Machairodontinae - Knowledge

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open its mouth at maximum gape, and with its mandible, press up on the skin of the belly. Creating a depression where the lower canines and incisors press into the skin, a slight fold is created in the skin above the lower teeth as the mandible is shoved upward. Next, the upper canines are pressed into the skin and the muscles of the neck are used to depress the head, so instead of pulling the jaw 'up', the skull is pressed 'down' . When the canines pierce the skin, they are lowered until the gape of the mouth is roughly 45°, where the mandible is pulled up in addition to the skull still being depressed. The small flanges on the anterior portion of the mandible of most machairodonts would be used to aid the depression of the skull. When the animal's mouth is closed, it holds a thick flap of skin between its jaws, behind its canines, and the animal uses the muscles of its lower back and forequarters to pull back, tearing the flap clear of the body. This large gash, once opened, leaves intestines uncovered and arteries and veins torn. The bleeding animal would die within minutes, and the shock of repeated bites, tearing innards from the body, could speed up the process.

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mobility that persisted for years. One such case displays a subadult suffering a shattered pelvis that healed. The specimen would barely have been able to use the damaged limb and would have limped slowly, favoring the other three legs, completely unable to hunt on its own. If a solitary predator would have been able to survive such a severe injury, it would have been a very rare occasion. It is far more likely that such an animal would have been unable to move from a single spot on the ground for several months and might have only survived by being brought food or dragging itself towards kills made by relatives.

3312: 1206: 454: 3324: 3348:. The masseter, and especially the temporalis, muscles insert on this jutting strip of bone, so reduction of this process meant the reduction of the muscles. Less mass for each muscle allowed greater elasticity and less resistance to a wide gape. Changing the shape of the temporalis muscle in this respect created a greater distance between the origin and insertion, so that the muscle became longer and more compact, which is generally a more suitable format for this type of stretching. This reduction led to a weaker bite. 4510:, including the shearing bite, on a fresh domestic cow carcass. The belly of the cow was found to be too large in diameter for the canines to puncture the skin, which were instead deflected off the body, with the mandible blocking their access. However, the model pulled its jaw upward as modern cats bite, while machairodonts most likely did not, instead pressing their skulls down with the aid of their neck muscles. This flaw in the procedure might nullify the results and leave the belly-shearing hypothesis untouched. 3385: 3934: 175: 4479: 4358: 657: 3635: 4002: 3861:

in the tar, and may be similar to the situation created in the study. The assumption was that solitary carnivores would not approach the sources of such sounds, because of the danger of confrontation with other predators. Social carnivores, such as lions, have few other predators to fear, and will readily attend these calls. The study concluded that this latter situation most closely fit the ratio of animals found at the La Brea tar pits, and therefore that

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the animal, and it is already seen in the killing methods of several extant species, such as the spotted hyena. Canines are not as likely to be broken due to the softer nature of the abdomen when compared to the throat and jerking movements are not as amplified in the abdomen as they are in the neck. The abdominal-tearing hypothesis has generally been regarded as highly plausible. In the La Brea tar pits, occurrences of broken canines in

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predators. Such a competitive environment would favor the faster killing of prey, because if prey is taken away before consumption (such as by out-competing) the energetic cost of capturing that prey is not reimbursed, and, if this occurs often enough in the lifetime of a predator, death by exhaustion or starvation would result. The earliest adaptations improving the speed at which prey was killed are present in the skull and mandible of

1370: 4262: 3881: 3396: 713: 3418: 1548: 134: 4212: 4466:: Diagram A depicts the machairodont pressing its lower canines and large incisors into the belly of the prey, creating a fold with the upward motion. Diagram B depicts the skull being depressed by the muscles of the neck, piercing the skin. Diagram C depicts the jaws clamped firmly around the section of skin and fat, and with incisors gripping the skin, the machairodont is pulling back, tearing the flap of skin from the belly. 4322:

and spotted hyena of Africa. In such situations, squabbles are not uncommon. The balance of power and dominance between these apex predators remains a mystery because of the social factor. Strength in numbers can be significant in these struggles. For example, dire wolves are thought to have traveled in small packs, and while individually subordinate, their numbers might have been sufficient to force a machairodont off a kill.

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all, much less tear it away from the body. A third issue with the shearing bite is that the canines would need to tear a large hole in the belly of the animal to be successful, but might instead simply flay the skin and produce two long slits. This wound may be painful and bleed, but the animal likely would not bleed to death and could still escape and survive, instead of bleeding to death.

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been disputed within the scientific community, it remains supported nevertheless by artists. Scientific criticism points out that the lips of modern cats, especially larger species, display incredible elasticity and the usual lip length would stretch suitably, despite the larger degree of opening, and that in living carnivores the lip line is always anterior to the masseter muscle, which in

3292:, bear only eight premolars with one fewer on the mandible, leaving only four large premolars on the mandible along with two stunted canines and six stout incisors. The canines are curved back smoothly, and serrations are present, but are minor and wear away with age, leaving most middle-aged machairodonts (at about four or five) with no serrations. Hints in the bones such as these help 3188:. Although the exact cause is uncertain, current findings have supported the hypothesis that a need for the rapid killing of prey was the principal pressure driving the development of the phenotype over evolutionary time. As indicated by high instances of broken teeth, the biotic environment of saber-toothed cats was one marked by intense competition. 4459: 4318:, a bite positioned around the upper section of the throat, to suffocate the prey by compressing the windpipe. Their canines serve to puncture the skin and mostly allow a better grip, and do not do any significant damage to the prey. Machairodonts, alternatively, would have caused damage if they used the same technique as their modern relatives. 3546:) are a much more diverse group. The canines of this larger group are significantly shorter and generally stouter, but still much longer than in any modern cat. Because of the diversity of the genera, it is difficult to illustrate a specific type. The Machairodontini were the first among the machairodontines and the 6085: 4200:. This leaves the canines not functional for the most part, and is often coupled with the hypothesis of sexual selection. Many modern carnivores scavenge to a greater or lesser degree. A strong sense of smell and good hearing could have helped find carcasses or steal the kills of other predators, such as 3606:

species bore strongly pronounced machairodontine features. However, in contrast to homotherines and smilodontines, even the most derived metailurines retained long tails, long hind legs and a long spine. On average, scimitar-toothed cats had more teeth than the average dirk-toothed machairodont, with six

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Though bloody, this method would take the shortest amount of time to kill the animal out of all the hypotheses. Because of the differences of anatomy between species possibly hunted by machairodonts, the geometry needed to kill a horse, for instance, might not work for a bison. This would require the

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was social or not. At one time, the La Brea tar pits consisted of deep tar in which animals became trapped. As they died, their calls attracted predators, which in turn also became caught. It is considered the best Pleistocene fossil bed in North America for the number of animals caught and preserved

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Longer canines necessitate a larger gape. A lion with a gape of 95° could not bear canines that are nine inches long because they would not be able to have a gap between the lower and upper canines larger than an inch or so, not enough to use for killing. Machairodonts, along with the other groups of

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The most studied section of the machairodont group is the skull, and specifically the teeth. With a large range of genera, good fossil representation, comparable modern relatives, diversity within the group, and a good understanding of the ecosystems inhabited, the machairodont subfamily provides one

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This method allows social machairodonts to inflict large wounds on prey animals. Massive blood loss would ensue, and though bloody, the social group would be able to fend off almost any animal attracted to the area. The bite would not need to be specific, and could be repeated to hasten the death of

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The high specialization seems an extreme and unnecessary version of a bite-and-retreat version of the throat-shear, but the suggestion that machairodont species became more specialized to hunt one prey species is usually considered acceptable so long as the misconception that the machairodont hunted

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The general bite-and-retreat hypothesis has been criticised because of its bloodiness and because the struggling prey would have attracted any predators and scavengers in the area. The idea that a single animal would wound, release, and follow a prey animal has been counteracted more strongly. Cats

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could kill a large deer, and possibly a horse, with little danger of breaking canines. This is because the bite can be applied while the carnivore keeps its body behind the prey for the most part, avoiding flinging legs while still pressing with its body weight to keep it still. It would have been a

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The first hypothesis involving the sensitive neck is that the cat simply restrained the animal and then bit the neck, without much specificity to location, to cause major blood damage and then retreated to allow the animal to bleed to death. Stipulations include not biting the back of the neck where

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The major drawback to these methods is that the large amount of blood spilled could be smelled by other nearby carnivores, such as other machairodonts or dire wolves. Predators often form competitive relationships in which dominance can shift from one species to the other, as seen in the modern lion

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groups have been suggested to have specialized in hunting young mammoths, and to have dragged the kills into secluded caves to eat inside, out from the open. They also retained excellent nocturnal vision, and hunting at night in the arctic regions would probably have been their prime hunting method.

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The third idea proposed is the elongation of the lips by 50%. While his other hypotheses have been largely discarded, the last is used significantly in modern depictions. Miller argues that longer lips allows the greater elasticity needed for biting prey with a wider gape. Although this argument has

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Sociability might have solved this issue by having one individual deliver the killing bite while others held the animal still. Furthermore, the diameter of the abdomen of a large ungulate such as a bison might have been too large, and the skin too taut, for a machairodont to grasp a flap of skin at

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Another variation suggests the advanced machairodonts were highly specialized, enough to obtain the specific geometry to puncture the four major blood vessels in the throat of a prey animal in one bite. This hypothesis would include a careful bite to puncture the blood vessels, similar to, but more

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The broken bones still seem to support sociality, however, the best explanation for a solitary animal healing from serious wounds is that cats build up metabolic reserves that can be used in times of need. The cheetah is often viewed as a poor example because it is a specialized species with a more

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incisors, indicating they could efficiently process most of the meat on a carcass, indicating it was they and not scavengers who dragged the carcasses into the caves. Examination of the bones also indicates that the carcasses of these mammoths were dismembered by the cats before being dragged away,

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likely could have managed the same feat with juvenile mammoths. This is supported by isotopic analysis. But the idea that a cat, even one of very large size and possibly social, was able to cooperatively 'drag' a 180-kilogram (400 lb) mammoth calf any real distance into a cave without damaging

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in the 1990s, specimens of Smilodontini and Homotheriini ancestors were rare and fragmentary, so the evolutionary history of the saber-toothed phenotype, a phenotype affecting craniomandibular, cervical forelimb and forelimb anatomy, was largely unknown. Prior to the excavation of Batallones-1, the

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Miller also suggested a pug-like nose. Aside from the pug and similar dogs, no modern carnivore exhibits a pug nose due to it being an unnaturally created trait originating from selective breeding. The relatively low distribution of the pug nose has resulted in it being generally ignored. Miller's

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The third scimitar-toothed tribe, the Metailurini, bore overall similarity to modern cats, but were highly diverse in terms of morphology with species ranging from a small cheetah to a small lion in size. Some had comparatively short, almost conical upper canines similar to modern cats, while some

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muscles at the back of the jaw. These muscles have the capacity to be powerful and undergo a great degree of modification for ranging bite forces, but are not very elastic due to their thickness, placement, and strength. To open the mouth wider, these species needed to make the muscles smaller and

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Broken teeth indicate the frequency at which teeth contact bone. Increased teeth-bone contact suggests either increased consumption of carcasses, rapid consumption of prey, or increased aggression over kills – all three of which point to decreased prey availability, heightening competition between

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For this technique to work, a specific sequence of motions would have to be followed. First, the animal must be completely subdued, and the predatory machairodonts must be social, so that several individuals can hold the prey animal down. The individual preparing to deliver the killing bite would

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are highly sensitive around the belly and hindquarters, and most predators find it much easier to capture and subdue an animal similar to the domestic cow, by manipulating the head and forequarters. By lowering the animal to the ground and placing itself between the pairs of legs, a machairodont

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This method might inhibit the full effect of the wound created by the canines. Keeping the canines in the wound would stifle the blood flow from the body and could keep the animal alive longer even if the prey is unable to vocalize. There is no significant advantage to the longer canines in this

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In 1985, American paleontologist William Akersten suggested the shearing bite. This method of killing is similar to the style of killing seen in hyenas and canines today. A group of machairodonts captured and completely subdued a prey item, holding it still while one from the group bit into the

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Many modern cats show this mixture of traits. Lions are able-bodied hunters, but will steal when they are given the opportunity. Tigers and cougars bury their kills and return later to keep eating, even days later. All cats prefer killing the sick or injured, and there is a fine line between an

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fossils from the La Brea tar pits feature hunting injuries. In addition to injuries resulting from strain while hunting, the more severe injuries strongly suggest a social nature. Animals may have been crippled long after the injury healed, suffering swollen ankles, prominent limps, and limited

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would have had one-third the bite force of a lion, had it used only its jaw muscles. However, the neck muscles that connected to the back of the skull were stronger and depressed the head, forcing the skull down. When the jaw was hyper-extended, the jaw muscles could not contract, but the neck

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extends backward, but the temporalis muscles that attach to this surface are strained when opening the jaw wide as the muscle is wrapped around the glenoid process. To reduce the stretch of the temporalis muscle around the immovable process, machairodonts evolved a skull with a more vertical

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The skulls of many sabre-tooth predators, including machairodonts, are tall from top to bottom and short from front to back. The zygomatic arches are compressed, and the portion of the skull bearing facial features, such as eyes, is higher, while the muzzle is shorter. These changes help to

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method of killing when compared to the ancestral cats with their short, conical-shaped canines. If anything, the dangers to breaking teeth held in the throat of a panicked animal, even if well restrained, outweighs the possible benefits, so this method has often been viewed as improbable.

4188:, are shaped similarly. There is typically also a size difference between sexes, but male and female machairodonts appear to have been the same sizes. Also, this level of sexual selection seems extreme given an individual would be left severely impaired in eating and general function. 4347:

quick bite, suiting the ambush style of stalking and hunting implied by the heavy and strong bodies of most machairodonts. It would also have been possible for a lone machairodont to wound a large prey animal in this manner, then release and follow it until it fell from shock.

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and lions show that the former, and possibly other machairodonts, could potentially have roared like their modern relatives. A 2023 study suggested that while machairodonts had the same number of hyoid bones as "roaring" cats, their shape was closer to that of "purring" cats.

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It has been suggested that machairodonts used their saber teeth during hunting, grappling an animal, opening its mouth, and swinging its head down with enough force to puncture the animal's skin and flesh. It was once suggested that the saber teeth were used much like a

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suggest that machairodonts were capable of efficiently stripping and de-fleshing a carcass of meat when feeding. They also show a degree of bone consumption on par with that of modern lions, which themselves can and regularly do eat smaller bones when consuming a meal.

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proposed by Miller has little evidence in the physical structures of comparable animals. According to Antón, García-Perea and Turner (1998), the nostrils of living felids always extend to a similar position, independently of the length of the nasal bones, which in

4385:. This variation states that the machairodont compressed the windpipe after dealing the bite, serving to both suffocate and wound the prey animal. Puncturing large blood vessels in the throat and causing massive bleeding would hasten the death of the animal. 5123:"Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite" 4380:

When the animal is wounded with a bite from a machairodont (ignoring the placement of the blood vessels, which are negligible in this hypothesis), the canines would have been inserted behind the windpipe and the premolars would have been encompassing the

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The name 'saber-toothed tigers' is misleading. Machairodonts were not in the same subfamily as tigers, there is no evidence that they had tiger-like coat patterns, and this broad group of animals did not all live or hunt in the same manner as the modern

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Piras, Paolo; Silvestro, Daniele; Carotenuto, Francesco; Castiglione, Silvia; Kotsakis, Anastassios; Maiorino, Leonardo; Melchionna, Marina; Mondanaro, Alessandro; Sansalone, Gabriele; Serio, Carmela; Vero, Veronica Anna; Raia, Pasquale (May 2018).

4438:'only' that species is taken. However, this would not resolve the issue of the messiness and the loud sounds probably associated with this kind of bite. More than one individual would probably have been needed to ensure a completely subdued animal. 4434:

genus, or even the specific species, to be highly specialized for one type of prey animal. This might offer an explanation for their extinction, for the movement or extinction of that prey species would lead to the death of its specialist predator.

3369:, the gape is 128°, and the angle between the ramus of the mandible and the occipital bone is 100°. This angle is the major limiting factor of the gape, and reducing the angle of the occipital bone relative to the palate of the mouth, as seen in 4247:

are shaped to efficiently slice flesh, not crunch bone, as they are in the modern spotted hyena. Since both sexes bear these canines and additional modifications to the skull are present, machairodonts were likely opportunists to some degree.

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show that the latter would have fared poorly with the stresses of holding onto struggling prey. The main issue was the stresses suffered by the mandible: a strong force threatened to break the jaw as pressure was placed on its weakest points.

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would disarticulate their kill to transport it to a safe area and prevent scavengers from claiming a hard-won meal. Evidence also shows the cats were able to effectively strip flesh from bone in a manner that left noticeable score marks.

4180:, much like the mane of a lion, and were used for courting, sexual display, and social status. Their canines are already well established as relatively fragile, and their jaw muscles not strong, so any predatory function is uncertain. 4611:

Paijmans, J. L. A.; Barnett, R.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Zepeda-Mendoza, M. L.; Reumer, J. W. F.; de Vos, J.; Zazula, G.; Nagel, D.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Leonard, J. A.; Rohland, N.; Westbury, M. V.; Barlow, A.; Hofreiter, M. (2017-10-19).

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However, when a trait is adopted to enhance sexual attraction, typically only one sex, usually males, display the feature. In all machairodont species, both males and females have these canines and, with only minor exceptions as in

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However, the cat might have been able to scavenge on kills made by dire wolves. Two solitary machairodonts would quickly develop a pecking order with the first individual dominant. Because of this uncertainty, a large part of the

3754:, or outer ears, along with fur color, are dependent on the individual doing the reconstruction. Large or small, pointed or rounded, high or low, fossils do not record these characteristics, leaving them open to interpretation. 3589:

that would have allowed for better oxygen intake and smaller, only partially retractable claws that might have functioned like spikes for a better grip on the ground, all of which seems to point to a highly active lifestyle and

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as a common method of dispatching prey. The suffocation would inhibit sound from the panicked prey, a method used by modern cheetahs and leopards. The wound from the canines and the lack of air would then kill the prey animal.

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The skulls of machairodonts suggests another change in the shape of the temporalis muscle. The main constraint to opening the jaws is that the temporalis muscle will tear if it is stretched past a critical degree around the

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its teeth has aroused great criticism. Its sloped back and powerful lumbar section of its vertebrae suggested a bear-like build, so it might have been capable of pulling weights, but breaking canines, a fate suffered by

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overall to attain near-lion size and already showed impressive upper canines early on in their evolution in the Miocene, but apart from these retained a relatively cat-like morphology that was more similar to modern

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Anton, M.; M. J. Salesa; J. Morales; A. Turner (2004). "First known complete skulls of the scimitar-toothed cat Machairodus aphanistus (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Spanish late Miocene site of Batallones-1".

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Diagrams by Maricio Anton. All graphite drawings belong to Anton, along with several other artists. The second to last drawing depicts the versatility of the general neck bite and include a comparison of

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Illustrations of Miller's lips in phases of aggression and nonaggression. (Be sure to click anywhere on the page as soon as you enter- it is a slideshow and move to the next image in 5 seconds.)

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fragile physique than other cats. Larger, more sturdily built cat species, such as lions and leopards, have been observed to recover from severe injuries, such as broken jaws and torn muscles.

6081: 5559:"Co-existence of scimitar-toothed cats, lions and hominins in the European Pleistocene. Implications of the post-cranial anatomy of Homotherium latidens (Owen) for comparative palaeoecology" 4025:

from China housed by the Babiarz Institute of Paleontological Studies is an older individual with a broken canine, worn from usage after the break. However, the individual died of a severe

3269:, known only from two fairly complete fossils, broke this mould; possessing both the stout, heavy limbs associated with dirk-toothed cats, and the stout canines of a scimitar-toothed cat. 4018:

is another genus with few fossil records to suggest a social nature, but canines on these species are broken more often than others and show signs of extensive healing afterward. A male

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often preyed on young mammoths and other grazers such as pronghorn antelope and bighorn sheep when mammoths were not available. Examinations published in 2022 of tooth wear patterns on

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Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C.P., Cobo-Sánchez, L. et al. Sabertooth carcass consumption behavior and the dynamics of Pleistocene large carnivoran guilds. Sci Rep 12, 6045 (2022).

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and generally had stocky bodies. Scimitar-toothed cats had broader and shorter upper canines and a typically lithe body form with longer legs. The longer-toothed cats often had a bony

5320:"Functional anatomy of the forelimb in Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Late Miocene of Spain and the origins of the sabre-toothed felid model" 3750:. However, the positioning of the ears is always similar in modern felids, even in individuals that have crests comparable in size to those of sabretooth cats. The positioning of the 397:), sword. Sometimes, other carnivorous mammals with elongated teeth are also called saber-toothed cats, although they do not belong to the felids. Besides the machairodonts, other 6668: 3736: 4094:

and an inability to open the mouth very wide would have been an impediment to effective stabbing. For such reasons, this concept has been rejected by the scientific community.

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showed a trend towards elongated upper canines, and is believed to be at the base of the machairodontine evolution. The earliest known machairodont genus is the middle Miocene

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nasal bones. Criticism of Miller's theory compares the nasal bones of lions and tigers. Lions, when compared to tigers, also have strongly retracted nasal bones, but a lion's

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muscles pressed the head down, forcing the canines into whatever resisted them. When the mouth was closed far enough, the jaw muscles could raise the mandible by some margin.

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Opposition to this concept lies in many parts of the cat. The teeth are purely carnivorous, unable to grind plant material, as the omnivorous teeth of dogs and bears do. The

3581:, the most derived known species from the Pleistocene of North America bore a sloped back that might have made it excellent at running long distances, similar to the living 5009:

Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2015). "A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae)".

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Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2014). "A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae)".

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in California supports the hypothesis, as well. The animals caught in the pits would have been dying or dead, the kind of meal a true hypercarnivore, such as a modern

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section of the vertebral column was shortened. The tails were, from most primitive to most advanced, growing shorter and shorter, resulting in the bobcat-like tail of

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Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; L. Alcala; P. Montoya; J. Morales (2010). "Systematic revision of the late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaedrodus in Spain".

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Dawson, M.R.; R.K. Stucky; L. Krishtalka; C.C. Black (1986). "Machaeroides simpsoni, new species, oldest known sabertooth credont (Mammalia), of Lost Cabin Eocene".

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itself possessed upper lips and gum tissue that could effectively hide and protect their upper canines; a trait they shared in common with modern cat species, while

4029:, an injury that a social predator would have had a better chance of healing, so the skull can be interpreted in different ways. The adult canine teeth of juvenile 4053:

is found in its brain. Most social predators, including humans, grey wolves, and lions, have brains that are slightly larger than those of their loner relatives.

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Xenosmilus in particular might have used this method, as all the teeth in its mouth were serrated and aligned in a way that formed a consistent cutting surface.

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The current hypothesis for the evolution of the saber-toothed phenotype, made possible by Batollnes-1, is that this phenotype arose gradually over time through

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Carnivores reduced the number of their teeth as they specialized in eating meat instead of grinding plant or insect matter. Cats have the fewest teeth of any

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Werdelin, Lars; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Johnson, W.E. (January 2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.).

4079:. The canines seemed, initially, as tools of great power and devastating ability, used for crushing vertebrae, or for tearing open armored animals such as 3696:

On occasion, the bone of a fossilised predator is preserved well enough to retain recognizable proteins that belong to the species it consumed when alive.

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would have suffered great risk of being kicked. The power behind such a kick would easily break teeth, a mandible, or a leg, and cripple or kill the cat.

6270: 4952:"A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)" 6673: 3614:. When viewing only postcranial remains of similar-toothed machairodonts, many of their forms were comparatively similar to modern pantherines (genera 5721: 4710: 3381:

compensate for an increased gape. Machairodonts also had reduced bottom canines, maintaining the distance between those in the upper and lower jaws.

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A 2009 study compared the ratios of social and solitary carnivores in reserves in South Africa and Tanzania with those of fossils of California's

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This general bite would be used wherever it could be attained, and needs fewer predators. When compared with the belly-shearing hypothesis, one

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in showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and are not closely related to any living feline species.

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precise than, the bite-and-compress hypothesis, whereupon the machairodont would retreat and allow the animal to bleed to death very quickly.

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Lars W. van den Hoek Ostende, Michael Morlo & Doris Nagel (July 2006). "Fossils explained 52 Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats".

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had canines that remained partially exposed and protruded past the lips and chin even while the mouth was closed due to their great length.

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This article is about the extinct subfamily of cats Machairodontinae. For the similarly named subfamily of extinct carnivorous mammals, see

5837: 3169:, a Homotheriini ancestor, shedding light on evolutionary history. (Though the Smilodontini ancestor was originally assigned to the genus 922: 6135: 3565:

were remarkably long-legged and lean, though as large as a modern lion, a trend that further magnified in the Pliocene-Pleistocene genus

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is depicted here with the neck of a horse in cross section. A – esophagus, B – four major blood vessels, C – windpipe, and D – vertebrae

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The first change he suggested in the appearance of machairodonts was lower ears, or rather the illusion of lower ears due to the higher

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of the best means of research for the analysis of hypercarnivores, specialization, and the relationships between predator and prey.

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Bonis, Louis de; Peigné†, Stéphane; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (15 February 2018).

550:. However, some have recently regrouped the Metailurini within the other felid subfamily, the Felinae, along with all modern cats. 5231:

Van Valkenburgh, B.; F. Hertel (1993). "Tough times at La-Brea – tooth breakage in large carnivores of the Late Pleistocene".

3602:, broke this trend in that it had both scimitar-like teeth and a bulky and strong build that is more typical for dirk-tooths. 4934: 4033:

took an exceptionally long time to erupt and be used, so until then, it was completely dependent on the care of its parents.

6413: 3559:

appears to have been an excellent jumper. The homotherines were overall more specialized and already the earliest taxa like

7112: 3251:

Machairodonts are divided into two types: dirk-toothed and scimitar-toothed. Dirk-toothed cats had elongated, narrow upper

3204:. They provide further morphological evidence for the importance of speed in the evolution of the saber-toothed phenotype. 4832:

Turner, Alan (1990). "The evolution of the guild of larger terrestrial carnivores during the Plio-Pleistocene in Africa".

3856:, a well-known fossil bed from the Pleistocene, and how they responded to recorded sounds of dying prey, to infer whether 6477: 5501: 3966:

The modern lion is capable of, in large numbers, killing weakened adult and healthy subadult elephants, so similar sized

7097: 3219:, both largely confined to the Americas. These two genera became extinct around 13,000-10,000 years ago as part of the 4351:

rarely walk away from prey until they have eaten their fill and it would have risked being stolen by other predators.

6511: 6115: 5804: 5637: 4756: 4596: 4486:

restraining an adolescent mammoth on the ground while one individual (marked with an arrow) applies the shearing bite

4330:

of machairodonts is still unknown. The several variations on this hypothesis all require a subdued and still animal.

4301: 4279: 4151: 3920: 3898: 17: 5688: 5044: 4655:"New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)" 4133: 4057:

had a relatively small brain, suggesting less ability for complex cooperative behaviors, such as hunting in groups.

3373:, allowed the gape to increase further. Had the occipital bone not been stretched towards the palate, and closer to 7102: 6686: 3345: 561:, machairodonts diverged from living cats around 20 million years ago, with the last surviving machairodont genera 4172:, displaying extreme upper canines developed only through sexual selection and otherwise completely nonfunctional 6033:"Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon" 5860:"Concealed weapons: A revised reconstruction of the facial anatomy and life appearance of the sabre-toothed cat 5090: 440:Μαχαιροῦς, from Ancient Greek: μάχαιρα, lit. 'makhaira', means a sword, and oδόντος (odóntos), meaning "tooth." 6709: 4807: 4654: 4283: 4118: 3902: 6164: 6031:

Carbone, C.; Maddox, T.; Funston, P. J; Mills, M. G.L; Grether, G. F; Van Valkenburgh, B. (23 February 2009).

5958: 4314:

A more common and widely accepted view of machairodont hunting is the throat-shearing bite. Modern cats use a

6266: 174: 491:

from Africa and Turkey. Until the late Miocene, machairodontines co-existed at several places together with

5714: 4706: 4049:

The question of sociality is still controversial. Strong support for the traditional concept of a solitary

3220: 7107: 4867:

Martin, L. D.; Babiarz, J. P.; Naples, V. L.; Hearst, J. (2000). "Three Ways To Be a Saber-Toothed Cat".

4208:, and sprinting would not have been needed, as is seen in the stocky conformation of most machairodonts. 4090:, and would have been easily broken against hard material such as bone. It has also been argued that the 3739:

set forth a set of features not previously thought of in the soft tissues of machairodonts, specifically

44:"Saber-toothed cat" redirects here. For other animals sometimes referred to as "saber-toothed cats", see 6637: 7042: 5558: 4339:

contact with vertebrae could break the teeth, but a deep bite anywhere in the neck would prove fatal.

7092: 6702: 578: 38: 5657: 5218:

The big cats and their fossil relatives: an illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history

6575:: Ross Barnett et al.: "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat" in 6442: 3157:

predominating hypothesis was that the highly derived saber-toothed phenotype arose rapidly through

6568: 4416:

A diagram to depict the path of canines to achieve maximum damage during a careful shearing bite:

5369: 4272: 4129: 3891: 3511:, to allow for a larger surface area of attachment for massive shoulder and triceps muscles. The 6678:

without Miller's lips. (this is a foreign site- the image is two thirds of the way down labeled

5821: 7069: 7004: 4490:

However, a shearing bite may have been problematic for machairodonts for several reasons. Most

3938: 3311: 3240: 398: 264: 45: 6131: 7064: 4535: 453: 6849: 7051: 6536: 6367: 6304: 5925: 5875: 5570: 5454: 5240: 5182: 4963: 4876: 4841: 4502:

In 2004 an experiment used a pair of mechanical aluminum jaws, cast from the CT scans of a

3305: 464:

was one of the largest machairodonts. It dwarfs its modern relative, the common house cat,

4125: 8: 4036:

In another example of paleopathology supporting the social hypothesis, a large number of

3500: 1596:

The phylogenetic relationships of Machairodontinae are shown in the following cladogram:

1205: 6540: 6371: 6308: 5981:"The roar of Rancho La Brea? Comparative anatomy of modern and fossil felid hyoid bones" 5879: 5574: 5458: 5244: 5186: 4967: 4880: 4845: 3651:

The jaws of machairodonts, especially more derived species with longer canines, such as

6552: 6390: 6351: 6327: 6292: 6247: 6057: 6032: 6010: 5903: 5780: 5763: 5477: 5442: 5344: 5319: 5264: 5198: 5094: 5026: 4986: 4951: 4900: 4789: 4679: 4553: 4382: 3276:

group, and machairodonts reduce the number even further. Most machairodonts retain six

169: 6613: 6507: 6395: 6332: 6239: 6111: 6062: 6014: 6002: 5907: 5800: 5633: 5586: 5539: 5522:

Wroe, Stephen; Lowry, Anton (4 May 2006). "How to Build a Mammanian Super-Predator".

5482: 5349: 5335: 5300: 5256: 5194: 5139: 5122: 4991: 4930: 4892: 4853: 4752: 4684: 4635: 4592: 4572: 4557: 4549: 4478: 4458: 4216: 3512: 3434: 554: 6642: 6500: 5888: 5859: 5582: 5268: 5202: 5098: 5030: 4793: 4589:

Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe

3323: 6789: 6603: 6544: 6385: 6375: 6322: 6312: 6251: 6231: 6052: 6044: 5992: 5893: 5883: 5829: 5775: 5578: 5531: 5472: 5462: 5389: 5381: 5339: 5331: 5295: 5248: 5190: 5134: 5086: 5018: 4981: 4971: 4904: 4884: 4849: 4781: 4674: 4669: 4625: 4545: 4448: 4327: 4233: 4177: 4020: 3853: 3847: 3697: 3208: 3185: 2692: 665: 459: 386: 361: 6556: 4506:

from the La Brea tar pits, to simulate several biting techniques possibly used by

3308:, needed a way to change their skulls to accommodate the canines in several ways. 6972: 6929: 6810: 6796: 6317: 5467: 5385: 5252: 4976: 4363: 4026: 3766:, or external nose, is no more retracted than the tiger's. Thus, the pug nose of 3751: 3561: 3535: 3459: 3384: 2905: 2646: 2506: 2387: 1447: 988: 899: 889: 766: 515: 492: 422: 406: 385:

as well as other cats with more modest increases in the size and length of their

5370:"Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization" 6979: 6936: 6548: 5607: 5535: 4744: 3747: 3679: 3515:

are very sturdy, and the attachments for muscles were powerful and strong. The

3357: 3293: 2623: 2467: 1492: 1069: 498:

Traditionally, three different tribes of machairodontines were recognized, the

487: 410: 345: 31: 6502:

Monster of God: the man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind

6467: 5505: 5022: 4785: 4630: 4613: 3933: 371:

The Machairodontinae contain many of the extinct predators commonly known as "

7086: 7027: 6943: 6902: 6867: 6350:

McHenry, C. R.; Wroe, S.; Clausen, P. D.; Moreno, K.; Cunningham, E. (2007).

6187:"Healed Massive Pelvic Fracture in a Smilodon from Ranco La Brea, California" 5745: 5590: 4240:, would pass up. This hypothesis is the oldest, but still considered viable. 3374: 3285: 2355: 1947: 1901: 1524: 1316: 1102: 429: 425: 337: 333: 91: 6429:

Do Cats Hear with Their Feet?: Where Cats Come From, what We Know about Them

6380: 3983:. Moreover, the bones of these young mammoths show the distinctive marks of 3659:, are unusually weak. Digital reconstructions of the skulls of lions and of 6986: 6913: 6617: 6399: 6336: 6243: 6066: 6048: 6030: 6006: 5858:

Antón, Mauricio; Siliceo, Gema; Pastor, Juan F.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2022).

5662: 5543: 5486: 5353: 5260: 4995: 4896: 4866: 4639: 4401: 4390: 4357: 4315: 4087: 3705: 3591: 3586: 3252: 2041: 2011: 1363: 1015: 627: 499: 480: 299: 5284:"Costs of carnivory: tooth fracture in Pleistocene and Recent carnivorans" 4888: 4614:"Evolutionary History of Saber-Toothed Cats Based on Ancient Mitogenomics" 3598:

however, a mid-Pleistocene homotherine from Florida and close relative of

3152:

Until the recent discovery of the Late Miocene fossil depository known as

656: 7036: 6922: 6888: 6881: 6858: 6817: 6803: 6780: 6608: 6591: 5833: 4080: 4014: 3954: 3634: 3574: 3570: 3552: 3543: 3539: 3524: 3453: 2990: 2678: 2520: 2076: 1924: 1617: 1378: 1289: 1265: 1092: 931: 721: 650: 558: 535: 530: 524: 504: 466: 414: 381: 356: 293: 287: 281: 148: 142: 66: 5979:

Deutsch, A. R.; Langerhans, R. B.; Flores, D; Hartstone-Rose, A (2023).

5898: 5394: 5153: 4001: 3783:

was located just behind the carnassials. Regardless, reconstructions of

6895: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6687:

Further illustration (Anton) of a lack of Miller's lips with the genus

6349: 6156: 5997: 5980: 5799:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 168–173. 5632:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 227–228. 4396: 4286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4244: 3905: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3722: 3484: 3480: 3336: 3297: 3265: 3158: 3153: 2967: 2795: 1805: 1214: 1042: 866: 810: 801: 595: 582: 569:

estimated to have diverged from each other about 18 million years ago.

546: 418: 402: 236: 153: 111: 76: 6291:

Andersson, K.; Norman, D.; Werdelin, L. (2011). Soares, Daphne (ed.).

6235: 4367:

applying the conical-tooth equivalent of the "bite and compress" to a

4164: 4009:

skull with chipped left canine and more severely damaged right canine.

6874: 6764: 6752: 5978: 4475:

are rare, and this less risky method might have contributed to this.

4201: 4197: 4169: 3763: 3476: 3273: 3181:(living 9.0 Ma) inhabited Spain (and perhaps additional territory). 1638: 1134: 540: 317: 226: 186: 116: 6998: 6219: 5764:"Reconstructed facial appearance of the sabretoothed felid Smilodon" 5443:"Evolution of Skull and Mandible Shape in Cats (Carnivora: Felidae)" 5075: 4610: 4261: 4136:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3880: 3417: 3395: 1369: 712: 7021: 6950: 6758: 6743: 6694: 6638:

Evolution of feliform saber-tooth skull shape, on Nimravid's Weblog

5954: 5366: 5283: 4491: 4368: 4211: 4205: 4091: 3949: 3791:, and other species are shown with long lips, often resembling the 3622: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3496: 3340: 3281: 3260: 2259: 1556: 1547: 510: 365: 350: 206: 161: 133: 106: 101: 86: 81: 71: 4388:

Modern cats, and presumably the basal genera of all cats, such as

4228:

animal so sick it cannot move and a dead animal. The abundance of

3463:, are defined by sturdiness and strength with the most primitive ( 3406: 7056: 6770: 6592:"Deja vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora" 6472: 6110:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 29. 5317: 5120: 4237: 3674: 3582: 3547: 3504: 3492: 3277: 475: 321: 313: 246: 121: 96: 5172: 5045:"Rhizosmilodon fiteae :: Florida Museum of Natural History" 3428: 1515: 1125: 6737: 4412: 3948:

At Friesenhahn Cave, Texas, the remains of almost 400 juvenile

3516: 3256: 3207:

Machariodont diversity declined during the Pleistocene, by the

3147: 341: 329: 216: 196: 5156:

Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper

6220:"Assessing behavior in extinct animals: was Smilodon social?" 5557:

Antón, Mauricio; Galobart, Angel; Turner, Alan (2005-05-01).

4950:

Wallace, S. C.; Hulbert, R. C. (2013). Larson, Greger (ed.).

4076: 3823: 3792: 3344:

change their shape. The first step in this was to reduce the

3221:

wave of extinctions of most large animals across the Americas

857: 574: 4462:

A sequence diagram of the shearing bite in the machairodont

495:, archaic large carnivores that also bore long sabre-teeth. 5091:

10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0957:FKCSOT]2.0.CO;2

3528: 3488: 348:, with the last surviving species (belonging to the genera 325: 6622:. Full analysis of convergent evolution of hypercarnivores 6218:

McCall, Sherman; Naples, Virginia; Martin, Larry (2003).

4652: 3377:, the gape would theoretically be less, at roughly 113°. 3362: 3328: 6082:"Late Pleistocene Climate and Proboscidean Paleoecology" 5857: 5813: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5230: 4570: 3335:

The main inhibitors of a large gape for mammals are the

6293:"Sabretoothed Carnivores and the Killing of Large Prey" 6290: 5761: 4333: 3555:

than more derived machairodontines from later periods.

5318:

Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; J. Morales (2010).

5313: 5311: 5121:

Salesa, M.J.; M. Anton; A. Turner; J. Morales (2005).

5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 3585:. It also had a well-developed visual cortex, a large 3527:

remains, they are more similar in structure to modern

3467:) being smaller and more lithe than the more advanced 3365:

has a gape of 80°, while a lion has a gape of 91°. In

393:. The name means "dagger-tooth", from Greek μάχαιρα ( 5402: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 4751:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. 4044: 6026: 6024: 4943: 4424: 3704:

preyed mainly on bison and horses, and occasionally

6356:

revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation"

5556: 5308: 5105: 4929:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60. 4520: 3775:falls within the range observed in modern species. 6499: 6343: 6217: 5062: 3161:evolution. Batollnes-1 unearthed new specimens of 6021: 5434: 5374:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4176:Long canines could also have been the product of 3806:suggest that scimitar-toothed machairodonts like 7084: 5762:Antón, M.; García-Perea, R.; Turner, A. (1998). 5715:"Stable Isotopes and Diet: You Are What You Eat" 5521: 4375: 3487:and heavy bodies. When compared with the modern 3356:when the mouth is opened. In modern felids, the 3200:, and in the cervical vertebrae and forelimb of 6674:Biological artist Maricio Anton's depiction of 6589: 6360:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5281: 4196:One suggestion is that most machairodonts were 37:"Sabercat" redirects here. For other uses, see 6352:"Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in 5517: 5515: 5008: 4949: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4860: 4771: 4606: 4604: 4064: 474:The Machairodontinae originated in the middle 6710: 6527:Gorder, P.F. (2004). "Simulated bite marks". 5757: 5755: 5753: 4441: 4251: 4223:playing the role of opportunistic scavengers. 3421:A reconstruction of the scimitar-toothed cat 3211:, only two genera of machairodonts remained, 5440: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 3288:in the upper jaw only. Some genera, such as 3148:Evolutionary history and origin of phenotype 5512: 4911: 4601: 3716:and bite marks on the bones of the peccary 3629: 3432:An example of a sequence reconstruction of 344:, with the earliest species known from the 6717: 6703: 6468:"Prehistoric Predators: Sabertooth Part 4" 5750: 5746:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09480-7 4825: 4577:. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. 3447:The dirk-toothed machairodonts, including 581:published in 2005 confirmed and clarified 132: 6607: 6389: 6379: 6326: 6316: 6267:"Revised Repost: What big teeth you have" 6056: 5996: 5919: 5917: 5897: 5887: 5779: 5768:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5651: 5649: 5476: 5466: 5393: 5343: 5299: 5288:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5138: 5127:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4985: 4975: 4724: 4683: 4673: 4629: 4302:Learn how and when to remove this message 4152:Learn how and when to remove this message 3921:Learn how and when to remove this message 3388:A reconstruction of the dirk-toothed cat 3296:to estimate the age of an individual for 502:with typical dirk-toothed forms, such as 5972: 4477: 4457: 4411: 4356: 4210: 4163: 4097: 4000: 3952:were discovered along with skeletons of 3932: 3758:rationale is based on the retraction of 3673: 3633: 3507:were very well developed, especially in 3442: 3427: 3416: 3405: 3394: 3383: 3322: 3310: 3239: 452: 6497: 6184: 5819: 5712: 4926:The Big Cats and their fossil relatives 4574:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 4513: 4086:However, teeth are made of unsupported 3438:as used in reconstructing machairodonts 3304:animals that acquired similar teeth by 14: 7085: 6529:Computing in Science & Engineering 6526: 5923: 5914: 5655: 5646: 5425: 5220:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5215: 4922: 4831: 4451:, pulled back and tore open the body. 4215:La Brea Tar Pits fauna as depicted by 7003: 7002: 6698: 6105: 5794: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5002: 4743: 6724: 6579:, Vol. 15, R589-R590, August 9, 2005 6079: 4284:adding citations to reliable sources 4255: 4101: 3979:with some frequency, is not seen in 3941:similar to those possibly hunted by 3903:adding citations to reliable sources 3874: 3534:The scimitar-toothed machairodonts ( 3173:, it was later revised to the genus 522:with scimitar-toothed cats, such as 6596:Integrative and Comparative Biology 6569:Report on Barnett group's study in 5428:Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives 4591:, Columbia University Press, 2002. 3300:studies of an animal long extinct. 368:transition (~13-10,000 years ago). 24: 6583: 6264: 5781:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00582.x 5658:"Saber-Toothed Cat Had Wimpy Bite" 5618: 5597: 5079:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4045:Rebuttals to the social hypothesis 3834: 1048:Jiangzuo, Werdelin, Sun et al 2022 1021:Jiangzuo, Werdelin, Sun et al 2022 25: 7124: 6626: 5820:Abdulla, Sara (28 January 1999). 5499: 3996: 3700:of these proteins has shown that 588: 448: 6848: 6426: 6132:"The Diet of Saber-Toothed Cats" 5689:"Stable Isotopes in Archaeology" 5336:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01178.x 5301:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01108.x 5195:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x 5140:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00174.x 4550:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x 4260: 4106: 3879: 3817: 3646: 3475:falls in between. They were not 3244:Undersides of the skulls of two 1546: 1514: 1368: 1204: 1124: 921: 856: 800: 711: 655: 324:(true cats). They were found in 173: 64: 6520: 6491: 6480:from the original on 2016-05-22 6460: 6449:from the original on 2011-10-06 6435: 6420: 6416:. Florida Museum. 3 April 2017. 6406: 6284: 6273:from the original on 2014-02-21 6258: 6211: 6178: 6167:from the original on 2011-04-26 6149: 6138:from the original on 2017-03-14 6124: 6099: 6088:from the original on 2012-03-19 6073: 5961:from the original on 2012-01-09 5947: 5936:from the original on 2011-12-25 5924:Mestel, Rosie (April 1, 1993). 5889:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107471 5851: 5840:from the original on 2012-11-05 5788: 5738: 5727:from the original on 2012-04-02 5706: 5695:from the original on 2013-12-27 5681: 5670:from the original on 2011-12-12 5656:Bryner, Jeanna (October 2007). 5583:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.008 5550: 5493: 5360: 5275: 5224: 5209: 5166: 5147: 5051:from the original on 2016-10-04 5037: 4814:from the original on 2012-03-25 4713:from the original on 2018-04-06 4271:needs additional citations for 3890:needs additional citations for 3848:Smilodon § Social behavior 3687:, according to isotope analysis 3259:that extended from their lower 3165:, a Smilodontini ancestor, and 27:Extinct subfamily of carnivores 6506:. W. W. Norton & Company. 5011:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4800: 4774:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4765: 4699: 4675:10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a3 4646: 4581: 4564: 3868: 2633:Miomachairodus pseudaeluroides 2436:Paramachairodus transasiaticus 13: 1: 5955:"Saber-toothed Cat Sculpture" 4707:"Paleo Profile: The Chad Cat" 4482:A diagram of a group of five 4191: 3569:which was once thought to be 3495:were barrel-like with narrow 2741:Amphimachairodus coloradensis 375:", including the famed genus 62:Middle Miocene–Early Holocene 6590:Van Valkenburgh, B. (2007). 6318:10.1371/journal.pone.0024971 5864:(Felidae, Machairodontinae)" 5468:10.1371/journal.pone.0002807 5430:. Columbia University Press. 5386:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034 5282:Van Valkenburgh, B. (2009). 5253:10.1126/science.261.5120.456 4977:10.1371/journal.pone.0056173 4854:10.1016/0016-6995(90)80006-2 3215:, and the distantly related 1591: 538:, containing genera such as 443: 435: 7: 7113:Taxa named by Theodore Gill 6200:(3): 12–126. Archived from 4132:the claims made and adding 4069: 4065:Functionality of the sabers 3839: 3730: 3226: 2656:Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii 2404:Paramachairodus maximiliani 1530:Wallace & Hulbert, 2013 478:of Europe. The early felid 10: 7129: 6643:Saber-tooth skull diagrams 6549:10.1109/MCISE.2004.1289301 5868:Quaternary Science Reviews 5563:Quaternary Science Reviews 5536:10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.008 5502:"Greg Laden's Blog: About" 5441:Christiansen, Per (2008). 4334:General "bite and retreat" 4252:The neck-biting hypotheses 4007:Amphimachairodus giganteus 3845: 2922:Lokotunjailurus emageritus 2757:Amphimachairodus giganteus 2420:Paramachairodus orientalis 1384:Croizet & Jobert, 1828 417:and even in two groups of 360:) becoming extinct around 43: 36: 29: 7098:Miocene first appearances 7011: 6960: 6912: 6857: 6846: 6779: 6732: 6185:Shermis, Stewart (1983). 6157:"Sabertooth Cat, Chinese 5023:10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5 4786:10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5 4631:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.033 3062:Homotherium venezuelensis 3058: 3042: 3035: 3019: 3003: 2996: 2973: 2959: 2934: 2918: 2911: 2897: 2872: 2856: 2840: 2824: 2808: 2801: 2769: 2753: 2737: 2725:Amphimachairodus alvarezi 2721: 2705: 2698: 2684: 2652: 2629: 2597: 2581: 2565: 2549: 2533: 2526: 2512: 2498: 2473: 2432: 2416: 2400: 2393: 2361: 2311: 2295: 2288: 2272: 2265: 2233: 2217: 2201: 2185: 2169: 2144: 2119: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2033: 2017: 1976: 1960: 1953: 1930: 1907: 1866: 1850: 1834: 1818: 1811: 1779: 1763: 1747: 1731: 1715: 1699: 1674: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1630: 1623: 1609: 1361: 1322:Spassov and Geraads, 2014 1090: 887: 648: 616: 277: 272: 170:Scientific classification 168: 143:Homotherium venezuelensis 140: 131: 55: 39:Sabercat (disambiguation) 6106:Antón, Mauricio (2013). 5795:Antón, Mauricio (2013). 5628:Antón, Mauricio (2013). 3865:was most likely social. 3735:American paleontologist 3630:Derived anatomy and diet 3410:Articulated skeleton of 3399:Articulated skeleton of 3231: 2709:Amphimachairodus kurteni 2221:Megantereon nihowanensis 2189:Megantereon inexpectatus 7103:Pleistocene extinctions 6498:Quammen, David (2003). 6381:10.1073/pnas.0706086104 4808:"Paleobiology Database" 4425:Careful "shearing bite" 3698:Stable isotope analysis 3691: 3573:, but was proven to be 3331:, at maximum gape (80°) 3280:, two canines, and six 2938:Lokotunjailurus fanonei 2237:Megantereon vakhshensis 1911:Adelphailurus kansensis 1854:Metailurus mongoliensis 399:saber-toothed predators 6049:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526 5822:"The smilodon's smile" 4487: 4467: 4421: 4372: 4224: 4173: 4010: 3945: 3688: 3643: 3439: 3425: 3414: 3403: 3392: 3332: 3320: 3319:at maximum gape (128°) 3284:in each jaw, with two 3263:. However, one genus, 3248: 3167:Machairodus aphanistus 2773:Amphimachairodus kabir 2569:Machairodus horribilis 2553:Machairodus aphanistus 2107:Megantereon cultridens 559:extracted from fossils 471: 320:mammals of the family 149:Machairodus aphanistus 46:Saber-toothed predator 7065:Paleobiology Database 6680:Image: Mauricio Anton 6414:"Xenosmilus hodsonae" 6159:Machairodus giganteus 6080:Metcalfe, Jessica Z. 5985:Journal of Morphology 5926:"Saber-Toothed Tales" 5426:Turner, Alan (1997). 4923:Turner, Alan (1997). 4889:10.1007/s001140050007 4481: 4461: 4415: 4360: 4214: 4167: 4098:Sexual characteristic 4004: 3936: 3677: 3637: 3531:than to modern cats. 3443:Post-cranial skeleton 3431: 3420: 3409: 3398: 3387: 3326: 3314: 3243: 3177:). The leopard-sized 3163:Promegantereon ogygia 2876:Nimravides thinobates 2860:Nimravides pedionomus 2812:Nimravides catacopsis 2601:Machairodus robinsoni 2585:Machairodus laskerevi 2537:Machairodus alberdiae 2477:Promegantereon ogygia 1934:Stenailurus teilhardi 456: 6443:"Saber-toothed cats" 5862:Homotherium latidens 5834:10.1038/news990128-5 4624:(21): 3330–3336.e5. 4514:Notes and references 4280:improve this article 4168:The skull of a male 3899:improve this article 3708:and mammoths, while 3683:, a primary prey of 3523:. When viewing only 3361:occipital bone. The 3306:convergent evolution 3023:Homotherium latidens 3007:Homotherium ischyrus 2365:Rhizosmilodon fiteae 2173:Megantereon hesperus 1767:Dinofelis diastemata 1252:M. hengduanshanensis 1075:Schmidt-Kittler 1976 6541:2004CSE.....6c...4G 6372:2007PNAS..10416010M 6366:(41): 16010–16015. 6309:2011PLoSO...624971A 6269:. ScientificBlogs. 5880:2022QSRv..28407471A 5575:2005QSRv...24.1287A 5459:2008PLoSO...3.2807C 5245:1993Sci...261..456V 5216:Turner, A. (1997). 5187:2010Palgy..53.1369S 4968:2013PLoSO...856173W 4881:2000NW.....87...41M 4869:Naturwissenschaften 4846:1990Geobi..23..349T 4376:"Bite and compress" 3822:Comparisons of the 3479:runners with short 3471:; the intermediate 2977:Xenosmilus hodsonae 2844:Nimravides hibbardi 2205:Megantereon microta 2123:Megantereon ekidoit 1783:Dinofelis piveteaui 1662:Dinofelis paleoonca 994:Jiangzuo et al 2022 872:Martin et al., 2000 599: 7108:Mammal subfamilies 6609:10.1093/icb/icm016 5998:10.1002/jmor.21627 5324:Journal of Anatomy 4488: 4468: 4422: 4373: 4361:A modern leopard, 4225: 4174: 4117:possibly contains 4011: 3946: 3689: 3644: 3638:Reconstruction of 3513:cervical vertebrae 3499:ends and expanded 3440: 3426: 3415: 3404: 3393: 3333: 3321: 3249: 2828:Nimravides galiani 2315:Smilodon populator 2148:Megantereon whitei 1870:Metailurus ultimus 1735:Dinofelis cristata 1083:M. pseudaeluroides 633:Bonis et al., 2018 593: 583:cladistic analysis 472: 401:also arose in the 379:, and others like 373:saber-toothed cats 7080: 7079: 7005:Taxon identifiers 6996: 6995: 6657:in head and face. 6236:10.1159/000069752 6224:Brain Behav. Evol 5930:Discover Magazine 5569:(10): 1287–1301. 5508:on June 13, 2011. 5239:(5120): 456–459. 4936:978-0-231-10228-5 4484:Homotherium serum 4464:Homotherium serum 4312: 4311: 4304: 4232:skeletons in the 4217:Charles R. Knight 4206:short-faced bears 4162: 4161: 4154: 4119:original research 3931: 3930: 3923: 3579:Homotherium serum 3435:Panthera zdanskyi 3423:Homotherium serum 3144: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3046:Homotherium serum 2948: 2947: 2886: 2885: 2783: 2782: 2666: 2665: 2611: 2610: 2487: 2486: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2375: 2374: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2299:Smilodon gracilis 2247: 2246: 2158: 2157: 2133: 2132: 2021:Tchadailurus adei 1999: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1822:Metailurus boodon 1793: 1792: 1719:Dinofelis barlowi 1703:Dinofelis aronoki 1688: 1687: 1678:Dinofelis petteri 1589: 1588: 1473:P. transasiaticus 1354:Y. youngdengensis 905:Koenigswald, 1974 598:Machairodontinae 555:mitochondrial DNA 387:maxillary canines 307: 306: 268: 18:Sabertoothed cats 16:(Redirected from 7120: 7093:Machairodontinae 7073: 7072: 7060: 7059: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7043:Machairodontinae 7032: 7031: 7030: 7013:Machairodontinae 7000: 6999: 6852: 6790:Amphimachairodus 6726:Machairodontinae 6719: 6712: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6621: 6611: 6561: 6560: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6505: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6383: 6354:Smilodon fatalis 6347: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6320: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6000: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5759: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5504:. Archived from 5497: 5491: 5490: 5480: 5470: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5423: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5181:(6): 1369–1391. 5170: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5118: 5103: 5102: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4979: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4920: 4909: 4908: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4741: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4608: 4599: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4533: 4504:Smilodon fatalis 4449:abdominal cavity 4442:"Belly shearing" 4307: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4264: 4256: 4234:La Brea tar pits 4178:sexual selection 4157: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134:inline citations 4110: 4109: 4102: 4021:Amphimachairodus 3988:indicating that 3926: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3883: 3875: 3854:La Brea tar pits 3390:Smilodon fatalis 3346:coronoid process 3317:Smilodon fatalis 3209:Late Pleistocene 3186:mosaic evolution 3038: 3037: 2999: 2998: 2962: 2961: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2804: 2803: 2701: 2700: 2693:Amphimachairodus 2687: 2686: 2529: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2501: 2500: 2396: 2395: 2291: 2290: 2276:Smilodon fatalis 2268: 2267: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2036: 2035: 1956: 1955: 1838:Metailurus major 1814: 1813: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1612: 1611: 1605:Machairodontinae 1600: 1599: 1563: 1550: 1531: 1518: 1499: 1454: 1385: 1372: 1323: 1296: 1221: 1208: 1141: 1128: 1109: 1076: 1049: 1022: 995: 938: 925: 906: 873: 860: 817: 804: 773: 753:H. venezuelensis 728: 715: 672: 666:Amphimachairodus 659: 634: 600: 592: 460:Amphimachairodus 430:deltatheroideans 362:Late Pleistocene 310:Machairodontinae 263: 260:Machairodontinae 258: 178: 177: 162:Smilodon fatalis 136: 126: 63: 59:Temporal range: 56:Machairodontinae 53: 52: 21: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7050: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7007: 6997: 6992: 6973:Hemimachairodus 6963:Incertae sedis: 6956: 6930:Paramachaerodus 6908: 6853: 6844: 6811:Longchuansmilus 6797:Lokotunjailurus 6775: 6728: 6723: 6629: 6586: 6584:Further reading 6577:Current Biology 6571:Current Biology 6565: 6564: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6425: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6348: 6344: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6274: 6265:Switek, Brian. 6263: 6259: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6168: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6104: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6078: 6074: 6037:Biology Letters 6029: 6022: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5915: 5856: 5852: 5843: 5841: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5793: 5789: 5760: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5626: 5619: 5608:Anton, Mauricio 5605: 5598: 5555: 5551: 5520: 5513: 5498: 5494: 5439: 5435: 5424: 5403: 5365: 5361: 5316: 5309: 5280: 5276: 5229: 5225: 5214: 5210: 5171: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5119: 5106: 5074: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5007: 5003: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4921: 4912: 4865: 4861: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4745:Anton, Mauricio 4742: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4618:Current Biology 4609: 4602: 4587:Jordi Augusti: 4586: 4582: 4569: 4565: 4534: 4521: 4516: 4444: 4427: 4378: 4364:Panthera pardus 4336: 4308: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4277: 4265: 4254: 4194: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4123: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4072: 4067: 4047: 4027:nasal infection 3999: 3927: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3896: 3884: 3873: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3835:Social behavior 3820: 3795:of large dogs. 3733: 3694: 3649: 3632: 3562:Lokotunjailurus 3536:Machairodontini 3465:Paramachairodus 3460:Paramachairodus 3445: 3354:glenoid process 3294:paleontologists 3234: 3229: 3171:Paramachairodus 3150: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 2949: 2906:Lokotunjailurus 2887: 2784: 2667: 2647:Hemimachairodus 2612: 2507:Machairodontini 2488: 2456: 2447: 2388:Paramachairodus 2376: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2248: 2159: 2134: 2000: 1991: 1964:Yoshi garevskii 1890: 1881: 1794: 1751:Dinofelis darti 1689: 1594: 1561: 1529: 1497: 1452: 1448:Paramachairodus 1422:M. nihowanensis 1410:M. inexpectatus 1383: 1321: 1294: 1240:M. mongoliensis 1219: 1139: 1107: 1074: 1047: 1020: 993: 989:Longchuansmilus 936: 904: 900:Hemimachairodus 890:Machairodontini 871: 815: 771: 767:Lokotunjailurus 726: 703:A. hezhengensis 685:A. coloradensis 670: 632: 591: 516:Machairodontini 451: 446: 438: 288:Machairodontini 262: 256: 172: 127: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 61: 60: 57: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7126: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7061: 7048: 7033: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6980:Miomachairodus 6976: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6937:Promegantereon 6933: 6926: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6671: 6660: 6659: 6645: 6640: 6628: 6627:External links 6625: 6624: 6623: 6602:(1): 147–163. 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6573:August 9, 2005 6563: 6562: 6519: 6512: 6490: 6459: 6434: 6419: 6405: 6342: 6303:(10): e24971. 6283: 6257: 6210: 6207:on 2012-03-28. 6177: 6148: 6134:. 2008-03-08. 6123: 6116: 6098: 6072: 6020: 5991:(10): e21627. 5971: 5946: 5913: 5850: 5812: 5805: 5787: 5774:(4): 369–386. 5749: 5737: 5705: 5680: 5645: 5638: 5617: 5614:. p. 136. 5596: 5549: 5530:(3): 196–203. 5511: 5492: 5433: 5401: 5359: 5330:(3): 381–396. 5307: 5274: 5223: 5208: 5165: 5146: 5133:(3): 363–377. 5104: 5085:(4): 957–969. 5061: 5036: 5001: 4942: 4935: 4910: 4859: 4840:(3): 349–368. 4824: 4799: 4764: 4757: 4723: 4698: 4645: 4600: 4580: 4563: 4544:(4): 150–157. 4518: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4443: 4440: 4426: 4423: 4377: 4374: 4335: 4332: 4310: 4309: 4268: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4193: 4190: 4160: 4159: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4046: 4043: 3998: 3997:Paleopathology 3995: 3929: 3928: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3867: 3846:Main article: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3819: 3816: 3748:sagittal crest 3732: 3729: 3693: 3690: 3680:Bison antiquus 3648: 3645: 3631: 3628: 3444: 3441: 3358:occipital bone 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3175:Promegantereon 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2624:Miomachairodus 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2513: 2511: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2468:Promegantereon 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1564: 1551: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1493:Promegantereon 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1461:P. maximiliani 1455: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1428:M. vakhshensis 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1324: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1297: 1295:Pons-Moyà 1987 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1270: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1222: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1142: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1097: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1070:Miomachairodus 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 996: 983: 980: 979: 978: 977: 975:M. lahayishpup 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 939: 926: 918: 917: 916: 915: 913:H. zwierzyckii 907: 894: 892: 885: 884: 883: 882: 874: 861: 853: 852: 851: 850: 844: 838: 832: 826: 818: 805: 797: 796: 795: 794: 788: 782: 774: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 749: 743: 737: 729: 716: 708: 707: 706: 705: 699: 693: 687: 681: 673: 660: 653: 646: 645: 644: 643: 635: 622: 620: 618:Incertae sedis 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 590: 589:Classification 587: 493:barbourofelids 488:Miomachairodus 483:quadridentatus 450: 449:Family Felidae 447: 445: 442: 437: 434: 411:machaeroidines 407:barbourofelids 346:Middle Miocene 305: 304: 303: 302: 296: 290: 284: 275: 274: 270: 269: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 166: 165: 138: 137: 129: 128: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 58: 32:Machaeroidinae 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7125: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6944:Rhizosmilodon 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6868:Adelphailurus 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6663:Miller's lips 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6513:9780393051407 6509: 6504: 6503: 6494: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6230:(3): 159–64. 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6117:9780253010421 6113: 6109: 6102: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5806:9780253010421 5802: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5723: 5716: 5713:R. H. Tykot. 5709: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5639:9780253010421 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5500:Laden, Greg. 5496: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5312: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:Palaeontology 5169: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4962:(3): e56173. 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4758:9780253010421 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662:Geodiversitas 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4605: 4598: 4597:0-231-11640-3 4594: 4590: 4584: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538:Geology Today 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4306: 4303: 4295: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4269:This section 4267: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4156: 4153: 4145: 4142:November 2013 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4115:This section 4113: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3937:A species of 3935: 3925: 3922: 3914: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3888:This section 3886: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3818:Vocalizations 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737:George Miller 3728: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:ground sloths 3703: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647:Bite strength 3641: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3583:spotted hyena 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375:perpendicular 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3198:M. aphanistus 3195: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2356:Rhizosmilodon 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1902:Adelphailurus 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525:Rhizosmilodon 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498:Kretzoi, 1938 1496: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479:P. yingliangi 1476: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1467:P. orientalis 1464: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453:Pilgrim, 1913 1451: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1392:M. cultridens 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220:Zdansky, 1924 1218: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1172:D. diastemata 1169: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1140:Zdansky, 1924 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108:Hibbard, 1934 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103:Adelphailurus 1098: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 992: 991: 990: 984: 982: 981: 976: 972: 970: 966: 964: 960: 958: 957:M. horribilis 954: 952: 951:M. aphanistus 948: 946: 942: 941: 940: 935: 934: 933: 927: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 909: 908: 903: 902: 901: 895: 893: 891: 886: 881: 877: 876: 875: 870: 869: 868: 862: 859: 855: 854: 849: 848:N. thinobates 845: 843: 842:N. pedionomus 839: 837: 833: 831: 827: 825: 824:N. catacopsis 821: 820: 819: 814: 813: 812: 806: 803: 799: 798: 793: 792:L. chinsamyae 789: 787: 783: 781: 780:L. emageritus 777: 776: 775: 772:Werdelin 2003 770: 769: 768: 762: 760: 759: 754: 750: 748: 744: 742: 738: 736: 732: 731: 730: 727:Fabrini, 1890 725: 724: 723: 717: 714: 710: 709: 704: 700: 698: 694: 692: 688: 686: 682: 680: 676: 675: 674: 671:Kretzoi, 1929 669: 668: 667: 661: 658: 654: 652: 647: 642: 638: 637: 636: 631: 630: 629: 623: 621: 619: 615: 611: 608: 605: 602: 601: 597: 586: 584: 580: 576: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 548: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 527: 526: 521: 517: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 496: 494: 490: 489: 484: 482: 477: 469: 468: 463: 461: 455: 441: 433: 431: 427: 426:sparassodonts 424: 423:thylacosmilid 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 358: 353: 352: 347: 343: 339: 338:South America 335: 334:North America 331: 327: 323: 319: 316:subfamily of 315: 311: 301: 297: 295: 291: 289: 285: 283: 279: 278: 276: 271: 266: 261: 255: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 167: 164: 163: 158: 156: 151: 150: 145: 144: 139: 135: 130: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 54: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 7012: 6987:Tchadailurus 6985: 6978: 6971: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914:Smilodontini 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6748: 6725: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6662: 6661: 6655:Panthera leo 6654: 6650: 6631: 6630: 6599: 6595: 6576: 6570: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6501: 6493: 6482:. 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3600:Homotherium 3575:digitigrade 3571:plantigrade 3557:Machairodus 3553:pantherines 3544:Metailurini 3540:Homotherini 3525:postcranial 3473:Megantereon 3454:Megantereon 3412:Homotherium 3327:Skull of a 3217:Homotherium 3159:pleiotropic 2991:Homotherium 2679:Homotherini 2521:Machairodus 2077:Megantereon 1980:Yoshi minor 1925:Stenailurus 1618:Metailurini 1576:S. gracilis 1404:M. hesperus 1379:Megantereon 1290:Fortunictis 1266:Stenailurus 1160:D. cristata 1093:Metailurini 932:Machairodus 880:X. hodsonae 836:N. hibbardi 741:H. latidens 735:H. ischyrus 722:Homotherium 679:A. alvarezi 651:Homotherini 563:Homotherium 536:Metailurini 531:Homotherium 525:Machairodus 520:Homotherini 505:Megantereon 467:Felis catus 415:hyaenodonts 391:Homotherium 382:Megantereon 357:Homotherium 294:Metailurini 282:Homotherini 253:Subfamily: 7087:Categories 6896:Metailurus 6839:Xenosmilus 6825:Nimravides 6535:(3): 4–6. 6484:2016-11-26 6453:2011-09-10 6277:2012-10-05 6171:2011-07-03 6142:2017-03-14 6108:Sabertooth 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