:Marathi writers
694:Punjabi writers
672:Bengali writers
655:English writers
599:Khatir Ghaznavi
594:Krishan Chander
519:Sahir Ludhianvi
514:Josh Malihabadi
469:Faiz Ahmad Faiz
426:
395:
391:
387:
375:
373:
354:Nishan-e-Imtiaz
345:
292:
257:
248:
197:
193:
192:18 January 1955
174:Punjab Province
168:
162:
160:
152:
131:
128:
127:
112:
101:
95:
92:
80:
69:
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3945:
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3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3790:Toba Tek Singh
3787:
3781:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3691:Toba Tek Singh
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3597:Toba Tek Singh
3594:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3560:
3559:External links
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3529:Rabisankar Bal
3525:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3464:10.2307/521767
3458:(14): 91–100.
3448:
3447:
3446:
3426:(3): 627–629.
3408:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3360:
3354:
3339:
3306:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3284:. 11 May 2020.
3269:
3243:
3221:
3195:
3169:
3143:
3115:
3109:978-1400846689
3108:
3090:
3064:
3041:
3018:
2992:
2969:
2956:978-0143102175
2955:
2935:
2913:
2887:
2857:
2839:
2813:
2781:
2758:
2756:, p. 108.
2743:
2741:, p. 210.
2728:
2702:
2691:
2668:
2637:
2614:
2599:
2576:
2550:
2525:
2513:
2498:
2472:
2469:. 11 May 2022.
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2405:
2393:
2378:
2363:
2351:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2285:
2283:, p. 310.
2273:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2175:
2155:
2144:
2135:Bombay Stories
2124:
2112:
2100:
2077:
2051:
2046:"Manto's work"
2037:
2011:
1978:
1952:
1934:
1909:
1891:
1888:. 14 May 2012.
1873:
1867:978-1400846689
1866:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:Toba Tek Singh
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:Manto ke Drame
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1682:
1666:
1663:
1643:The 2018 film
1638:Virginia Woolf
1630:Toba Tek Singh
1620:Sarmad Khoosat
1607:
1604:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1562:
1559:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:D. H. Lawrence
1513:Toba Tek Singh
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1411:
1408:
1400:Sarojini Naidu
1377:
1376:Life in Lahore
1374:
1356:
1353:
1349:Bombay Talkies
1315:Ismat Chughtai
1302:
1299:
1269:Manto ke Drame
1241:
1238:
1182:Ao Radio Sunen
1159:
1156:
1031:
1028:
991:
988:
986:
983:
977:, directed by
969:Sarmad Khoosat
967:, directed by
890:سعادت حسن منٹو
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
737:
736:
734:Dinanath Nadim
731:
720:
719:
708:
707:
702:
691:
690:
685:
680:
669:
668:
663:
661:Mulk Raj Anand
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Sulaiman Areeb
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:Salma Siddiqui
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Akhtar ul Iman
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Shamim Karhani
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:Ismat Chughtai
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
400:
399:
382:
378:
377:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
351:
350:Notable awards
347:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
313:Toba Tek Singh
308:
306:
302:
301:
298:
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291:
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287:
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230:
228:
224:
223:
214:
210:
209:
196:(aged 42)
190:
186:
185:
158:
154:
153:
150:سعادت حسن منٹو
148:
146:
142:
141:
133:
132:
129:
123:
114:
113:
96:September 2022
58:full citations
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3944:
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3930:
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3746:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:Apni Nagariya
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:Short stories
3658:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3611:
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3606:
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3601:
3598:
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3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3548:9788184003086
3544:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:81-84001-44-4
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:81-85952-48-5
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3368:
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3361:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3292:Cited sources
3283:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3231:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3184:. 11 May 2012
3183:
3179:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3094:
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3045:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2876:(1): 12. 1963
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2679:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2587:
2580:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2539:. p. 190
2538:
2537:
2529:
2523:, p. 17.
2522:
2521:Flemming 1985
2517:
2511:, p. 16.
2510:
2509:Flemming 1985
2505:
2503:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2456:, p. 15.
2455:
2454:Flemming 1985
2450:
2444:, p. 14.
2443:
2442:Flemming 1985
2438:
2432:, p. 13.
2431:
2430:Flemming 1985
2426:
2420:, p. 11.
2419:
2418:Flemming 1985
2414:
2412:
2410:
2403:, p. 41.
2402:
2401:Flemming 1985
2397:
2391:, p. 10.
2390:
2389:Flemming 1985
2385:
2383:
2376:, p. 12.
2375:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:Flemming 1985
2355:
2348:
2347:Flemming 1985
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:Flemming 1985
2328:
2322:, p. 50.
2321:
2316:
2309:
2308:Flemming 1985
2304:
2298:, p. 36.
2297:
2296:Flemming 1985
2292:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2269:Flemming 1985
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:Flemming 1985
2250:
2243:
2242:Flemming 1985
2238:
2230:
2226:
2225:Pakistan Post
2222:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:Flemming 1985
2201:
2194:
2193:Flemming 1985
2189:
2182:
2178:
2176:9788184003901
2172:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:9788184003611
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2110:, p. 29.
2109:
2104:
2088:
2081:
2066:. 11 May 2016
2065:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1922:Dareechah.com
1919:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1886:The Economist
1883:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:Kaali Shalwar
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
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1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1678:Google Doodle
1675:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:and starring
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1536:Controversies
1533:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1456:Personal life
1452:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:Pak Tea House
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:and his wife
1312:
1311:Shaheed Latif
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:Apni Nagariya
1173:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:(Fisherman).
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
982:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
952:
951:British India
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:British India
914:
909:
900:
886:
882:
876:
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
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803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:Notable works
755:
754:
747:
746:Mama Varerkar
744:
743:
742:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
724:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:Hindi writers
706:
703:
701:
700:Amrita Pritam
698:
697:
696:
695:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
639:Hajra Masroor
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Hameed Akhtar
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:Akhtar Husain
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
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510:
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467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Sajjad Zaheer
432:
431:
430:
422:
421:
418:
415:
414:
410:
406:
405:
398:
394:
390:
389:Masood Parvez
386:
383:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
342:
339:
337:
336:Kaali Shalwar
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:
317:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:Notable works
303:
299:
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288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
251:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:Resting place
211:
208:
204:
200:
191:
187:
183:
180:(present-day
179:
178:British India
175:
171:
159:
155:
147:
143:
139:
134:
126:
121:
118:
110:
107:
99:
87:
86:documentation
83:
76:
75:documentation
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
3732:Mirza Ghalib
3685:Thanda Gosht
3652:
3614:
3578:Google Books
3537:
3517:. Retrieved
3512:
3506:
3455:
3423:
3419:
3365:
3344:
3318:
3314:
3300:
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3181:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3155:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3128:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3004:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2945:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2873:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2834:the original
2829:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2772:. Retrieved
2761:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2705:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2671:
2661:15 September
2659:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2617:
2608:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2535:
2528:
2516:
2489:. Retrieved
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2396:
2354:
2334:, p. 7.
2327:
2315:
2303:
2276:
2271:, p. 6.
2256:, p. 5.
2249:
2237:
2229:the original
2224:
2207:, p. 4.
2200:
2188:
2180:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:14 September
2068:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
2005:
1998:. Retrieved
1995:The Guardian
1994:
1969:. Retrieved
1967:. 6 May 2012
1964:
1955:
1947:the original
1937:
1927:19 September
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1783:Thanda Gosht
1749:
1743:
1737:
1732:Teen Auraten
1731:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1690:Rusi Afsanay
1689:
1684:Bibliography
1671:
1668:
1644:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1589:
1575:Hasan Askari
1567:progressives
1564:
1554:
1550:
1547:Thanda Gosht
1544:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1379:
1369:
1358:
1342:
1338:Mirza Ghalib
1337:
1330:
1326:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:Teen Auraten
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1243:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1096:Rusi Afsanay
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:Pandit Nehru
993:
972:
962:
948:
929:
847:
846:
739:
738:
722:
721:
710:
709:
693:
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678:Somen Chanda
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