Sacred Band of Thebes

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and, once the Thebans were in range, the stretched wing would then be brought back in an encircling movement. Acting under his own initiative, Pelopidas quickly led the Sacred Band ahead of the Theban left wing to intercept the Spartan maneuver before it could be completed. They succeeded in fixing the Spartans in place until the rest of the Theban heavy infantry finally smashed into the Spartan right wing. The sheer number of Thebans overwhelmed the Spartan right wing quickly. The number of Spartan casualties amounted to about 1,000 dead, among whom were 400 Spartiates and their own king. The Spartan right flank were forced to retreat (after retrieving the body of Cleombrotus). Seeing the Spartiates fleeing in disarray, the Perioeci phalanxes also broke ranks and retreated. Although some Spartans were in favor of resuming the battle in order to recover the bodies of their dead, the allied Perioeci of the Spartan left wing were less than willing to continue fighting (indeed some of them were quite pleased at the turn of events). The remaining

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left wing, directly opposite the strongest Spartiate phalanx, led by Cleombrotus. Here, the massed Theban phalanx was arrayed into a highly unconventional depth of fifty men. The rest of the Theban lines were reduced to depths of only four to at most eight men because of this. Epaminondas also copied Cleombrotus by placing his cavalry in front of the Theban lines. The original position of the Sacred Band being led by Pelopidas is unknown. Some military historians believe Epaminondas placed Pelopidas and the Sacred Band behind the main hoplite phalanx, others believe he put it in front of the main hoplite phalanx and behind the cavalry, while others put it on the front left corner of the main hoplite phalanx (the most likely). Either way, the Sacred Band is definitely known to have been on the left wing, close to the main Theban forces and detached enough to be able to maneuver freely.

1319:. In addition to Pausanias and Strabo, Justin also clearly says that Philip forced the Thebans to pay for the privilege of burying (not cremating) their dead. Therefore, the cremated remains are likely to be Macedonian, while the remains around the lion were the Sacred Band. Philip, after all, was known for his ability to inflict unnecessary cruelty when it served a greater purpose. He further points out that questioning the honesty of Pausanias is unwarranted, as any well-informed Greek then would probably know the ascription of the monument even centuries after the battle; Pausanias' knowledge of topography was not second-hand and his testimony was echoed independently by other ancient sources such as Strabo and Justin. Indeed, Pausanias' 1127: 680:. In unison, his mercenary hoplites immediately assumed the resting posture—with the spear remaining pointing upwards instead of towards the enemy, and the shield propped against the left knee instead of being hoisted at the shoulders. Gorgidas, on seeing this, also commanded the Sacred Band to follow suit, which they did with the same military drill precision and confidence. The audacity of the maneuver and the discipline of the execution was such that Agesilaus halted the advance. Seeing that his attempts to provoke the Theban and Athenian forces to fight on lower ground were unsuccessful, Agesilaus eventually thought it wiser to withdraw his forces back to Thespiae. 944: 714:. The harrying of the light infantry apparently proved too much for the Thebans and they started to retreat. Phoebidas, hoping for a rout, rashly pursued them closely. However, the Theban forces suddenly turned around and charged Phoebidas' forces. Phoebidas was killed by the Theban cavalry. His peltasts broke ranks and fled back to Thespiae pursued by Theban forces. Aside from Polyaenus, none of these accounts mention the Sacred Band by name, but given that they were under the command of Gorgidas, they are likely to have been part of Theban forces involved. 788:

the rear and charge while he reformed the Sacred Band into an abnormally dense formation, hoping to at least cut through the numerically superior Spartan lines. The Spartans advanced, confident in their numbers, only to have their leaders killed immediately in the opening clashes. Leaderless and encountering forces equal in discipline and training for the first time in the Sacred Band, the Spartans faltered and opened their ranks, expecting the Thebans to pass through and escape. Instead, Pelopidas surprised them by using the opening to

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stirred up, the Spartans were unable to observe the highly unusual advance of the Theban army until the last moment. Epaminondas had ordered his troops to advance diagonally, such that the left wing of the Theban army (with its concentration of forces) would impact with the right wing of the Spartan army well before the other weaker phalanxes. The furthest right wing of the Theban phalanx was even retreating to make this possible. This is the first recorded instance of the military formation later known as the

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used to paying no attention to censure and to having no sense of shame before each other should nevertheless be ashamed to perform a shameful action. As proof he brought the example of the Thebans and the Eleans who are experienced with such things, and he claimed that even though they sleep with their beloveds, they still set them together in their ranks for battle. But there is no proof from this, for the situation is not similar: for them this practice is acceptable, but for us it is exceedingly shameful.

1253: 1245:, who supposedly hoped to find it filled with treasure. This tale was current already in the 1830s, but has been strongly refuted. The five pieces (head, neck, chest, and forelegs) into which the statue was divided for most of the 19th century, before its reconstruction in 1902, bore no evidence of an explosion, but were cleanly cut, likely being the original pieces that formed the statue. Androutsos is held to have been the one to unearth the statue during his tenure as local military governor by 656:

stockades, they were left with two choices, either to retreat back to the defensible walls of Thebes or to hold their ground and face the Spartans in the open. They chose the latter and arrayed their forces along the crest of a low sloping hill, opposite the Spartan forces. Gorgidas and the Sacred Band occupied the front ranks of the Theban forces on the right, while Chabrias and an experienced force of mercenary hoplites occupied the front ranks of the Athenian forces on the left.

1300:, and Vincenzo Costanzi do not believe that the lion monument marks the location of the Sacred Band dead. Hammond claims it was the place where Philip turned his army around during the Battle of Chaeronea and believes that it contains the members of the Macedonian right flank who perished. He argues that it is highly improbable that the Thebans would be able to commemorate their dead within Philip's lifetime with such a massive and obviously expensive monument. 7481: 7193: 7022: 836:

a conquest already of enemies, who thought themselves no match for the men of Sparta even on equal terms. But this battle first taught the other Greeks, that not only Eurotas, or the country between Babyce and Cnacion, breeds men of courage and resolution; but that where the youth are ashamed of baseness, and ready to venture in a good cause, where they fly disgrace more than danger, there, wherever it be, are found the bravest and most formidable opponents.

727: 7032: 7042: 1482:, Dinarchus, and Ephorus are believed to have been written between 330 and 310 BC. Except for Dinarchus, almost all of them have been lost to history or survive only in fragments. Among them are Ephorus and Callisthenes, who were contemporaries of the Theban hegemony and the Sacred Band. The works of the latter two, however, survived long enough for later authors like Plutarch, Diodorus, and Polyaenus to base their works on. 831:(c. 200–118 BC). Some of these numbers may have been exaggerated due to the overall significance of the battle. The battle, while minor, was remarkable for being the first time a Spartan force had been defeated in pitched battle, dispelling the myth of Spartan invincibility. It left a deep impression in Greece and boosted the morale among Boeotians, foreshadowing the later Battle of Leuctra. In Plutarch's own words: 219: 644:(444 BC–360 BC). Prior to the creation of the Sacred Band under Gorgidas, the Athenians had helped the Theban exiles retake control of Thebes and the citadel of Cadmea from Sparta. This was followed by Athens openly entering into an alliance with Thebes against Sparta. In the summer of 378 BC, Agesilaus led a Spartan expedition against Thebes from the Boeotian city of 1230:

ascertaining that it was indeed sculpture. They enlisted the help of some nearby farmers until they finally uncovered the massive head of a stone lion which they recognized as the same lion mentioned by Pausanias. Parts of the statue had broken off and a good deal of it still remained buried. They immediately reported their discovery when they returned to Athens.

1432:(c. 445–365 BC). Xenophon, another Athenian, is the only contemporary who grudgingly notes some Theban accomplishments, and even then, never in-depth and with numerous omissions. His only mentions of Pelopidas and Epaminondas by name, for example, were very brief and shed no light on their previous accomplishments. Indeed, the historians 1388:, and Tegyra (all surviving through Plutarch) are quite adequate. While Jacoby, responding to claims that Callisthenes was unreliable in accounts of land battles in contrast to Xenophon, pointed out that Callisthenes did accurately describe the details on the Battle of Tegyra. He summarized his opinion of Callisthenes' account with " 1470:

destruction of the city of Thebes itself in 335 BC by the Macedonians. In light of these actions, Athenians eventually changed their opinions on Thebes, now regarding it in a sympathetic light as a fallen ally. It was during this period that much of the accounts favorable to Thebans were at last written. Works by authors like

858:) among Greek city-states. According to Xenophon, they were alarmed at the growing power of Thebes and weary of fending off Spartan fleets alone as the Thebans were not contributing any money to maintaining the Athenian fleet. However this broke down soon after in 374 BC, when Athens and Sparta resumed hostilities over 236:

handful, they would overcome the world. For what lover would not choose rather to be seen by all mankind than by his beloved, either when abandoning his post or throwing away his arms? He would be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than endure this. Or who would desert his beloved or fail him in the hour of danger?

1747:

1411:

The historian Gordon S. Shrimpton further provides an explanation for Xenophon's silence on much of Theban history. He notes that all the surviving contemporary accounts of Thebes during the period of Theban hegemony between 371 and 341 BC were often highly critical; with their failures ridiculed and

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Gorgoleon and Theopompus. They outnumbered the Thebans at least two to one. According to Plutarch, upon seeing the Spartans, one Theban allegedly told Pelopidas "We are fallen into our enemy's hands" to which Pelopidas replied, "And why not they into ours?" He then ordered his cavalry to ride up from

663:

to test the combined Theban and Athenian lines. These were easily dispatched by the Theban and Athenian forces, probably by their more numerous cavalry. Agesilaus then commanded the entire Spartan army to advance. He may have hoped that the sight of the massed Spartan forces resolutely moving forward

423:

first since Plato's Phaedrus uses language that implies that the organization does not yet exist. He acknowledges, however, that Plato may have simply put the hypothesis in the mouth of Phaedrus according to the supposed earlier dramatic date of the work (c. 416 BC). It only shows that Plato was more

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Some historians believe that Epaminondas explicitly ordered Pelopidas to intercept the Spartan right wing. (Chrissanthos, 2008; Gabriel, 2001) Others believe that this action was pre-planned (perhaps even rehearsed) and independently performed as part of the Sacred Band's role in the battle. (Jones,

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who conclude that "In sum, Plutarch's description of the battle of Tegyra does justice both to the terrain of Polygyra and to the information gleaned from his fourth-century sources. There is nothing implausible or unusual in Plutarch's account, and every reason to consider it one of the best of his

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For in all the great wars there had ever been against Greeks or barbarians, the Spartans were never before beaten by a smaller company than their own; nor, indeed, in a set battle, when their number was equal. Hence their courage was thought irresistible, and their high repute before the battle made

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at the perimeter of Theban territory. The Spartans eventually breached the fortifications and entered the Theban countryside, devastating the Theban fields in their wake. Though the Athenians had by this time joined the Theban forces, they were still outnumbered by the Spartans. With the fall of the

3502:

As you approach the city you see a common grave of the Thebans who were killed in the struggle against Philip. It has no inscription, but is surmounted by a lion, probably a reference to the spirit of the men. That there is no inscription is, in my opinion, because their courage was not favoured by

1611:

Paul Cartledge and other historians believe that the exceedingly tiny proportion of spartiates dominating a force of about 10,000 allied troops (not all of them fully loyal) may have contributed to the defeat. The number of spartiates have been falling catastrophically for over a century, numbering

1008:

The battle opened with a cavalry charge by both armies. The Spartan cavalry were quickly defeated by the superior Theban cavalry and were chased back to their own side. Their disorderly retreat disrupted the battle lines of the Spartan heavy infantry and, because of the resulting chaos and the dust

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brought out all the inhabitants of the city (including the elderly, women, and children) and locked the gates. He then placed the non-combatants directly behind the defenders of Elateia. On seeing this, Pelopidas withdrew his forces, recognizing that the Phocians would fight to the death to protect

1083:. Their defeat at the battle was a significant victory for Philip, since until then, the Sacred Band was regarded as invincible throughout all of Ancient Greece. Plutarch records that Philip II, on encountering the corpses "heaped one upon another", understanding who they were, wept and exclaimed, 1004:

The Theban army was outnumbered by the Spartans, being composed of only about 6,000 hoplites (including the Sacred Band), 1,500 light infantry, and 1,000 cavalry. Anticipating the standard Spartan tactic of flanking enemy armies with their right wing, Epaminondas concentrated his forces on his own

717:

Not long afterwards, Agesilaus mounted a second expedition against Thebes. After a series of skirmishes which he won with some difficulty, he was forced again to withdraw when the Theban army came out full force as he approached the city. Diodorus observes at this point that the Thebans thereafter

2101:

But Pausanias, the lover of Agathon the poet, defended those who wallow together in licentiousness and said that an army composed of lovers and beloveds would be strongest. For he said that they would be ashamed to abandon each other in battle. But it would be quite extraordinary if those who are

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And if there were only some way of contriving that a state or an army should be made up of lovers and their beloved, they would be the very best governors of their own city, abstaining from all dishonour, and emulating one another in honour; and when fighting at each other's side, although a mere

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as a guidebook. Two hours away from the village, Taylor's horse momentarily stumbled on a piece of marble jutting from the ground. Looking back at the rock, he was struck by its appearance of being sculpted and called for their party to stop. They dismounted and dug at it with their riding-whips,

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By the time the Spartans realized that something unusual was happening it was already too late. Shortly before the Theban left wing made contact, the Spartans hastily stretched out their right wing in an attempt to outflank and engulf the rapidly approaching Thebans. This was a traditional tactic

476:

describes the Sacred Band as being composed of men "devoted to each other by mutual obligations of love". The origin of the "sacred" appellation of the Sacred Band is unexplained by Dinarchus and other historians. But Plutarch claims that it was due to an exchange of sacred vows between lover and

235:

1034:(c. 2nd century AD), the Battle of Leuctra was the most decisive battle ever fought by Greeks against Greeks. Leuctra established Theban independence from Spartan rule and laid the groundwork for the expansion of Theban power, but possibly also for the eventual supremacy of Philip II of Macedon. 1064:

in preparation for a war against Persia. It was fought between the Macedonians and their allies and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes. Diodorus records that the numbers involved for the two armies were more or less equal, both having around 30,000 men and 2,000 cavalry.

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where the Macedonian dead were cremated. Excavation of the tumulus between 1902 and 1903 by the archeologist Georgios Soteriades confirmed this. At the center of the mound, about 22 ft (6.7 m) deep, was a layer of ashes, charred logs, and bones about 0.75 m (2.5 ft) thick.

1469:

This sentiment changed in 339 BC, when Thebes abruptly severed its alliance with Philip II (after being convinced by a speech from Demosthenes) and joined the Athenian-led Pan-Hellenic alliance against Macedonia, with the result being the annihilation of the Sacred Band in Chaeronea and the

1436:

and John Buckler have noted that the character and accomplishments of Epaminondas were so unassailable that there is no known hostile account of him in ancient sources. The most unfriendly writers like Xenophon and Isocrates could do was omit his accomplishments in their work altogether.

955:' refusal to accept the terms of the peace conference of 371 BC excluded Thebes from the peace treaty and provided Sparta with the excuse to declare war. Shortly thereafter the army of Cleombrotus was ordered to invade Boeotia. Cleombrotus' army crossed the Phocian-Boeotian border into 3526:

Chaeroneia is near Orchomenus. It was here that Philip the son of Amyntas conquered the Athenians, Boeotians, and Corinthians in a great battle, and set himself up as lord of Greece. And here, too, are to be seen tombs of those who fell in the battle, tombs erected at public

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that Alexander had deployed his cavalry behind the Macedonian hoplites, apparently permitting "a Theban break-through in order to effect a cavalry assault while his hoplites regrouped". Other historians however argue that Alexander actually commanded hoplites armed with

1079:: the Theban army and its allies broke and fled, but the Sacred Band, although surrounded and overwhelmed, refused to surrender. The Thebans of the Sacred Band held their ground and Plutarch records that all 300 fell where they stood beside their last commander, 987: 947:

A reconstruction of the Battle of Leuctra. The Theban forces are in blue, while the Spartan forces are in red. The Sacred Band under Pelopidas is the smaller phalanx at the bottom right corner, beside the largest concentration of infantry in the Theban left

968:) near the southwestern end of the Theban plain. There they were met by the main Theban army. The two armies pitched their camps opposite each other on two low ridges respectively. The battleground between them was about 900 m (3,000 ft) wide. 675:

It was during this time that Chabrias gave his most famous command. With scarcely 200 m (660 ft) separating the two armies, Agesilaus was expecting the Theban and Athenian forces to charge at any moment. Instead, Chabrias ordered his men to

767:

had been sent from Sparta to reinforce Orchomenus. Unwilling to engage the new garrison, Pelopidas decided to retreat back to Thebes, retracing their northeastern route along Lake Copais. However, they only reached as far as the shrine of

959:

then halted, perhaps hoping that the Thebans might change their mind. The Thebans however were committed to a fight. Cleombrotus then moved inland, following the eastward road towards Thebes, until he reached the Boeotian village of

979:) forced to fight. They were arrayed traditionally, in which the hoplites were formed into phalanxes about eight to twelve men deep. Cleombrotus positioned himself and the spartiate hoplites (including the elite royal guard of 300 1118:(pikes), rather than cavalry, especially since Plutarch also mentions that the Sacred Band fell to "lances of the Macedonian phalanx". Plutarch and Diodorus both credit Alexander as being the first to engage the Sacred Band. 822:

consisting of 500 men), apparently basing it on Ephorus' original figures. Plutarch puts the number of the Thebans at 300, and acknowledges three sources for the number of Spartans: 1000 by the account of Ephorus; 1,400 by

418:

referring to an "army of lovers" that is most famously connected with the Sacred Band; even though it does not technically refer to the Sacred Band, since the army referred to is hypothetical. Dover argues Plato wrote his

1284:

Recovered among these were vases and coins dated to the 4th century BC. Swords and remarkably long spearheads measuring about 15 in (38 cm) were also discovered, which Soteriades identified as the Macedonian

802:(τρόπαιον, a commemorative trophy left at the site of a battle victory) before continuing on to Thebes. Having proven their worth, Pelopidas kept the Sacred Band as a separate tactical unit in all subsequent battles. 1161:

were designed to be ephemeral. The original appearance of the monument is attested by contemporary coins of the period and showed that it took the form of a tree trunk mounted upon a cylindrical pedestal carved with

7231: 320:(c. 430–354 BC), has also long been debated. The generally accepted date of the Sacred Band's creation is between 379 and 378 BC. Prior to this, there were references to elite Theban forces also numbering 300. 1291:

The skeletons within the enclosure of the lion monument are generally accepted to be the remains of the Sacred Band, as the number given by Plutarch was probably an approximation. However, historians such as

1372:, which contains the most detailed account of the Sacred Band, as a highly reliable account of the events, in contrast to Xenophon's patchy treatment of Theban history. Other noted classical scholars like 866:). During this time period, Athens also gradually became hostile to Thebes. While Athens and Sparta were busy fighting each other, Thebes resumed her campaigns against the autonomous pro-Spartan Boeotian 1546:, literally meaning "cavalry", is also the generic name for Greek elite units of between 300 and 1000 men. Although they initially fought as horsemen, during the 4th century BC they primarily fought as 407:, this was a clear allusion to the Sacred Band, reflecting Xenophon's contemporary, albeit anachronistic, awareness of the Theban practice, as the dramatic date of the work itself is c. 421 BC. 1101:

Though the significance of the battle was well-documented by ancient scholars, there is little surviving information on the deployment of the armies involved. Most modern scholars (including

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to fund the restoration of Lion of Chaeronea were initially refused by the Greeks. In 1902, however, permission was granted and the monument was pieced back together with funding by the

7290: 805:

An account of the battle was mentioned both by Diodorus and Plutarch, both based heavily on the report by Ephorus. Xenophon conspicuously omits any mention of the Theban victory in his

759:, Pelopidas quickly set out with the Sacred Band and a few cavalry, hoping to capture it in their absence. They approached the city through the northeastern route since the waters of 1602:

Other historians believe that Cleombrotus was already in Phocis during this period, having been sent earlier in 375 BC to reinforce it during the early Theban attacks. (Rhodes, 2006)

7275: 541:(ἔφηβοι) recruits, DeVoto estimates that trainees were inducted as full members to the Sacred Band at the ages of 20 to 21, whereupon they were given a full set of armor by their 1424:

mention Leuctra briefly, and only to criticize Thebans as being incompetent and incapable of capitalizing on their rise to power. The same sentiments are echoed by the Athenians

921:

to curb the rise of Thebes. It was initiated by either the Athenians or the Persians (perhaps at the prompting of the Spartans). The Spartans also sent a large force led by King

7217: 403:, arguing that while the practice was acceptable to them, it was shameful for Athenians. Both Plato and Xenophon were Athenians. According to the British classical scholar Sir 7285: 718:

faced the Spartans with confidence. Gorgidas disappears from history between 377 and 375, during which the command of the Sacred Band was apparently transferred to Pelopidas.

983:) in the Spartan right wing, the traditional position of honor in Greek armies. Cleombrotus' only tactical innovation was the placing of his cavalry in front of his troops. 2573: 1466:(354 BC): "It is difficult to speak to you about , because you have such a hearty dislike of them that you would not care to hear any good of them, even if it were true." 391:

In the old debate surrounding Xenophon's and Plato's works, the Sacred Band has figured prominently as a possible way of dating which of the two wrote their version of

1393: 1348:) is the main source for the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band. It is believed to be mostly based on the works of the Sacred Band's contemporaries 7396: 7336: 1275:

in the area revealed that the monument stood at the edge of a quadrangular enclosure. The skeletons of 254 men laid out in seven rows were found buried within it. A

792:

the Spartans. The Spartans were completely routed, with considerable loss of life. The Thebans didn't pursue the fleeing survivors, mindful of the remaining Spartan

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training was also likely provided. The exact ages of the unit's members are not recorded in ancient testimonies. However, comparing them with the Spartan elite unit

1420:(which details the destruction of Plataea by the Thebans), makes no mention of the Theban victory in Leuctra, and harshly reviles Thebes throughout. His later work 384:, "those who walk beside"). Though none of these mention the Sacred Band by name, these may have referred to the Sacred Band or at least its precursors. Historian 971:

The Spartan army numbered about 10,000 hoplites, 1,000 light infantry, and 1,000 cavalry. However, only about 700 hoplites of the Spartan army were composed of

7326: 7078: 1080: 492:

as a standing force, likely as defense against future attempts by foreign forces to take the citadel. It was occasionally referred to as the "City Band" (

7368: 3324: 891:. The Plataean citizens were allowed to leave alive, but they were reduced to being refugees and sought sanctuary in Athens. Of the pro-Spartan Boeotian 1323:

has proved to be an accurate and important guide to modern archeologists in rediscovering the locations of other ancient Greek monuments and buildings.

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simultaneously for most of its history) to Phocis, ready to invade Boeotia if the Thebans refused to attend the peace conference or accept its terms.

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in Orchomenus which might have moved out to intercept Pelopidas after he defeated the first one, though they never met in battle. (Stylianou, 1998)

818:

The exact number of the belligerents on each side varies by account. Diodorus puts the number of Thebans at 500 against the Spartans' 1,000 (each

707:. These forays became so destructive that by the end of the summer, the Thebans went out in force against Thespiae under the command of Gorgidas. 610:, one of the original Theban exiles who had led the forces who recaptured Cadmea. Under Pelopidas, the Sacred Band was united as a single unit of 7439: 7254: 7087: 4169: 2492: 2304: 1975: 1938: 1904: 1817: 1759: 1433: 811:, though this has traditionally been ascribed to Xenophon's strong anti-Theban and pro-Spartan sentiments. An obscure allusion to Orchomenus in 7406: 1440:

Shrimpton believes that the apparent indifference of earlier authors was due to the general hatred by other Greeks against the Thebans who had

1401:

battle pieces." They also had the same opinion of his account on Leuctra, dismissing assertions that his accounts were confused or rhetorical.

1360:

The historicity of the Sacred Band is largely accepted by historians; it is detailed in the writings of numerous classical authors, especially

7424: 7378: 1013:. The Theban cavalry also helped by continuing to carry out intermittent attacks along the Spartan battle lines, holding their advance back. 7542: 7321: 7197: 4130: 1268:. The lion, which stands about 12.5 ft (3.8 m) high, was mounted on a reconstructed pedestal about 10 ft (3.0 m) high. 262:, is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band. He records that the Sacred Band was originally formed by the 3229: 3288: 7147: 7071: 5769: 3584: 7485: 7162: 3987: 3256: 3161: 2961: 1990: 1648:

Other historians who accept the figure of 300 as literal instead assume that 26 members of the Sacred Band survived. (Ashley, 2004)

1170:, and a series of stone shields. On the tree trunk itself is affixed the shields, weapons, and armor of the defeated Spartans. The 664:

would be enough to intimidate the Theban and Athenian forces into breaking ranks. The same tactic had worked for Agesilaus against

7360: 7307: 3395: 3838:

Archaeological Institute of America (1904). "General Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, December 29–31, 1903".

2579: 440:

purely for ability and merit, regardless of social class. It was composed of 150 male couples, each pair consisting of an older

3357: 2399: 1774: 1452:

in 480 BC and again in 368 BC. Athenians, in particular, held a special contempt for Thebes due to the latter's actions in the

1256:

The Lion of Chaeronea in 2009. Excavation of the quadrangular enclosure brought to light 254 skeletons, laid out in seven rows

7517: 7117: 7064: 4110: 4066: 4007: 3970: 3941: 3641: 3453: 3369: 3298: 3266: 3239: 3205: 3173: 3132: 3096: 3062: 3009: 2973: 2939: 2909: 2882: 2855: 2822: 2786: 2759: 2723: 2696: 2669: 2637: 2550: 2517: 2449: 2409: 2378: 2361: 2334: 2156: 2074: 2035: 2002: 1855: 1845: 1784: 388:

believes that the Sacred Band was indeed present in Delium, and that Gorgidas did not establish it, but merely reformed it.

7557: 7388: 5157: 1061: 2351: 7522: 7259: 4162: 3443: 2322: 4059:

Scripta Antiquitatis Posterioris Ad Ethicam Religionemque Pertinentia. Volume 16: Plutarch, On the Daimonion of Socrates

2064: 1922: 1380:

have also defended Callisthenes' descriptions of land battles in the past. Walbank commented that his depictions of the

703:

in 382 BC. Phoebidas began making various raids into Theban territory using the Spartans under his command and Thespian

7122: 5779: 5469: 5162: 5096: 2899: 2749: 2659: 2507: 4083: 3046: 2999: 2812: 2627: 468:

also records the Sacred Band as being composed of "lovers and their favorites, thus indicating the dignity of the god

5167: 5142: 1456:; as well as the Thebans' destruction of Plataea in 373 BC, and the invasion of the Athenian-allied Boeotian city of 1449: 2776: 2607: 1801: 905:

allied to Sparta. Pelopidas is again mentioned as the commander of the abortive Theban siege of the Phocian city of

399:

disapprovingly mentions the practice of placing lovers beside each other in battle in the city-states of Thebes and

7240: 7178: 6976: 5725: 5152: 5147: 4098: 2476: 599:

According to Plutarch, Gorgidas originally distributed the members of the Sacred Band among the front ranks of the

7537: 7416: 7157: 5619: 5479: 5474: 4751: 1497: 151: 4054: 3086: 485:) at Thebes. He also tangentially mentions Plato's characterization of the lover as a "friend inspired of God". 7434: 7003: 5644: 5058: 4155: 3958: 2146: 1233:

A common story, still often reported to this day, is that the lion was smashed to pieces during the subsequent

1214:(c. 64 BC–24 AD) also mentions "tombs of those who fell in the battle" erected at public expense in Chaeronea. 1021:

eventually decided to request a truce, which the Thebans readily granted. The Spartan dead were returned and a

3339: 3197:

Warfare in the Ancient World: From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome: From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome

1616:(394 BC), for example, spartiates still constituted 6,000 hoplites of an army 19,000 strong. (Cartledge, 2002) 7547: 7527: 6998: 6555: 6048: 5564: 5484: 5182: 4892: 2713: 2686: 614:. Their main function was to cripple the enemy by engaging and killing their best men and leaders in battle. 2929: 1847:

The Boeotian Army: The Convergence of Warfare, Politics, Society, and Culture in the Classical Age of Greece

1126: 211:

who commanded the army of Thebes (Boeotia), were responsible for the defeat of the Spartans at the decisive

7512: 6971: 5500: 4954: 2182: 1049: 1043: 516: 171: 27: 6026: 5634: 5510: 5172: 5126: 5081: 4857: 4546: 1507: 6565: 699:(military governor) at Thespiae, the same general responsible for the Spartan seizure of the citadel of 6687: 6560: 5693: 5688: 5664: 5574: 5091: 4189: 4055:"Between Athens, Sparta, and Persia: the Historical Significance of the Liberation of Thebes in 379 BC" 1523: 669: 2018:

David Leitao (2002). "The Legend of the Sacred Band". In Martha Craven Nussbaum; Juha Sihvola (eds.).

7552: 7045: 6988: 5944: 5747: 5732: 5654: 5589: 4909: 4804: 4278: 4212: 3519: 1234: 1225:. On June 3, they decided to go horseback riding to the nearby village of Chaeronea using Pausanias' 755:, then still an ally of Sparta. Hearing reports that the Spartan garrison in Orchomenus had left for 627: 472:

in that they embrace a glorious death in preference to a dishonorable and reprehensible life", while

5556: 5536: 4734: 4392: 3417: 1249:

in 1819, but the statue had likely fallen apart due to the poor quality of the pedestal's material.

1190: 796:

stationed in Orchomenus less than 5 km (3.1 mi) away. They stripped the dead and set up a

7562: 5742: 5705: 5639: 5305: 5192: 1408:, however, has claimed that the group was actually Macedonian, and did not consist of male lovers. 1272: 562: 442: 223: 183: 155: 1563:

The historian Louis Crompton presumes that Gorgidas died in a skirmish in 378 BC. (Crompton, 2006)

131: 7025: 6149: 5949: 5934: 5737: 5720: 5700: 5669: 5569: 5505: 5121: 5106: 5076: 5037: 4914: 4766: 4268: 1512: 1471: 1412:

their accomplishments usually being downplayed or omitted altogether. For instance, the Athenian

1381: 926: 2542: 683:

Shortly after the stand-off in Thebes, Agesilaus disbanded his army in Thespiae and returned to

7429: 6983: 5986: 5757: 5715: 5649: 5614: 5066: 5050: 4746: 4687: 4536: 4531: 3491: 3025: 2353:

The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C.

2094: 1955: 1031: 465: 298: 134: 3658: 943: 7142: 7035: 6264: 6254: 6244: 6229: 5919: 5659: 5629: 5584: 5579: 5210: 5177: 4884: 4870: 4526: 4397: 4361: 3631: 3325:"The Battle of Leuktra: Organizational Revolution in Military Affairs in the Classical World" 3195: 1397: 1218: 1163: 385: 304:

The exact date of the Sacred Band's creation, and whether it was created before or after the

3686: 1995:

Same-Sex Desire And Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity And in the Classical Tradition of the West

7532: 6507: 6501: 6487: 5971: 5929: 5901: 5786: 5599: 4829: 4625: 3124: 1304: 1261: 1171: 1076: 1053: 880: 777: 752: 747:

As a single unit under Pelopidas, the first recorded victory of the Sacred Band was at the

735: 428:

than Xenophon, and proves that he was actually quite aware of the Sacred Band in his time.

312: 294: 167: 2027: 909:(c. 372 BC). In response to the Theban army outside the city's walls, the Phocian general 763:

were at their fullest during that season. Upon reaching the city, they learned that a new

8: 6638: 6608: 5996: 5891: 5886: 5323: 4638: 4551: 4521: 4475: 4238: 3539: 1460:

in 366 BC. Demosthenes records this sentiment very clearly in a disclaimer in his speech

1385: 1246: 1242: 1057: 918: 411: 278: 93: 3362:

From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary

2118: 6855: 6752: 6658: 6302: 6219: 6107: 5609: 5433: 4949: 4929: 4786: 4657: 4541: 4336: 4263: 3909: 3901: 3863: 3855: 3820: 3812: 3772: 3764: 3725: 3717: 3612: 3604: 3469: 3386: 2535: 2486: 2298: 1969: 1932: 1898: 1884: 1811: 1753: 1694: 1517: 1316: 1297: 1265: 603:

of regular infantry. In 375 BC, the command of the band was transferred to the younger

3394:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Illinois State University. p. 31. 2288: 1194:

mentions that the Thebans had erected a gigantic statue of a lion near the village of

975:(Spartan citizens), the rest were conscripted troops from Spartan subject states (the 651:

The Spartan forces were held up for several days by Theban forces manning the earthen

7031: 6930: 6517: 6066: 5914: 5866: 5710: 5679: 5624: 5541: 5418: 5290: 5111: 4944: 4897: 4837: 4711: 4693: 4669: 4651: 4606: 4561: 4556: 4207: 4106: 4062: 4003: 3966: 3937: 3913: 3867: 3824: 3776: 3744: 3729: 3637: 3616: 3449: 3365: 3294: 3262: 3235: 3201: 3169: 3128: 3092: 3058: 3005: 2969: 2935: 2905: 2878: 2851: 2818: 2782: 2755: 2719: 2692: 2665: 2633: 2546: 2513: 2445: 2405: 2357: 2330: 2152: 2070: 2031: 1998: 1851: 1780: 1453: 1445: 1331: 1131: 998: 938: 789: 337: 333: 306: 247: 212: 163: 3540:"On the discovery of the Lion at Chæronea, by a party of English travellers in 1818" 1157:

was later replaced by a permanent monument, an unprecedented move by the Thebans as

1109:) credit Alexander as having led a cavalry wing. James G. DeVoto, likewise, says in 1087:

Perish any man who suspects that these men either did or suffered anything unseemly.

7466: 7056: 6860: 6392: 6357: 6174: 6031: 5909: 5796: 5791: 5116: 5071: 4902: 4809: 4425: 4258: 4243: 4233: 4035: 3893: 3847: 3804: 3756: 3709: 3680: 3596: 2751:

Classical Studies, Volume 28: Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part IV (Passes)

2632:. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman and John Taylor. pp. 45–46. 2472: 2022:

The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome

1686: 1626: 1307:

criticizes Hammond's rationale as "subjective" and counters it with a passage from

1293: 1210:, common tomb) of the Thebans killed in battle against Philip. The Greek historian 748: 742: 594: 498:), due to their military training and housing being provided at the expense of the 357: 347: 3117: 6875: 6633: 6421: 6234: 5976: 5842: 5774: 5101: 4699: 4681: 4675: 4589: 4566: 4440: 4351: 4311: 4248: 3931: 3254: 2872: 2845: 2623: 2569: 2020: 1613: 1365: 1106: 877: 859: 590: 553: 508: 101: 89: 6900: 6613: 3562: 1345: 1279:

near the monument was also tentatively identified as the site of the Macedonian

515:. The historian James G. DeVoto points out that Gorgidas previously served as a 7461: 6757: 6697: 6692: 6648: 6429: 6377: 6367: 6347: 6337: 6081: 6076: 6071: 4924: 4723: 4717: 4705: 4505: 4480: 4253: 4178: 1959: 1918: 1739: 1340: 1153:

was set up on the battlefield by the Thebans to commemorate their victory. The

1102: 329: 290: 188:

The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was in 324 BC, in the

7209: 4026:(2010). "Special issue: Receptions of Pausanias: From Winckelmann to Frazer". 3713: 2439: 7501: 7137: 7127: 6993: 6910: 6885: 6575: 6497: 6179: 6122: 6021: 6011: 5981: 5963: 5837: 4989: 4771: 4663: 4619: 4581: 4420: 4341: 3629: 3495: 3029: 1677:

G. S. Shrimpton (1971). "The Theban Supremacy in Fourth-Century Literature".

1502: 1373: 1010: 922: 677: 665: 557:

Map of ancient Greece showing the relative positions of the major regions of

520: 404: 189: 125: 20: 4023: 1954: 1612:

at perhaps not more than 1,500 by the time of the Battle of Leuctra. At the

1252: 6810: 6762: 6628: 6482: 6352: 5991: 5827: 5333: 5295: 4994: 1377: 1349: 1312: 1027:

was set up on the battlefield by the Thebans to commemorate their victory.

997:, who was widely hailed for his brilliant and revolutionary tactics in the 851: 824: 684: 641: 623: 611: 586: 400: 2471: 328:(c. 460–395 BC) both record an elite force of 300 Thebans allied with the 7132: 6830: 6722: 6702: 6530: 6038: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5924: 5881: 5428: 5338: 5328: 5215: 5205: 4969: 4346: 4321: 4126: 4039: 3884:

Paul A. Rahe (1981). "The Annihilation of the Sacred Band at Chaeronea".

2841: 2441:

The Defense of Attica: The Dema Wall and the Boiotian War of 378-375 B.C.

2284: 1475: 1462: 1429: 1425: 1200: 994: 952: 760: 208: 6535: 3721: 1716: 772:

of Tegyra before encountering the returning Spartan forces from Locris.

6767: 6737: 6732: 6717: 6603: 6570: 6239: 6209: 5876: 5604: 5438: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5250: 5235: 5225: 5200: 4576: 4331: 4286: 2711: 1698: 972: 910: 887:

Neocles attacked and razed its traditional rival, the Boeotian city of

660: 325: 3905: 3859: 3816: 3768: 3608: 3057:. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. pp. 335–336. 3055:

Sources for the Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium August, 24-27 1994

1917: 1356:. Unfortunately the works of the latter two have been lost to history. 6742: 6668: 6653: 6623: 6618: 6550: 6474: 6459: 6444: 6387: 6287: 5939: 5871: 5443: 5423: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5348: 5343: 5313: 5260: 5220: 4999: 4865: 4819: 4799: 4430: 4301: 3544:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom

1880: 1799: 1712: 1479: 1413: 1195: 1183: 991: 956: 884: 807: 783: 726: 704: 692: 632: 607: 604: 473: 321: 282: 263: 259: 204: 200: 1690: 1147:

After the defeat of Cleombrotus' forces in the Battle of Leuctra, a

622:

The Sacred Band first saw action in 378 BC, at the beginning of the

7152: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6747: 6525: 6492: 6454: 6397: 6312: 6297: 6154: 6144: 6061: 6056: 5453: 5448: 5408: 5403: 5378: 5358: 5285: 5240: 5230: 5086: 4984: 4919: 4847: 4455: 3933:

Lost Battles: Reconstructing the Great Clashes of the Ancient World

3897: 3851: 3837: 3808: 3760: 3600: 3255:

Susan Yoshihara; Douglas A. Sylva & Nicholas Eberstadt (2011).

2603: 2280: 2090: 1361: 1335: 1222: 1167: 1149: 1135: 1023: 976: 965: 828: 798: 652: 645: 637: 482: 454: 437: 317: 266: 255: 6545: 3700:

Ma, John (2008). "Chaironeia 338: Topographies of Commemoration".

2715:

The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture

815:, however, implies that Xenophon was aware of the Spartan defeat. 340:(479 BC). Herodotus describes them as "the first and the finest" ( 289:

also records Gorgidas as the founder of the Sacred Band. However,

6935: 6925: 6870: 6865: 6850: 6840: 6825: 6820: 6707: 6595: 6585: 6464: 6439: 6434: 6407: 6402: 6382: 6372: 6362: 6327: 6317: 6307: 6259: 6249: 6224: 6189: 6184: 6159: 5812: 5594: 5255: 5245: 5004: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4939: 4934: 4814: 4761: 4470: 4460: 4450: 4445: 4435: 4147: 3795:

William Kendrick Pritchett (1958). "Observations on Chaironeia".

3445:

Military Honour & Conduct of War: From Ancient Greece to Iraq

3001:

Central Greece And The Politics Of Power In The Fourth Century BC

1547: 1441: 1353: 1285: 1276: 1115: 1073: 1069: 1060:, extinguished Theban hegemony. The battle is the culmination of 961: 906: 899: 888: 873: 731: 711: 696: 600: 566: 558: 537: 525: 499: 371: 97: 6880: 6194: 1879: 1734: 162:

domination. Its predominance began with its crucial role in the

6905: 6835: 6815: 6777: 6643: 6449: 6342: 6279: 6269: 6214: 5832: 5817: 5413: 5398: 5373: 5368: 5353: 5014: 5009: 4776: 4756: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4356: 4316: 4306: 4291: 3515: 2279: 1551: 1457: 1364:. Noted classical historians such as John Kinloch Anderson and 1238: 1211: 769: 756: 700: 688: 578: 574: 570: 489: 478: 274: 270: 227: 196: 159: 142: 2148:

Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory

876:

were subjugated and formally became part of the reestablished

436:

According to Plutarch, the 300 hand-picked men were chosen by

6915: 6890: 6787: 6727: 6712: 6580: 6540: 6292: 6204: 6199: 6169: 6164: 6139: 5822: 5363: 5318: 5270: 4842: 4794: 4495: 4465: 4412: 4387: 4326: 4296: 3088:

Aspects of Greek History, 750-323 BC: A Source-based Approach

2754:. Vol. 28. University of California Press. p. 103. 2119:"Intra-Socratic Polemics: The Symposia of Plato and Xenophon" 2089: 1921:(trans. J. W. Cohoon, 1939). "22: Concerning Peace and War". 1735: 1205: 868: 863: 530: 512: 503: 493: 459: 447: 379: 365: 351: 341: 242: 147: 129: 2781:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 60–61. 1988: 1572:

The historian P.J. Stylianou believes that only one Spartan

1390:

Sie ist panegyrisch gehalten, aber sachlich nicht unrichtig.

1260:

Offers in the late 19th century by the British archeologist

6920: 6895: 6845: 6332: 6322: 3258:

Population Decline and the Remaking of Great Power Politics

469: 218: 3794: 3630:

Brian De Jongh; John Gandon; Geoffrey Graham-Bell (2000).

2747: 1344:(pictured: the 1727 edition of the English translation by 626:. It was during the famous stand-off between the Athenian 203:. He mentions the Sacred Band as being led by the general 3384: 2934:. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. 986: 4084:"Did an Army of Lovers Really Dominate Ancient Greece?" 3685:(Seventh ed.). London: John Murray. 1900. p. 2069:. University of California Press. pp. 89–90, 158. 1580:

is a result of the inadvertent inclusion of the second

3742: 3564:

Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 55

3193: 3162:"The King's Peace and the Second Athenian Confederacy" 1843: 3166:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C

3114: 2997: 2966:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C

2062: 1576:

was defeated in the battle, and that accounts of two

710:

Phoebidas engaged the advancing Theban army with his

7086: 3472:. Odysseus, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2931:

A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15

2622: 2661:

Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History, 1300-362 BC

2066:

Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon

1993:. In Beert C. Verstraete; Vernon Provencal (eds.). 1991:"Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity" 917:By 371 BC, there was another attempt to revive the 3994:. In Morgens Herman Hansen; Kurt Raaflaub (eds.). 3965:. University of California Press. pp. 28–63. 3322: 3227: 3116: 3044: 2870: 2847:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC 2534: 2532: 2244:James G. DeVoto (1992). "The Theban Sacred Band". 2144: 2019: 1520:– Greek battalion in the Greek War of Independence 1142: 310:of Plato (c. 424–347 BC) and the similarly titled 7344:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece 3956: 2840: 2397: 2183:"'An Army of Lovers' - The Sacred Band of Thebes" 1493:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece 7499: 3364:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 146–147. 3355: 3164:. In David Malcolm Lewis; John Boardman (eds.). 2964:. In David Malcolm Lewis; John Boardman (eds.). 2959: 2897: 2712:Joint Association of Classical Teachers (1984). 1958:(trans. C.D. Yonge, 1854). "XIII: About Women". 898:By this time, Thebes had also started attacking 850:Shortly after this, the Athenians initiated the 751:(375 BC). It occurred near the Boeotian city of 7239: 4383: 4052: 3988:"Pausanias as a source for the classical Greek 3985: 2927: 2505: 2349: 2243: 1685:(4). Classical Association of Canada: 310–318. 1676: 150:of select soldiers, consisting of 150 pairs of 2810: 2774: 2657: 2329:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 38–41. 2320: 2116: 1772: 883:. In 373 BC, Thebans under the command of the 16:4th century BC Theban homosexual military unit 7225: 7072: 4163: 4096: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3582: 3441: 3084: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2901:Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World 2814:Boiotia and the Boiotian League, 432-371 B.C. 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2180: 1221:spent a summer in Greece with two friends at 545:. They likely ended their service at age 30. 3929: 3883: 3561:Campbell Dodgson. "Taylor, George Ledwell". 3560: 3470:"Monument (Trophy) of The Battle of Leuktra" 3286: 3159: 2923: 2921: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2684: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2437: 2370: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2017: 1174:of the monument still survives to this day. 617: 4061:. Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. pp. 101–102. 2678: 2598: 2596: 2568: 2491:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2404:. University of Chicago Press. p. 41. 2303:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1974:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1950: 1948: 1937:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1903:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1816:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1800:Plutarch (trans. Bernadotte Perrin, 1917). 1793: 1758:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1526:– Greek special forces unit in World War II 410:However, it is the speech of the character 7232: 7218: 7148:The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army 7079: 7065: 5049: 4170: 4156: 4022: 3783: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2948: 2864: 2718:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 2475:(trans. C.H. Oldfather, 1952). "Book XV". 2458: 2377:Plutarch. "Ἐρωτικός" [Amatorius]. 2327:Elite Military Formations in War and Peace 2325:. In A. Hamish Ion; Keith Neilson (eds.). 2316: 2314: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 7163:Transgender American Veterans Association 3656: 3484: 3422:Ars Bellica: The Great Battles of History 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 2968:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. 2918: 2836: 2834: 2732: 2646: 2562: 2256: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2165: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2112: 2110: 1982: 1711: 1237:(1821–1829), even using dynamite, by the 273:garrison occupying the Theban citadel of 4103:A Companion to the Classical Greek World 3925: 3923: 3388:Classical Theories and the Will to Fight 3282: 3280: 3278: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2616: 2593: 2499: 2083: 2047: 2026:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1945: 1864: 1705: 1661: 1330: 1251: 1125: 985: 942: 725: 552: 301:(c. 200 AD) credit Epaminondas instead. 258:(46–120 AD), a native of the village of 217: 7508:4th-century BC establishments in Greece 7255:LGBT military and veteran organizations 4125: 4119: 4090: 4082:Leitao, David D. (September 28, 2016). 3950: 3879: 3877: 3657:Gennadius, Joannes (26 February 1876). 3571: 3532: 3401:from the original on December 18, 2014. 3332:The Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin 3214: 3110: 3108: 2982: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2768: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2311: 1883:(trans. R. Shepherd, 1793). "Book II". 1824: 1766: 1730: 1728: 7500: 6103: 4105:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 546. 4081: 4016: 3743:R.C. Bosanquet & M.N. Tod (1902). 3633:The Companion Guide to Mainland Greece 3508: 3435: 3378: 3349: 3307: 3182: 3144: 3119:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History 2891: 2831: 2526: 2391: 2343: 2206: 2133: 2107: 2011: 1593:Places where the Spartan Assembly met. 1037: 7213: 7118:American Military Partner Association 7060: 6960: 6102: 5531: 5035: 4382: 4202: 4151: 4002:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 211. 3979: 3920: 3831: 3736: 3490: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3275: 3248: 3071: 3024: 3018: 2998:John Buckler & Hans Beck (2008). 2512:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 89–90. 1989:William Armstrong Percy, III (2005). 1062:Philip's campaign into central Greece 269:, shortly after the expulsion of the 6571:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 4203: 4046: 3874: 3554: 3462: 3448:. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. 3123:. Harvard University Press. p. 3105: 3038: 2795: 2778:Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare 2602: 2541:. Harvard University Press. p. 2418: 2376: 1725: 1625:See also the German military tactic 1309:Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV 1177: 1072:infantry was no match for the novel 932: 734:showing the location of the city of 154:which formed the elite force of the 7543:LGBT military or paramilitary units 7260:Same-sex unions and military policy 2817:University of Alberta. p. 99. 2748:William Kendrick Pritchett (1982). 2705: 2323:"Elite Forces in the Ancient World" 1392:" This is echoed by the historians 1294:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond 1217:In 1818, a British architect named 1130:The restored surviving base of the 721: 548: 158:army in the 4th century BC, ending 13: 7123:American Veterans for Equal Rights 5532: 4177: 3963:Pausanias' Guide to Ancient Greece 3745:"Archaeology in Greece, 1901-1902" 3699: 3514: 3405: 3261:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 44. 2123:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1911: 775:The Spartans were composed of two 507:. Their regular training included 395:first. Xenophon's Socrates in his 14: 7574: 4143: 3682:Handbook for travellers in Greece 3385:Maj. Kurt P. Vandersteen (1986). 3053:. In Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.). 1806:. Loeb Classical Library edition. 640:(d. 357 BC) and the Spartan King 488:The Sacred Band was stationed in 424:mindful of his chronology in his 166:in 371 BC. It was annihilated by 7480: 7479: 7192: 7191: 7179:LGBT people and military service 7088:LGBT military and veteran groups 7040: 7030: 7021: 7020: 3636:. Companion Guides. p. 91. 3293:. University of Illinois Press. 2904:. University of Oklahoma Press. 2877:. Stackpole Books. p. 234. 2444:University of California Press. 2042:Phaedimus Sacred band of thebes. 1738:(trans. Benjamin Jowett, 1939). 1052:, the decisive contest in which 7158:Veterans Benevolent Association 7041: 4075: 3886:American Journal of Archaeology 3840:American Journal of Archaeology 3797:American Journal of Archaeology 3749:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3702:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3693: 3673: 3650: 3623: 3589:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3290:The Art of War in Western World 3194:Stefan G. Chrissanthos (2008). 2874:Xenophon and the Art of Command 2197: 1844:Nicholas Ryan Rockwell (2008). 1642: 1632: 1619: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1566: 1557: 1537: 1498:Homosexuality in ancient Greece 1143:Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra 648:(then still allied to Sparta). 3358:"Greece in the 4th Century BC" 3234:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3168:. Cambridge University Press. 3115:John Van Antwerp Fine (1983). 3004:. Cambridge University Press. 2575:Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae 2537:Democracy and Classical Greece 2151:. Cambridge University Press. 2093:(trans. H.G. Dakyns) (1897) . 2063:John Kinloch Anderson (1970). 1776:Homosexuality and Civilization 1326: 1121: 431: 1: 4642: 4629: 4610: 4593: 3996:Studies in the Ancient Greek 2691:. Brill Archive. p. 15. 2629:A History of Greece, Volume 5 1997:. Routledge. pp. 36–39. 1654: 1550:heavy infantry. Compare with 827:(c. 360–328 BC); or 1,800 by 519:(cavalry officer), therefore 350:also records 300 picked men ( 7518:Ancient Greek infantry types 5770:Funeral and burial practices 4955:Military of Mycenaean Greece 4101:. In Konrad H. Kinzl (ed.). 4028:Classical Receptions Journal 2688:Philip II and the Sacred War 1850:. University of California. 1779:. Harvard University Press. 1050:Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) 1044:Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) 895:, only Orchomenus remained. 177: 7: 7558:Sexuality in ancient Greece 7241:LGBT people in the military 3323:Sgt. Arthur Majoor (2003). 3231:Great Captains of Antiquity 3228:Richard A. Gabriel (2001). 3045:Susan Guettel Cole (1995). 2871:Godfrey Hutchinson (2000). 2533:John Kenyon Davies (1993). 2145:Paul Walter Ludwig (2002). 1508:The Sacred Band of Stepsons 1485: 10: 7579: 7523:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people 5694:Greek Revival architecture 5036: 4099:"The Greek World, 371-336" 3957:Christian Habicht (1999). 3338:(3): 51–55. Archived from 3139:Prothous Spartan assembly. 2509:Spartan Warrior 735-331 BC 2398:Stephen O. Murray (2002). 1524:Sacred Band (World War II) 1271:In the late 19th century, 1206: 1181: 1041: 936: 740: 670:Battle of Coronea (394 BC) 584: 531: 494: 460: 448: 380: 366: 352: 342: 332:, who were annihilated by 181: 130: 25: 18: 7475: 7454: 7415: 7387: 7359: 7306: 7299: 7268: 7247: 7187: 7171: 7110: 7094: 7016: 6967: 6961: 6956: 6801: 6678: 6667: 6594: 6516: 6473: 6420: 6278: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6098: 6047: 5962: 5900: 5862: 5855: 5805: 5765: 5756: 5678: 5555: 5551: 5527: 5493: 5462: 5304: 5191: 5135: 5102:Attalid kings of Pergamon 5057: 5048: 5044: 5031: 4910:Antigonid Macedonian army 4883: 4856: 4828: 4785: 4742: 4733: 4575: 4514: 4411: 4407: 4378: 4277: 4226: 4222: 4198: 4185: 3714:10.1017/S0075426900000069 3503:appropriate good fortune. 3356:Andrew G. Traver (2002). 2960:Simon Hornblower (1994). 2898:Robert E. Gaebel (2004). 2481:. Loeb Classical Library. 1927:. Loeb Classical Library. 1235:Greek War of Independence 854:of 375 BC (Κοινὴ Εἰρήνη, 659:Agesilaus first sent out 618:Invasions of Agesilaus II 477:beloved at the shrine of 452:, "lover") and a younger 107: 85: 77: 69: 61: 53: 45: 40: 35: 4053:George Cawkwell (2010). 3986:Lene Rubinstein (1995). 3518:. "Book IV, Chapter 2". 2962:"Sources and their uses" 2928:P. J. Stylianou (1998). 2850:. Blackwell Publishing. 2506:Duncan Campbell (2012). 2356:McFarland. p. 434. 2350:James R. Ashley (2004). 1531: 184:Ancient Thebes (Boeotia) 19:Not to be confused with 3936:. Hambledon Continuum. 3659:"The Lion of Chaeronea" 2811:Robert J. Buck (1994). 2775:Philip Sidnell (2006). 2658:Paul Cartledge (2002). 2321:Arthur Ferrill (1996). 2117:Gabriel Danzig (2005). 1773:Louis Crompton (2006). 1513:Sacred Band of Carthage 1472:Anaximenes of Lampsacus 1450:second Persian invasion 1382:Battle of the Eurymedon 7538:LGBT history in Greece 7430:Wartime cross-dressing 5136:Artists & scholars 5051:List of ancient Greeks 4688:Second Athenian League 4537:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 4362:Ancient Greek colonies 4129:. "On the Symmories". 4097:Bruce LaForse (2010). 3959:"Pausanias as a Guide" 3585:"Greek Lion Monuments" 3583:W. R. Lethaby (1918). 3442:Paul Robinson (2006). 3085:Terry Buckley (1996). 2287:, 1683). "Pelopidas". 2181:Louis Compton (1994). 1956:Athenaeus of Naucratis 1444:(i.e. allied with the 1357: 1311:of the 3rd-century AD 1257: 1139: 1111:The Theban Sacred Band 1099: 1001: 949: 848: 738: 691:. He left the general 582: 481:(one of the lovers of 466:Athenaeus of Naucratis 360:(424 BC), composed of 299:Athenaeus of Naucratis 238: 230: 7349:Sacred Band of Thebes 7337:In the United Kingdom 7143:Servicemembers United 7102:Sacred Band of Thebes 6255:Sybaris on the Traeis 4980:Sacred Band of Thebes 4720:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 4234:Cycladic civilization 3930:Philip Sabin (2007). 3497:Description of Greece 3418:"Battle of Chaeronea" 3287:Archer Jones (2000). 3160:Robin Seager (1994). 3031:Description of Greece 2685:John Buckler (1989). 2478:Bibliotheca Historica 2438:Mark H. Munn (1993). 1803:The Life of Pelopidas 1374:Frank William Walbank 1334: 1321:Description of Greece 1255: 1227:Description of Greece 1219:George Ledwell Taylor 1191:Description of Greece 1129: 1085: 989: 946: 833: 729: 630:commander (and later 556: 386:John Kinloch Anderson 297:(c. 290–230 BC), and 277:. The 2nd century AD 233: 221: 122:Sacred Band of Thebes 36:Sacred Band of Thebes 7548:Philip II of Macedon 7528:Ancient LGBT history 7425:In the United States 7397:In the United States 7369:In the United States 7332:In the United States 5780:mythological figures 5501:Ancient Greek tribes 4626:Peloponnesian League 1416:(436–338 BC) in his 1305:William K. Pritchett 1262:Cecil Harcourt Smith 1054:Philip II of Macedon 881:Boeotian confederacy 295:Hieronymus of Rhodes 168:Philip II of Macedon 26:For other uses, see 7513:Alexander the Great 5892:Tunnel of Eupalinos 5887:Theatre of Dionysus 5511:Ancient Macedonians 5127:Tyrants of Syracuse 4639:Amphictyonic League 4239:Minoan civilization 3047:"Pausanias and the 2203:Footnote 23, p. 182 1718:Against Demosthenes 1715:(10 October 2022). 1247:Ali Pasha of Yanina 1243:Odysseas Androutsos 1048:Defeat came at the 1038:Battle of Chaeronea 535:) and the Athenian 324:(c.484–425 BC) and 193:Against Demosthenes 172:Battle of Chaeronea 94:Hand-to-hand combat 7361:Transgender people 7327:In the Netherlands 7308:Sexual orientation 6566:Menestheus's Limin 6220:Pandosia (Lucania) 6108:Greek colonisation 5470:Athenian statesmen 5231:Diogenes of Sinope 5092:Kings of Macedonia 5082:Kings of Commagene 4950:Macedonian phalanx 4930:Hellenistic armies 4678:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 4542:Indo-Greek Kingdom 4264:Hellenistic Greece 4040:10.1093/crj/clq012 3669:. London: 196–197. 2557:peltasts gorgidas. 1518:Sacred Band (1821) 1368:accept Plutarch's 1358: 1298:Karl Julius Beloch 1266:Order of Chaeronea 1258: 1198:, surmounting the 1140: 1077:Macedonian phalanx 1002: 950: 914:their loved ones. 739: 583: 343:πρῶτοι καὶ ἄριστοι 231: 7495: 7494: 7450: 7449: 7207: 7206: 7054: 7053: 7012: 7011: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6518:Iberian Peninsula 6450:Lipara/Meligounis 6416: 6415: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6067:Cypriot syllabary 5958: 5957: 5867:Athenian Treasury 5851: 5850: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5112:Ptolemaic dynasty 5072:Archons of Athens 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 4898:Athenian military 4879: 4878: 4712:League of Corinth 4694:Thessalian League 4670:Chalcidian League 4652:Acarnanian League 4562:Ptolemaic Kingdom 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4112:978-1-4443-3412-8 4068:978-3-16-150137-1 4009:978-3-515-06759-1 3972:978-0-520-06170-5 3943:978-1-84725-187-9 3643:978-1-900639-35-4 3546:. Second Series. 3455:978-0-415-39201-3 3371:978-0-313-30942-7 3300:978-0-252-06966-6 3268:978-1-59797-550-6 3241:978-0-313-31285-4 3207:978-0-313-04192-1 3175:978-0-521-23348-4 3134:978-0-674-03314-6 3098:978-0-415-09958-5 3064:978-87-7304-267-0 3011:978-0-521-83705-7 2975:978-0-521-23348-4 2941:978-0-19-815239-2 2911:978-0-8061-3444-4 2884:978-1-85367-417-4 2857:978-0-631-22565-2 2842:Peter John Rhodes 2824:978-0-88864-253-0 2788:978-1-85285-374-7 2761:978-0-520-09660-8 2725:978-0-521-27389-3 2698:978-90-04-09095-8 2671:978-0-415-26276-7 2639:978-1-4400-6139-4 2552:978-0-674-19607-0 2519:978-1-78096-869-8 2451:978-0-520-07685-3 2411:978-0-226-55195-1 2363:978-0-7864-1918-0 2336:978-0-275-94640-1 2246:The Ancient World 2158:978-0-521-81065-4 2076:978-0-520-01564-7 2037:978-0-226-60915-7 2004:978-1-56023-604-7 1891:Stratagems in War 1857:978-1-109-02125-7 1786:978-0-674-02233-1 1454:Peloponnesian War 1428:(384–322 BC) and 1370:Life of Pelopidas 1188:Pausanias in his 1178:Lion of Chaeronea 1132:Battle of Leuctra 999:Battle of Leuctra 964:(modern Lefktra, 939:Battle of Leuctra 933:Battle of Leuctra 356:) present in the 346:) among Thebans. 338:Battle of Plataea 287:Stratagems in War 213:Battle of Leuctra 164:Battle of Leuctra 115: 114: 7570: 7553:Same-sex couples 7483: 7482: 7467:Pink certificate 7304: 7303: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7195: 7194: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7044: 7043: 7034: 7024: 7023: 6958: 6957: 6676: 6675: 6175:Heraclea Lucania 6128: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6100: 6099: 5860: 5859: 5792:Twelve Olympians 5763: 5762: 5553: 5552: 5529: 5528: 5117:Seleucid dynasty 5097:Kings of Paionia 5046: 5045: 5033: 5032: 4903:Scythian archers 4810:Graphe paranomon 4740: 4739: 4647: 4644: 4634: 4631: 4615: 4612: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4409: 4408: 4380: 4379: 4259:Classical Greece 4244:Mycenaean Greece 4224: 4223: 4200: 4199: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4137: 4136: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3580: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3320: 3305: 3304: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3191: 3180: 3179: 3157: 3142: 3141: 3122: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3051:: Use and Abuse" 3042: 3036: 3035: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2995: 2980: 2979: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2808: 2793: 2792: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2745: 2730: 2729: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2655: 2644: 2643: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2578:. Archived from 2566: 2560: 2559: 2540: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2482: 2473:Diodorus Siculus 2469: 2456: 2455: 2435: 2416: 2415: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2294: 2277: 2254: 2253: 2241: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2142: 2131: 2130: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2060: 2045: 2044: 2025: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1877: 1862: 1861: 1841: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1674: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554:. (DeVoto, 1992) 1541: 1478:, Callisthenes, 1209: 1208: 1097: 1068:The traditional 990:A statue of the 846: 749:Battle of Tegyra 743:Battle of Tegyra 722:Battle of Tegyra 595:Spartan hegemony 549:Military history 534: 533: 497: 496: 463: 462: 451: 450: 383: 382: 369: 368: 358:Battle of Delium 355: 354: 353:ἄνδρες ἐπίλεκτοι 345: 344: 293:(c. 40–120 AD), 251: 138: 137: 33: 32: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7563:Theban hegemony 7498: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7471: 7446: 7411: 7389:Intersex people 7383: 7355: 7310: 7295: 7264: 7243: 7238: 7208: 7203: 7183: 7167: 7106: 7090: 7085: 7055: 7050: 7008: 6963: 6940: 6803: 6797: 6680: 6671: 6663: 6634:Melaina Korkyra 6590: 6512: 6469: 6422:Aeolian Islands 6412: 6274: 6132: 6113: 6112: 6086: 6043: 5954: 5896: 5847: 5801: 5752: 5674: 5665:Wedding customs 5547: 5546: 5515: 5506:Thracian Greeks 5489: 5480:Olympic victors 5458: 5300: 5187: 5131: 5122:Kings of Sparta 5107:Kings of Pontus 5077:Kings of Athens 5053: 5040: 5019: 4915:Army of Macedon 4875: 4852: 4824: 4781: 4729: 4702:(370–c. 230 BC) 4700:Arcadian League 4684:(c. 400–188 BC) 4682:Aetolian League 4676:Boeotian League 4658:Hellenic League 4645: 4632: 4622:(c. 650–404 BC) 4613: 4607:Italiote League 4600: 4596: 4590:Doric Hexapolis 4580: 4571: 4567:Seleucid Empire 4510: 4403: 4402: 4366: 4273: 4249:Greek Dark Ages 4218: 4217: 4194: 4181: 4176: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4095: 4091: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4051: 4047: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3928: 3921: 3882: 3875: 3836: 3832: 3793: 3784: 3741: 3737: 3698: 3694: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3581: 3572: 3559: 3555: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3513: 3509: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3308: 3301: 3285: 3276: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3226: 3215: 3208: 3192: 3183: 3176: 3158: 3145: 3135: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3083: 3072: 3065: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2996: 2983: 2976: 2958: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2809: 2796: 2789: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2746: 2733: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2656: 2647: 2640: 2624:Connop Thirwall 2621: 2617: 2601: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2570:Cornelius Nepos 2567: 2563: 2553: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2483: 2470: 2459: 2452: 2436: 2419: 2412: 2401:Homosexualities 2396: 2392: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2319: 2312: 2296: 2295: 2278: 2257: 2242: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2179: 2166: 2159: 2143: 2134: 2115: 2108: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2061: 2048: 2038: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1987: 1983: 1967: 1966: 1961:Deipnosophistae 1953: 1946: 1930: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1896: 1895: 1878: 1865: 1858: 1842: 1825: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1771: 1767: 1751: 1750: 1733: 1726: 1710: 1706: 1691:10.2307/1088061 1675: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1614:Battle of Nemea 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1488: 1406:David D. Leitao 1366:George Cawkwell 1329: 1186: 1180: 1145: 1124: 1107:George Cawkwell 1098: 1091: 1056:, with his son 1046: 1040: 941: 935: 925:(Sparta having 872:. Thespiae and 847: 840: 745: 730:Map of ancient 724: 620: 597: 591:Theban hegemony 551: 495:ἐκ πόλεως λόχος 434: 253: 240: 207:and, alongside 186: 180: 118: 100: 96: 92: 90:Frontal assault 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7576: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7462:Blue discharge 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7417:Cross-dressing 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7374:In South Korea 7371: 7365: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7038: 7028: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:Megara Hyblaea 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Hybla Gereatis 6345: 6340: 6338:Heraclea Minoa 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6082:Attic numerals 6079: 6077:Greek numerals 6074: 6072:Greek alphabet 6069: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5726:Musical system 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5158:Mathematicians 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Kings of Argos 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5042: 5041: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4925:Cretan archers 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4724:Achaean League 4721: 4718:Euboean League 4715: 4709: 4706:Epirote League 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4654:(c. 500–31 BC) 4649: 4636: 4623: 4617: 4604: 4586: 4584: 4582:Confederations 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4506:Lissus (Crete) 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4254:Archaic Greece 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4179:Ancient Greece 4175: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4145: 4144:External links 4142: 4139: 4138: 4118: 4111: 4089: 4074: 4067: 4045: 4034:(2): 157–173. 4015: 4008: 3978: 3971: 3949: 3942: 3919: 3898:10.2307/504975 3873: 3852:10.2307/497019 3830: 3809:10.2307/501959 3803:(3): 307–311. 3782: 3761:10.2307/623936 3735: 3692: 3672: 3649: 3642: 3622: 3601:10.2307/625674 3570: 3553: 3531: 3507: 3483: 3461: 3454: 3434: 3404: 3377: 3370: 3348: 3345:on 2013-06-13. 3306: 3299: 3274: 3267: 3247: 3240: 3213: 3206: 3181: 3174: 3143: 3133: 3104: 3097: 3070: 3063: 3037: 3017: 3010: 2981: 2974: 2947: 2940: 2917: 2910: 2890: 2883: 2863: 2856: 2830: 2823: 2794: 2787: 2767: 2760: 2731: 2724: 2704: 2697: 2677: 2670: 2645: 2638: 2615: 2592: 2572:. "Chabrias". 2561: 2551: 2525: 2518: 2498: 2457: 2450: 2417: 2410: 2390: 2369: 2362: 2342: 2335: 2310: 2290:Parallel Lives 2255: 2205: 2196: 2164: 2157: 2132: 2106: 2082: 2075: 2046: 2036: 2010: 2003: 1981: 1964:. p. 602. 1944: 1919:Dio Chrysostom 1910: 1863: 1856: 1823: 1792: 1785: 1765: 1724: 1704: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1631: 1618: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1565: 1556: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1328: 1325: 1303:The historian 1179: 1176: 1144: 1141: 1123: 1120: 1103:N.G.L. Hammond 1089: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 937:Main article: 934: 931: 838: 741:Main article: 723: 720: 668:forces in the 619: 616: 550: 547: 464:, "beloved"). 433: 430: 291:Dio Chrysostom 232: 224:ancient Theban 179: 176: 116: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 87: 83: 82: 81:Heavy infantry 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 49:4th century BC 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7575: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7488: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7281:United States 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7200: 7199: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138:OutServe-SLDN 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7128:Blue Alliance 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7047: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Hemeroscopion 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Magna Graecia 6120: 6116: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Arcadocypriot 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5950:Zeus, Olympia 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5935:Hera, Olympia 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Mount Olympus 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806:Sacred places 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Olympic Games 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Homosexuality 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Seleucid army 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4664:Delian League 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4640: 4637: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620:Ionian League 4618: 4608: 4605: 4601: 560 BC 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:Magna Graecia 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3550:: 1–12. 1863. 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3494:. "Book IX". 3493: 3487: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3091:. Routledge. 3090: 3089: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3032: 3028:. "Book IX". 3027: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2664:. Routledge. 2663: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2626:(1835–1844). 2625: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2582:on 2016-03-16 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2187:History Today 2184: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2014: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1645: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503:Blood brother 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1434:Bruce LaForse 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1030:According to 1028: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1011:oblique order 1006: 1000: 996: 993: 988: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 958: 954: 945: 940: 930: 928: 924: 923:Cleombrotus I 920: 915: 912: 908: 904: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 844: 837: 832: 830: 826: 821: 816: 814: 810: 809: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 786: 785: 780: 779: 773: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 737: 733: 728: 719: 715: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 678:stand at ease 673: 671: 667: 662: 657: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634: 629: 625: 615: 613: 609: 606: 602: 596: 592: 588: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 546: 544: 540: 539: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 501: 491: 486: 484: 480: 475: 471: 467: 457: 456: 445: 444: 439: 429: 427: 422: 417: 413: 408: 406: 405:Kenneth Dover 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 377: 373: 363: 359: 349: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316:by his rival 315: 314: 309: 308: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 249: 244: 237: 229: 225: 222:The ruins of 220: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 185: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 144: 136: 133: 127: 126:Ancient Greek 123: 117:Military unit 110: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 34: 29: 22: 21:Theban Legion 7484: 7440:bibliography 7402:In Australia 7348: 7196: 7101: 6841:Dionysopolis 6811:Abonoteichos 6763:Pantikapaion 6353:Hybla Heraea 5689:Architecture 5645:Prostitution 5334:Aristophanes 5193:Philosophers 5163:Philosophers 4995:Spartan army 4979: 4726:(280–146 BC) 4714:(338–322 BC) 4708:(370–168 BC) 4696:(374–196 BC) 4690:(378–355 BC) 4672:(430–348 BC) 4666:(478–404 BC) 4660:(499–449 BC) 4347:Peloponnesus 4269:Roman Greece 4131: 4121: 4102: 4092: 4077: 4058: 4048: 4031: 4027: 4018: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3962: 3952: 3932: 3892:(1): 84–87. 3889: 3885: 3846:(1): 71–92. 3843: 3839: 3833: 3800: 3796: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3632: 3625: 3592: 3588: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3464: 3444: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3421: 3387: 3380: 3361: 3351: 3340:the original 3335: 3331: 3289: 3257: 3250: 3230: 3200:. ABC-CLIO. 3196: 3165: 3138: 3118: 3087: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3030: 3020: 3000: 2965: 2930: 2900: 2893: 2873: 2866: 2846: 2813: 2777: 2770: 2750: 2714: 2707: 2687: 2680: 2660: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2606:. "Book V". 2584:. Retrieved 2580:the original 2574: 2564: 2556: 2536: 2528: 2508: 2501: 2477: 2440: 2400: 2393: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2352: 2345: 2326: 2289: 2249: 2245: 2199: 2193:(11): 23–29. 2190: 2186: 2147: 2126: 2122: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2065: 2041: 2021: 2013: 1994: 1984: 1960: 1923: 1913: 1890: 1886:Στρατηγήματα 1885: 1846: 1802: 1795: 1775: 1768: 1745: 1740: 1717: 1707: 1682: 1678: 1644: 1634: 1621: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1559: 1543: 1539: 1468: 1461: 1439: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1394:John Buckler 1389: 1378:Felix Jacoby 1369: 1359: 1350:Callisthenes 1346:André Dacier 1339: 1320: 1308: 1302: 1290: 1280: 1270: 1259: 1232: 1226: 1216: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1134: 1110: 1100: 1093: 1086: 1074:long-speared 1067: 1047: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1007: 1003: 980: 970: 951: 919:King's Peace 916: 902: 897: 892: 867: 856:Koine Eirene 855: 852:Common Peace 849: 842: 834: 825:Callisthenes 819: 817: 812: 806: 804: 797: 793: 782: 776: 774: 764: 746: 716: 709: 685:Peloponnesos 682: 674: 658: 650: 642:Agesilaus II 631: 624:Boeotian War 621: 612:shock troops 598: 587:Boeotian War 542: 536: 524: 502: 487: 453: 441: 435: 425: 420: 415: 409: 396: 392: 390: 375: 361: 311: 305: 303: 286: 254: 246: 239: 234: 199:logographer 192: 187: 140: 121: 119: 7533:Gay history 7291:South Korea 7133:Knights Out 6989:Place names 6901:Salmydessus 6723:Kalos Limen 6703:Chersonesus 6693:Borysthenes 6398:Tauromenion 6210:Metapontion 5972:Proto-Greek 5925:Erechtheion 5920:Athena Nike 5882:Philippeion 5711:Mathematics 5682:and science 5565:Agriculture 5429:Stesichorus 5339:Bacchylides 5329:Archilochus 5216:Antisthenes 5206:Anaximander 5178:Seven Sages 5168:Playwrights 5148:Geographers 5143:Astronomers 4970:Pezhetairos 4597: 1100 4577:Federations 4476:Megalopolis 4413:City states 4388:City states 4132:On the Navy 4127:Demosthenes 3663:The Academy 3521:Geographica 2285:John Dryden 1627:Schwerpunkt 1476:Aristoxenus 1463:On the Navy 1430:Antisthenes 1426:Demosthenes 1327:Historicity 1281:polyandrion 1273:excavations 1207:πολυάνδριον 1201:polyandrion 1122:Archaeology 1019:polemarchoi 995:Epaminondas 953:Epaminondas 784:polemarchoi 781:led by the 761:Lake Copais 661:skirmishers 432:Composition 414:in Plato's 372:charioteers 226:citadel of 209:Epaminondas 174:in 338 BC. 152:male lovers 73:Theban army 41:Ἱερός Λόχος 28:Sacred band 7502:Categories 7455:Discharges 7313:by country 7269:By country 6891:Polemonion 6768:Phanagoria 6738:Kimmerikon 6733:Kerkinitis 6718:Hermonassa 6708:Dioscurias 6604:Aspalathos 6551:Kalathousa 6526:Akra Leuke 6455:Phoenicusa 6240:Scylletium 6225:Poseidonia 6145:Brentesion 6032:Pamphylian 6027:Macedonian 5945:Samothrace 5930:Hephaestus 5877:Long Walls 5856:Structures 5797:Underworld 5743:Technology 5706:Literature 5640:Philosophy 5605:Euergetism 5494:By culture 5439:Thucydides 5281:Pythagoras 5276:Protagoras 5266:Parmenides 5251:Heraclitus 5236:Empedocles 5226:Democritus 5211:Anaximenes 5201:Anaxagoras 5153:Historians 4646: 595 4633: 550 4614: 800 4599: – c. 4527:Cappadocia 4332:Ionian Sea 4322:Hellespont 4287:Aegean Sea 4024:Jaś Elsner 4000:, Volume 1 2586:2012-07-27 2252:(2): 3–19. 2129:: 331–357. 1924:Discourses 1655:References 1422:Archidamus 1404:Historian 1315:historian 1182:See also: 1092:Plutarch, 973:spartiates 911:Onomarchus 878:democratic 841:Plutarch, 753:Orchomenus 736:Orchomenus 705:conscripts 585:See also: 521:equestrian 326:Thucydides 279:Macedonian 215:(371 BC). 182:See also: 62:Allegiance 7322:In Canada 7276:Australia 6977:in Epirus 6926:Trapezous 6871:Mesambria 6856:Eupatoria 6826:Apollonia 6821:Anchialos 6783:Theodosia 6753:Nymphaion 6743:Myrmekion 6713:Gorgippia 6669:Black Sea 6654:Tragurion 6639:Nymphaion 6624:Epidauros 6619:Epidamnos 6609:Apollonia 6586:Zacynthos 6508:Ptolemais 6502:Apollonia 6475:Cyrenaica 6465:Therassía 6460:Strongyle 6440:Ereikousa 6363:Leontinoi 6303:Apollonia 6180:Hipponion 5977:Mycenaean 5940:Parthenon 5872:Lion Gate 5775:Mythology 5738:Sculpture 5701:Astronomy 5635:Pederasty 5610:Festivals 5595:Education 5475:Lawgivers 5444:Timocreon 5424:Sophocles 5419:Simonides 5394:Philocles 5389:Panyassis 5384:Mimnermus 5349:Herodotus 5344:Euripides 5314:Aeschylus 5261:Leucippus 5221:Aristotle 5000:Strategos 4866:Synedrion 4820:Ostracism 4800:Areopagus 4752:Free city 4547:Macedonia 4431:Byzantion 4337:Macedonia 4302:Cyrenaica 4279:Geography 4213:Geography 3914:193013636 3868:245265285 3825:191378872 3777:162296569 3730:160003601 3708:: 72–91. 3617:163762670 3595:: 39–44. 3492:Pausanias 3476:August 3, 3026:Pausanias 2609:Hellenica 2487:cite book 2299:cite book 2096:Symposium 1970:cite book 1933:cite book 1899:cite book 1881:Polyaenus 1812:cite book 1754:cite book 1741:Symposium 1713:Dinarchus 1480:Daimachus 1448:) in the 1418:Plataicus 1414:Isocrates 1398:Hans Beck 1386:Gaugamela 1196:Chaeronea 1184:Chaeronea 1168:triglyphs 1094:Pelopidas 1081:Theagenes 1058:Alexander 1032:Pausanias 992:boeotarch 957:Chaeronea 927:two kings 885:boeotarch 843:Pelopidas 813:Hellenica 808:Hellenica 693:Phoebidas 653:stockades 633:strategos 628:mercenary 608:Pelopidas 605:boeotarch 601:phalanxes 509:wrestling 474:Polyaenus 426:Symposium 421:Symposium 416:Symposium 397:Symposium 393:Symposium 381:παραβάται 376:parabátai 362:heníochoi 334:Athenians 322:Herodotus 313:Symposium 307:Symposium 283:Polyaenus 264:boeotarch 260:Chaeronea 248:Symposium 205:Pelopidas 201:Dinarchus 178:Formation 7486:Category 7300:By topic 7198:Category 7172:See also 7153:USNA Out 7026:Category 7004:Theatres 6931:Tripolis 6866:Kerasous 6861:Heraclea 6793:Tyritake 6748:Nikonion 6659:Thronion 6581:Salauris 6536:Emporion 6493:Berenice 6483:Balagrae 6435:Euonymos 6408:Tyndaris 6393:Syracuse 6388:Selinous 6358:Kamarina 6313:Casmenae 6298:Akrillai 6215:Neápolis 6150:Caulonia 6131:Mainland 6062:Linear B 6057:Linear A 5987:Dialects 5964:Language 5758:Religion 5716:Medicine 5650:Religion 5615:Folklore 5600:Emporium 5575:Clothing 5570:Calendar 5454:Xenophon 5449:Tyrtaeus 5434:Theognis 5409:Polybius 5404:Plutarch 5379:Menander 5359:Hipponax 5286:Socrates 5241:Epicurus 5087:Diadochi 4985:Sciritae 4945:Hetairoi 4920:Ballista 4885:Military 4848:Gerousia 4838:Ekklesia 4805:Ecclesia 4787:Athenian 4735:Politics 4648:–279 BC) 4635:–366 BC) 4616:–389 BC) 4552:Pergamon 4522:Bithynia 4515:Kingdoms 4456:Pergamon 4398:Military 4393:Politics 4190:Timeline 3722:40651724 3527:expense. 3427:27 March 3396:Archived 2844:(2006). 2604:Xenophon 2283:(trans. 2281:Plutarch 2091:Xenophon 1486:See also 1446:Persians 1362:Plutarch 1336:Plutarch 1286:sarissas 1223:Livadeia 1155:tropaion 1150:tropaion 1136:tropaion 1116:sarissas 1090:— 1024:tropaion 977:perioeci 966:Plataies 862:(modern 839:— 829:Polybius 799:tropaion 712:peltasts 687:through 646:Thespiae 638:Chabrias 577:(led by 569:(led by 561:(led by 517:hipparch 500:Boeotian 483:Heracles 461:ἐρώμενος 455:erômenos 438:Gorgidas 412:Phaedrus 348:Diodorus 330:Persians 318:Xenophon 267:Gorgidas 256:Plutarch 197:Athenian 146:) was a 7248:General 7095:Ancient 7046:Outline 6999:Temples 6936:Zaliche 6916:Thèrmae 6906:Sesamus 6876:Odessos 6851:Cytorus 6846:Cotyora 6596:Illyria 6561:Mainake 6556:Kypsela 6445:Hycesia 6403:Thermae 6383:Segesta 6373:Messana 6328:Helorus 6308:Calacte 6288:Akragas 6250:Sybaris 6235:Rhegion 6190:Krimisa 6140:Alision 6049:Writing 6022:Locrian 6012:Epirote 5982:Homeric 5915:Artemis 5902:Temples 5843:Olympia 5813:Eleusis 5748:Theatre 5733:Pottery 5660:Warfare 5655:Slavery 5590:Economy 5585:Cuisine 5580:Coinage 5557:Society 5542:Culture 5537:Society 5485:Tyrants 5324:Alcaeus 5306:Authors 5256:Hypatia 5246:Gorgias 5183:Writers 5005:Toxotai 4975:Sarissa 4965:Peltast 4960:Phalanx 4940:Hoplite 4935:Hippeis 4858:Macedon 4830:Spartan 4815:Heliaia 4762:Proxeny 4471:Larissa 4466:Kerkyra 4461:Eretria 4451:Miletus 4446:Ephesus 4441:Corinth 4436:Chalcis 4357:Taurica 4227:Periods 4208:History 3755:: 380. 2385:Moralia 1699:1088061 1679:Phoenix 1552:knights 1548:hoplite 1544:Hippeis 1442:medized 1354:Ephorus 1277:tumulus 1241:leader 1164:metopes 1159:tropaia 1070:hoplite 981:Hippeis 962:Leuctra 907:Elateia 900:Phocian 889:Plataea 874:Tanagra 860:Korkyra 732:Boeotia 697:harmost 695:as his 573:), and 567:Laconia 559:Boeotia 543:erastai 538:epheboi 526:hippeis 449:ἐραστής 443:erastês 374:") and 367:ἡνίοχοι 336:in the 285:in his 281:author 271:Spartan 195:by the 190:oration 170:in the 160:Spartan 141:Hierós 111:300 men 102:Raiding 98:Phalanx 54:Country 7407:Israel 7379:Israel 7286:Israel 7111:Modern 7036:Portal 6984:People 6972:Cities 6911:Sinope 6896:Rhizos 6886:Phasis 6836:Bathus 6831:Athina 6816:Amisos 6778:Tanais 6773:Pityus 6698:Charax 6649:Pharos 6644:Orikon 6541:Helike 6531:Alonis 6498:Cyrene 6430:Didyme 6343:Himera 6318:Catana 6280:Sicily 6270:Thurii 6265:Terina 6230:Pixous 6185:Hydrus 6160:Croton 5992:Aeolic 5910:Aphaea 5833:Dodona 5818:Delphi 5787:Temple 5463:Others 5414:Sappho 5399:Pindar 5374:Lucian 5369:Ibycus 5354:Hesiod 5291:Thales 5059:Rulers 5038:People 5015:Xyston 5010:Xiphos 4871:Koinon 4777:Tyrant 4767:Stasis 4757:Koinon 4557:Pontus 4532:Epirus 4501:Sparta 4491:Rhodes 4486:Megara 4481:Thebes 4426:Athens 4352:Pontus 4317:Epirus 4307:Cyprus 4292:Aeolis 4109: 4065: 4006: 3969: 3940: 3912: 3906:504975 3904: 3866: 3860:497019 3858: 3823: 3817:501959 3815: 3775: 3769:623936 3767: 3728: 3720: 3640: 3615: 3609:625674 3607: 3516:Strabo 3452: 3368: 3297: 3265: 3238: 3204: 3172: 3131: 3095: 3061: 3008: 2972: 2938: 2908: 2881: 2854: 2821: 2785: 2758: 2722: 2695: 2668: 2636: 2549: 2516: 2448: 2408: 2387:]. 2360: 2333: 2155: 2073: 2034: 2030:–169. 2001: 1893:]. 1854: 1783: 1697: 1458:Oropus 1317:Justin 1239:klepht 1212:Strabo 903:poleis 893:poleis 869:poleis 770:Apollo 757:Locris 701:Cadmea 689:Megara 666:Argive 593:, and 579:Athens 575:Attica 571:Sparta 563:Thebes 532:ἱππεῖς 490:Cadmea 479:Iolaus 275:Cadmea 228:Cadmea 156:Theban 143:Lókhos 70:Branch 65:Theban 57:Thebes 46:Active 6994:Stoae 6962:Lists 6881:Oinòe 6804:coast 6802:South 6788:Tyras 6758:Olbia 6728:Kepoi 6681:coast 6679:North 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