556:
363:). It measures the density of the fluid. Where no sugar or other dissolved substances are present, the specific gravity of a solution of ethanol in water can be directly correlated to the concentration of alcohol. Saccharometers for measuring sugar-water mixtures measure densities greater than water. Many have scales marked with volume percents of "potential alcohol", based on a pre-calculated specific gravity. A higher "potential alcohol" reading on this scale is caused by a greater specific gravity, assumed to be caused by the introduction of dissolved sugars or carbohydrate based material. A reading is taken before and after fermentation and approximate alcohol content is determined by subtracting the post fermentation reading from the pre-fermentation reading.
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255:. It is usual for hydrometers to be used with dense liquids to have the mark 1.000 (for water) near the top of the stem, and those for use with lighter liquids to have 1.000 near the bottom. In many industries a set of hydrometers is used (1.0–0.95, 0.95–.) to have instruments covering the range of specific gravities that may be encountered.
468:. Tables are used to correct the reading to the standard temperature. Hydrometers are also used for maintenance of wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries to ensure the electrolyte is of the proper strength for the application; for this battery chemistry the specific gravity of the electrolyte is not related to the state of charge of the battery.
383:
composition. The instrument is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. If the milk sample is pure, the lactometer floats higher than if it is adulterated or impure.
108:, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates to relative density. Hydrometers can contain any number of scales along the stem corresponding to properties correlating to the density.
426:
It consists of a large weighted glass bulb with a thin stem rising from the top with calibrated markings. The sugar level can be determined by reading the value where the surface of the liquid crosses the scale. The higher the sugar content, the denser the solution, and thus the higher the bulb will
439:
enclosed in the float section. For measuring the density of petroleum products, such as fuel oils, the specimen is usually heated in a temperature jacket with a thermometer placed behind it since density is dependent on temperature. Light oils are placed in cooling jackets, typically at 15 °C.
181:
The instrument in question is a cylindrical tube, which has the shape of a flute and is about the same size. It has notches in a perpendicular line, by means of which we are able to test the weight of the waters. A cone forms a lid at one of the extremities, closely fitted to the tube. The cone and
611:
for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grain in suspension and of the fluid. The grain diameter thus can be calculated from a knowledge of the distance and time of fall. The hydrometer also determines the
382:
A lactometer is used to check purity of cow's milk. The specific gravity of milk does not give a conclusive indication of its composition since milk contains a variety of substances that are either heavier or lighter than water. Additional tests for fat content are necessary to determine overall
123:: a solid suspended in a fluid is buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended solid. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper a hydrometer of a given weight sinks; the stem is calibrated to give a numerical reading.
422:
and ice-creams. The first brewers' saccharometer was constructed by
Benjamin Martin (with distillation in mind), and initially used for brewing by James Baverstock Sr in 1770. Henry Thrale adopted its use and it was later popularized by John Richardson in 1784.
111:
Hydrometers are calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in
146:(3rd century BC) who used its principles to find the density of various liquids. An early description of a hydrometer comes from a Latin poem, written in the 2nd century AD by Remnius, who compared the use of a hydrometer to the method of
483:
solution used for engine cooling. The degree of freeze protection can be related to the density (and so concentration) of the antifreeze; different types of antifreeze have different relations between measured density and freezing point.
338:
Specialized hydrometers are frequently named for their use: a lactometer, for example, is a hydrometer designed especially for use with dairy products. They are sometimes referred to by this specific name, sometimes as hydrometers.
567:
198:
in the 12th century. It was rediscovered in 1612 by
Galileo and his circle of friends, and used in experiments especially at the Accademia del Cimento. It appeared again in the 1675 work of Robert Boyle (who coined the name
182:
the tube have one base only. This is called the baryllium. Whenever you place the tube in water, it remains erect. You can then count the notches at your ease, and in this way ascertain the weight of the water.
132:
532:. As urine's specific gravity is dictated by its ratio of solutes (wastes) to water, a urinometer makes it possible to quickly assess a patient's overall level of hydration.
223:' discovery of the device by which the alcoholic content of a liquid can be automatically determined. The use of the Sikes device was made obligatory by British law in 1818.
1472:
1278:
The manufacture of leather: being a description of all of the processes for the tanning and tawing with bark, extracts, chrome and all modern tannages in general use
579:
1583:
1559:
347:
An alcoholmeter is a hydrometer that indicates the alcoholic strength of liquids which are essentially a mixture of alcohol and water. It is also known as a
980:
1060:
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specific gravity (or density) of the suspension, and this enables the fraction of particles of a certain equivalent particle diameter to be calculated.
1607:
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A battery hydrometer with thermometer (thermohydrometer) measures the temperature-compensated specific gravity and electrolyte temperature.
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1345:
573:
Battery condition indicator to measure the density of the electrolyte in a lead–acid battery, indicating the charge of the battery (~1985)
1331:
1192:
785:
1326:
974:
2403:
464:. A hydrometer calibrated to read specific gravity relative to water at 60 °F (16 °C) is a standard tool for servicing
173:
415 CE), an important female Greek mathematician, is the first person traditionally associated with the hydrometer. In a letter,
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for stability, and a narrow stem with graduations for measuring. The liquid to test is poured into a tall container, often a
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A saccharometer is a type of hydrometer used for determining the amount of sugar in a solution, invented by
516:
A salinometer is a hydrometer used to measure the salt content of the feed water to a marine steam boiler.
440:
Very light oils with many volatile components are measured in a variable volume container using a floating
366:
These were important instruments for determining tax, and specific maker's instruments could be specified.
2374:
748:
212:
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1974:
1419:
1087:
Explanation of Allan's
Saccharometer: Appointed by Act of Parliament for the Use of Distillers, & C
637:
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41:
Schematic drawing of a hydrometer. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper the weighted float
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1191:
Bud, Robert; Warner, Deborah Jean; Chaplin, Simon; Johnston, Stephen; Peterson, Betsy Bahr (1998).
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but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include:
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878:"Un enfant illustre de Beaugency : le physicien et aéronaute Jacques Charles (1746-1823)"
812:
2143:
1952:
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975:"Dicas [married name Arstall], Mary (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments"
642:
157:
1197:. Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
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398:
88:
A hydrometer usually consists of a sealed hollow glass tube with a wider bottom portion for
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An acidometer, or acidimeter, is a hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of an
585:
Antifreeze tester measures the density of engine coolant, indicating its freezing point.
2223:
1932:
1715:
1634:
882:
Les
Publications de l'Académie d'Orléans, Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts
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662:
113:
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1228:(Fifth ed.). United States: Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press. p. 1314.
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603:, are graded. Hydrometer analysis is performed if the grain sizes are too small for
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A barkometer is calibrated to test the strength of tanning liquors used in tanning
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880:[An illustrious child of Beaugency: the physicist and aeronaut].
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scale, primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry
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This section is about the hydrometer. For the optical instrument, see
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1754:
1696:
1496:
1226:
Instrument and automation engineers' handbook: measurement and safety
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Another automotive use of hydrometers is testing the quality of the
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89:
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Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip Elmer LaMoreaux, Travis H. Hughes (ed.),
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A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils,
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The hydrometer probably dates back to the Greek philosopher
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763:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 153.
37:
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The hydrometer sinks deeper in low-density liquids such as
219:
in the late 18th century, more or less contemporarily with
97:
984:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1356:, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
177:
asks
Hypatia, his teacher, to make a hydrometer for him:
1190:
916:
818:
Encyclopedia of the
History of Arabic Science, Volume 2
290:, universally used worldwide by the petroleum industry.
697:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 429.
329:, formerly used in the bleaching and dyeing industries
374:
and her family enjoyed a similar monopoly in the US.
150:
used by
Archimedes to determine the gold content of
810:
1194:Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia
973:
743:
741:
739:
899:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 132.
456:battery can be estimated from the density of the
2516:
1303:Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists
747:
243:, and less deep in high-density liquids such as
736:
61:is an instrument used for measuring density or
1305:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004
1224:Béla G. Lipták; Kriszta Venczel, eds. (2017).
444:sampling device to minimize light end losses.
435:A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that has a
1387:
918:. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, Publishers.
811:Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996).
188:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
1401:
971:
296:, formerly used in industrial chemistry and
1104:Country House Brewing in England, 1500-1900
938:
897:The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story
722:. Literary Licensing, LLC. pp. 63–64.
1394:
1380:
815:. In Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (eds.).
786:"Letter 15 - To the Philosopher (Hypatia)"
783:
333:
271:worker using a hydrometer to measure the
1170:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830
27:Device used to measure density of liquids
1133:
1100:
1027:Journal of the American Chemical Society
884:(in French) (4). Académie d'Orléans: 37.
397:
262:
130:
36:
1166:
1083:
1020:
981:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
894:
875:
792:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
717:
692:
590:
45:sinks. The depth is read off the scale
14:
2517:
1061:"Glass lactometer, England, 1875-1900"
1375:
1274:
528:is a medical hydrometer designed for
447:
194:in the 11th century and described by
909:
474:
418:, and it can also be used in making
311:, used for measuring the density of
1023:"Signification of Lactometer Tests"
430:
279:Modern hydrometers usually measure
24:
972:Morrison-Low, A. D. (2004-09-23).
942:The dictionary of beer and brewing
720:Archimedes And The Door Of Science
275:density of a salt evaporation pond
25:
2556:
1412:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1354:Milk Producer Group Resource Book
939:Rabin, Dan; Forget, Carl (1998).
790:The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene
1703:
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1679:
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81:with one or more scales such as
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1065:Science Museum Group Collection
1053:
1014:
965:
932:
910:Dick, William Brisbane (1975).
876:Blondel, Claude-Joseph (2003).
217:Jacques Alexandre César Charles
1275:Davis, Charles Thomas (1897).
903:
888:
869:
845:
804:
784:FitzGerald, Augustine (1926).
777:
711:
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511:
13:
1:
2062:Mechanically stabilized earth
1134:Hanneman, Leonard J. (1993).
695:A history of beer and brewing
679:
607:. The basis for this test is
519:
499:
487:
377:
370:had a monopoly in the UK and
355:, but commonly misspelled as
163:
1814:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1368:, Home Winemaking Techniques
1337:Guide to Brewing Hydrometers
1008:UK public library membership
945:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
749:Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette
402:A 20th century saccharometer
349:proof and Tralles hydrometer
119:The hydrometer makes use of
7:
2375:Stress distribution in soil
1021:Geisler, Joseph F. (1891).
615:
549:An alcohol meter in a still
10:
2561:
1525:Pore pressure measurement
1320:
638:Elevator paradox (physics)
535:
410:. It is used primarily by
390:
126:
29:
2432:
2387:
2286:
2278:Preconsolidation pressure
2250:
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1983:
1970:
1885:
1839:
1830:
1753:
1673:Standard penetration test
1431:
1418:
1409:
1140:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
1101:Sambrook, Pamela (1996).
895:Denison, Merrill (1955).
718:Bendick, Jeanne (2011) .
452:The state of charge of a
258:
226:
203:), with types devised by
2525:Ancient Roman technology
1774:California bearing ratio
1572:Rotary-pressure sounding
1403:Geotechnical engineering
1366:How The Hydrometer Works
1084:Thomson, Thomas (1840).
693:Hornsey, Ian S. (2003).
69:based on the concept of
30:Not to be confused with
2194:Geosynthetic clay liner
2169:Expanded clay aggregate
1789:Proctor compaction test
1730:Crosshole sonic logging
1716:Nuclear densometer test
1473:Geo-electrical sounding
1362:, Winemaking Home Page.
1167:Mathias, Peter (1959).
798:2027/mdp.39015008616180
334:Specialized hydrometers
2457:Earthquake engineering
2268:Lateral earth pressure
1893:Hydraulic conductivity
1744:Wave equation analysis
1723:Exploration geophysics
1615:Deformation monitoring
1584:Rotary weight sounding
1332:Hydrometer Information
1281:. H. C. Baird & co
990:10.1093/ref:odnb/49542
403:
276:
184:
139:
50:
1635:Settlement recordings
1560:Rock control drilling
1461:Cone penetration test
1360:Using Your Hydrometer
1327:Hypatia of Alexandria
1090:. D. & W. Millar.
853:"In-depth Hydrometer"
825:. pp. 614–642 .
643:Fahrenheit hydrometer
401:
266:
179:
158:Hypatia of Alexandria
134:
121:Archimedes' principle
73:. They are typically
40:
2540:Laboratory glassware
2535:Laboratory equipment
2497:Agricultural science
2199:Cellular confinement
591:Use in soil analysis
466:automobile batteries
353:Johann Georg Tralles
320:, primarily used in
192:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
2389:Numerical analysis
2273:Overburden pressure
2263:Pore water pressure
2043:Shoring structures
1918:Reynolds' dilatancy
1819:Water content tests
1804:Triaxial shear test
1764:Soil classification
1737:Pile integrity test
1254:The Free Dictionary
1039:10.1021/ja02124a009
912:"Degrees of Baum'e"
753:Holmes, Frederic L.
653:Hydrostatic bubbles
2364:Slab stabilisation
2344:Stability analysis
1348:2012-10-21 at the
1173:. University Press
663:Oscillating U-tube
448:Battery hydrometer
404:
277:
175:Synesius of Cyrene
148:fluid displacement
140:
106:graduated cylinder
51:
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2359:Sliding criterion
2321:Response spectrum
2237:
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2067:Pressure grouting
1966:
1965:
1826:
1825:
1779:Direct shear test
1485:Permeability test
1341:Jurjen Draaijer.
1235:978-1-4987-2764-8
1107:. A&C Black.
1006:(Subscription or
999:978-0-19-861412-8
832:978-0-415-12411-9
757:Levere, Trevor H.
704:978-0-85404-630-0
475:Antifreeze tester
460:solution used as
368:Bartholomew Sikes
213:William Nicholson
190:, it was used by
186:According to the
137:Practical Physics
16:(Redirected from
2552:
2371:Bearing capacity
2258:Effective stress
2248:
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2149:Land reclamation
2089:Land development
1984:Natural features
1981:
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1948:Specific storage
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1769:Atterberg limits
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281:specific gravity
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83:specific gravity
63:relative density
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2159:Erosion control
2057:Ground freezing
2047:Retaining walls
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1923:Angle of repose
1881:
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1709:Visible bedrock
1661:Simple sounding
1649:Shear vane test
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1350:Wayback Machine
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450:
433:
396:
389:
380:
345:
336:
261:
229:
170:
160:
129:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2545:Density meters
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2434:Related fields
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Classification
2351:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:Seismic hazard
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:Shear strength
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:Friction angle
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Oedometer test
1806:
1801:
1799:Sieve analysis
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1685:Total sounding
1676:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1294:
1267:
1256:. Farlex. 2003
1241:
1234:
1216:
1203:
1183:
1159:
1146:
1126:
1113:
1093:
1076:
1052:
1013:
998:
964:
951:
931:
924:
902:
887:
868:
844:
831:
803:
776:
769:
735:
728:
710:
703:
684:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:Gravity (beer)
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
617:
614:
605:sieve analysis
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
565:
563:
560:
553:
551:
548:
541:
537:
534:
521:
518:
513:
510:
501:
498:
489:
486:
476:
473:
449:
446:
432:
429:
408:Thomas Thomson
388:
385:
379:
376:
344:
341:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:Twaddell scale
324:
315:
306:
300:
291:
260:
257:
228:
225:
221:Benjamin Sikes
166:
128:
125:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Geomorphology
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Consolidation
2304:
2302:
2301:Frost heaving
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:Geosynthetics
2177:
2175:
2174:Crushed stone
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Cut-and-cover
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Water content
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:Sample series
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:Investigation
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1206:
1204:9780815315612
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1149:
1147:9780750604307
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1116:
1114:9781852851279
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
976:
968:
954:
952:9781579580780
948:
944:
943:
935:
927:
925:9780308101579
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
891:
883:
879:
872:
858:
857:Museo Galileo
854:
848:
834:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
772:
770:9780262082822
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
742:
740:
731:
729:9781258014889
725:
721:
714:
706:
700:
696:
689:
685:
674:
673:Refractometer
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Density meter
621:
620:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
581:
576:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
540:
539:
533:
531:
527:
517:
509:
507:
497:
495:
485:
482:
472:
469:
467:
463:
459:
458:sulfuric acid
455:
445:
443:
438:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
400:
394:
393:Saccharimeter
387:Saccharometer
384:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
343:Alcoholometer
340:
328:
325:
323:
319:
316:
314:
310:
309:Oechsle scale
307:
304:
301:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
285:
284:
282:
274:
270:
265:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:Antoine Baumé
202:
197:
193:
189:
183:
178:
176:
162:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
138:
133:
124:
122:
117:
115:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Saccharometer
2482:Biogeography
2477:Hydrogeology
2467:Soil science
2447:Geochemistry
2206:Infiltration
2134:Cut and fill
2077:Soil nailing
1943:Permeability
1908:Bulk density
1783:
1625:Inclinometer
1548:Ram sounding
1433:
1353:
1343:Milk Testing
1302:
1297:
1289:
1283:. Retrieved
1277:
1270:
1260:18 September
1258:. Retrieved
1253:
1250:"Acidometer"
1244:
1225:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1193:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1169:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1136:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1103:
1096:
1086:
1079:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1033:(2): 93–98.
1030:
1026:
1016:
979:
967:
956:. Retrieved
941:
934:
915:
905:
896:
890:
881:
871:
860:. Retrieved
856:
847:
836:. Retrieved
816:
806:
789:
779:
760:
719:
713:
694:
688:
628:Densitometer
594:
523:
515:
503:
491:
478:
470:
451:
434:
425:
405:
381:
365:
360:
356:
348:
346:
337:
298:pharmacology
278:
230:
201:"hydrometer"
200:
187:
185:
180:
156:
141:
136:
118:
110:
87:
58:
54:
52:
46:
42:
2492:Archaeology
2216:Foundations
2189:Geomembrane
2072:Slurry wall
2011:Water table
1975:Interaction
1971:Structures
1958:Sensitivity
1755:Laboratory
1290:Barkometer.
609:Stoke's Law
512:Salinometer
462:electrolyte
437:thermometer
318:Plato scale
294:Baumé scale
288:API gravity
209:Baumé scale
2519:Categories
2349:Mitigation
2331:Shear wave
2316:Earthquake
2311:Compaction
2296:Permafrost
2287:Phenomena/
2184:Geotextile
2109:Embankment
2099:Excavation
2036:Earthworks
1996:Vegetation
1991:Topography
1913:Thixotropy
1903:Void ratio
1886:Properties
1784:Hydrometer
1529:Piezometer
1449:Core drill
1311:3540408827
1285:2009-10-11
1210:2009-10-11
1177:2012-03-16
1153:2009-10-11
1137:Patisserie
1120:2009-10-11
1070:2024-01-01
1010:required.)
958:2009-10-11
862:2024-01-01
838:2019-03-26
680:References
668:Pyknometer
658:Hygrometer
561:Lactometer
530:urinalysis
526:urinometer
520:Urinometer
500:Barkometer
488:Acidometer
481:antifreeze
412:winemakers
378:Lactometer
372:Mary Dicas
313:grape must
196:Al-Khazini
152:Hiero II's
144:Archimedes
75:calibrated
59:lactometer
55:hydrometer
32:Hygrometer
2472:Hydrology
2452:Petrology
2340:analysis
2338:Landslide
2243:Mechanics
2154:Track bed
2139:Fill dirt
2124:Terracing
1697:Trial pit
1512:Statnamic
1497:Load test
1047:0002-7863
823:Routledge
813:"Statics"
633:Dasymeter
454:lead-acid
79:graduated
2502:Agrology
2391:software
2289:problems
2119:Causeway
2094:Landfill
2021:Subgrade
1938:Porosity
1933:Cohesion
1346:Archived
759:(eds.).
751:(2000).
616:See also
237:gasoline
233:kerosene
96:such as
90:buoyancy
71:buoyancy
2530:Brewing
2442:Geology
2414:SVSlope
2224:Shallow
2144:Grading
2082:Tieback
2026:Subsoil
2016:Bedrock
2006:Topsoil
2001:Terrain
1794:R-value
1757:testing
1507:Dynamic
1434:in situ
1432:Field (
1321:Sources
1313:, p.299
536:Gallery
506:leather
427:float.
420:sorbets
416:brewers
357:traille
351:(after
322:brewing
241:alcohol
169:370; d.
154:crown.
127:History
114:spirits
102:mercury
94:ballast
67:liquids
2424:Plaxis
2419:UTEXAS
2409:SVFlux
2399:SEEP2D
2251:Forces
2104:Trench
2052:Gabion
1862:Gravel
1502:Static
1309:
1232:
1201:
1144:
1111:
1045:
1004:
996:
949:
922:
829:
767:
726:
701:
442:piston
361:tralle
259:Scales
251:, and
239:, and
227:Ranges
215:, and
171:
2404:STABL
1877:Loess
1840:Types
601:clays
597:silts
273:brine
253:acids
245:brine
207:(the
2229:Deep
1872:Loam
1867:Peat
1857:Sand
1852:Silt
1847:Clay
1832:Soil
1534:Well
1307:ISBN
1262:2010
1230:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1043:ISSN
994:ISBN
947:ISBN
920:ISBN
827:ISBN
765:ISBN
724:ISBN
699:ISBN
599:and
494:acid
414:and
359:and
303:Brix
269:NASA
249:milk
167:350–
161:(b.
98:lead
92:, a
77:and
2114:Cut
1423:and
1035:doi
986:doi
794:hdl
211:),
100:or
65:of
57:or
2521::
2373:*
1352:.
1288:.
1252:.
1063:.
1041:.
1031:13
1029:.
1025:.
992:.
978:.
914:.
855:.
821:.
788:.
755:;
738:^
524:A
508:.
496:.
267:A
247:,
235:,
164:c.
116:.
85:.
53:A
1977:)
1973:(
1436:)
1395:e
1388:t
1381:v
1264:.
1238:.
1213:.
1180:.
1156:.
1123:.
1073:.
1049:.
1037::
1002:.
988::
961:.
928:.
865:.
841:.
800:.
796::
773:.
732:.
707:.
395:.
49:.
47:A
43:B
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
